nATIOnAL MISSIOn FOR CLeAn GAnGA Ministry of Jal shakti GOVERNMENT OF INDIA STRATeGY FOR IMPROVInG COnDITIOn OF WATeR BODIeS In THe VICInITY OF PuLP AnD PAPeR InDuSTRIeS In GAnGA RIVeR BASIn
june 2019 Centre for Ganga River Basin Management and Studies © cGanga and nMCG 2019 NATIONAL MISSION FOR CLEAN GANGA (NMCG)
NMCG is the implementation wing of National Ganga Council which was setup in October 2016 under the River Ganga Authority order 2016. Initially NMCG was registered as a society on 12th August 2011 under the Societies Registration Act 1860. It acted as implementation arm of National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) which was constituted under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act (EPA) 1986. NGRBA has since been dissolved with effect from the 7th October 2016, consequent to constitution of National Council for Rejuvenation, Protection and Management of River Ganga (referred to as National Ganga Council). www.nmcg.in
CENTRE FOR GANGA RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT AND STUDIES (cGanga) cGanga is a think tank formed under the aegis of NMCG, and one of its stated objectives is to make India a world leader in river and water science. The Centre is headquartered at IIT Kanpur and has representation from most leading science and technological institutes of the country. cGanga’s mandate is to serve as think-tank in implementation and dynamic evolution of Ganga River Basin Management Plan (GRBMP) prepared by the Consortium of 7 IITs. In addition to this it is also responsible for introducing new technologies, innovations and solutions into India. www.cganga.org
SUGGESTED CITATION
Strategy for Improving Condition of Water Bodies in the Vicinity of Pulp and Paper Industries in Ganga River Basin by cGanga and NMCG
CONTACTS
Centre for Ganga River Basin Management and Studies (cGanga) Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, Uttar Pradesh, India or
National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium, New Delhi 110 002, India STRATEGY FOR IMPROVING CONDITION OF WATER BODIES IN THE VICINITY OF PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRIES IN GANGA RIVER BASIN
june 2019
Centre for Ganga River Basin Management and Studies © cGanga and nMCG 2019 4 PREfACE PReFACe
he Indian Institute of Technology how effective these measures were actually in (IIT) consortium submitted the improving the water bodies in the vicinity in Ganga River Basin Management general, and specifically in abetting the pollution Plan (GRBMP) to the National from the industries in these two states. T Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG), Ministry of Water Resources, River This report describes the objectives and strategic Development and Ganga Rejuve- plan, methodology, surveys, analysis, results, sug- nation (MoWR, RD & GR), Government of India in gestions and recommendations of our study on ef- 2015. The GRBMP’s recommendations were by and fectiveness of the implementation of CPCB’s 2015 large broad-based, strategic measures, and on some Charter. The study was conducted between March aspects detailed, ready-to-implement actions. There 2017 to July 2018. was a need to have an action plan that addressed specific issues regarding the river’s rejuvenation There are two associated aspects in preparing with technology-based solutions. this report that need to be mentioned. firstly, the cGanga team spent many months diligently Thus, the Centre for Ganga River Basin Manage- studying, surveying, analysing and discussing ment and Studies (“cGanga”) was created through various aspects of the Charter’s implementation a Memorandum of Agreement between the MoWR, and ground results. Secondly, many other people RD & GR, Government of India and IIT, Kanpur in interacted with us and contributed to this report April 2016. The objective of cGanga is Continual during various phases of the study. This report Scientific Support in the Implementation and Dy- is, therefore, the outcome of a cooperative effort namic Evolution of the Ganga River Basin Manage- betweenTeam cGanga and the various stakeholders ment Plan. of the Ganga River Basin.
National Mission for Clean Ganga identified The report is intended to be comprehensive and “effectiveness of the Central Pollution Control its usefulness would extend much beyond its lim- Board’s (CPCB’s) 2015 Charter for Water Recycling ited intended purpose in Pulp & Paper industries in & Pollution Prevention in Pulp and Paper industry Uttrakhand and Uttar Pradesh. in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand” as an issue of investigation and asked cGanga to carry out an independent study and submit the report.
DR VINOD TARE The CPCB charter had imposed norms and stand- Professor and founding Head ards for effluent monitoring and discharge. Centre for Ganga River Basin Management cGanga’s task was to comprehensively assess and Studies [cGanga] how well these had been implemented and, also, IIT Kanpur 6 THe TeAM IIT Kanpur IIT Kanpur IIT Kanpur IIT Roorkee IIT Roorkee VAISHALI ASHOK VAISHALI R SHASHIKANT PATEL SHASHIKANT R D ABSAR AHMAD KAZMI R M DEBASREE PURKAYASTHA DEBASREE S D M IIT Delhi IIT Delhi IIT Kanpur IIT Kanpur VIVEK KUMAR RITESH PATIDAR R VISHAL KAPOOR R R D KALYANI DESHPANDE KALYANI D M S M IIT Kanpur IIT Kanpur IIT Kanpur TARE VINOD IIT Roorkee R RAHUL SHARMA D SUDIPTA SARKAR SUDIPTA R R SHWETA LOKHANDE SHWETA S M D M THE TEAM THE CONTENTS
24 11 13 34 14 12
PreaMble assessMent of effluent Quality rationale 13 MethodoloGy and Pollution load
introduCtion Water ConsuMPtion and Water obJeCtives balanCe COnTenTS 72 iMProvinG iMProvinG strateGy for strateGy the status of the status Water bodies Water 68 of CPCb Charter 2015 effeCtiveness 64 and the residents residents assessMent assessMent of iMPaCt of of iMPaCt PPis on loCal environMent listindustries of the 75 60 MalPraCtiCes 56 effiCaCy effiCaCy referenCes MonitorinG of real-tiMe of real-tiMe 74 50 analysis GroundWater GroundWater 44 drains drains treated treated reCeivinG Condition of of the Charter effluents Post iMPleMentation iMPleMentation ExECUTIVE SUMMARy
10
n 2011 a report titled: “Pulp and discharged; Barring a few, most Paper Industries in Ganga River industries comply effluent discharge Basin: Water Recycling and norms; and substantial reduction in BOD/ Pollution Prevention” jointly COD/Organic Carbon load on recipient prepared by Central Pulp and water bodies has been achieved. I Paper Research Institute (CPPRI), l Condition of drains, streams in which Saharanpur, IIT Roorkee, IIT effluents are discharged continues to be Delhi and IIT Kanpur with involvement poor, and groundwater in the vicinity of and support from industries was industries is affected. submitted to Central Pollution Control l Certain mal practices in a few Board (CPCB), New Delhi. This report industries, non-inclusion of certain led to the formulation and subsequent parameters such as nitrogen implementation of the Charter 2015. and phosphorus in the effluents characteristics in the Charter, and some The National Mission for Clean Ganga other external factors contribute to the (NMCG) assigned the task of assessing poor condition of the water bodies in the the effectiveness of the Charter (CPCB, vicinity of the PPIs. 2015) implementation to Centre for Ganga l Online monitoring as prescribed in River Basin Management & Studies the Charter is largely ineffective due to (cGanga). This study was conducted with technology issue with sensors of COD, an objective to have an independent BOD, TSS and governance issues with assessment of the efficacy and impact flow, pH, DO & TDS sensors. of the implementation of the Charter. l Water and Energy balance presented The study was planned in consultation in the report needs to be re-worked with with CPCB, NMCG and Industry additional information from industries on Association/Clusters and conducted by captive power generation, raw materials Team cGanga that involved members input and paper production that was not from IITs at Roorkee, Delhi and Kanpur. in the scope of present study. A detailed field survey of 131 Pulp and Paper Industries in Ganga River Basin CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS through 36 random and surprise visits l Online effluent quality monitoring has in different shifts was conducted during financially loaded industries and has not April 2017 to July 2018. Pulp and Paper yielded value for money; May be used Industries (PPIs) of four different broad by industries voluntarily for diagnostic categories as defined in the Charter purposes and should not be made as were considered. Results were discussed regulatory requirement. with stakeholders (Industries, CPCB, l Effluents discharged by an industry SPCBs, NMCG, Experts, etc.) prior to the or group of industries be isolated, preparation of the report. discharged in a water body (drain/pond – natural/artificial) and maintenance of OBSERVATIONS the water body of acceptable bio-physical l Charter was by and large effectively status in public domain be linked to implemented; Black liquor is no longer consent to operate the industry (ies). PREAMBlE
11 Pulp and SuMMARY/PReAMBLeexeCuTIVe paper industries
(PPIs) are recognised as one of the main contributors in declining status of various water bodies (surface and sub-surface) in the Ganga River Basin. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) took cognizance of this impact on water bodies and framed a Charter – Water Recycling & Pollution Prevention in Pulp and Paper industry – in February 2015 (CPCB, 2015) based on a study titled: “Pulp and Paper Industries in Ganga River Basin: Water Recycling and Pollution Prevention” jointly conducted by Central Pulp and Paper Research Institute (CPPRI), Saharanpur, IIT Roorkee, IIT Delhi and IIT Kanpur with involvement and support from industries (Tare et al., 2011). The Charter (CPCB, 2015) imposed certain norms for water consumption, protocol for record keeping and surveillance, setting up effluent treatment systems and limits on quality of effluent discharge. The industries were required to set up Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs) to treat their wastewater and install Real Time Monitoring devices to monitor quantity and quality of effluent discharge. The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) then assigned the task of assessing the effectiveness of the Charter (CPCB, 2015) implementation to cGanga. This report presents the result of surveys, measurements and observations made by cGanga during various field visits to 131 PPIs in the Ganga River Basin.
THE CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD TOOK COGNIZANCE OF THE IMPACT ON WATER BODIES AND FRAMED A CHARTER – WATER RECYCLING & POLLUTION PREVENTION IN PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY INTRODUCTION
12
he Indian paper citizens, has resulted in the increase industry makes up in production of these varieties. Since about three percent the market demand is for paper with of the world’s paper maximum brightness and strength, T production (Indian there is increased use of bleaching Paper Manufacturers chemicals like chlorine, hypochlorite Association, IPMA, and chlorine dioxide. 2018). An IPMA survey estimates that the domestic market size for pulp High strength wastewater is generated and paper industry in 2015-16 was at the pulping stage, while the 153 lakh metric tonnes, with India’s bleaching step generates the most per capita paper consumption being toxic wastewater, because of the use of around 13 kg, almost a fourth less than chlorine. Elemental chlorine produces the global average of 57 kg (IECPPA, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) 2017). An estimated segregation of like dioxins, which are recognised as raw materials in PPIs reveals that hazardous chemicals (WHO, 2016). 65% of the paper production is from The effluent contains dyes, chlorinated waste paper/ recycled fibre, 24% from compounds, total suspended solids, wood or bamboo and 11% from wheat fatty acids, tannins, resin acids, sulphur straw/ bagasse or other agro-residues and its derivatives. The effluents create (IARPMA, 2014). As per the estimate, the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) total paper, paperboard and newsprint and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), import in India has risen @ 7.9% per due to the presence of lignin and its annum from 1.8 million tonnes in 2010- derivatives from the raw cellulosic 11 to 2.6 million tonnes in 2015-16. materials. Most of the PPIs discharge partially treated waste into rivers or PPIs are considered to be one of the streams, which pose a threat to the flora most polluting industries, particularly and fauna. causing water pollution. With the ever-growing population and rising In order to curb the pollution and literacy rates, the demand for paper is ecological damage, it is necessary to increasing. The use of new technologies develop a methodology for controlling for producing coloured papers, and the the effluent discharge and applying increased purchasing power of urban Polluter Pays Principle (PPP).
IN ORDER TO CURB THE POLLUTION AND ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE, IT IS NECESSARY TO DEVELOP A METHODOLOGY FOR CONTROLLING THE EFFLUENT DISCHARGE AND APPLYING POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE (PPP). InTRODuCTIOn / RATIOnALe 13 BODIES TO OUTLINE OUTLINE TO STRATEGY FOR STRATEGY IMPROVING THE IMPROVING THE STATUS OF WATER OF WATER STATUS SOLUTION OPERATIONS OPERATIONS WHOLESOME AND ANALYSE ANALYSE AND IN INDUSTRIAL THAT IMPEDE A IMPEDE A THAT TO UNDERSTAND UNDERSTAND TO VARIOUS LACUNAE LACUNAE VARIOUS DISCHARGE OF EFFLUENT TO ASSESS THE ASSESS THE TO EFFICACY OF REAL TIME MONITORING MONITORING TIME TO ASSESS TO PPIs ON LOCAL ENVIRONMENT THE IMPACT OF IMPACT THE RESIDENTS AND THE THE RESIDENTS AND OBJECTIVES TO ASSESS TO INDUSTRIES DRAINS AND AND DRAINS CONDITION OF THE VICINITYTHE OF GROUNDWATER IN GROUNDWATER 3 7 QUANTITY QUALITY AND AND QUALITY TO EVALUATE THE THE EVALUATE TO LOCAL DRAINS BY BY LOCAL DRAINS POLLUTION LOAD ON ASSESSING EFFLUENT 2 4 6 8 TO ASSESS TO (ETP) IN PPIs OF EFFLUENT PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE ADEQUACY AND ADEQUACY AND TREATMENT PLANT TREATMENT 1 5 WATER WATER INDUSTRY WITHIN AN TO ESTIMATE ESTIMATE TO AND EXAMINE EXAMINE AND CONSUMPTION CONSUMPTION WATER BALANCE WATER RATIONAlE This study was initiated with an ultimate objective of evolving strategy for improving condition of initiated with an ultimate objective strategy for improving This study was of evolving River Industries in Ganga Basin that has visibly declined and Paper bodies in the vicinity of Pulp water focuses on assessing the the report Specifically, of effluents. and discharge due to utilization of water & Pollution Recycling Water regarding by CPCB in 2015 of the imposition of the Charter effectiveness gaps between and to find the deviations The study attempts Industry. and Paper in the Pulp Prevention PPIs in the 131 and the implementation of these by the industry. CPCB guidelines as per the Charter special features including were included. Several Pradesh) and Uttar RiverGanga Basin (in Uttrakhand and temporal Pradesh) and Uttar wide spatial (states of Uttarakhand a variety of surveys covering (drones) and interaction with stakeholders advance technology (capturing diurnal variation) ranges, questionnaire were incorporated. interviews and through well researched METHODOlOGy
14 igure 1 shows the Uttarakhand and 94 in Uttar Pradesh. framework of the study Based on their location, industries for assessing the efficacy were divided in 21 clusters. of the imposition of the f Charter 2015 by CPCB Out of 21 identified clusters, two major and evolving strategy for ones were Kashipur (24 industries, improving status of water Cluster 1), Meerut (14 industries, bodies in the vicinity of Pulp and Cluster 2 A) and Muzaffarnagar (33 Paper Industries in Ganga River Basin. industries, Cluster 2 B). Although A detailed description of each Meerut and Muzaffarnagar were in aspect of the study is discussed in the same cluster (Cluster 2), due to a following sections. large number of PPIs in that area (36% of total PPIs), the cluster was 5.1. STUDY AREA divided into Meerut and Muzaffarnagar The field work was mainly targeted sub-clusters. at the assessment of pollution load from PPIs situated in Uttarakhand and Roughly 54% of the industries lie in Uttar Pradesh. Overall 131 PPIs were these two major clusters. figure 2 identified, of which 37 were located in shows the locations of these clusters.
FIGuRE-1
FRAMEWORK ADOPTED FOR ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTIVENESS OF CHARTER IMPLEMENTATION BY PPIs
02 04 06
01 03 05
review Charter Conduct field survey Conduct Conduct surveys identification analysis and norms and for (i) estimating water surveys for to supplement of plausible recommendations collate consent consumption, obtaining and validate technological and general (ii) assessing adequacy aerial view some of the gaps, ineffective information and performance of of the area in observations implementation, about PPis in effluent treatment and around using negligence Ganga river Plant (etP) in PPis, clusters of questionnaire and malpractices basin (iii) preparing PPis to be field in the water balance, in with the industry, etc. (iv) assessment of assistance of quality and quantity of local residents effluents discharged, regarding status and (v) assessment of of water bodies status of drains and and health of groundwater quality in people and the adjoining area animals MeTHODOLOGY 15
Ganga basin uttarakhand uttar Pradesh kashipur Cluster Meerut Cluster Muzaffarnagar Cluster roorkee Cluster others Main stem Ganga yamuna LEGEND Miles FIGuRE-2 industries (mentioned in Table 2), Table in industries (mentioned used for paper based on base material of pulp and paper production and type in figure 3 and produced, is depicted of industries operational status categorisation is and cluster-wise 4 and 5. presented in figures 5.3. EXPERIMENTAL/ SAMPLING SAMPLING 5.3. EXPERIMENTAL/ DETAILS A preliminary survey of identified Pradesh and Uttar PPIs in Uttarakhand first conducted. Industrial was samples from the outlet of effluent Treatment Plant) and ETP (Effluent samples of recipient drains the water (both upstream and downstream) were diurnal industry, At each collected. and daily variations of parameters 0 45 90 180 270 360 OF THE STATES OF UTTARAKHAND AND UTTAR PRADESH AND UTTAR OF UTTARAKHAND THE STATES OF N LOCATIONS OF 21 CLUSTERS WITHIN THE ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES BOUNDARIES ADMINISTRATIVE THE WITHIN OF 21 CLUSTERS LOCATIONS 5.2. DETAILS OF CLUSTERS 5.2. DETAILS The industries in various clusters were also classified as per the 1) (Table (CPCB, 2015). norms laid in the Charter illustration of various A category-wise A detailed description of areas covered of areas covered A detailed description cluster and the list of under each operational details industries with their 1 and 2. Tables are mentioned in April done during The study was to It is important 2018. to July 2017 mention that during the study period most of the 2018, January-february industries were temporarily/partly closed on the occasion of Magh Mela Control as directed by UP Pollution Board (UPPCB, 2017). FIGuRE-3
CLASSIFICATION OF PPIs AS PER THE CPCB CHARTER (CPCB, 2015)
16
C1 C2 D B2 B1 A1 A2
Wood Based Wood Based Agro Based Agro Based RCF and RCF and RCF Pulp & Paper Pulp & Paper Pulp & Paper Pulp & Paper Market Pulp Market Pulp and Market Industries Industries Industries Industries Based Paper Based Paper Pulp Based producing producing producing producing Industries Industries Specialty bleached grades unbleached bleached grades unbleached producing producing Paper of chemical grades of of chemical grades of bleached grades unbleached Industries pulps, papers, chemical pulps, pulps, papers, papers and of papers, grades of paperboards & papers and paperboards & paperboards paperboards & papers and newsprint paperboards newsprint newsprint paperboards
*Industries that attract classification in more than one category will be deemed to be in the “highest” among those categories. For example, a mill that is both wood and agro based (A1 & B1) will be classified as A1. The only exception will be industries that also manufacture specialty paper on a daily basis as described elsewhere in this proposed Charter.
FIGuRE-4
OPERATIONAL STATUS OF 131 INDUSTRIES
not Found 1
PC 12
TC 43
O (with ZLD) 11
O (without ZLD) 64
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
NUMBER OF INDUSTRIES
were captured. Parameters analysed (TKN) and Phosphorus. at the outlet included flow, pH, Colour, for analysing upstream and Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Suspended downstream condition of the drains, Solids (TSS), Volatile Suspended Solids the selected analytical parameters (VSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), BOD, were pH, DO, TSS, VSS, TDS, COD, Alkalinity, Sulphide, Ammonical BOD, COD, Alkalinity, Sulphide, AN, Nitrogen (AN), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen TKN and Phosphorus. MeTHODOLOGY 17 6 7 1 5 2 2 1 4 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 4 2 1 10 24 47 TaBlE-1 DETAILS OF VARIOUS CLUSTERS VARIOUS OF DETAILS 3 Roorkee 3 4 Raebareli 5 6 7 Deoria (6) (1), Kanpur Sitapur Varanasi 8 (2), Khalilabad (2), Basti (1) faizabad Allahabad 9 10 11 Baghpat 12 Shamli 13 Uddham Singh Nagar firozabad 14 Bareilly (1), Moradabad (2) Saharanpur 15 Bilaspur 16 17 18 (3) Ghaziabad (3), Hapur (4), Modinagar 19 Sahjahnpur 20 Khatima 21 Amroha (2) (1), Gajraula Bijnor (3), Chandpur (1) 2 2 (33) Muzaffarnagar (14), Meerut 1 1 Kashipur CLUSTER CLUSTER AREA COVERED NUMBER OF INDUSTRIES TaBlE-2
18 DETAILED LIST OF 131 PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRIES LOCATED IN UTTRAKHAND AND UTTAR PRADESH
S. OPTeRATIOnAL S. OPTeRATIOnAL CLuSTeR CATeGORY CLuSTeR CATeGORY nO. STATuS* nO. STATuS* 1 kashipur b1 o 41 Muzaffarnagar C1 o 2 kashipur b1 o 42 Muzaffarnagar b2 o 3 kashipur b2 o 43 Muzaffarnagar C2 o 4 kashipur C1 o 44 Muzaffarnagar b2 o 5 kashipur b2 o 45 Muzaffarnagar d o 6 kashipur C1 o 46 Muzaffarnagar C1 o 7 kashipur C1 o 47 Muzaffarnagar b1 o 8 kashipur C1 o 48 Muzaffarnagar C2 o 9 kashipur C1 o 49 Muzaffarnagar C1 o 10 kashipur C1 o 50 Muzaffarnagar C2 o 11 kashipur C1 o 51 Muzaffarnagar b2 o 12 kashipur C1 o 52 Muzaffarnagar C2 o 13 kashipur C1 o 53 Muzaffarnagar b2 o 14 kashipur C2 o 54 Muzaffarnagar b2 o 15 kashipur C2 o 55 Muzaffarnagar C1 tC 16 kashipur C2 tC 56 Muzaffarnagar C2 o 17 kashipur C1 tC 57 Muzaffarnagar C2 o 18 kashipur C2 o/ Zld 58 Muzaffarnagar C2 o 19 kashipur b1 PC 59 Muzaffarnagar - tC 20 kashipur b1 PC 60 Muzaffarnagar C2 o 21 kashipur C1 PC 61 Muzaffarnagar C2 o 22 kashipur C2 tC 62 Muzaffarnagar C2 tC 23 kashipur C1 PC 63 Muzaffarnagar C2 o 24 kashipur - not found 64 Muzaffarnagar C2 o 25 Meerut C1 o 65 Muzaffarnagar C2 o/ Zld 26 Meerut - o 66 Muzaffarnagar C2 o 27 Meerut C1 o 67 Muzaffarnagar - o 28 Meerut C2 o 68 Muzaffarnagar - PC 29 Meerut C2 o 69 Muzaffarnagar - PC 30 Meerut - o 70 Muzaffarnagar - PC 31 Meerut C1 o 71 Muzaffarnagar C2 PC 32 Meerut C1 o 72 roorkee C1 o 33 Meerut C1 o 73 roorkee C1 o 34 Meerut C1 o 74 roorkee C1 o 35 Meerut - tC 75 roorkee - tC 36 Meerut C2 o/ Zld 76 roorkee C2 o/ Zld 37 Meerut C2 o/ Zld 77 roorkee C2 o/ Zld 38 Meerut C2 o/ Zld 78 sitapur/ kanpur C2 o/ Zld 39 Muzaffarnagar C2 o 79 sitapur/ kanpur C2 o 40 Muzaffarnagar b2 o 80 sitapur/ kanpur b2 o MeTHODOLOGY 19 STATuS* OPTeRATIOnAL CLuSTeR CATeGORY S. 107108109110 firozabad firozabad saharanpur saharanpur C2 C2 C2 a1 tC tC tC tC 111 bilaspur - tC 112 Ghaziabad/ hapur/ Modinagar113 Ghaziabad/ hapur/ Modinagar114 C2 Ghaziabad/ hapur/ Modinagar115 C2 Ghaziabad/ hapur/ Modinagar116 C1 Ghaziabad/ hapur/ Modinagar117 C1 Ghaziabad/ hapur/ Modinagar tC 118 C2 Ghaziabad/ hapur/ Modinagar tC 119 C1 Ghaziabad/ hapur/ Modinagar tC 120 C2 Ghaziabad/ hapur/ Modinagar tC C2 tC - tC tC tC tC 121 Ghaziabad/ hapur/ Modinagar122123 C2124amroha Gajraula/ amroha Gajraula/ amroha Gajraula/ tC C1 C1 - tC tC tC 125126127 bijnor/ Chandpur128 bijnor/ Chandpur129 bijnor/ Chandpur130 bijnor/ Chandpur b1131 - sahjahnpur C2 sahjahnpur C1 tC khatima tC tC b1 tC b2 C1 tC tC tC nO. STATuS* OPTeRATIOnAL CLuSTeR CATeGORY S. 91929394 deoria95 deoria96 varanasi97 varanasi allahabad98 C2 u.s. nagar 99 C2 u.s. nagar C1 u.s. nagar - C2 u.s. nagar o C1 o C1 o a1 o/Zld o/ Zld PC - PC o tC 89 faijabad/ khalilabad/ basti90 faijabad/ khalilabad/ basti b2 C1 o/Zld o 81kanpur sitapur/ C2 tC 828384kanpur sitapur/ 85kanpur sitapur/ 86kanpur sitapur/ faijabad/ khalilabad/ basti87 C2 faijabad/ khalilabad/ basti88 raebareli - b1 faijabad/ khalilabad/ basti b2 b1 o C2 tC b1 o PC o o tC *o = operational; tC = temporary Closed; PC = Permanently Closed; o/ Zld = operational with Zero liquid discharge 100101 bareilly/ Moradabad bareilly/ Moradabad b2 C2 tC tC 102 bareilly/ Moradabad C2 tC 103104 baghpat shamli C2 C2 tC tC 105106 shamli firozabad - C2 tC tC nO. FIGuRE-5
CLUSTERWISE CATEGORISATION AND STATUS OF INDUSTRIES
20 CLUSTER 1 (KASHIPUR) CLUSTER 2 A (MEERUT)
C2 B1 C2 22% 17% 45%
C1 B2 C1 52% 9% 55%
CLUSTER 1 (KASHIPUR) CLUSTER 2 A (MEERUT)
TC OZ TC 13% 4% 8%
PC OWZ OZ OWZ 17% 65% 23% 77% MeTHODOLOGY 21 B2 C1 8% B1 PC 23% TC 7% 10% 60% CLUSTER 3-21 (OTHERS) CLUSTER CLUSTER 3-21 (OTHERS) CLUSTER D tC= temporary Closed; PC= Permanently Closed) 2% C2 57% OZ OWZ 23% 10% OWZ 76% B2 C1 B1 21% 4% 14% OZ 3% (*oWZ= operational without Zero liquid discharge; oZ= operational with Zero liquid discharge;
CLUSTER 2 B (MUZAFFARNAGAR) CLUSTER TC PC 9% CLUSTER 2 B (MUZAFFARNAGAR) CLUSTER D 12% 4% C2 57% TaBlE-3 DRINKING WATER STANDARDS (IS 10500) AND EFFLUENT DISCHARGE STANDARDS (EPA,1986)
DRINKING EfflUENT PARAMETERS 22 WATER STANDARDS DISCHARGE STANDARDS Acceptable Permissible Public Inland Surface Value limit Sewer Water
ph 6.5-8.5 no 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0
total dissolve solids (tds), mg/l 500 2000 - -
volatile suspended solids (vss), mg/l - - - -
total suspended solids (tss), mg/l - - 600 100
alkalinity as CaCo3, mg/l 200 600 - - hardness, mg/l 200 600 - -
sulphate, mg/l 200 400 - -
Chloride, mg/l 250 1000 - -
ammonical nitrogen (an) as n, mg/l - - 50 50
total nitrogen (tn), mg/l - - - 100
total Phosphorus (as P), mg/l - - - 5.0
dissolve oxygen (do), mg/l - - - -
biological oxygen demand (bod), mg/l - - 350 30
Chemical oxygen demand (Cod), mg/l - - - 250
sulphide, mg/l - - - 2.0
Diurnal variation of parameters was Assessment of water consumption was captured by dividing the day into three determined from the logbook, as well as shifts: 6 am - 2 pm (morning-afternoon), from bore-well meter readings. Pollution 2 pm - 10 pm (afternoon-night) and 10 control facilities such as operating status pm - 6 am (night-morning). The samples of aeration tanks, black liquor generation were collected randomly in three slots of and solid waste management measures 8 hours in a day and analysed. Diurnal were also observed during the visits. variation of parameters was captured To assess the quality of groundwater, to develop the overall picture of the parameters such as pH, TDS, Alkalinity, industry and its performance during Hardness, Sulphate, Chloride, AN, TKN different times of the day. A total of and Phosphorus were analysed in the approximately 36 samples were collected samples collected from hand pumps separately from the outlets of every plant (including India Mark handpumps and as well as from the drains receiving the tubewells). Sampling was done once or effluent. Apart from sample collection, twice during the sampling period. data related to the effluent discharge, bore well intake, electricity consumption, 5.4. ANALYTICAL METHODS section-wise water consumption meter Effluent discharge or flow was readings, logbook data etc., were calculated from the observations also collected from all the industries. on calibrated V-notch. On-site 23 MeTHODOLOGY
measurement of pH was done. DO, the study period. A few images of drone BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, VSS, AN and survey of selected industries have been TKN were measured as per standard presented in a separate volume. methods (APHA, 2017). Acceptable and permissible limits of various Other information relevant to the parameters for drinking water and industry’s production, raw material effluent discharge, as per Indian consumption, online monitoring Standards IS: 10500 and EPA (1986) sensors, fuel consumption, water intake have been listed in Table 3. records, quality and grade of paper, energy consumption, ETP specifications, A questionnaire was also framed to financial documentation (if shared), capture the perception of local people solid waste management and laboratory on the impact of industries on the facilities were also collated. Section-wise surrounding environment. An aerial detailed water consumption has also view of the local drain and the impact of been prepared. It should be noted that the industrial discharge on the nearby effluent discharge from industries which riverine system was captured through were non-operational or operational drone (Drone Specifications: DJI Phantom with zero liquid discharge (ZlD) were not 4 Pro RC Quadcopter) survey conducted available and hence, information on such for almost all the units covered during units are not included in this report. WATER CONSUMPTION AND WATER BAlANCE
24
complete water balance paper production. Input water to any for each industrial industry in paper making process could unit was carried out to be direct withdrawal from ground, assess losses through water contained in raw materials and A estimates of fresh water in-circulation storages. Typical water intake, the amount of balance for different types of industries black liquor produced, is presented in figure 6 to 8. The paper effluent discharge, etc. There are making process involved significant multiple sources and uses for fresh water loss from various steps through water in the pulp and paper industries. different units. The evaporation losses The number of extraction taps varied mentioned in figure 6 to 8 are combined from 2 to 10 in numbers, connecting evaporation losses from various sections to various processes such as bleaching of PPIs. Water content in the product and chemical stock preparation. (e.g. paper) is also termed as a loss. The Extracted freshwater is used either effluent treatment plant (ETP) receives for wet washing, pulping, bleaching a large portion of water from multiple and stock preparation, utilities like sections of the industrial unit, which power consumption, gardening and treats and uses part of the water back to miscellaneous activities. Raw materials the industrial units. (e.g. wood, bagasse, etc.) also contain large amounts of water which is input to The evaporation losses in various the initial water content. processes vary from 5 to 20% of the fresh water intake, which is dependent 6.1. WATER BALANCE on technology, infrastructure and The PPIs intake fresh water from processes in various sub-sections of the ground for various processes of PPIs. It can also be observed that a
THE PPIs INTAKE FRESH WATER FROM THE GROUND FOR VARIOUS PROCESSES OF PAPER PRODUCTION. INPUT WATER TO ANY INDUSTRY IN PAPER MAKING PROCESS COULD BE DIRECT WITHDRAWAL FROM GROUND, WATER CONTAINED IN RAW MATERIALS AND IN-CIRCULATION STORAGES. WATeR COnSuMPTIOn AnD WATeR BALAnCe 2525 effluent sludge sludge effluent sludge /d /d 3 3 /d /d /d 3 3 3 5 m 10 m 12 m 4240 m 6110 m eTP eTP eTP /d /d 3 3 7245 m 9202 m /d /d /d Paper 3 /d Paper Paper 3 3 3 7 m 7 m 27 m Dryer Dryer Dryer Section Section Section 3000 m /d /d /d 3 3 3 /d 3 evaporation evaporation evaporation 610 m 610 m 136 m 3080 m
FIGuRE-8 FIGuRE-7 FIGuRE-6 CRP /d 3 Pulp Mill & Pulp Mill & Pulp Mill & Paper Machine Paper Machine Paper Machine 332 m /d /d /d 3 3 3 /d /d /d 3 3 3 23 m /d /d /d 28 m 11 m 3 3 3 6 m 50 m 20 m INDUSTRY - ZLD BASED (PRODUCTION 120 t/d) 120 (PRODUCTION ZLD - BASED INDUSTRY unaccounted loss unaccounted loss unaccounted loss 60 m INDUSTRY - WSP BASED (PRODUCTION 375 t/d) 375 (PRODUCTION WSP BASED - INDUSTRY 750 m 560 m INDUSTRY - AGRO BASED (PRODUCTION 140 140 t/d) (PRODUCTION BASED AGRO - INDUSTRY domesticuse domesticuse domesticuse Power & utility Section Power & utility Section Power & utility Section /d /d /d 3 3 3 raw Material raw raw Material raw raw Material raw 23 m 14 m 209 m /d) /d) 3 3 /d) 3 Clarified water reservoir/ direct Ground water (5657 m Clarified water reservoir/ direct Ground water (7495 m Clarified water reservoir/ direct Ground water (220 m FIGuRE-9
(A) TOTAL PAPER PRODUCTION (B) AVERAGE WATER LOSSES FROM PPIs
evaporation loss 26 3210 3500 600 along pulp loss 3000 along finished paper loss 2365 2500 /d)
3 400 2000 1450 1500 200 Capacity (t/d) 1000 554 Capacity (m 500 Roorkee Kashipur Meerut Muzaffarnagar Roorkee 0 0 Kashipur Meerut Muzaffarnagar
FIGuRE-10
DISCHARGE (m3/d) PER UNIT PAPER PRODUCTION (tp/d)
45 CLUSTER 1 (KASHIPUR) discharge/tP (industry) 40 discharge/tP (cGanga) /tp) 3 35 30 25 20
Discharge/Tp (m 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Industry Code
CLUSTER 2 A (MEERUT) 16.00 discharge/tP (industry) 14.00 discharge/tP (cGanga) 12.00 /tp) 3 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 Discharge/Tp (m 2.00 0.00 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Industry Code WATeR COnSuMPTIOn AnD WATeR BALAnCe 27 discharge/tP (industry) discharge/tP (cGanga) discharge/tP (industry) discharge/tP (cGanga) the system which is recirculating in is recirculating the system which or steam and whose the form of water are not independent measurements combining flow Therefore, while done). in a simple 100) diagrams (more than transactions water flow diagram, small The water might not get included. by keeping done major balance was these flow However, flow transactions. picture and can give a better charts transactions estimation of major water Industry Code Industry Code CLUSTER 3-10 CLUSTER CLUSTER 2 B (MUZAFFARNAGAR) CLUSTER major portion of the treated water is the treated water of major portion to various divisions. being recycled back shown in figure 6 balance The water to 8 is only indicative and the numbers This of ±10%. can vary with an error more than 20 is because there are which industry, sub-units inside each other, among each recirculate water sources (raw materials, from different (a large water or stored chemicals) is already present in amount of water 72 73 74 75 79 82 86 88 90 91 93 95 72 73 74 75 79 82 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 66 42 40 41 65 39 57 56 62 63 64 43 60 61 58 59 53 54 55 44 45 52 46 47 48 49 50 51
5 0 5 0
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10
35 30 25 20 15 10
Discharge/Tp (m Discharge/Tp /tp)
Discharge/Tp (m Discharge/Tp /tp)
3 3 FIGuRE-11
ETP ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION PER UNIT PAPER PRODUCTION
industry supplied data cGanga collected data 28
100 CLUSTER 1 (KASHIPUR) 45 CLUSTER 2 A (MEERUT) 90 40 80 35 70 30 60 25 50 20 40 30 15 20 10 5 eTP electricity Consumption/Tp (units/tp) electricity eTP 10 0 eTP electricity Consumption/Tp (units/tp) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Industry Code Industry Code
CLUSTER 2 B (MUZAFFARNAGAR) CLUSTER 3-10 120 80
70 100 60 80 50
60 40 30 40 20 20
eTP electricity Consumption/Tp (units/tp) electricity eTP 10 eTP electricity Consumption/Tp (units/tp) electricity eTP 0 0 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 72 73 74 75 76 78 79 80 82 86 88 90 91 93 94 95 98 Industry Code Industry Code
to understand the overall water balance technologies involved at various stages of a particular type of industry. of pulping (figure 9B).
6.2. CLUSTER WISE PRODUCTION An average discharge of PPIs with AND CONSUMPTION DETAILS respect to paper production has been Total paper production and average summarized in figure 10. Industries losses from respective Clusters have which are agro-based are producing been shown in figure 9. It could be higher discharge than waste-paper based seen that ~74% of the paper production industries. It should be noted that those lies in Clusters 1 and 2 (figure 9A). The industries where paper production data average evaporation loss from Meerut was not shared or were temporarily sub-cluster was highest, primarily closed at the time of visit were indicated due to the deficient design and as zero on x-axis in all graphs of WATeR COnSuMPTIOn AnD WATeR BALAnCe 29 FIGuRE-12
ETP ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION PER UNIT DISCHARGE
industry supplied data cGanga collected data 30 25 16 CLUSTER 1 (KASHIPUR) CLUSTER 2 A (MEERUT) ) ) 3 14 3 20 (units/m 12 (units/m 3 3 10 15 8 6 10 4 5 2 eTP electricity Consumption/m electricity eTP eTP electricity Consumption/m electricity eTP 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Industry Code Industry Code
CLUSTER 2 B (MUZAFFARNAGAR) CLUSTER 3-10 35 14 ) 3 ) 3 30 12 (units/m 3 (units/m
3 25 10
20 8
15 6
10 4
5 2 eTP electricity Consumption/m electricity eTP eTP electricity Consumption/m electricity eTP 0 0 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 72 73 74 75 82 86 88 90 91 93 98 Industry Code Industry Code
the current section. ETP electricity unit paper production cluster wise. An consumption is also directly proportional average consumption of 10 m3 water/ to the amount of paper production. ton of paper production was found figures 11 and 12 show the relationships for all PPIs. Industries which are using between ETP electricity consumption per more than 30 m3 water/ton of paper unit paper production and ETP electricity production are primarily agro-based consumption per unit discharge, and wood-based bleached industry. respectively. The data presented by Therefore, higher water extraction by industries and measured by cGanga team the industries depends on the type of are found to be within margin of errors in raw material, technologies used measurements/estimates. and re-use/recycle of water. The groundwater extraction data provided figure 13 shows water consumption per by industries match quite closely WATeR COnSuMPTIOn AnD WATeR BALAnCe 31 Industry Code Industry Code CLUSTER 3-10 CLUSTER CLUSTER 2 A (MEERUT) 2 CLUSTER 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 /d of black liquor was liquor was /d of black 3 72 73 74 75 76 78 79 80 82 86 88 90 91 93 94 95 98 94 95 93 88 90 91 86 82 79 80 78 75 76 74 72 73
5 0
25 20 15 10
5 0
Water Consumption/Tp (m Consumption/Tp Water
/tp) 40 35 30 25 20 15 10
3
Water Consumption/Tp (m Consumption/Tp Water /tp) 3 FIGuRE-13 discharged into the areas of Kashipur Kashipur into the areas of discharged regions, respectively. and Muzaffarnagar liquor the black CRP installation, After since 2013 has reduced to zero discharge and Muzaffarnagar, in Kashipur and 2014 high amounts of Such respectively. No permission was granted to run No permission was digesters for pulping by PPIs without This brought a major having CRP. as liquor discharge in black change Before the can be seen from figure 14. installation of CRPs, a maximum of 2,000 and 6,000 m industry supplied data data cGanga collected Industry Code Industry Code WATER CONSUMPTION PER UNIT PAPER PRODUCTION PAPER UNIT PER CONSUMPTION WATER CLUSTER 1 (KASHIPUR) CLUSTER CLUSTER 2 B (MUZAFFARNAGAR) CLUSTER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 39 41 65 53 51 67 43 55 57 47 63 49 59 45 61
5 0 0
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 60 50 40 30 20 10
Water Consumption/Tp (m Consumption/Tp Water /tp) Water Consumption/Tp (m Consumption/Tp Water /tp)
3 3 The black liquor discharged from PPIs is liquor discharged The black an aqueous solution of lignin residues, hemicellulose, and the inorganic used during the process. It chemicals to aquatic life. figure 14 is quite toxic black shows the variation of cluster-wise liquor generation by industries with As per the CPCB guidelines, it was time. made mandatory for all industries to plant (CRP). recovery install chemical with cGanga collected data. with cGanga LIQUOR PRODUCTION 6.3. BLACK FIGuRE-14 BLACK LIQUOR PRODUCTION
black liquor production (m3/d) black liquor discharge before and after CrP installation (m3/d) Paper Production (tPd) 32 CLuSTeR 1 (kASHIPuR) CLuSTeR 2 B (MuZAFFARnAGAR)
3000 8000 3000 1400 /d) /d) 3 3
ae rdcin(P)Paper Production (TPD) Paper Production (TPD) 7000 Paper Production (TPD) Paper Production (TPD) 2500 1200 2500 6000 2000 1000 5000 2000 800 1500 4000 1500 600 1000 3000 1000 400 2000 500 500 200 1000 Black Liquor Production (m 0 0 Black Liquor Production (m 0 0 2015 2017 2013 2009 2000 1997 1985 1991 2015 2017 2012 2013 2009 2011 2004 2005 1991 1998 1987 1988 1983 Year Year
CLuSTeR 3-10 enTIRe GAnGA BASIn
10000 3000 20000 4000 9000
/d) /d) 18000 3 2500 3 3500 8000 16000 3000 7000 2000 14000 6000 12000 2500 5000 1500 10000 2000 4000 8000 1500 3000 1000 6000 1000 2000 500 4000 1000 2000 500 Black Liquor Production (m Black Liquor Production (m 0 0 0 0 2011 2013 2015 2017 2004 2007 2011 1994 1998 1991 1988 1983 1985 2009 2007 1993 1984 Year Year
TaBlE-4
NUMBER OF INDUSTRIES THAT CHANGED FROM AGRO-BASED TO RCP OVER LAST 15 YEARS
kashipur Meerut Muzaffarnagar Roorkee
TOTAL nuMBeR OF InDuSTRIeS 24 14 33 6
AGRO-BASeD InDuSTRIeS 15 YeARS BACk 6 0 10 0
CuRRenT AGRO-BASeD InDuSTRIeS 4 0 7 0
CHAnGeD FROM 2 0 3 0 AGRO TO RCP WATeR COnSuMPTIOn AnD WATeR BALAnCe 33
/d to zero 3 from the year 2011 onwards in in onwards from the year 2011 region Pradesh and Uttar Uttarakhand river basin. of Ganga In addition to the CRP installation, many industries have also been converted from agro-based to recycled paper (RCP) A list of industries based production. that has been transformed from agro to years last 15 in various clustersRCf over 4. Table has been listed in tremendously reduced the black liquor liquor tremendously reduced the black m from 18,797 discharge black liquor discharge in the tributaries in the liquor discharge black have till a few years back of Ganga, resulted in ecological damages that could be observed from the current areas status of river and its catchment had in those clusters. Clusters 3-10 installed CRPs earlier. Therefore, the policy of installation a very of CRPs by every industry was appreciable step by the government, has resulted in positive impacts which that can be seen on the ground. It has ASSESSMENT Of EfflUENT QUAlITy AND POllUTION lOAD
34
In order to assess compliance Charter (CPCB, 2015) for these effluents to the norms given in have been shown in Table 5. the Charter (CPCB, 2015) and estimate reduction in figure 15 shows a typical variation I pollution load due to the of these parameters in the effluent of implementation of the Charter an industry. Industry wise analysis (CPCB, 2015), ETP effluent is presented in a separate volume. from every industry was monitored. Results of the analysis carried out by Eight parameters, namely flow, DO, the industry are comparable to those VSS, TSS, BOD, COD, Nitrogen and done by Team cGanga and suggests Phosphorus were monitored at the that laboratories established by most outlet of the industry. The industries industries as per the Charter (CPCB, have also set-up laboratories for analysis 2015) have the capacity to analyse of effluents as per one of the mandates various effluent quality parameters. of the Charter (CPCB, 2015) and also analysed some samples for certain Photograph at the top of effluent quality parameters. This helped in comparison graphs (figure 15) presents the visual of the outcome of the analysis carried condition of V-notch discharging the out by the industry and the Team effluent at different times of a day. cGanga, and commenting on the capacity of the industry to analyse ETP 7.1. EFFLUENT QUALITY effluents. The parameters monitored by Combined statistical plots representing the industry included flow, pH, TDS, TSS, median values of effluent quality BOD and COD. Norms laid down in the parameters at Kashipur (Cluster 1),
THE INDUSTRIES HAVE ALSO SET-UP LABORATORIES FOR ANALYSIS OF EFFLUENTS AS PER ONE OF THE MANDATES OF THE CHARTER (CPCB, 2015) AND ALSO ANALYSED SOME SAMPLES FOR CERTAIN PARAMETERS. ASSeSSMenT OF eFFLuenT QuALITY AnD POLLuTIOn LOAD 35 (PCu)* COLOuR COLOuR TDS (mg/L) COD (mg/L) IN GANGA RIVER BASIN STATES BASIN RIVER GANGA IN s 20 250 20 150 BOD (mg/L) TaBlE-5 30 1800 30 1600 TSS (mg/L) pH 6.5-8.5 200 6.5-8.5 150 RCF AnD PuLP AnDPuLP PARAMeTeRS CHeMICAL PuLP CHeMICAL MAnuFACTuRInG MAnuFACTuRInG InTeGRATeD PuLP PuLP InTeGRATeD PAPeR InDuSTRIeS PAPeR MARkeT BASeD PuLP AnD PAPeR InDuSTRIeS AnD PAPeR NORMS FOR TREATED EFFLUENT QUALITY FOR PPI FOR EFFLUENT QUALITY TREATED NORMS FOR *PCU= Platinum Cobalt Color Unit FIGuRE-15
COMPARISON OF TYPICAL EFFLUENT QUALITY ASSESSMENT 36 BY INDUSTRY AND cGanga TEAM
Sampling at industrial outlet
Industry (6 am - 2 pm) Industry (2 pm - 10 pm) Industry (10 pm - 6 am)
IITK (6 am - 2 pm) IITK (2 pm - 10 pm) IITK (10 pm - 6 am)
35 1500 30 25 1000 20 15 500 TSS (mg/L) 10 TDS (mg/L) 5 0 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 number of samples number of samples
200 30 25 150 20 15 100 10 COD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) 50 5 0 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 number of samples number of samples
RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS CARRIED OUT BY THE INDUSTRY ARE COMPARABLE TO THOSE DONE BY TEAM CGANGA AND SUGGESTS THAT LABORATORIES ESTABLISHED BY MOST INDUSTRIES AS PER THE CHARTER (CPCB, 2015) HAVE THE CAPACITY TO ANALYSE VARIOUS EFFLUENT QUALITY PARAMETERS. ASSeSSMenT OF eFFLuenT QuALITY AnD POLLuTIOn LOAD 37 TDS (mg/L) COD (mg/L) Phosphorus (mg/L) 0 50 100 150 200 150 0 50 100 250 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 20 15 10 0 5 7 4 1 7 4 1
7 4 1
10 10 13 13
10 13 Industry Code Industry Code Industry Code Industry a particular industry. for Cluster 1, the Cluster for industry. a particular be observed to was range of BOD values with a median ~15 between 8–26 mg/l, all industries with some mg/l. In general, the BOD norms exceptions were within range of The (CPCB, 2015). of the Charter observed to be between COD values was mg/l. ~118 mg/l with median 60–182 ~20 mg/l TSS was of The median value These values were well for all industries. norms (CPCB, 2015). within the Charter observed TDS values was The range of of the mg/l. 13% to be between 450-1980 FIGuRE-16 OF INDUSTRIES IN CLUSTER 1 (KASHIPUR) CLUSTER IN OF INDUSTRIES TSS (mg/L) Tkn (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) MEDIAN AND RANGE OF PARAMETER VALUES AT THE OUTLET AT VALUES OF PARAMETER AND RANGE MEDIAN Meerut (Cluster 2 A), Muzaffarnagar A), Muzaffarnagar Meerut (Cluster 2 Cluster (Clusters(Cluster 2 B) and other are presented in at industrial outlets 3-10) It respectively. and 19, 18 17, figures 16, quality the effluent should be noted that as per the Charter norms discharge agro and waste for PPIs of (CPCB, 2015) TSS and BOD, COD, paper industries for TDS are 20, 200, 30, 1800 mg/l and 20, 5). 30, 1600150, mg/l, respectively (Table plots represents The midline in the box median values of all 36 samples taken for 0 5 10 15 20 15 10 0 5 0 10 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 0 10 20 30
7 4 1 7 4 1 7 4 1
10 10 10 13 13 13 Industry Code Industry Industry Code Industry Industry Code Industry FIGuRE-17
MEDIAN AND RANGE OF PARAMETER VALUES AT THE OUTLET OF INDUSTRIES IN CLUSTER 2 A (MEERUT)
38
33 33 31 31 29 29 27 27
Industry Code 25 Industry Code 25 0 10 20 30 0 50 100 150 200 BOD (mg/L) COD (mg/L)
33 33 31 31 29 29 27 27
Industry Code 25 Industry Code 25 0 10 20 30 40 0 1000 2000 3000 TSS (mg/L) TDS (mg/L)
33 33 31 31 29 29 27 27
Industry Code 25 Industry Code 25 0 5 10 15 20 30 0 20 40 60 80 Tkn (mg/L) Phosphorus (mg/L)
industries were found to exceed the TDS phosphorus should be 0.01-0.03 mg/l. norms in Cluster 1. The median values The phosphorus discharge norms of TKN and phosphorus were ~2.8 mg/l were violated several times as and ~0.8 mg/l respectively. per EPA guidelines.
Phosphorus discharge norms were not for Cluster 2 A (Meerut), the range of mentioned in the Charter (CPCB, 2015). BOD values was observed to be between However, as per EPA water quality 7.2-24 mg/l. Average median value of criteria, the permissible phosphate BOD was observed to be ~14 mg/l. In discharged into lakes and reservoirs case of Cluster 2 B (Muzaffarnagar), the is <0.05 mg/l. In surface waters, total BOD range was 10-38 mg/l, while the ASSeSSMenT OF eFFLuenT QuALITY AnD POLLuTIOn LOAD 39
TDS (mg/L) COD (mg/L) Phosphorus (mg/L) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 1000 0 500 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 15 10 5 0 0 40 80 120 160 200 160 80 120 0 40
67 63 59 55 51 47 43 39
67 63 59 55 47 43 39
67 63 59 55 51 47 43 39 Industry Code Industry Industry Code Industry Industry Code Industry 7-58 mg/l. The median values of TSS The median values of mg/l. 7-58 cluster for Meerut and Muzaffarnagar were ~20 and ~22 mg/l, respectively TDS The range of for all industries. values were observed to be between ~300 to ~2500 mg/l with a median value of ~1200 mg/l for both Meerut clusters. Overall, and Muzaffarnagar COD values were well within the range; TDS limit of 30 mg/l TSS and however, and 1800 mg/l, respectively were often FIGuRE-18 TSS (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) Tkn (mg/L) OF INDUSTRIES IN CLUSTER 2 B (MUZAFFARNAGAR) IN CLUSTER OF INDUSTRIES 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 20 30 40 0 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 20 25 15 0 5 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 15 10 5 0 MEDIAN AND RANGE OF PARAMETER VALUES AT THE OUTLET THE OUTLET AT VALUES OF PARAMETER AND RANGE MEDIAN
67 63 59 55 51 47 43 39 67 63 59 55 51 47 43 39 67 63 59 55 47 43 39
Industry Code Industry Industry Code Industry Industry Code Industry average median value was 20 mg/l. average median value was Most of the industries in Muzaffarnagar The exceed the BOD norms of 20 mg/l. range of COD values for Meerut and observed cluster was Muzaffarnagar mg/l and 48–195 to be between 67-160 mg/l with an average median value mg/l, respectively. and ~122 of ~115 cluster was TSS in Meerut The range of range increases in TSS The mg/l. 10-29 between cluster and was Muzaffarnagar FIGuRE-19
40 MEDIAN AND RANGE OF PARAMETER VALUES AT THE OUTLET OF INDUSTRIES IN CLUSTER 3-10
96 96 92 92 88 88 84 84 80 80
Industry Code 76 Industry Code 76 72 72 0 20 40 60 80 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 BOD (mg/L) COD (mg/L)
96 96 92 92 88 88 84 84 80 80
Industry Code 76 Industry Code 76 72 72 0 40 80 120 160 0 1000 2000 3000 TSS (mg/L) TDS (mg/L)
96 96 92 92 88 88 84 84 80 80 76 Industry Code Industry Code 76 72 72 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Tkn (mg/L) Phosphorus (mg/L)
exceeded by industries. The TKN values the industries of Roorkee were found to for Meerut cluster was between 0.3 to exceed the prescribed limits of BOD, COD, 19.22 mg/l and the median was ~2.2 TSS and TDS, a maximum number of mg/l. In Muzaffarnagar cluster, the range times. The values of TKN were also found increased and is between 0.08 to 31.45 higher (0.4-117.6 mg/l) as compared to mg/l, while the median was ~2.2 mg/l. other industries of Cluster 3-10.
In the Other Clusters, the range of BOD, 7.2. POLLUTION LOAD COD, TSS and TDS were 2-61.9 mg/l, figure 20 presents average pollution 16-352 mg/l, 5.0-950 mg/l and 24.0-3137 load of BOD, COD and TSS from two mg/l, respectively. for Other Clusters, categories, namely (a) agro based and ASSeSSMenT OF eFFLuenT QuALITY AnD POLLuTIOn LOAD 41 (CPCB, 2015) has resulted in substantial (CPCB, 2015) load in terms of BOD reduction in organic and COD as well as suspended solids bodies. However, in the receiving water to examine if this has it is important the condition of the water improved bodies in the vicinity of PPIs as per the pollution control strategy. intent of any This aspect has been studied extensively and is presented in cGanga, Team by following sections of the report.
(b) waste paper recycle based PPIs of paper recycle based (b) waste under Pradesh and Uttar Uttarakhand conditions, viz three different (i) discharge of untreated effluents, of untreated effluents, (i) discharge treatment after of effluents (ii) discharge norms, (CPCB, 2015) as per the Charter of treated effluents and (iii) discharge as per the survey conducted by It can be noticed that cGanga. Team implementation of measures for pollution control in PPIs as per the Charter FIGuRE-20 AVERAGE POLLUTION LOAD OF BOD, COD AND TSS FR 42 untreated discharge load Permissible discharge load as per norms actual discharge load
(a) For Agro Based Industries in Various Clusters
1000 4000 5000 868 4518 800 3000 2873 4000 600 3000 2000 400 2000 TSS Load (kg/d) COD Load (kg/d) BOD Load (kg/d) 1000 200 398 228 1000 40 28 60 39 0 0 0 kASHIPuR kASHIPuR kASHIPuR
1000 4000 3733 5000 882 800 3000 4000 600 3000 2630 2000 400 2000 TSS Load (kg/d) COD Load (kg/d) BOD Load (kg/d) 1000 200 1000 255 156 25 26 38 27 0 0 0 MuZAFFARnAGAR MuZAFFARnAGAR MuZAFFARnAGAR
10000 50000 45486 30000 8088 8000 40000 25000 22258 20000 6000 30000 15000 4000 20000 10000 TSS Load (kg/d) COD Load (kg/d) BOD Load (kg/d) 2000 10000 3691 2565 5000 369 354 554 458 0 0 0 OTHeRS OTHeRS OTHeRS
IT CAN BE NOTICED THAT IMPLEMENTATION OF MEASURES FOR POLLUTION CONTROL IN PPIs AS PER THE CHARTER (CPCB, 2015) HAS RESULTED IN SUBSTANTIAL REDUCTION IN ORGANIC LOAD IN TERMS OF BOD AND COD AS WELL AS SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN THE RECEIVING WATER BODIES. ASSeSSMenT OF eFFLuenT QuALITY AnD POLLuTIOn LOAD 43 8 11 12 29 17 12 10 42 OTHeRS MeeRuT kASHIPuR 405 807 1097 3212 MuZAFFARnAGAR 0 0 0 0
500
actual discharge load discharge actual
3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 3000 2000 1000 3000 2000 1000
3000 2000 1000 TSS Load (kg/d) Load TSS (kg/d) Load TSS (kg/d) Load TSS COD Load (kg/d) Load COD 66 47 41 168 86 59 50 212 OTHeRS MeeRuT kASHIPuR 828 1549 2042 1146 MuZAFFARnAGAR 0 0 0 0
500 500
3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 3000 2000 1000 3000 2000 1000
COD Load (kg/d) Load COD COD Load (kg/d) Load COD (kg/d) Load COD COD Load (kg/d) Load COD Permissible discharge load as per Permissible discharge norms 7 8 8 22 (b) For Wastepaper Based Industries in Various Clusters Various in Based Industries Wastepaper For (b) 7 8 11 28 s OF UTTARAKHAND AND UTTAR PRADESH AND UTTAR s OF UTTARAKHAND OTHeRS MeeRuT
kASHIPuR 617 147 271 480 MuZAFFARnAGAR
untreated discharge load discharge untreated 0 0 0 0
800 600 400 200 800 600 400 200 800 600 400 200 800 600 400 200
1000 1000 BOD Load (kg/d) Load BOD BOD Load (kg/d) Load BOD (kg/d) Load BOD BOD Load (kg/d) Load BOD 1000 1000 FROM PPI FROM CONDITION Of DRAINS RECEIVING TREATED EfflUENTS POST
44 IMPlEMENTATION Of THE CHARTER
he effluent quality at condition of the drains as well as water PPI’s outlet was by and quality parameters of the drains where large found to be within the industrial discharge is released. the norms specified The industrial outlet is integral part of in the Charter (CPCB, industry where as drains are not, so a T 2015). But it is important true picture of the effluent could only be to understand that the assessed by assessing the water quality ultimate concern is at the upstream and the downstream of to improve the condition of adjoining industrial outlet in the drain. drains in which treated effluents are being discharged. Therefore, a survey Sampling from a particular industry was conducted to assess the physical was done at three locations. The first
FIGuRE-21
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF LOCATION OF SOME PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRIES IN MEERUT SUB-CLUSTER ON THE BANKS OF RIVER KALI
village road discharge
A D-I D/S & A D-II u/S I (Shut Down) Anand Duplex
discharge
II A D-II D/S & A Triplex u/S
Anand Duplex new Bonanza Zero Discharge discharge A Triplex D/S Anand Triplex Dev Priya u/S discharge
kali river national highway
Dev D/S nB D/S 0.5 km discharge
Dev Priya Ind Dev Priya Paper Zero Discharge
discharge
Dev Priya Products COnDITIOn OF DRAInS ReCeIVInG TReATeD eFFLuenTS POST IMPLeMenTATIOn OF THe CHARTeR 45 Outlet (10 pm - 6 am) (10 Outlet pm - 6 am) Upstream (10 pm - 6 am) Downstream (10 number of samples number number of samples number of samples number 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 16 12 8 0 4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 16 12 8 0 4 1 0 2
0 0
1.5 10 10 0.5 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 60 50 40 30 20 DO (mg/L) DO
BOD (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) TSS FIGuRE-22 Sampling at drains Outlet (2 pm - 10 pm) (2 pm - 10 Outlet pm) Upstream (2 pm - 10 pm) Downstream (2 pm - 10 VICINITY OF EFFLUENT DISCHARGE OF EFFLUENT VICINITY
number of samples number number of samples number number of samples number DRAIN WATER QUALITY AND THE CONDITION OF DRAIN IN THE DRAIN IN OF THE CONDITION AND QUALITY WATER DRAIN 0 4 8 12 16 16 12 20 24 28 32 36 8 0 4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 16 0 4 8 12 20 24 28 32 36 16 12 8 0 4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 16 12 8 0 4 Outlet (6 am - 2 pm) Outlet Upstream (6 am - 2 pm) Downstream (6 am - 2 pm) 0 8 4 0 5 0
80 10 16 12 15 20 20
160 320 240 400 Flow (MLD) Flow VSS (mg/L) VSS COD (mg/L) COD TaBlE-6
SUMMARY OF DRAIN WATER QUALITY FOR KASHIPUR (CLUSTER 1)
46 Industry Code Flow (MLD) DO (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) COD (mg/L) TSS (mg/L) VSS (mg/L) 1 upstream 4.8 ± 6.3 0.3 ± 0.5 40.8 ± 6.6 163 ± 21 36.9 ± 4 13.8 ± 3.7 1 downstream 10.1 ± 7.7 2.9 ± .99 25.2 ± 4.2 138 ± 16.4 28.5 ± 2.6 10.1 ± 2.07 2 upstream 8.9 ± 7.2 1.1 ± 0.4 26.2 ± 6.7 133 ± 12 28.8 ± 6.4 10.7 ± 3.6 2 downstream 12.4 ± 8.4 1.5 ± 0.9 21.6 ± 3.6 115 ± 12.2 27.5 ± 2.3 10.3 ± 2.3 3 upstream 9.0 ± 6.7 0.2 ± 0.3 51.5 ± 14.4 286 ± 77.9 53.6 ± 10.3 23.6 ± 8.2 3 downstream 15 ± 6.2 0.4 ± 0.5 31.8 ± 3.9 189 ± 43.5 37.9 ± 3.7 13.1 ± 2.4 4 upstream 14.4 ± 6.5 0.3 ± 0.5 31.9 ± 3.9 190 ± 43 37.9 ± 3.8 13.9 ± 4.7 4 downstream 17.0 ± 6.9 0.7 ± 1.0 24.6 ± 2.7 142 ± 11.9 28.6 ± 3.5 10.7 ± 3.9 5 upstream 2.3 ± 1.8 0.6 ± 0.6 16.5 ± 4.1 67.6 ± 9.9 20.1 ± 6.5 7.2 ± 3.0 5 downstream 3.6 ± 2.3 1.3 ± 1.0 26.9 ± 5.2 148 ± 11.8 30.3 ± 5.0 10.8 ± 2.4 6 upstream 6.2 ±5.0 1.1 ± 0.8 28.6 ± 4.5 418 ± 405 31.9 ± 3.8 11.9 ± 2.9 6 downstream 8.1 ± 5.1 1.8 ± 1.1 22.3 ± 3.3 116 ± 11.1 26.9 ± 2.6 10.0 ± 2.4 7 upstream 8.1 ± 5.4 0.9 ± 0.8 25.2 ± 2.8 132 ± 8.9 30.9 ± 3.9 11.7 ± 3.4 7 downstream 10.3 ± 5.2 2.4 ± 1.3 19.6 ± 4.4 114 ± 8.6 24.5 ± 2.2 8.9 ± 1.3 8 upstream 4.1 ± 2.4 0.5 ± 1.0 32.6 ± 3.9 147 ± 4.6 36.8 ± 5.3 14.3 ± 3.4 8 downstream 5.7 ± 2.7 0.2 ± 0.5 28.8 ± 3.8 158 ± 21 39.2 ± 7.3 15.0 ± 5.4 9 upstream ------9 downstream 2.4 ± 1.3 1.2 ± 0.7 31.3 ± 4.8 158 ± 19.1 38.9 ± 4.3 14.1 ± 2.7 10 upstream 1.2 ± 2.3 1.4 ± 1.7 24.6 ± 3.2 141 ± 7.2 28.5 ± 2.7 10.2 ± 1.4 10 downstream 2.3 ± 2.4 1.7 ± 0.7 25.5 ± 4.0 145 ± 15.8 27.9 ± 3.0 9.9 ± 1.9 11 upstream 0.6 ± 0.8 0.6 ± 0.9 10.6 ± 2.3 66.5 ± 15.8 12.1 ± 3.1 4.4 ± 1.27 11 downstream 2.0 ± 1.2 1.0 ± 0.8 20.6 ± 3.4 133 ± 10.4 25.5 ± 2.3 9.6 ± 1.2 12 upstream ------12 downstream 3.5 ± 1.1 1.4 ± 0.9 22.3 ± 4.3 131 ± 20.7 24.2 ± 4.7 9.7 ± 2.7 13 upstream 1.3 ± 1.5 0.1 ± 0.3 39.6 ± 6.0 231 ± 45.3 43.0 ± 3.1 15.9 ± 2.7 13 downstream 2.2 ± 1.8 0.4 ± 0.6 28.7 ± 4.3 157 ± 19.0 32.9 ± 5.5 11.8 ± 3.2 14 upstream 0.6 ± 0.7 0.3 ± 0.4 34.8 ± 15.2 156 ± 56.8 33.9 ± 11.8 12.5 ± 4.9 14 downstream 1.0 ± 0.7 0.8 ± 1.1 47.2 ± 15.1 249 ± 77.3 50.2 ± 10.9 19.5 ± 6.7 15 upstream 0.5 ± 1.0 0.1 ± 0.1 14.2 ± 10.0 108 ± 66.5 16.3 ± 11.9 5.6 ± 4.3 15 downstream 1.0 ± 1.4 0.2 ± 0.4 32.8 ± 3.9 169 ± 7.5 34.0 ± 4.7 12.0 ± 1.9
is effluent from outlet of the industry, upstream and downstream location second is drain water sample just of the discharge points in the drain/ upstream of the drain in which the river. These parameters were flow, industrial effluent is discharged, and BOD, COD, TSS, VSS and DO. figure the third is just downstream of the 22 presents an illustration of variation drain immediately after the discharge of these parameters obtained from point/outlet point. As an illustration, a industry outlet, and the upstream and schematic representation of river downstream locations of the drain. Kali and location of 7 industries in Images at the top of the figure gives Meerut sub-cluster discharging an idea of the physical condition of effluents into the drains/river has the drain in the vicinity of the effluent been depicted in figure 21. discharge point. Similar figures for all the industries covered during the 8.1. COMPARISON OF UPSTREAM survey have been presented in a AND DOWNSTREAM WATER separate volume that reports cluster QUALITY OF DRAINS WITH wise and industry wise information. INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT Variation in six important water quality from the graphs presented in figure 22, parameters was observed at the it could be observed that the particular industry is discharging effluents well and 2.4 mg/l), all from Meerut (except within the norms. However, the water one industry, DO value: 2.8 mg/l) and all quality parameters for the upstream from Muzzafarnagar cluster were found part of the drain were much inferior than to have DO values less than 2.0 mg/l. 47
the industrial effluent i.e., the industrial BOD, COD and VSS values in most drains COnDITIOn OF DRAInS ReCeIVInG TReATeD POST IMPLeMenTATIOn eFFLuenTS OF THe CHARTeR effluent is diluting the upstream flow are high reflecting poor status as a water of the drain. This scenario differs from body. This may be due to several reasons one location to the other. Tables 6, 7, including (i) malpractices within the 8 and 9 present a summary of water industry, (ii) occasional bypass of ETP quality parameters at upstream and leading to release of untreated effluent/ downstream ends of drains in Kashipur sludge, (iii) non inclusion of nitrogen and (Cluster 1), Meerut (Cluster 2 A), phosphorus as parameters in the Charter Muzaffarnagar (Cluster 2 B) and other (CPCB, 2015) protocol leaving scope for clusters (Cluster 3-10), respectively. eutrophication, thereby partially or fully Detailed drain water quality for various nullifying the effectiveness of ETPs, and clusters has been presented in a (iv) entry of wastes originating from separate volume that reports cluster other sources/activities. It is important wise and industry wise information. that significant efforts made by PPIs are not nullified and an appropriate strategy Data presented in Tables 6 to 9 reveal is formulated to carryout additional that dissolved oxygen concentrations in efforts to ensure that condition of the all the drains are less than 4 mg/l. Most recipient water bodies is improved and of the samples from Kashipur cluster PPIs are protected from the ill effects of (except two industries, DO values: 2.9 other wastes and polluting activities.
TaBlE-7
SUMMARY OF DRAIN WATER QUALITY IN CLUSTER 2 A (MEERUT)
Industry Code Flow (MLD) DO (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) COD (mg/L) TSS (mg/L) VSS (mg/L)
25 upstream 0.0 ±0.0 0.1 ± 0.2 23.5 ± 5.6 136 ± 27.8 31.9 ± 5.9 12.4 ± 2.6 25 downstream 0.0 ±0.0 0.0 ±0.0 36.0 ± 7.6 203 ± 31.9 35.1 ± 5.8 13.5 ± 2.5 26 upstream 1.81±1.18 0.0 ± 0.0 21.2 ± 4.1 137 ± 14.9 29.3 ± 4.4 11.9 ± 2.4 26 downstream 0.0 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.1 23.4 ± 5.8 148 ± 32.1 31.9 ± 5.8 12.5 ± 2.4 27 upstream - 0.5 ± 0.6 33.8 ± 7.2 135 ± 19.4 38.8 ± 3.3 14.1 ± 2.2 27 downstream 1.3 ± 1.0 0.2 ± 0.3 39.3 ± 9.2 189 ± 39.4 36.0 ± 3.9 15.1 ± 2.0 28 upstream 2.4 ± 1.6 0.1 ± 0.2 38.2 ± 5.8 157 ± 34.3 33.0 ± 4.6 11.9 ± 2.2 28 downstream 2.5 ± 1.6 0.0 ± 0.0 43.7 ± 6.0 213 ± 17.3 35.2 ± 5.9 14.1 ± 2.5 29 upstream 5.1 ± 2.1 0.3 ± 0.2 31.8 ± 3.0 170 ± 30.2 30.7 ± 3.5 11.3 ± 1.6 29 downstream 3.7 ± 1.4 0.0 ± 0.1 90.8 ± 7.9 139 ± 14.6 29.1 ± 4.2 9.5 ± 1.8 30 upstream 22.6 ± 12.0 2.8±2.2 38.8 ±3.8 192 ± 30.3 36.0 ± 3.5 12.8 ± 2.5 30 downstream 23.5 ±11.9 0.1 ±0.3 51.4 ± 4.9 225 ± 29.5 35.8± 5.1 13.9 ±2.9 31 upstream 0.9± 0.7 0.1 ± 0.1 38.3 ± 5.6 164 ± 22.3 36.9 ± 2.4 13.0 ± 1.7 31 downstream 1.8±0.9 0.0 ± 0.1 38.7 ± 4.9 203 ± 30.2 36.8± 3.9 13.1 ± 2.4 32 upstream ------32 downstream 0.9± 0.7 0.1 ±0.2 38.2 ±5.9 163 ± 22.3 37.0 ± 2.3 13.0 ± 1.6 33 upstream 3.0 ± 1.3 0.1 ± 0.3 37.0 ± 4.1 210 ± 35.8 30.6 ± 3.4 10.8 ± 1.9 33 downstream 5.1 ± 1.5 0.0 ±0.1 38.0 ± 3.9 218 ± 47.9 34.9± 4.1 12.5± 2.1 34 upstream 3.1 ± 1.2 0.1± 0.3 37.2± 3.5 211 ± 32.7 30.8 ± 3.3 10.9 ± 2.0 34 downstream 5.2 ± 1.4 0.0 ± 0.1 38.1 ± 2.8 213 ± 42.3 35.1 ± 4.0 12.7± 1.9 48 TaBlE-8
SUMMARY OF DRAIN WATER QUALITY IN CLUSTER 2 B (MUZAFFARNAGAR)
Industry Code Flow (MLD) DO (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) COD (mg/L) TSS (mg/L) VSS (mg/L)
39 upstream 5.6±4.5 0.8±1.1 31.3±9.8 141.7±19.1 61.2±82.1 31.4±63.2 39 downstream 7.3±5.6 1.3±1.7 43.4±14.0 166.0±25.5 49.9±43.4 19.5±21.8 40 upstream ------40 downstream 1.9±0.7 0.8 ±1.31 31.3 ±9.75 141.6 ± 19.1 61.2 ± 82.1 31.4 ± 63.2 41 upstream ------41 downstream 1.5 ± 0.6 0.8 ± 1.3 31.9 ± 9.4 141.9 ± 18.8 62.6 ± 82.8 31.8 ± 63.2 42 upstream ------42 downstream 3.2 ± 1.4 0.8±0.7 52.8 ± 8.9 186.7 ± 25.7 36.8 ± 9.5 13.1 ± 4.7 43 upstream ------43 downstream 3.0 ± 1.2 0.8± 0.7 53.5± 9.3 189.0 ±27.9 36.4 ± 10.8 13.2± 5.2 44 upstream 8.3 ± 3.5 1.9± 0.7 29.3± 5.0 135.4 ± 8.7 38.5 ± 7.2 13.9 ± 5.7 44 downstream 10.2 ±4.3 1.7 ± 0.5 25.4 ±4.7 125.5 ± 11.7 39.3± 6.7 14.6 ± 4.8 45 upstream 8.3 ± 3.5 1.9± 0.7 29.3± 5.0 135.4 ± 8.7 38.5 ± 7.2 13.9 ± 5.7 45 downstream 10.2 ±4.3 1.7 ± 0.5 25.4 ±4.7 125.6 ± 11.7 39.3± 6.7 14.6 ± 4.8 46 upstream 7.2 ±3.1 1.6 ± 0.7 32.0 ± 9.5 140.4± 16.4 43.0 ± 15.8 15.9 ± 9.9 46 downstream 7.9 ± 2.8 1.9 ± 0.7 29.5 ± 5.0 136.2 ± 9.3 40.3 ± 11.2 16.2 ± 12.0 47 upstream 3.2± 1.4 1.6 ± 1.1 53.9 ± 9.7 186.7 ± 25.7 36.8 ± 9.5 13.1 ± 4.7 47 downstream 7.9 ± 3.9 2.0 ± 1.2 32.0 ± 9.3 140.4 ± 16.0 43.0 ± 15.6 15.9 ± 9.8 48 upstream ------48 downstream 1.2 ± 1.9 0.1 ± 0.2 29.3 ± 6.2 133.8 ± 12.0 45.0 ± 27.5 19.4 ± 18.0 49 upstream ------49 downstream 3.8 ± 5.7 0.3 ± 0.4 27.5± 5.6 130.6±10.9 38.6±7.2 14.5 ±4.0 50 upstream 9.7 ± 3.4 1.7± 0.8 25.6 ± 4.8 125.3 ± 13.2 41.0 ± 9.6 16.4± 9.5 50 downstream 11.7± 3.3 1.3 ± 0.9 32.4 ± 8.8 142.8 ± 16.7 57.8 ± 66.7 24.4 ± 38.4 51 upstream 11.3 ±2.7 1.1 ± 1.1 32.4 ±8.8 142.8 ± 16.7 57.8 ± 66.7 24.4 ± 38.4 51 downstream 14.5 ±2.7 1.4 ± 1.3 30.3 ± 5.6 137.5 ± 11.1 41.6± 12.7 15.1 ±6.5 52 upstream 8.3 ± 3.5 1.7 ± 0.8 25.4 ± 4.6 123.7± 11.7 41.2 ± 9.8 16.5 ± 9.8 52 downstream 10.6 ±3.6 1.3 ± 0.9 32.9 ±9.8 143.1 ± 18.1 58.4 ±67.6 25.0 ± 39.3 53 upstream 16.6 ±7.3 1.6 ± 1.5 30.2 ± 5.7 137.1 ± 11.1 41.7± 12.8 15.2 ± 6.7 53 downstream 16.6± 4.0 1.0 ± 1.5 29.2 ± 7.3 134.9 ± 13.9 40.7 ± 12.4 15.5 ± 10.7 54 upstream 4.0 ± 2.7 0.5 ± 1.2 38.9 ± 5.5 129.7± 17.3 25.8± 65.0 8.9 ± 23.1 54 downstream 5.6± 3.2 0.5 ± 1.0 19.3 ± 5.8 87.6 ± 11.8 29.6± 11.8 9.5 ±3.3 56 upstream 19.1± 1.7 0±0 191.3 ± 15.3 1809 ± 118 35.2 ± 4.0 12.7 ± 2.3 56 downstream 13.8 ±7.6 0.4 ± 0.8 151.9 ± 15.9 938.7 ± 77.3 41.4 ± 8.3 14.8± 4.5 57 upstream 21.0 ±2.5 0.1 ± 0.4 153.6 ± 15.7 935.5 ± 78.6 41.4 ± 8.8 14.5± 4.1 57 downstream 19.7 ±7.2 0±0 117.9 ± 22.2 629.3 ± 41.0 38.3 ± 5.6 12.5 ± 2.4 58 upstream 24.4 ±9.2 0.2 ± 0.5 81.2 ± 9.1 348.5 ± 34.6 35.9±3.8 12.6 ± 1.9 58 downstream 26.1± 9.5 0.2 ± 0.5 61.0 ± 7.2 205.1 ± 37.6 43.0 ± 9.7 15.0 ± 3.7 60 upstream 20.6 ± 1.8 0.1 ±0.2 153.1 ± 17.1 946.1 ± 66.5 41.8± 8.7 14.2 ± 4.1 60 downstream 20.0± 6.2 0±0 117.9 ± 22.2 629.3 ± 41.0 38.3 ± 5.6 12.6 ± 2.6 61 upstream 5.4 ± 5.3 1.1± 1.4 71.3 ± 9.7 293.3 ± 78.9 35.6 ± 6.0 12.8 ± 4.4 61 downstream 5.7± 5.7 1.3 ± 1.5 53.5 ± 10.2 176.2 ±61.1 43.5 ± 11.3 16.4 ± 6.6 63 upstream 47.9± 9.5 0±0 132.5 ± 25.1 647.6 ± 59.7 36.4 ± 5.4 12.2 ± 2.2 63 downstream 52.5±12.0 0±0 81.7 ±9.9 376.3 ± 44.6 40.4 ± 6.2 14.9 ±3.3 64 upstream 16.3± 4.4 0.02± 0.1 154.9 ± 28.3 884± 75.0 34.4 ± 4.8 12.0 ± 2.3 64 downstream 17.6± 3.8 0±0 83.7± 27.7 596.7 ± 49.8 41.0 ± 8.2 14.9 ± 3.7 67 upstream 11.4 ±3.0 1.2 ± 1.2 33.6 ±9.0 146.0 ± 16.2 61.0 ±73.1 26.4 ± 42.2 67 downstream 14.6± 3.0 1.5± 1.4 31.3 ±5.5 139.8 ± 10.2 40.8± 12.1 14.9± 6.5 TaBlE-9 49 COnDITIOn OF DRAInS ReCeIVInG TReATeD POST IMPLeMenTATIOn eFFLuenTS OF THe CHARTeR SUMMARY OF DRAIN WATER QUALITY IN CLUSTER 3-10
Industry Code Flow (MLD) DO (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) COD (mg/L) TSS (mg/L) VSS (mg/L)
CLuSTeR 3: ROORkee 72 upstream 0±0 0.8 ± 0.9 65.3 ± 76.6 357 ± 467 149 ± 144 93.2 ± 71.8 72 downstream 0.4 ± 0.1 1.3 ± 0.9 61.0 ± 31.7 342 ± 168 172 ± 301 93.3 ± 86.8 73 upstream 0±0 0±0 521 ± 223 3164 ± 1340 351 ± 205 205 ± 94.4 73 downstream 0±0 0±0 432 ± 184 2747 ± 1245 1343 ± 1032 459 ± 319 74 upstream 0±0 1.3 ± 1.5 90.6 ± 145 507 ± 879 68.5 ± 94.9 60.7 ± 89.5 74 downstream 0±0 0.9 ± 1.1 79.5 ± 72.3 468.6 ± 452 82.8 ± 86.5 58.1 ± 50.2 75 upstream 0.1 ± 0.1 0.23±0.65 187 ± 125.5 1123 ± 714 124 ± 85.0 127 ± 123 75 downstream 1.2 ± 2.1 0.3 ± 0.5 153 ± 112 990 ± 646 138 ± 146 140 ± 175 CLuSTeR 4: SITAPuR/kAnPuR 79 upstream - 0.6±1.2 321 ± 375 1168±1380 32.5±2.6 11.4±1.9 79 downstream - 1.3±1.8 435± 361 1706±1564 35.5±3.5 13.0 ±1.4 82 upstream 9.2±9.1 3.1±0.8 18.9±2.5 115 ±10.0 20.8±2.9 7.2±1.3 82 downstream 12.8±5.9 2.7±1.4 22.9±2.0 130 ±8.4 41.2±5.6 14.5±4.2 CLuSTeR 6: FAIjABAD/kHALILABAD/BASTI 86 upstream ------86 downstream 3.8±0.7 2.9±0.2 28.3±3.8 147 ±9.6 12.2±2.1 12.2±2.1 87 upstream ------87 downstream 3.8 ± 0.7 2.9 ± 0.2 28.3 ± 3.8 147 ± 9.6 12.2 ± 2.1 12.2 ± 2.1 88 upstream 225 ± 13.6 3.7 ± 0.2 5.7 ± 1.9 48.8 ± 12.5 33.9 ± 2.9 12.3 ± 1.4 88 downstream 334 ± 21.9 3.8 ± 0.3 12.3 ± 1.5 80.1 ± 12.2 42.3 ± 3.2 15.6 ± 2.1 90 upstream 124 ± 16.0 3.5 ± 0.3 5.6 ± 2.1 49.3 ± 12.9 33.6 ± 2.5 12.6 ± 2.9 90 downstream 129 ± 24.3 3.5 ± 0.4 11.9 ± 1.5 83.2 ± 11.4 37.3 ± 4.0 13.9 ± 2.9 CLuSTeR 7: DeORIA 91 upstream 16.5 ± 2.5 3.5 ± 0.5 8.9 ± 1.5 75.3 ± 7.9 30.1 ± 5.1 10.7 ±2.2 91 downstream 17.9± 2.3 3.5± 0.3 11.0 ± 1.3 80.5 ± 6.5 33.8 ± 6.0 12.0 ±2.9 CLuSTeR 8: VARAnASI 93 upstream - 3.4 ± 0.4 25.2 ± 4.9 130 ± 9.2 81.6 ± 39.8 39.6 ± 24.8 93 downstream 0.3 ± 0.1 3.4 ± 0.8 21.1 ± 2.8 124 ± 7.5 53.3 ± 29.9 20.2 ± 13.5 CLuSTeR 10: uDDHAM SInGH nAGAR exCePT kASHIPuR 98 upstream 296± 75.5 3.6 ± 0.7 2.8± 1.2 14.5 ± 2.2 55.8 ± 16.8 58.4 ±24.7 98 downstream 344± 27.2 3.6 ± 0.7 3.7 ± 1.4 24.4± 4.6 17.9 ± 7.3 49.3 ± 24.3
It is plausible that regular monitoring of including Scientific Advisory Committee the industrial outlet and the upstream/ (SAC) of cGanga to identify a solution to downstream location of the drain may monitor, check and stop the untreated not guide in diagnosing and addressing flow of wastes from any source or activity the issue of poor drain quality. To at any point of time. An outline of such overcome this problem a thorough a strategy is presented for consideration brainstorming was done at various levels later in this report. GROUNDWATER ANAlySIS
50
roundwater being an estimate the water quality at different important source of strata of the water table. water in rural areas, it is important to assess 9.1. VARIATION OF the impact of discharge GROUNDWATER PARAMETERS G of industrial effluents in figures 23 and 24 present information surface water bodies on on some groundwater parameters, ground water quality namely pH, TDS, Alkalinity, Hardness, in the vicinity. Along with water Sulphates, Ammonical Nitrogen, pollution, soil pollution is equally or Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, Chlorides rather more significant in contributing and Phosphorus. The acceptable to the degrading quality of land and maximum permissible limits of ecosystem of surrounding river. these parameters in the groundwater To assess the impact of PPIs on the have been indicated in these figures. groundwater, sampling was done Acceptable limit is the one that could in villages surrounding the targeted be tolerated in the absence of any other industries with the objective to sources whereas permissible limit is the understand the effect of industrial one which should not be exceeded in pollution on groundwater. any circumstances. The lower and upper limit in graphs represents acceptable Roughly three villages were selected and permissible limits, respectively. in the surrounding of every industry. Some villages were common to Relatively higher values of TDS, Nitrogen multiple industries. The number of and Phosphorus in groundwater are a villages sampled in Kashipur (Cluster matter of concern and this could possibly 1), Meerut (Cluster 2 A), Muzaffarnagar be due to discharge of industrial effluents (Cluster 2 B) and Clusters 3-10 were as well as agricultural practices. A 34, 32, 24 and 47, respectively. Ground detailed investigation on contribution of water sampling was done from 2 various sources is warranted. Particularly, types of sources namely, hand pumps monitoring of Nitrogen and Phosphorus (including India Mark handpumps) and in effluents of PPIs should be included tube wells. The reason for obtaining in the monitoring protocol as these two different samples from various nutrients lead to eutrophication in places surrounding the industry was to surface water bodies.
TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF PPIs ON THE GROUNDWATER, SAMPLING WAS DONE IN VILLAGES SURROUNDING THE TARGETED INDUSTRIES WITH THE OBJECTIVE TO UNDERSTAND THE EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION ON GROUNDWATER. GROunDWATeR AnALYSIS 51 FIGuRE-23
REPRESENTATION OF INFORMATION ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN 52 THE VICINITY OF PPIs IN CLUSTER 1 (KASHIPUR) AND CLUSTER 2 A (MEERUT)
CLuSTeR 1 (kASHIPuR) CLuSTeR 2 A (MeeRuT)
10 10 9 9 8 8
pH 7 pH 7 6 6 5 5 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 Village Code Village Code
3000 3000
2000 2000
1000 1000
TDS (mg/L) 0 TDS (mg/L) 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 Village Code Village Code
1000 1000 800 800 600 600 400 400 200 200 0 0
Alkalinity (mg/L) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32Alkalinity (mg/L) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 Village Code Village Code
1000 1000 800 800 600 600 400 400 200 200 0 0
Hardness (mg/L) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32Hardness (mg/L) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 Village Code Village Code
500 500 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0
Sulphates (mg/L) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32Sulphates (mg/L) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 Village Code Village Code GROunDWATeR AnALYSIS 53 Village Code Village Code Village Code Village Code 0 4 0 0 2 1 0
1.6 3.2 2.4 0.8 800 600 400 200
1.6 1.2
0.8 0.4
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
1000 Phosphorus (mg/L) Phosphorus Tkn (mg/L) Tkn (mg/L) Chlorides An (mg/L) An Tubewell (August)Tubewell Indiamark (August) Handpump (August) Tubewell (July)Tubewell Indiamark (July) Handpump (July) Village Code Village Code Village Code Village Code ESTIMATE THE WATER QUALITY AT DIFFERENT STRATA OF THE WATER TABLE. OF THE WATER DIFFERENT STRATA QUALITY AT THE WATER ESTIMATE CLuSTeR 1 (kASHIPuR)CLuSTeR 2 A (MeeRuT) CLuSTeR 0 4 8 12 16 20 16 24 28 32 12 0 4 8 16 20 12 24 28 32 0 4 8 0 4 8 12 16 20 16 24 28 32 12 0 4 8 20 16 24 28 32 12 0 4 8 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 16 12 0 8 4 28 32 20 24 16 12 0 8 4 0 4 8 12 16 16 20 12 24 28 32 0 8 4 16 20 12 24 28 32 0 8 4 0 (INCLUDING INDIA MARK HANDPUMPS) AND TUBE WELLS. THE REASON FOR OBTAINING (INCLUDING INDIA HANDPUMPS) AND TUBE MARK WELLS. THE REASON FOR OBTAINING 4 0 0 2 1 0 SAMPLInG TWO DIFFERENT SAMPLES FROM VARIOUS PLACES SURROUNDING THE INDUSTRY WAS TO PLACES SURROUNDING THE INDUSTRY WAS TWO DIFFERENT FROM VARIOUS SAMPLES
800 600 400 200
1.6 1.6 1.2 3.2 2.4 0.8
GROUND WATER SAMPLING WAS DONE FROM 2 TYPES OF SOURCES NAMELY, HAND PUMPS NAMELY, DONE FROM 2 TYPES OF SOURCES WAS SAMPLING GROUND WATER 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
1000 GROunDWATeR GROunDWATeR (mg/L) Phosphorus Chlorides (mg/L) Chlorides Tkn (mg/L) Tkn An (mg/L) An FIGuRE-24
REPRESENTATION OF INFORMATION ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN THE VICINITY OF PPIs IN CLUSTER 2 B (MUZAFFARNAGAR) AND CLUSTERS 3-10 54
CLuSTeR 2 B (MuZAFFARnAGAR) CLuSTeR 3-10
10 10 9 9 8 8 pH 7 pH 7 6 6 5 5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Village Code Village Code
2400 2400 2000 2000 1600 1600 1200 1200 800 800
TDS (mg/L) 400 TDS (mg/L) 400 0 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Village Code Village Code
1000 1000 800 800 600 600 400 400 200 200
Alkalinity (mg/L) 0 Alkalinity (mg/L) 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Village Code Village Code
1000 1000 800 800 600 600 400 400 200 200
Hardness (mg/L) 0 Hardness (mg/L) 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Village Code Village Code
500 500 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 Sulphates (mg/L) 0 Sulphates (mg/L) 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Village Code Village Code GROunDWATeR AnALYSIS 55 2 24 2 8 20 22 24 22 8 20 8 20 22 24 22 8 20 Village Code Village Code Village Code Village Code Handpump (December) Handpump (January) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 20 22 18 16 14 12 0 10 2 4 6 8 0 3 2 1 0
5 4 3 2 1 8 6 4 2 0 50
10 150 100 250
300 200 Chlorides (mg/L) Chlorides (mg/L) Phosphorus An (mg/L) An Tkn (mg/L) Tkn Indiamark (December) Indiamark (January) LEAD TO EUTROPHICATION IN SURFACE WATER BODIES. WATER IN SURFACE LEAD TO EUTROPHICATION Village Code Village Code Village Code Village Code Tubewell (October)Tubewell (December) Tubewell (January) Tubewell Indiamark (October) (October) Handpump A DETAILED INVESTIGATION ON CONTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS SOURCES IS SOURCES ON CONTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS INVESTIGATION A DETAILED 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 0 10 2 4 6 8 1 16 14 12 0 10 2 4 6 8 OF PPIs SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN THE MONITORING PROTOCOL AS THESE NUTRIENTS OF PPIs SHOULD BE THESE NUTRIENTS INCLUDED IN THE PROTOCOL AS MONITORING 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 20 22 18 16 14 12 0 10 2 4 6 8 20 2 18 16 14 12 0 10 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 20 22 18 16 14 12 0 10 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 0 10 2 4 6 8 1 16 14 12 0 10 2 4 6 8 CLuSTeR 2 B (MuZAFFARnAGAR)CLuSTeR 3-10 CLuSTeR 0 1 0 2 1 0 50
4 3 2 1 0
150 100 250
300 200 1.5 WARRANTED. PARTICULARLY, MONITORING OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IN EFFLUENTS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IN EFFLUENTS MONITORING PARTICULARLY, WARRANTED.
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.5 Phosphorus (mg/L) (mg/L) Phosphorus Chlorides (mg/L) Chlorides An (mg/L) An Groundwater sampling (mg/L) Tkn EffICACy Of REAl-TIME MONITORING
56
t each industry, real-time for industries which were non- monitoring sensors were operational or operational with zero installed for measuring liquid discharge (ZlD) were not done. five effluent parameters A namely flow, pH, BOD, This data raises questions on the COD and TSS. figure accuracy and reproducibility of online 25 shows a sample monitoring sensors. The reasons could correlation graph of an industry for flow, be attributed to (i) the state-of-the-art BOD, COD and TSS parameters. of most water quality sensors, (ii) governance issues, and It could be easily observed that most (iii) motivation for the industries to online values do not even come close gather real time information. Except to the actual analytical results for most pH and EC, presently available sensors of the parameters. Ideally, the values for other water quality parameters should come closer to 45-degree line do not generate accurate and in figure 25. Similarly, such plots reproducible information. were made for every industry, and the correlation values were found to be Independent validation of the claims by very poor; combining all the industries the suppliers and regulating agencies cluster-wise will definitely have a poor on the performance of the sensors by correlation. Cluster-wise graphs for all technical experts and an appropriate the four parameters have also been governance mechanism for those plotted to analyze the overall scenario sensors whose validity has been of all PPIs in a cluster. figure 26, figure established (e.g. flow, pH and EC) is a 27, figure 28 and figure 29 show the prerequisite to enforce real time/ online combined graphs of online and offline monitoring for regulatory purposes. measurements for Kashipur (Cluster Thus, insistence on online monitoring 1), Meerut (Cluster 2 A), Muzaffarnagar of water/ effluent quality in the charter (Cluster 2 B) and Other Clusters (Cluster appears to be unrealistic, does not yield 3-10), respectively. It should be noted value for money and puts unnecessary that effluent discharge measurements financial burden on the industries.
AT EACH INDUSTRY, REAL-TIME MONITORING SENSORS WERE INSTALLED FOR MEASURING FIVE EFFLUENT PARAMETERS NAMELY FLOW, pH, BOD, COD AND TSS. FIGURE 25 SHOWS A SAMPLE CORRELATION GRAPH OF AN INDUSTRY FOR FLOW, BOD, COD AND TSS PARAMETERS. eFFICACY OF ReAL-TIMe MOnITORInG 5757 15 14 13 12 Offline TSS (mg/L) Offline BOD (mg/L) 11 Offline TSS (mg/L) Offline BOD (mg/L) 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 15 0 5 10 0 50 100 9 0 5 10 15 20 15 10 0 5 5 0 0 20 40 60 5 0 10 15 0 40 35 30 25 20
10 15 20
50
0 Online TSS (mg/L) TSS Online Online BOD (mg/L) BOD Online 100
8
60 40 20 Online TSS (mg/L) TSS Online Online BOD (mg/L) BOD Online 7 6 FIGuRE-26 FIGuRE-25 5 4 3 /h) 3 2 /h) 3 PARAMETERS (ONLINE AND OFFLINE) AND (ONLINE PARAMETERS 1 VALIDATION PLOTS FOR REAL-TIME MONITORING MONITORING FOR REAL-TIME PLOTS VALIDATION Offline COD (mg/L) Offline Flow (m (ONLINE AND OFFLINE) FOR KASHIPUR (CLUSTER 1) (CLUSTER KASHIPUR FOR AND OFFLINE) (ONLINE Offline COD (mg/L) Offline Flow (m 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 140 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 40 200 160 80 120 0 0 0 100 2000 100
0 100 2000 100 300 400 50 80 40 (Industry Codes) 0
150 100 160 120 0
200
Online COD (mg/L) COD Online Online Flow (m Flow Online
/h) PARAMETERS MONITORING FOR REAL-TIME PLOTS VALIDATION COMBINED 100 200
100 400 300 200
3 Online Flow (m Flow Online /h)
Online COD (mg/L) COD Online 3 FIGuRE-27
COMBINED REAL-TIME MONITORING PARAMETERS ONLINE AND OFFLINE FOR MEERUT (CLUSTER 2 A)
(Industry Codes) 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
200 58 /h) 3 150 40 100 20 50
Online Flow (m 0 0 50 100 150 200 Online BOD (mg/L) 0 0 20 40 3 Offline Flow (m /h) Offline BOD (mg/L)
300 100
200 50 100 Online COD (mg/L) 0 Online TSS (mg/L) 0 0 100 200 300 0 50 100 Offline COD (mg/L) Offline TSS (mg/L)
FIGuRE-29
COMBINED REAL-TIME MONITORING PARAMETERS ONLINE AND OFFLINE FOR OTHER CLUSTERS (CLUSTER 3-10)
(Industry Codes) 72 73 74 75 79 82 86 88 90 93 98
3000 60 /h) 3 2000 40
1000 20 Online BOD (mg/L)
Online Flow (m 0 0 0 1000 2000 3000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Offline Flow (m3/h) Offline BOD (mg/L)
300 200 250 150 200 150 100 100 50 50 Online TSS (mg/L) Online COD (mg/L) 0 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 Offline COD (mg/L) Offline TSS (mg/L) eFFICACY OF ReAL-TIMe MOnITORInG 59 50 67 49 64 48 63 47 61 Offline BOD (mg/L) Offline TSS (mg/L) 46 60 45 58 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 40 60 80 100 0 20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 20 30 40 50 0 10 0 0 80 60 40 20
80 60 40 20 120 100
44 57 Online BOD (mg/L) BOD Online Online TSS (mg/L) TSS Online 43 56 42 54 FIGuRE-28 41 53 40 52 39 51 /h) 3 OFFLINE FOR MUZAFFARNAGAR (CLUSTER 2 B) (CLUSTER FOR MUZAFFARNAGAR OFFLINE Offline COD (mg/L) Offline Flow (m COMBINED REAL-TIME MONITORING PARAMETERS ONLINE AND ONLINE PARAMETERS MONITORING REAL-TIME COMBINED (Industry Codes) 0 50 100 150 200 150 0 50 100 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 150 0 50 100 0 0 50
80 40
150 100 250 300 200
160 120 200
Online COD (mg/L) COD Online Online Flow (m Flow Online /h) 3 MAlPRACTICES
60
part from poorly agencies to determine how much water correlated real-time extraction, discharges and pollution sensors (refer: Section loads are occurring from the industry. 10), there are few other A major malpractices 11.2. ILLEGITIMATE DISCHARGE which need to be OF WASTE/ SLUDGE: Unregulated brought in focus. These and untreated industrial discharge into malpractices are being carried on by drains occurs during night hours (figure different industries from time to time 30). Online monitors are bypassed by or only occasionally. However, their some of the industries many times. effect on the overall ecosystem or management practices could be lethal 11.3. ILLEGAL OPERATION: Some or prohibitory. It is very significant to of the industries continue production know the lacuna in the system before during odd hours despite being served building a strong deterrent policy. closure notices by regulating agencies The main aim of listing these few (figure 31). malpractices is to ascertain that in the near future robust technologies 11.4. USE OF ENVIRONMENTALLY and management practices should be HAZARDOUS BOILER FUEL: Using implemented to curb such incidents plastics as a boiler fuel releases dioxins from occurring. The major malpractices and furans formed by reaction of chlorine observed in the pulp and industries are and hydrocarbons at high temperature. briefly described as follows. These compounds have known side effects like cancer, impotence, asthma 11.1. POOR MAINTENANCE OF and myriad of other allergies. This not RECORDS: Poor/ scanty and scattered only pollutes the atmosphere but also records of water consumption, has potential to cause deadly diseases discharge or power consumption are in localities in and around the industries. maintained by most industries. This Evidence of use of plastic in the boiler as makes extremely difficult for monitoring a fuel is shown in figure 32.
THE MAIN AIM OF LISTING THESE FEW MALPRACTICES IS TO ASCERTAIN THAT IN THE NEAR FUTURE ROBUST TECHNOLOGIES AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES SHOULD BE IMPLEMENTED TO CURB SUCH INCIDENTS FROM OCCURRING. MALPRACTICeS 61 FIGuRE-32 FIGuRE-30 FIGuRE-31 USE OF PLASTIC AS A BOILER FUEL AS USE OF PLASTIC UN-AUTHORIZED INDUSTRIAL OPERATIONS INDUSTRIAL UN-AUTHORIZED UN-RECORDED INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGES AT NIGHT AT DISCHARGES INDUSTRIAL UN-RECORDED 62 FIGuRE-33
EVIDENCE OF AN OPERATIONAL INDUSTRY WITH NON-FUNCTIONAL ETP
11.5. ILLEGAL USE OF WATER data related to paper production METERS: Two or more bore wells were and captive power generation, if found to be connected to a common any. It is quite possible that the water meter. This leads to incorrect industries having an authority of measurement of water used in the say 100 t/d production can produce industry. higher quantities, leading to higher effluent discharge. Since electrical 11.6. NON-OPERATIONAL ETPs: consumption can be linked to paper Some industrial units claim Zero production capacity, non-sharing of liquid Discharge without ETP or non- data on captive power generation operational ETP. Apart from that, few leads to inaccurate assessment of industries which don’t hold ZlD status water consumption. legally but claim to be on ZlD, have taken liberty for not maintaining any 11.10. MULTIPLE DISCHARGE records. few others, have ETPs but POINTS: Multiple discharge points they were non-functional (figure 33). were observed for different operations or sub-processes (i.e., at V notch, 11.7. FLOW METERS PLACED AT treated water has been discharged but NON-APPROACHABLE PLACES: in between V Notch and subsequent In some of the industrial units flow drains, untreated water/ water meters are placed in non-approachable containing sludge or fiber has been places making it ineffective (figure 34). reported (figure 36).
11.8. DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE 11.11. TAMPERING OF ONLINE IN THE DRAIN: Some of the industries METERS: In a few industries, were found to discharge sludge online monitors were sample-fed or through different routes to drains tampered, hence their readings for directly (figure 35). outlet discharge do not change with time. The meter reading presented in 11.9. HESITATION IN SHARING figure 37, was the same for different DATA: Industries hesitate to share days and different times. MALPRACTICeS In PuLP AnD PAPeR InDuSTRIeS 63 FIGuRE-36 FIGuRE-37 MULTIPLE EFFLUENT DISCHARGE POINTS EFFLUENT DISCHARGE MULTIPLE FIGuRE-34
METER READINGS REMAIN UNCHANGED METER READINGS NON-APPROACHABLE INSTALLATIONS OF FLOW-METERS INSTALLATIONS NON-APPROACHABLE FIGuRE-35 BYPASS SLUDGE TO DRAINS TO SLUDGE BYPASS ASSESSMENT Of IMPACT Of PPIs ON lOCAl RESIDENTS
64 AND THE ENVIRONMENT
n order to analyze the social Almost all families have drinking water impact and prevailing sources in the vicinity of 0-100 m, which conditions among the local comprise of hand pumps including India residents near the PPIs, a Mark pumps or submersible pumps. I questionnaire was designed. In Kashipur (Cluster 1) and Deoria The questionnaire is region (Cluster 7), the major industry considered to be a research is the pulp and paper industry while in instrument for scientifically collating other Clusters, some other industries information from various stakeholders. may have equally contributed towards The survey was done in villages near or environmental pollution. Hence, while adjoining the PPIs. Some villages were surveying, the questions were made common to two or more industries. A clear and specific that the impact only total of 58 villages, 231 families and due to pulp and paper industries is 1,844 persons were sampled during captured. the questionnaire survey. A brief summary of responses obtained from 12.2. IMPACT OF PPIs ON HUMAN the local residents near the industries AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS’ HEALTH is presented in Tables 10 and 11. The On an average, more than 61% of the survey response has been categorized population perceive to face problem due into socioeconomic conditions, impact to PPIs on the health of their own or their on human and domestic animals’ health, domestic animals. A maximum of 94% impact on agriculture, impact on the families in Deoria to a minimum of 8% environment, and recommendations families in faizabad/ Khalilabad/ Basti from households. perceive pollution due to PPIs. Drinking water seems to be a major problem 12.1. SOCIO-ECONOMIC in the areas of Kashipur and Meerut CONDITIONS OF HOUSEHOLD where >80% of the population reported In socio-economic conditions family low aesthetic values of drinking water. size, number of educated members, Secondary problems due to PPIs were location and source of drinking water respiratory, eye problems, skin problems were considered. The numbers of and smoke-related diseases. More families sampled during the surveys than 84% families reported high smoke were 48, 23, 69, 39, 18 and 34 with 7-10 related issues in all clusters except persons/ family in Kashipur, Meerut, in faizabad/ Khalilabad/ Basti cluster, Muzaffarnagar, faizabad/ Khalilabad/ where people don’t face any problem Basti, Deoria and Varanasi/ Allahabad due to smoke. In Kashipur and Deoria, regions, respectively (Tables 10 and 11). people reported diseases in animals due
ON AN AVERAGE, MORE THAN 61% OF THE POPULATION PERCEIVE TO FACE PROBLEM DUE TO PPIs ON THE HEALTH OF THEIR OWN OR THEIR DOMESTIC ANIMALS. A MAXIMUM OF 94% FAMILIES IN DEORIA TO A MINIMUM OF 8% FAMILIES IN FAIZABAD/ KHALILABAD/ BASTI PERCEIVE POLLUTION DUE TO PPIs. ASSeSSMenT OF IMPACT OF PPIs On LOCAL ReSIDenTS AnD THe enVIROnMenT 65
, 8 69 0% 3% , battery, , battery, 61% 56% 17% 25% 84% 77% 54% 23% 43% 84% 36% 35% 58% 87% 72% 39% 58% 100% Paper 0 – 100 alcohol emerge iron/steel, smoke, skin problem, ash, new diseases sugar chemical, brick,
, fiber, , fiber, - 7 , sugar, 23 0% ash 91% 61% 65% 17% 18% 43% 26% 61% 84% 52% 48% 74% 65% 81% 43% 40% 96% skin 0 - 15 100% problem, diseases, chemical, cardboard, salt, thread, holder glass/ bottle, Paper inverter/battery balloon, alcohol,
- - 7 48 0% 73% 98% 75% 50% 10% 40% 63% 23% 77% 51% 79% 77% 81% 13% 54% 85% 0 - 15 100% Paper on land smoke, sewage dumping and plastic
kASHIPuR MeeRuT MuZAFFARnAGAR kASHIPuR (CLuSTeR 2 A) (CLuSTeR 1) (CLuSTeR 2 B) TaBlE-10
t know verage number of persons per family verage number of persons be adversely affected by PPis % families reporting productivity loss % families reporting solid waste % families recognizing pollution as a concern % families facing problems due to PPis dirty drinking water eye problem respiratory problem due to smoke health and other adverse effects of smoke other problems % families stating their domestic animals to dumping on land % families using water discharged by PPis in agriculture % families reporting black fume discharge by PPis % families reporting no improvement in industrial effluent discharge % families not satisfied by water quality of drains in the vicinity Clean the drain and factory outlet water Close the factory don’ % of members receiving formal school education % of members receiving SOuRCe WATeR DRInkInG hand pump (hP) hP (india Mark) Gov. submersible pump (meter) distance travelled for collecting drinking water nearby industries in that area number of families surveyed a QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY REPORT (CLUSTER 1 AND CLUSTER 2) AND CLUSTER 1 (CLUSTER REPORT SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE An & IROnMenT CT OF PPIs CT OF PPIs ReCOMMenDATIOnS IMPACT OF PPIs OF PPIs IMPACT On enV IMPACT OF PPIs OF PPIs IMPACT On AGRICuLTuRe IMPA On HuM AnIMAL HeALTH InDuSTRIeS GeneRAL STATuS IT IS INTERESTING TO NOTE THAT ALMOST ALL INDUSTRIES 66 CLAIM TO TREAT THEIR EFFLUENT EITHER AT SECONDARY TREATMENT STAGE OR TERTIARY TREATMENT STAGE; STILL, THE DISCHARGED WATER IS NOT CONSIDERED APPROPRIATE FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSES EXCEPT IN FAIZABAD/ KHALILABAD / BASTI CLUSTER WHERE VILLAGERS USE THE EFFLUENT FOR IRRIGATION.
to sludge and wastewater discharge by the nearby drain conditions. Apart from PPIs to be 63% and 78%, respectively. faizabad/ Khalilabad/ Basti cluster, a majority of the population in other clusters 12.3. IMPACT OF PPIs feel that there is no improvement in drain ON AGRICULTURE water quality from the past. less than 35% of the families have reported reduced productivity due to 12.5. RECOMMENDATIONS solid waste from PPIs being dumped on FROM HOUSEHOLDS agricultural land. Overall, 77%, 61%, 58% There were mainly two recommendations and 72% of families raised issues of solid suggested by localities to improve their waste dumping on agricultural as well as local and personal conditions: (1) to clean non-agricultural land in Kashipur, Meerut, their drains and industrial outlets, and Muzaffarnagar and Deoria, respectively. (2) close the industry. 50%, 65% and 39% of the people from Kashipur, Meerut and It is interesting to note that almost all Muzaffarnagar respectively were in favor industries claim to treat their effluent either of cleaning the local drains. Rest of the at secondary treatment stage or tertiary population was not sure about how the treatment stage; still, the discharged water conditions of water, land and air could be is not considered appropriate for irrigation improved. purposes except in faizabad/ Khalilabad / Basti cluster where villagers use the It should be noted that although effluent for irrigation. questionnaire survey is a tool to capture peoples’ perception, the 12.4. IMPACT OF PPIs ON answers of every individual is affected ENVIRONMENT by the level of their understanding of the Black fumes were reported to be emitted question, their personal thoughts, their by PPIs mostly in Cluster 1 and Cluster biasness/ seriousness towards a particular 2 regions, while Kashipur, Meerut, topic or sometimes projecting it as a Muzaffarnagar and Deoria have a larger bigger picture to drag more attention from number of families unsatisfied with their government bodies. ASSeSSMenT OF IMPACT OF PPIs On LOCAL ReSIDenTS AnD THe enVIROnMenT 67
- - 34 10 , poultry, , poultry, 3% 0% 0% 0% 21% 71% 41% 38% 62% ash, 65% 47% 18% 24% 84% 53% 44% 18% 26% 0–50 smoke, air pollution transformer, VARAnASI, VARAnASI, ALLAHABAD ALLAHABAD Paper thread, syringe, (CLuSTeR 8, 9) cement, oil, coal biscuit, pipe, rice,
- 7 18 0% 0% 0% 0–5 94% 89% 11% 78% 28% 72% 22% 96% 94% 54% 85% 11% 11% 78% skin 100% 100% Paper DeORIA problem, (CLuSTeR 7) diseases, ash
8 39 8% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 3% 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% 72% 54% 22% 18% 10% 39% 21% 0–100 Paper, BASTI and its quality Proper Carton, in terms of Chaff, dust supervision FAIZABAD/ FAIZABAD/ Cement pipe (CLuSTeR 6) (CLuSTeR improvement kHALILABAD/ TaBlE-11
t know QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY REPORT (CLUSTER 6-9) (CLUSTER REPORT SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE verage number of persons per family verage number of persons number of families surveyed a % of members receiving formal school education % of members receiving SOuRCe DRInkInG WATeR hand pump (hP) hP (india Mark) Gov. submersible pump (meter) distance travelled for collecting drinking water nearby industries in that area % families recognizing pollution as a concern % families facing problems due to PPis dirty drinking water eye problem respiratory problem due to smoke health and other adverse effects of smoke other problems be % families stating their domestic animals to adversely affected by PPis % families reporting productivity loss % families reporting solid waste dumping on land % families using water discharged by PPis in agriculture % families reporting black fume discharge by PPis % families reporting no improvement in industrial effluent discharge % families not satisfied by water quality of drains in the vicinity Clean the drain and factory outlet water Close the factory don’
An & IROnMenT ReCOMMenDATIOnS IMPACT OF PPIs OF PPIs IMPACT On enV IMPACT OF PPIs OF PPIs IMPACT On AGRICuLTuRe IMPACT OF PPIs IMPACT InDuSTRIeS On HuM AnIMAL HeALTH GeneRAL STATuS EffECTIVENESS Of CPCB CHARTER 2015
68
9 states identified by CPCb havinG PPis 69
during 2012-13, CPCb identified 9 states in the Ganga river basin having PPis. they were uttarakhand, uttar Pradesh, haryana, nCt of delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, bihar, Jharkhand and West bengal. CPCb implemented a Charter which envisaged the up-gradation of the status of PPis in terms of process technology, practices, environmental performance, reduction in freshwater consumption, wastewater generation and compliance to environmental norms. the Charter proposed few strategies and activities which need to be followed by various stakeholders. eight key stakeholders {PPis, PPi associations, educational institutes (iits, neeri etc.), CPPri, sPCbs/ PCCs, CPCb, Moef and nMCG} were identified. the major strategy and activities mentioned in the Charter have been listed in table 12. based on cGanga’s visit to these PPis, some conclusions were drawn towards effective implementation of the Charter in terms of its policy, implementation, and effectiveness on the ground. the study by cGanga is based on field surveys, questionnaire surveys, drone surveys and water sampling report in the PPis and surrounding areas. TaBlE-12 STRATeGY STRATeGY reduce water up gradation of etP till tertiary EFFECTIVENESS OF consumption treatment step is mandatory CHARTER FOR 70 WATER RECYCLING 01 02 AND POLLUTION OBSeRVATIOn OBSeRVATIOn PREVENTION IN PULP Most of the PPis have effluent treatment on AND PAPER INDUSTRIES treatment units till tertiary site, reduced pollution, level which increases water reduced freshwater not recycling, therefore reduced uptake. nice step by Good satisfactory satisfactory water consumption. recently CPCb, but not all PPis most PPis changed to Zld, are following. Policy which supports reduced Implementation water consumption effectiveness
OBSeRVATIOn log books for effluent water quality, etP electricity consumption, etP chemical dosing, etc., were maintained by most of the PPis 09 08
STRATeGY STRATeGY self-Monitoring & reporting: self-assessment: etP performance monitoring Preparation of report by individual Mills and of existing water maintenance of log book as consumption - section per the prescribed format wise, reuse/ recycle practices; Preparation of work plan to OBSeRVATIOn STRATeGY achieve fresh water no such kind organization of training requirement targets of activities were programs on process organized by most 10 technology, best of the industries practices, etP operation & maintenance, sample analysis etc.
STRATeGY STRATeGY ph Cod 11 estimation estimation STRATeGY strengthening of environmental Cell and laboratory in industry 11A 11B 11C to ensure improved environmental Compliance STRATeGY tss estimation STRATeGY STRATeGY strict metering of water third party involvement is recommended for used and wastewater planning, assessment, design and monitoring generated is recommended implementation of Charter
03 04 71
OBSeRVATIOn OBSeRVATIOn OF CPCB CHARTeReFFeCTIVeneSS 2015 Meters were installed in this step was made to have transparency every industry. however, and legitimate data records. the authority meters were not calibrated thereby is willing to understand both pros and or they were tampered cons of the Charter implementation by allowing or the sensors technology third party to give disinclined results was defective leading to meter readings far from the manual observations
STRATeGY installation of OBSeRVATIOn sealed flow meter section-wise meters were not installed. and running hours although most of the industries have 05 meter on bore wells meters at inlet (borewells) and outlet and inlet pipe line of different process section i.e. pulp mill, paper machine, boiler etc. OBSeRVATIOn log books were maintained by most of the PPis
07 06
STRATeGY STRATeGY Maintenance of log book to record Color coding of pipe lines daily water drawl from bore well and carrying recycled process water water consumption unit wise after and fresh process water installation of meter
STRATeGY sar (sodium 11I absorption ratio) estimation
STRATeGY 11H STRATeGY bod Mlss/Mlvss estimation STRATeGY estimation aoX (absorbable organic halides) 11G estimation 11D 11e 11F
STRATeGY STRATeGY tds Color estimation estimation STRATEGy fOR IMPROVING THE STATUS Of WATER BODIES
72 he main aim of this study norms laid by the Charter, if the condition was to analyze pollution of drains still failed to improve, then should load from pulp and paper the norms be made more stringent or other industries in Ganga River alternative strategy should be formulated? T Basin as well as assessing the impact of Charter “Water Secondly, as per the Charter, real-time Recycling and Pollution sensors were required to be set up by Prevention in Pulp and Paper Industries” industries for monitoring following five (CPCB, 2015). further industries, as well parameters – flow, pH, BOD, COD and as regulatory agencies, have claimed TSS. A comparison of real-time monitoring that implementation of the Charter has and water quality analysis by Team cGanga resulted in substantial reduction in pollution shows no correlation between the two load. Despite this, the water quality of sets of data. Poor correlation raises doubt drains remains poor and sometimes even regarding the validity of online monitoring comparable to that in sewers. sensors. If the values denoted by the sensors are not indicative of the actual water quality The current survey report highlights parameters, then the important question to that most of the drains already had a be addressed is: whether the functioning of considerable pollution load on the upstream, real-time sensor is at all worth the financial and is further burdened by pollution being investment and data analysis time? discharged by the cluster of PPIs at the downstream end. The pollution in the river is Thirdly, the Charter imposes norms on aggravated to such an extent that its natural BOD and COD of effluents. But there are no assimilative capacity is exhausted. The limits for some of the parameters such as question arises that, in-spite of the stringent on nitrogen and phosphorus. These critical
01 02 03 04
THE BIGGER SAVINGS BETTER AWB DEGRADED AWB OBJECTIVE OF THE COST, ENERGY, CONDITION CONDITION CREATING MORE MANPOWER WILL ATTRACT WOULD CALL FOR WATER BODIES AND TIME CHANCES OF LOCAL ‘POLLUTER PAYS’ WHICH WILL FOR REGULAR PARTICIPATION PRINCIPLE TO ALL BE PRIVATELY MONITORING OF IN EFFLUENT THE DISCHARGING OPERATED AND EACH AND EVERY MONITORING. INDUSTRIES. MAINTAINED INDUSTRY. THIS COULD BE A WILL BE PRACTICAL WAY FULFILLED. TO INITIATE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PPP. STRATeGY FOR IMPROVInG THe STATuS OF WATeR BODIeS 73
POLICY POLICY OR GO FOR ZLD PROPER ETP FUNCTIONING. SELF-WILLINGLY INDUSTRIES INDUSTRIES WILL Adjoining Adjoining
before discharging before discharging AND QUICKLY AND QUICKLY VALUES FROM VALUES BE ALTERED OR BE ALTERED MANIPULATED, MANIPULATED, EFFLUENT DATA EFFLUENT DATA EFFLUENT DATA EFFLUENT DATA TO MANIPULATE TO MANIPULATE SIMPLE,ROBUST IMPLEMENTABLE. THE THE COMMUNITY INDUSTRY COULD THE AWB OUTLET, OUTLET, AWB THE HOWEVER HOWEVER IT WOULD FROM A PARTICULAR FROM A PARTICULAR BE RATHER DIFFICULT DIFFICULT BE RATHER MAKING THE SYSTEM THE MAKING Water Body (AWB) Water The condition of into drains. effluent itself will be an indicator or AWB the from of whether the effluent checkpoint the industries is meeting the norms is well AWB or not. If the condition of maintained by respective industries on the then there is no need to invest experimentation of several parameters, put online sensors and do periodic survey as can function AWB This industry-wise. pond or lagoon, where the an oxidation This with time. will be treated effluents or can then be reused for irrigation water the The condition of purposes. gardening by visual aid or could be monitored AWB by looking at a few identified biological a system indicators in and around it. Such as: will lead to multiple benefits such The ideal solution to above The ideal solution other smaller and many stated problems being the effluent issues is to prevent to the drains. discharged should be diverted the effluent Rather into a separate and discharged
SIMPLIFIED AND EASILY AND EASILY MONITORED. THE OVERALL PROCESS IS HIGHLY PROCESS IS HIGHLY 05 06 07 08 MEETING THE MONITORING. HENCE, THEREHENCE, EXPERTISE AND FOR TECHNICAL LOOKING AT THE LOOKING AT INDUSTRIES ARE REGULAR IN-SITU WILL BE NO NEED EVEN A COMMON water quality parameters go unchecked. quality parameterswater go unchecked. bodies in water Nitrogen and phosphorus eutrophication in riversare responsible for to an increased and streams, leading aquatic plants likegrowth of flora and water of these aquatic The removal hyacinth. no one is willing to takeplants is costly and bodies. responsibility for cleaning the water entry of The ideal solution is to prevent the bodies, thereby nutrients into water such controlling excess aquatic plant growth. from handpumps drinking water fourthly, and tubewells in nearby villages exceeds the acceptable concentrations TDS, Hardness, as of parameters such Sulfates, Chlorides and Alkalinity, due to This could be Ammonical Nitrogen. pollution either from point or non-point could only be proper The solution sources. of management practices and treatment it before discharging locally wastewater into the riverine further avoid system to and below nutrient agglomerations above the ground. PERSON WOULD BE NORMS OR NOT, BY NORMS OR NOT, AWB BIO-DIVERSITY. BIO-DIVERSITY. AWB ABLE ABLE TO PREDICT OR CONCLUDE WHETHER REfERENCES
74
APHA (2017). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 23rd edition. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association.
CPCB (2015). Charter for Water Recycling and Pollution Prevention in Pulp & Paper Industries (Specific to Ganga River Basin States).
EPA (1986). General Standard for discharge of environmental pollutants. http://cpcb.nic.in/GeneralStandards.pdf. Accessed 20 March 2016.
IARPMA (2014). Indian Agro and Recycled Paper Mills Association. http://www.iarpma.org/indian-paper-industry.asp. Accessed 20 Dec 2017.
IECPPA (2017). 13th International Exhibition & Conference on Pulp, Paper & Allied Industries, Pragati Maidan, (1-4 Nov 2017), New Delhi, India.
IPMA (2018). Indian Paper Industry Pre-budget Memorandum 2017-2018. Indian Paper Manufacturers Association. http://ipma.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/IPMA-Pre-Budget- Memorandum-2017-18-1.pdf. Accessed 15 Jan 2019.
Kamali, M. and Khodaparast, Z. (2015). Review on Recent Developments on Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater Treatment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 114: 326-342.
Pokhrel, D. and Viraraghavan, T. (2004). Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater—A Review. Science of the Total Environment, 333(1-3): 37-58.
Tare, V., Nema, A.K., Dutt, D., Panwar, S. and Vidyarthi, A.K. (2011). Pulp and Paper Industries in Ganga River Basin: Achieving Zero liquid Discharge. GRBMP Report. http://cganga.org/wp-content/uploads/ sites/3/2018/11/014_EQP.pdf. Accessed 21 Dec 2017.
WHO (2016). Dioxins and their Effects on Human Health. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dioxins-and-their-effects- on-human-health. Accessed 10 Dec 2017. lIST Of THE INDUSTRIES
75 LIST OFInDuSTRIeS THe
industry Code 1 M/s naini tissues ltd. 2 M/s naini Papers ltd. 3 M/s sidharth Papers Pvt. ltd., unit i 4 M/s sidharth Papers Pvt. ltd., unit ii 5 M/s vishvakarma Paper & boards ltd. 6 M/s Prolific Papers Pvt. ltd. 7 M/s bahl Paper Mills ltd. 8 M/s banwari Paper Mills ltd. 9 M/s Multiwal duplex Pvt. ltd. 10 M/s katyayini Paper Mills Pvt. ltd. 11 M/s sahota Paper ltd. 12 M/s Cheema Papers ltd. 13 M/s fibremarx Papers Pvt. ltd. 14 M/s uday Paper Mill/ rajlakshmi Paper & board Pvt. ltd. 15 M/s vishwanath Paper & board ltd. 16 M/s br Paper Pvt. ltd. 17 M/s siddheshwari Paper udyog ltd. 18 M/s Psb Papers ltd. 19 M/s shree shyam Pulp & board Mills ltd., unit i 20 M/s shree shyam Pulp & board Mills ltd., unit ii 21 M/s Multiwal Pulp & board Mills Pvt. ltd. 22 M/s devrishi Papers Pvt. ltd. 23 M/s Goraya sraw board Mills Pvt. ltd. 24 M/s balaji Paper 25 M/s Janki newsprint ltd. 26 M/s kanav Papers Pvt. ltd. 27 M/s sangal Papers ltd. 28 M/s sardhana Papers Pvt ltd. 29 M/s new bonanza india ltd. 30 M/s anand tissue ltd. / shri venktesh Papers ltd. 31 M/s anand triplex board ltd. 32 M/s anand duplex ltd. unit ii 33 M/s dev Priyag Paper Mill Pvt. ltd. 34 M/s dev Priya Products Pvt. ltd. 35 M/s anand duplex ltd. unit i 36 M/s dev star/ star kraft Papers Pvt. ltd. 76
industry Code 37 M/s dev Priya industries Pvt. ltd. 38 M/s Paswara Papers ltd. 39 M/s Parijat Paper Mills ltd. 40 M/s bindlas duplux ltd., unit i 41 M/s bindlas duplux ltd., unit ii 42 M/s tehri Pulp & Paper ltd., unit i 43 M/s tehri Pulp & Paper ltd., unit ii 44 M/s shree bhageshwari Papers Pvt ltd., unit i 45 M/s shree bhageshwari Papers Pvt ltd., unit ii 46 M/s tirupati balaji fibres ltd. 47 M/s bindals Papers Mills ltd. 48 M/s shakumbhari Paper Mills ltd. 49 M/s agarwal duplex board Mills ltd. 50 M/s Meenu Paper Mills ltd. 51 M/s silvertoan Papers ltd. unit i 52 M/s silverton Pulp & Papers Pvt. ltd. 53 M/s Garg duplex & Paper Mills Pvt. ltd. 54 M/s shree sidhbali Paper Mills ltd. 55 M/s ns Papers ltd. 56 M/s Mahalaxmi Craft & tissues Pvt. ltd. 57 M/s siddheshwari industries Pvt. ltd. 58 M/s kk duplex & Paper Mills Pvt. ltd. 59 M/s orient board & Paper Mills Pvt. ltd. 60 M/s shakti krafts & tissues 61 M/s suyash kraft & Paper ltd. 62 M/s aristocraft Papers Pvt. ltd. 63 M/s dls Papers Pvt. ltd. 64 M/s disha industries ltd. 65 M/s Galaxy Papers Pvt. ltd. 66 M/s Prime Pulp & Paper Pvt. ltd. 67 M/s silvertoan Paper ltd., unit ii 68 M/s shalimar Paper Mills Pvt. ltd. 69 M/s arihant Pulp and Papers Pvt. ltd. 70 M/s seeta Paper Mills ltd. 71 M/s taj Paper Pvt. ltd. 72 M/s sagar Paper Mills Pvt. ltd. LIST OF THe InDuSTRIeS 77 737475ltd. Pvt. aroma M/s craft and tissues 76 –Mundet village uttranchalltd, M/s Pulp & Paper Mills (P) 77 Mills ltd. Pulp & Paper sagar M/s 78ltd. M/s Gangotri Paper Mills Pvt. 79ltd. M/s JMJ Paper Products Pvt. 80anandeshwarindustriesltd. M/s Pvt. 81 M/s Mahadev Pulp Product Pvt. ltd. 82ltd. Paper shri nageshwar M/s 83ltd. rd Papers M/s 84hari M/s om industriesltd. 85 ltd. bajajkagaj M/s 86 M/s Jb darukaltd. Paper 87 bhawaniltd. shree Paper Mills M/s 88 Papers unitii ltd., yash M/s 89 Papers uniti ltd., yash M/s 90 Paper Mills suyash M/s 91 Paper boardsunit-i industriesltd., rayana M/s 92 Paper boardsunit-ii industriesltd., rayana M/s 93deoria M/s Paper Mills ltd. 94 board straw industriesltd. Pvt. shri krishna M/s 95 M/s Ganga Pulp and Papers Pvt. ltd. 96ltd. Calcutta Pvt. newal M/s 97devprayagltd. M/s Paper Mill Pvt. 98industriesltd. M/s Pn Pulp & Paper Pvt. 99 M/s Pn Papers Mills Pvt. ltd. M/s Century Pulp and Paper Papers Mill kM M/s 100101102 Papers ltd. ramaa shyama M/s 103 M/s Genus Paper & boards ltd. 104 Products straw ltd. shri ramchander M/s 105 M/s Gangeshwar Papers Pvt. ltd. 106ltd. M/s Maruti Papers 107 Papers ltd. nikita M/s 108boardlal Ji industriesltd. Pvt. M/s sr M/s Mittal Paper Mills dayaljiindustriesltd. M/s Pvt. industry Code 78
industry Code 109 M/s swaroop Papers Pvt. ltd. 110 M/s star Paper Mills ltd. 111 M/s Chadha Papers ltd. 112 M/s Modinagar Paper Mills ltd. 113 M/s ved Cellulose ltd. 114 M/s nav bharat duplex ltd. 115 M/s Chamunda Papers Pvt. ltd. 116 M/s ashoka Pulp & Paper Pvt. ltd. 117 M/s Magnum ventures ltd. 118 M/s shri Ganga Paper Mills Pvt. ltd. 119 M/s suchi Paper Mills ltd. 120 M/s kawatra Papers Pvt. ltd. 121 M/s sandeep Paper Mills Pvt. ltd. 122 M/s kamakshi Papers Pvt. ltd. 123 M/s Coral newsprints ltd. 124 M/s kaushambhi Paper Mills Pvt. ltd. 125 M/s Mohit Paper Mills ltd. 126 M/s rama Paper Mills ltd. 127 M/s shree badri kedar Papers Pvt. ltd. 128 M/s Chandpur enterprises ltd. 129 M/s kr Pulp & Paper ltd., unit i 130 M/s kr Pulp & Paper ltd., unit ii 131 M/s khatema fibres ltd.
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