Senegal-Sites-And-Services-Project

CESTRICTED Report No. PS-11a Public Disclosure Authorized This report is for official use only by the Bank Group and specifically authorized organizations or persons. It may not be published, quoted or cited without Bank Group authorization. The Bank Group does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the report.

INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION Public Disclosure Authorized

APPRAISAL OF

A SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

SENEGAL Public Disclosure Authorized

June 7, 1972 Public Disclosure Authorized

Special Projects Department CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

Currency Unit = Franc CFA (CFAF)

CFAF 1,000 - US$3.91 US$1 CFAF 255.8 Fiscal Year July 1 - June 30

Weights and Measures: Metric System

1 meter 3.28 feet 1 kilometer 0.62 miles 1 square meter - 10.76 square feet 1 hectare = 2.47 acres

Abbreviations - Acronyma

OHLM - Office des Habitations A Loyer Mod6r6 CCCE - Caisse Centrals pour la Coop6ration Economique Agency of the Republic of France BNDS - Banque Nationals de Dfveloppement du S6n6gal SICAP - Soci6th Immobili4re du Cap Vert DPH - Direction de la Promotion Humaine DUH - Direction de l'Urbaniame et de l'Habitat SENEGAL

APPRAISAL OF A SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ...... i-iv

I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

II. BACKGROUND ......

A. Senegal Urban Sector ...... 1 B. Dakar Metropolitan Area...... ********************* 2 C . Thies ......

III. APPROACHES TO THE PROBLEM ...... 5

IV. THE PROJECT ...... 9

A. General Description ...... 0...... 9 B. Detailed Features ...... 10 C. Design Standards ...... 12 D. Cost Estimates and Financial Arrangements ...... 12 E. Execution ...... a0 00 00 0a 00 90 00 14

V. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT ...... o...... 17

A. The Borrower and the Executing Agency-ORLM ...... 17 B. Project Management and Maintenance ...... 18 C. Financing Plan for the Project ...... 19

VI . S O C I O -E C O N O M I C B E N E F I T S ...... 2 2

VII. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... oo.ooooo*ooooo...o. 26

This report was prepared by Messrs. J. Yenny (Economist), N. Carrere (Engineer) and L. Moss (Urban and Regional Planner) of the Special Projects Department. -2-

ANNEXES

1. Metropolitan Dakar - Demography 2. Dakar Employment and Income 3. Estimate of Needs for Site and Services Plots 4. Urban Transport 5. Site Plan 6. Technical Assistance 7. Project Elements and Cost Estimates - Dakar 8. Project Elements and Cost Estimates - Thies 9. Comaunity Development 10. Conditions of Tenure and Payment 11. Building Code and Building Permits 12. Calculation of Monthly Payments for Lots 13. Residential Environmental Conditions - Metropolitan Dakar

TABLES

1. 1970 Share of Dakar (Cap Vert) in the Modern Sector of the Economy 2. Estimate of Distribution'of General Revenues from Dakar (Cap Vert) and Rest of Country 1968/69 3. Estimate of Distribution of Investments in Dakar (Cap Vert) and Rest of Country - Total for the 1966-71 Period 4. Dakar Residential Environmental Conditions - 1969 5. Dakar Housing Characteristics - 1969 6. Dakar Income Distribution by District - 1969 7. Residential Environmental Conditions in Dakar Urban Area - 1969 (Summary) 8. Estimated Schedule of Disbursementa 9. Implementation Schedule 10. OHLM - Site and Services Directorate: Project Income Statement 1973-82 11. OHIM - Site and Services Directorate: Project Sources and Application of Funds 1973-82 12. OHLM - Site and Services Directorate: Project Balance Sheet 1973-82 13. Government Investments in Urban Infrastructure in Dakar (Cap Vert) 1967-71 14. Housing and Related Infrastructure Investment Programs in Dakar With and Without the Project 15. Project Costs and Rental Value 16. Dakar Average Monthly Household Expenditures by District - 1969

CHART

1. Organimation Chart of OHLM MAPS

1. Senegal 2. Dakar - Land Use 3. Thies - Land Use 4. Dakar - Residential Environmental Conditions 1969 5. Dakar - Project Phasing 6. Dakar - Project Land Use Scheme 7. Dakar - Project Detailed Land Use Scheme 8. Dakar - Project Site Plan SENEGAL

APPRAISAL OF A SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

i. Senegal, like most poor developing countries, is faced with the problem of rapid urbanization. Some 30% of the 3.8 million population is now living in urban centers. While total population is growing at 2.2%, the urban population is expanding by about 4.5% annually, despite evidence that urban unemployment is high and rising. Dakar, the capital city, with a population of 550,000 in 1970 growing at the estimated rate of 6%, has a particularly high unemployment rate. The second largest city, Thies, has a population of 100,000 growing at a rate of 5%. Urban housing is in very short supply, squatter settlements are proliferating and growing more crowded. Urban services are increasingly inadequate to meet the needs of the growing urban population.

ii. Given the prevailing circumstances, there appears little prospect for rapid alleviation in the basic trends of urban growth and unemployment despite Government emphasis on rural development programs.

iii. Although the per capita GDP in Dakar is much higher than in the countryside - $580 compared to $130 - most of the wealth is concentrated in the hands of a small segment of the population. As much as 80% of the urban families appear to have incomes too low to meet payments on public housing. However, about half of these have incomes steady and sufficient enough to meet charges for serviced lots while building homes by self-help methods. iv. The past approach to urban housing has concentrated on the construction of units for higher income groups. Attention to poorer groups has been limited, consisting primarily of relocation of residents of squatter settlements being eradicated. As the public housing authority (GHLM) uses funds collected by a housing tax from regularly employed persons to finance its construction, many lower income residents have, in effect, been subsidizing housing for higher income families.

V. In view of the very limited resources available, both public and private, no significant'alleviation of the housing situation appears possible without a greater concentration on self-help house construction . Self-help would also contribute considerably to employment. A program for "site and services" to provide urban building lots with adequate facilities and services on a scale sufficient both to offset the needs of the growing urban population and to reduce the housing backlog appears indicated. At least in the first instance, such a program should focus on the income group that can afford to meet the costs of the serviced lots while retaining sufficient income to construct self-help housing. The contribution of the Government would thereby be -ii-

minimized, freeing resources for other purposes including amelioration of existing squatter settlements. If undertaken on a significant scale, such a program would also reduce pressures in squatter settlements and indirectly aid the poorest groups residing in these settlements. A lower priority is indicated for the public housing program. Until the total stock of housing and level of resources are considerably increased, the net benefits of eradication of existing squatter settlements must be considered doubtful. The Government has indicated it will investigate means of improving these settlements in situ. vi. The Government has approached the Bank for assistance in financing a major site and services project for two cities, Dakar and Thies. The project would provide urbanized lots for 14,000 families in Dakar, and 1,600 in Thies. These lots and related social facilities would be constructed over a 5-year period with technical advisory assistance provided both by IDA and by the United Nations Development Program. It would also include a pilot project to improve 10 ha of a squatter settlement in Dakar. vii. The project would cost an estimated US$12.9 million equivalent, of which US$8.0 million equivalent would be financed by an IDA credit. It would comprise the following elements:

(a) provision and preparation of land for housing construction: draining, grading, and plotting of 400 ha in Dakar for 14,000 lots and 60 ha in Thies for 1,600 lots;

(b) equipping the project areas with low-cost public facilities: local vehicular and pedestrian roads, a power distribution network, and two types of water and sanitation systems (public fountains and pit privies for 85% of the lots and private connections and septic tanks for the remainder);

(c) constructing and equipping schools and health centers: 12 primary schools, 4 secondary schools, and h health centers in Dakar; 2 primary schools and 1 health center in Thies;

(d) providing urbanized sites within the project area for co-mmunity development activities, such as recreational, cultural, commercial, small-scale industrial,, and additional educational facilities;

(e) extension of primary infrastructure to and through project areas: arterial highway, high tension power lines and water mains;

(f) provision of technical assistance to aid in the preparation of the detailed engineering, management, and training programs necessary to project implementation and the formulation of a continuing national site and services program, and funds for short-term consultant work;

(g) construction of extensions of the primary highway, water and electricity networks to and through the project areas; and -iii-

(h) provision of consultants to develop criteria to assist the Government in identifying squatter settlements that can be improved in situ, together with a pilot project for improvingTOEof an existing squatter settlement in central Dakar.

viii. The proposed IDA credit of US$8.0 million would cover 79% of the total net costs of the project of US$10.1 million excluding the estimated duties and_taxes of US$2.8 million. The credit would not finance land acquisition and primary infrastructure extensions. It would meet the full foreign exchange cost of the other project elements of US$5.1 million and also finance up to US$2.9 million, or about 66% of the total not local currency cost of US$.4 million equivalent excluding the duties and taxes. The Government would finance the foreign exchange component of the extension of primary infrastructure to the project areas estimated at some US$0.4 million and US$4.3 million equivalent of local currency cost including US$2.8 million for duties and taxes. In addition, the Government would provide land for the project already in its possession. UNDP would finance technical assistance estimated at US$0.1 million.

ix. To encourage participation of local contractors, separate civil works contracts would be drawn up for the various functional components: (a) site preparation and streets, (b) water distribution, (c) electrification, (d) septic tanks and public lavatories, (e) schools, and (f) health facilities. Construction contracts would be awarded on the basis of international competitive bidding and contractors would be given the option to bid for any or all the components for both Dakar and Thies. Contractors would be en- couraged to hire among those families with occupancy permits for the project sites.

x. The executing agency for the project would be OHLM. Although operating since 1959 to develop urban and rural housing, its professional staff of 120 Senegalese has had little training, which means most engineering and accounting work must be done by expatriate staff members who work in Senegal for only short periods of one or two years. The project provides technical assistants for OHLM to aid in project execution and the training of governmental counterparts in how to execute a continuing national site and services program after project completion. xi. Tenants of the project sites would generally buy their lots by installment payments covering the cost of site preparation, interest, management and water service charges. The total capital charge to tenants would amount to $290 in Dakar for a lot without prirate water or electricity connections, $120 in Thies for a similar lot. Payments would be spread over 15 years with interest at 7%. The net receipts, after allowing for management expenses, would be deposited by OHLM in an investmnt fund to support continusd provision of site and services for lower-inccme urban residents. Over the 18- year repayment period for project sites, this fund should receive a not total of US7.0 million. - iv-

xii. The project provides a lower cost approach to housing than public housing programs. Over the next 5 years, it is estimated that over 20,000 housing units would be produced with the project investment in infrastructure for self-help construction versus some 12,500 without. Total costs of producing the 20,000 units with the project,including the estimated value of self-help,would be roughly equal to the cost of producing 12,500 without the project. However, public investment with the project would be some 25% lower. The project thus not only provides a less expensive way to produce housing than the public housing program, but it shifts more of the burden of the State into the private sector. It is difficult to quantify the economic benefits that would result from the project investment and therefore to calculate a standard economic rate of return. However, housing is an economic service for which people are prepared to pay and the rental value .of housing that the project would assist in generating gives some measure of the economic benefits. Likely rental values for housing generated by the project calculated on the basis of available information on rents for similar housing in Dakar would give a rate of return of 18.0% on a total investment of US$21.h million including land value and self-help labor. xiii. The project would have an important direct impact on employment. Society would also gain indirectly from the greater control Governent would obtain over growth of the two cities by this major investment in their most rapidly growing areas and the related reduction of need for illegal shelter in older districts. Significant social benefits would be derived from the project, as lower income families would enjoy environmental standards superior to those presently available to them which would contribute to better health conditions. Technical assistance and training programs would also assist them in improving their economic and social welfare.

Xiv. This project is suitable for an IDA credit of US$8.0 million equivalent. SENEGAL

APPRAISAL OF A SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

I. INTRODUCTION

1.01 The Government of Senegal has requested Bank assistance in financing the construction of a Site and Services Project designed to accommodate 14,000 lower income families in Dakar, the capital of Senegal, and 1,600 lower income families in Thies, the second city in importance and one of the six regional capitals of the country. The project involves an innovative and realistic approach to housing lower income groups of the urban population by stimulating self-help construction of housing through provision of serviced building lots and related social services and technical assistance. The locations would be easily accessible to centers of employment by public transport and the project itself is labor intensive. To assist the Government in developing alternatives to the wholesale eradication of squatter settlements, the project also includes a pilot project for the improvement of 10 ha of an existing settlement.

1 .02 The Government approached the Bank Group in September 1970 to consider lending for this project. Bank missions in March, July and September 1971 assisted the Government in preparing the project. In this work the Bank was aided by information from a UNDP-financed study for the Dakar Water'and Sewerage Master Plan and a Bank-sponsored study of the global experience with site and services. Although the Bank study is not yet completed and information on the subject has proven to be quite limited, preliminary information on the experience of the 32 countries that have undertaken some form of site and services has been useful in designing the project. In particular, the study was influential in developing recommendations for (a) facilities standards, (b) location and design of sites, and (c) recipient charges, subsidies and debt recuperation.

1 .03 This report is based on the information supplied by the Government and the findings of an appraisal mission composed of Messrs. J. Tenny (Chief of MLssion), N. Carrere and L. Moss, who visited Senegal in November/becember 1971 . The appraisal mission was also assisted by Mr. R. Merrill of the U N- Centre for Housing, Building and Planning, and Mr. A. Van Dort (Consultant).

1.04 The project cost is estimated at US$12.9 million equivalent for which IDA financing of US$8.0 million is recoamended.

II. BACKGROUND

A. Senegal Urban Sector

2.01 In Senegal, problems of rapid urbanization are typical of most of the poor developing countries. A large backlog exists of both housing and of related infrastructure needs. Growth of squatter settlements without services - 2 - is rapid. Although urban unemployment is high and rising, rural to urban migration continues unabated. The problems are exacerbated in Dakar, the capital, by the fact that it was, prior to independence, the administrative and economic capital of French West Africa (AOF) comprising Senegal, Dahomey, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Upper Volta. As such, it served a market of over 20 million consumers, and reached a standard of living out of proportion with the reduced economic potential of a country of 3.8 million inhabitants. Following independence, shrinking markets for industrial goods and services resulted in an economic setback for Dakar but the city still monopolizes modern sector activities in Senegal (Tables 1 to 3).

2.02 Of Senegal's total population of 3.8 million, some 30% is urban and 550,000, or about 50% of the urban total, reside in the Dakar metropolitan area (Annex 1). The next largest cities are the six regional capitals, which in total have a population of 360,000 (Map 1). While the national population is increasing at about 2.2% a year, its urban component is growing at 4.5%, and Dakar alone at 6%. Although information on other Senegalese cities is limited, an estimated half of the nation's annual urban population increase is due to migration from rural areas. In the case of Dakar, about 40% of its annual population increase is due to this migration. The natural growth of Dakar population, around 3.6% per year, is very high by comparison with that of the country as a whole. This is largely due to better hygienic conditions and medical services (Dakar has 73% of the medical doctors of Senegal) that have reduced infant mortality to some 85 per 1,000 versus 181 per 1,000 in the rest of the country.

2.03 Urban unemployment is high. In Dakar in 1970, only 30% of the active population (male and female over 14 years of age) had permanent jobs. However, because households are large, averaging over 7 persons, only 9% of families are without any steady income. Most households' incomes are, nevertheless, quite low. Some 40% had less than US$50 a month in 1970, while only 20% had more than US$150 a month.

2.04 No early alleviation of the conditions of rapid growth in urban population, high urban unemployment and low family incomes is in sight even though the Government has adopted a policy aimed at reducing regional dispari- ties. In the Third Four-Year Plan (1969-1973), priority is given to the rural sector and regional development. The Regional Development Directorate, under the State Secretary for Planning, is drawing up plans and programs for the regions and cities of Senegal as a basis for investment selection, coordination and evaluation. The Bank Group is giving its support to the policy of agricultural and regional diversification and has lent for projects of land settlement in the eastern part of the country and rice developments in the south, and is considering another rice development project in the north. The Government is trying to promote local industry in the less developed regions by using local agricultural products as inputs.

2.05 These efforts may in the long run reduce Dakar's rate of growth and produce a more even geographic distribution of wealth. For the foreseeable future, however, Dakar must be expected to remain the most desirable location -3- for many new industrial and commercial activities in Senegal and its population is expected to continue to grow rapidly and reach some 950,000 people by 1980. Employment in Dakar is trailing population growth, and there is little hope for substantial reduction of unemployment in the near future. Incomes and income distribution are expected to remain practically unchanged.

B. Dakar Metropolitan Area

2.06 Dakar is located in the Cap Vert Peninsula. The Dakar metropolitan area is administratively a part of the Dakar municipality which covers the entire Cap Vert region. The municipality also includes Rufisque-Bargny, a town of some 70,000, and a number of rural villages. Most of the administrative and financial powers usually held by municipalities rest with the Ministry of Public Works, Urbanism and Transport (MWUT).

2.07 Since its founding in the early 19th century, the city has spread back along the peninsula from.the initial settlement at the tip of the cape, referred to as "le Plateau", which is now the center for Government administrative offices, banking and coeree. Indastrial development, first concentrated around the port area, expanded in a linear fashion around the bay along the railway line and the highway to Thies (Map 2). Residential areas growing beyond the Plateau are both planned and applanned settlements, with the latter occupying vacant land between tbs planned settlements and spreading over the periphery of the metropolitan area (Annex 13).

2.08 Rural migrants and a growing number of the local born have no alternative to residing in expanding illegal squatter settlements and in privately "developed" settlements. Both types of development are ad hoc and haphazard. Dwellings cover 70-90% of the land creating very high population densities. Sewerage, drainage and water facilities are quite inadequate. Circulation systems generally are comprised of paths that evolve without a view to the rational development of the whole settlement or its relation to the greater urban system. 2.09 Population growth is expected to add some 45,000 new households between 1970 and 1980 to the 65,000 already in Dakar. This is to say that over this period an average of some 4,500 new households a year will seek shelter and related facilities. Besides the needs of the growing population, there is a backlog of unsatisfied needs of the existing population. The public housing agency, OHU1, presently has some 8,400 applications in, its files, and the Min- istry of Finance (Direction des Domaines) has some 3,500 applications for serviced sites. These applications emanate both from the population living in the squatter settlements and from families in other districts that have been forced to double up in the existing housing stock for lack of alternatives,

2.10 Given the expected household inoams distribution (Annex 3), and the high cost of public housing, not more than 20% of the new households could afford the present type of public housing or similar housing supplied by the private sector. Of the remainder, it is estimated that about half, 40% of the total or some 1,500 households per year, could afford to build a house and make small monthly payments for a serviced site. This leaves some 40% of the total of new families with income too low to build their own dwellings on purchased sites. Fbr these fanilies, the alternatives are cheap rental accanmodations, or to be housed free by relatives or friends, as some 20% of the Dakar households presently do. Regarding the backlog of need among the 8,1400 OHLM applicants, only 3,900 appear to have high enough incomes to qualify for public housing, while the remaining 14,500 would only be able to afford a site. No data are available on incomes of those who have applied to the iUnistry of Finance for sites. However, it is likely that some of the applicants registered with the Ministry of Finance are the same as those registered with OHLM and adding both figures would involve double counting. The 4,500 applicaits registered with OHLM that would only be able to afford a site have been assumed to represent a minimum estimate of the backlog of need for serviced lots in Dakar.

2.11 Ovp the five-year period that would elapse between the signing of the proposed qedit agreement and completion of project works, the minimum need for serviced lots in Dakar by families that can afford to pay for them and construct self-help housing would be for (a) some 7,500 new households, (b) about 4,500 households representing the present backlog of unsatisfied needs, and (c) about 2,000 households relocated from squatter settlements (para. 3.04 and Annex 3).

C. Thies

2.12 Thies, located 70 km east of Dakar, is the second largest city of Senegal with a population of around 100,000 growing annually at about 5%. Unlike Dakar, social information on Thies is scant. Densities are lower than Dakar's, even in the core, and the squatters make up a smaller proportion of the population and do not appear to be as concentrated in large settlements. Established as a colonial outpost in 1864, the city really began to grow with the construction of the railroad around 1925. It is located at the junction of the Dakar-St. Louis and the Dakar-Bamako (Mali) railway lines and the railway administration and yards employ some 2,000 persons. Recently a large textile mill has located in Thies and the Taiba phosphate mines are nearby. The city is also the market center for the surrounding agricultural area, which includes part of the groundnut basin and the fertile coastal fringe. In view of these promising economic factors and the growth of the city's population, the Government and IDA agreed that Thies should be chosen for the initial investment of the national site and services program in the six regional capitals. This action would also reinforce the Government's intention to develop greater regional balance in the country.

2.13 The population of Thies is estimated to be growing by at least 5,000 people per year, or some 700 households. In the absence of income data, the same proportion as in Dakar of new households which could afford either a serviced site or public housing can be assumed, i.e. 60% of the total. While incomes may be sonwhat lower than Dakar, so also are costs. Information on -5-

the backlog is scant, but the situation appears somewhat better than in Dakar. In particular, density in squatter settlements is quite low and no relocation is contemplated. The resulting five-year requirement for sites and housing units can thus be roughly estimated at somewhat over 2,000 units, of which perhaps 20% could afford public or high level private housing thus leaving a need for some 1,600 sites.

III. APPROACHES TO THE PROBLEM

A. Past Government Action

3.01 A major development problem of urban areas in Senegal is how to keep the housing stock and related facilities and services in line with the growth and financial capacities of the Government and the population, particularly lower income groups. Accompanying this is the problem of creating employment for the poorer inhabitants. The Government has endeavored to cope with the problem in three wayst (a) public housing, (b) site and services, and (c) squatter settlement eradication.

3.02 While Dakar has grown by some 23,000 households since 1960, only 7,OO units were built by the public and semi-private housing corporations (OHLM and SICAP) and 3,300 by authorized private construction. The standards adopted for housing, services and infrastructure approximate those in the cities of the developed Western countries. One result is that public housing units have cost an average of US$5,100 equivalent, including land and infrastructure, and typically sell on a mortgage basis for some US$25 per month which places these units, although subsidized,1/ beyond the mans of some 80% of Dakar' s fandlies. Legally conitructed private housing is equally or more expensive.

3.03 The Government has also undertaken some elementary site and services schemes. During Senegal's Second Four-Year Plan (1965-1969), it developed serviced lots to be given free to families displaced by urban renewal and squatter removal. By 1971 in the Cap Vert region some 7,000 lots had been graded and plotted, major streets laid out and public water fountain systems installed. Some public lavatories and schools are now being built. The level of services obtained to date is not much superior to that in squatter settlements, but densities are lower and the site planning will enable some improvements in situ as resources became available. Land has sometimes been poorly graded ndas a result it would now be very costly to provide sewerage and drainage in some areas, while steep slopes have prevented building in others. Families have been building their own housing without technical assistance. located as they are some 10 km from the central city and port, the poorest among the settlers appear to be handicapped by high transport costs in their search for and maintenance of employment.

1/ The sales price barely covers the housing unit cost. Capital cost of land and infrastructure, interest and management charges are not included. SIGNIFICANT SITE AND SERVICES EXPERIENCES

Rank of those Documented with over New Sites 50,000 sites Development -6-

3.04 Based on its earlier experience with site and services and a growing awareness of the impossibility of providing more than a small proportion of families with an OHLM type house and related facilities, the Government of Senegal now wishes to embark on a large national site and services program to aid in alleviating the housing needs of the lower income groups. This program, to be undertaken in Dakar and the 6 regional capitals of the country, was initiated during the Third Four-Year Plan (1969-73). However, while some 19,000 serviced lots were scheduled to be developed, only about 1,700 have been completed by the end of 1971, principally owing to lack of finices and of skilled manpower for preparation and administration.

3.05 Paralleling its public housing and elementary site and services programs, the Government has been demolishing squatter settlements in Dakar. The cleared land has been used for public housing and the squatters given serviced lots. This course of action, largely prompted by concerns for the city beautification, has had a negative effect on the overall housing problem. Siting public housing on land occupied by squatter settlements has resulted in considerable social and individual costs. Housing in the squatter settlements represents a substantial personal investment and though inadequate in many respects is quite serviceable. Destroying such settlements considerably reduces the city's housing stock, and the general housing problem is intensi- fied by the need to resettle the dislocated families on serviced lots distant from employment. Moreover, about 50% of the resettled families appear too poor to undertake self-help housing construction on such lots.

B. Present Government Policy

3.06 For the purposes of the Fburth Plan (1973-1977), now in the course of preparation, the Government has set three main objectives for investment in housing and related facilities and services; to increase the efficiency of investment, to reduce the burden on public finances, and to distribute the benefits more equitably among the different income classes.

3.07 A major improvement will be the increased proportion of resources allocated to the National Site and Services Program, of which the proposed project forms the first phase. The program will develop serviced sites at a minimum cost to the Government and individual families. The new site and services schemes will also be more comprehensive than those developed earlier. The program has important associated objectives of mobilizing personal savings, using self-help techniques, increasing opportunities for employment and social development through assistance i .community organization and vpgrading environmental conditions in squatter settlements.

3.8 _.. .The Govenment also proposes to increase the efficiency of investment in its housing program by adopting standards more appropriate to current income levels for the regular housing units constructed by OHLM (called "economic" units) which presently average about US$5,100 equivalent per unit (including the cost of land and infrastructure), and by introducing a much cheaper form of housiEg unit to be constructed by ORLM (called "supereconomic" units), where the cost per unit should average roughly half that of the current program.

-7-

3.09 The Government's proposals for the Fourth Plan take into account the need to reduce the call on the budget to finance the sector. The costs of preparing and servicing individual lots included in the site and services program will be self-financing, repayments of purchases under the proposed project being paid into an investment fund for future site and services projects. The Government has also decided to reduce the financial burden of its housing program, (a) by eliminating all subsidies to SICAP from the start of the Fourth Plan, (b) by reducing the number of economic units to be constructed by OHLM, (c) progressively eiminating subsidies on-these units over ten years, and (d) by restricting subsidies on OHLM's supereconomic units to the cost of land and infrastructure. The combined effect of these decisions will be a substantial freeing of Government resources for other purposes.

3.10 The Government's proposals for the Fourth Plan also represent a deci- Sive shift towards benefitting lower income groups. In the past, only those with salaries above US$100 equivalent per month, were able to obtain a housing unit from OHLM or SICAP. F6r those earning less than this - about 80% of the urban population - there was little alternative to the crowded low standard districts, with the remote prospect of obtaining a low standard site under the Government'e site and services schemes. Under the Government's present proposals for the Pburth Plan, those with incomes ranging between approxiaately US$40 and US$120 equivalent per month (US$50 in Dakar) will have the alternatives of a serviced site under the proposed project or, for a few, a supereconomic unit from OHLM. This wide income group covers roughly two-fifths of the households. However, on account of the heavily skewed income distribution, the majority of these households are at the lower part of the range and will only be able to afford a serviced site.

3.11 Those earning too little even to be able to afford a serviced lot will benefit from the proposed project since they will be able to rent quarter-i from resident lot purchasers. Also, due 'io its magnitude, the project should reduce the growing pressure on existing low income settlements. The Gover=m3nt has also taken two decisions that will benefit this low income group in important ways. First, it has decided to suspend further eradication of squatter settl*- ments, after completion of its on-going clearance program, until completion of a study to be financed by the proposed project, of the criteria to be used in identifying squatter settlements to be improved in situ. Secondly, it has decided to undertake, as part of the proposed project, a pilot project for improving a'squatter settlement in situ, by upgrading of public facilities and, where necessary, part of the housing stock. This pilot project should provide valuable experience in techniques for directly addressing the accommodation problem of families in the lowest range of urban incomes.

3.12 While these proposals constitute a significant advance over previous policies, more comprehensive planning needs to be undertaken. One of the technical assistants to be financed by the UNDP under the project will assist the Government in the task of further developing a national housing policy. -8-

3.13 On a broader level, the Government is endeavor:Ig to plan for balanced urban and rural development on a national scale, at the same time it is dealing with the problems of particular cities. The Regional Development Directorate under the Ministry of Planning is charged with drawing up plans and programs for the regions and cities of Senegal as a basis for investment selection, coordination and evaluation. The present lack of skilled manpower for this wozk should be alleviated by the scheduled arrival of a United Nations regional planning expert to assist with the Fourth National Development Plan. -9-

IV. TE PROJECT

A. General Description

b.401 Over a five-year period, the project would enable a substantial part of lower-income inhabitants of Dakar and Thies to' provide themselves with housing and foster the economic and social development of their communities. At the same time, it would help Government gain the initiative in guiding urban growth. The project would also assist Government in developing the necessary institutions to continue with the site and services program after completion of the Bank-assisted project.

4.02 Self-help would play an important role in the project. Through it, with the assistance of community organizers and practical technicians, occupants would participate in making and carrying out decisions to advance their own welfare. They would build their own housing and community structures, such as mosques and social centers, and establish cooperative institutions such as savings and credit mechanisms, building materials production co-ops, and child-care centers. Annex 9 contains a detailed outline of the community development component of the project. The project would generate employment directly due to the labor component in construction included in the project itself and indirectly through its stimulation of labor intensive home building and related construction materials industries.

4.03 The project wouldt

(a) provide and prepare land for dwelling construction: draining, grading, and plotting of 400 ha in Dakar and 60 ha in Thies fbr the settlement of some 14,000 and 1,600 households respectively;

(b) equip the new settlements with low-cost public facilities: local vehicular and pedestrian roads, power, and combined community-private water and sanitation systems designed for two-income levels;

(c) construct and equip schools and health facilities: 12 primary schools, 4 secondary schools and 4 health centers in Dakar; 2 primary schools and 1 health center in Thies;

(d) provide urbanized sites for other land use activities: commercial, small-scale industrial, recreational, cultural, and future educational facilities;

(e) provide technical assistance experts for preparation of detailed engineering, management and training related to project implementation and the formulation of a continuing national site and services program, and funds for short-term consultant work; - 10 -

(g) construct extensions of the primary highway, water and electricity networks to and through the project areas;

(h) provide consultants to develop criteria to assist the Govern- ment in identifying squatter settlements that can be improved in situ, together with a pilot community improvement project on some 10 ha of a squatter settlement in central Dakar.

B. Detailed Features

Location and Preparation of Land

4.04 The 400 ha to be developed in Dakar are in a contiguous strip running east-west between the village of Yoff and the town of Pikine, bounded on the north by sand dunes and the sea and on the south by the Grande Niaye, a fertile low-lying area of intensive market gardening, and the Builders Develop- ment (Maps 2, 5). This location conforms with the Dakar Master Plan recommendations to urbanize the vacant land between the city of Dakar and the sub- urban town Pikine, and is the nearest site to existing development on which no irrevocable commitments have been made. The land is vacant and, with few exceptions, title belongs to the Government. The Goverment will purchase the existing private titles at its own expense. With limited extension of existing roads and additional public bus lines, the site is easily accessible to employment centers at acceptable cost levels. During negotiations, the Government has given assurances that the site will be adequately linked by public transport to the center of Dakar. The 60 ha to be developed in Thies borders the Dakar-Thies highway and lies in the path of the city's western expansion. This site is adjacent to the Thies industrial zone and has easy access to the city center by the privately operated horse cart system (Map 3).

4.05 The Dakar site would be designed for a population density of about 350 persons p2r ha, and the Thies2 site for about 260 persons per ha. The lots of 150 m in Dakar and 200 m in Thies would be laid out in clusters of six, each with a common semi-public space and linked to the neighborhood and the larger community by a network of pedestrian and vehicular streets (Maps 6-8, Annex 5). open space consisting of public squares and 1.5 ha per 100 ha of development for sports would be graded and landscaped. In Dakar, sand dunes and other irregular topographical features require substantial earth moving to avoid the shortcomings of previous projects (para. 3.03). In Thies, the project is on gently sloping laterite terrain and no earth moving is required, thus reducing considerably the cost of development.

Infrastructure

.06 Public water fountains would be provided in both project areas at a ratio of one per 100 households. It is expected that in Dakar some 85% of the households would rely exclusively on these for their water consumption, while some 15% of the households in the upper income range of the target population would pay for a private water connection to their lot. In Thies, because of generally lower income levels, all households would rely upon public water. Households relying on fountains for their water supply would build pit privies on their lot with the assistance of technical sanitation - 11 -

personnel of the Ministry of Health. Households obtaining a private water connection would be required to have a septic tank on their lot to dispose of the larger volume of water. A provision is made in the project to equip up to 15% of the lots with septic tanks; the exact proportion will be adapted to the demand after applicant registration begins. Public lavatories on septic tanks would also be constructed in public spaces and market areas. Solid waste would be collected by the municipal governments from garbage bins located throughout the project sites on a ratio of one per 25 households. In Dakar, water would be supplied by extending mains from existing local sources (Map 5) and the Thies site would receive its water supply from the adjacent industrial zone.

4.07 Vehicular streets within the project areas would have a 20 m right- of-way with a 5 a wide asphalt surfacing and secondary streets primarily for pedestrain use would have a 14 a right-of-way with a laterite surface. Public lighting would be installed along vehicular streets and in public squares. The power comparW will provide electricity connections to individual lots at the request and expense of the occupants. Power would be supplied to the Dakar site from existing distribution lines serving the area. The power line serving the adjacent industrial zone would be extended to supply power to the Thies site.

Schools and Health Facilities

4.08 The project includes construction and equipping of primary schools according to enrollment standards now provided in the Cap Vert region. A general secondary school would also be constructed and equipped for approximately every 3,500 households. For Dakar, this will require 12 primary schools and 4 secondary schools; for Thies, 2 primary schools. Secondary school students in Thies would attend existing schools. Land would also be reserved for future school needs. Four health centers would be built in Dakar, one for each 100 ha. Each center would have a physician, a midwife, two State nurses, two regular nurses, a social worker, and two custodians. Also, one smaller health facility would be constructed in the Thies development.

Other Land Use Activities

4.09 Serviced sites would be reserved for cultural and recreational uses, future schools and markets. In Dakar, a 2 ha area for development of a small scale industrial estate would also be provided (Map 6). During the assignment of plots, land would be allocated for mixed residential and commercial activities.

Technical Assistance

4.10 An important objective of the proposed project is the development of the government agency, OHLM, so that it can carry out a sustained national program. The project therefore, includes technical assistance for management, - 12 - designing and implementing programs and the training of staff. It is estimated that five experts would be required by OHLM, one each for housing management and program development, accounting and comptrolling, economic aspects of community development, savings and credit institutions, and design of low-cost urban infrastructure. The project also provides for engagement of consultants to assist the Government in detailed engineering of the more complicated works.

4.11 In addition the United Nations, through its technical assistance program, has been asked to recruit an expert on building materials and construction to assist in project implementation and an adviser to the Ministry of Public Works, Transportation and Urbanization on national habitation policy and programming (Annex 6). In the event that the UN cannot provide these experts, during negotiations it was agreed that the coats of these two specialists could also be included in the project but that the total financing of the project by the Bank would remain at $8.0 million equivalent.

Criteria Study and Pilot Project

4.12 During negotiations, the Government expressed its willingness to suspend eradication of squatter settlements upon completion of its existing committment to relocate some 40,000 squatters in order to develop more rational ways of dealing with these very low standard districts. The project will assist the Government in carrying out a study of criteria that would help it decide which squatter settlements can be upgraded through community improvement programs. Following this criteria study., the consultants will,in consultation with the Government and IDA,, prepare a development plan including detailed engineering for a pilot project to improve living conditions in some 10 ha of a central squatter settlement in Dakar. The present project includes $60,000 equivalent for financing the civil works for the pilot project which will be executed by the OHLM.

C. Design Standards

4.13 Standards used in the design of the project, particularly for water distribution, sanitation and social services are selected to provide a level of service higher than that obtained in existing low and very low standard residential districts while keeping costs low enough to enable a large section of the low-income families to pay for and improve upon the serviced sites. Road construction would be limited to essential arteries, to permit vehicular access for fire protection, garbage collection, etc. Provision would be made for future upgrading to higher standards. Estimated cost per household at US$33 is about one-seventh that in public housing operations. Public fountains would be provided at a density comparable to that of the medium standard districts. The cost per household of the water distribution system would be about US$36 or about half that in public housing. The individual sanitary facilities have been judged preferable to the common facilities which have proven difficult to maintain in clean and operating conditions. Soil conditions, densities and the design selected do not require surface water drainage system construction. The cost per household of the sewerage and drainage, US$87, is less than a third that in public housing projects.

D. Cost Estimates and Financial Arrangements

Project Costs

4.14 Project costs are estimated at CFAF 3,309.8 million (US$12.9 million - 13 - equivalent) of which the foreign exchange component is CFAF 1,h9.h million (US$5.7 million) or about 44% of total costs. Estimates are based on preliminary engineering undertaken by the Directorate of Urbanism for the first 125 ha in Dakar, and on unit prices of recently awarded contracts for similar works. Detailed engineering is being undertaken by the OHL4 (para. 4.21). Costs in Thies have been adjusted to take account of reduced earth moving requirements (para. 4.05). Physical contingencies allowed amount to 15% and price escalation contingencies amount to some 10% on the basis of a 4g escalation per annum. Contingencies have not been allowed for investment in extensions of primary infrastructure networks which will be financed by the Government directly and thus have not been appraised at the same level of detail as the parts of the project proposed for IDA, financing. Taxes and duties on materials and construction are included in the project cost. They average 22% of total costs and 39%.of local costs. The estimates include the cost of technical experts for project management and training and of consultants' services needed by OHIM to prepare detailed engineering for the project, the criteria study, and detailed engineering for the community improvement pilot project. The cost estimates are summarised below and are discussed in greater detail in Annexes 7 and 8.

Nay of Project Cost Estimates 5 of CFAIP (millions) US (000) Total Item Local Foreig Tot Local r TtE

Site Preparation

Topographical Work 14.7 31.3 46.0 57.4 122.4 179.8 1.8 Earthworks 315.0 385.0 700.0 1,231.5 105.7 2,737.2 26.3

Project Area Infrastructure

Streets 73.7 33.0 106.7 288.2 129.0 417.2 4.0 Water Distribution System 49.7 64.7 114.4 194.3 253.0 447.3 4.4 Sanitary Facilities 214.2 64.3 278.5 837.7 251.6 1,089.3 10.5 power Distribution 37.6 193.3 230.9 147.2 755.6 902.8 8.8 Open Spaces Planting .9.2 * 9.2 36.0 - 36.0 .4

Social Services Education Facilities 443.8 116.5 560.3 1,735.4 455.5 2,190.9' 21.0 Health Facilities 80.8 24.2 105.0 315.9 94.6 41o.5 4.0 Community IMprovement

Pilot Project 9.2 6.1 15.3 36.0 24.0 60.0 .6 Technical Assistance Professional Services 37.6 75.0 112.6 147.0 293.0 440.0 4.3 Consultant Services 13. 54. 67.8 212.0 265. 2.5 Subtotal 1,299.1 1,047.6 2,346.7 5,079.6 4,096.4 9,176.0 Contingencies

Physical 15% 196.2 158.3 354.5 767.4 618.6 1,386.0 Price Escalation 10% 129.9 l4.9 2314.8 5 410.0 918. Subtotal 1,625.2 1,310.8 2,936.0 6,355.0 5,125.0 11,48o.o

Land Acquisition 100.0 - 100.0 391.0 - 391.0 3.0 Primary Infrastructure Extensions 130.0 113.0 243.0 509.0 440.0 949.0 7.4 UNDP Technical Assistance 5.2 25.6 3 20.0 100.0 120.0 1.0 Total 1,860.4 1,449.4 3,309.8 7,275.0 5,665.0 12,94o.0 100.0 - 14 -

4.15 The costs of construction (site preparation, infrastructure and social facilities) represent some 90% of the cost of the project proper, land acquisition some 3%, technical assistance some 5%, and the criteria study and pilot project make up the remaining 2%. Ninety-four percent of the construction costs are for Dakar and only 6% for Thies. The costs for Thies are substantially lower than in Dakar because no earthworks are needed (para. 4.05) and no provision has been made for private water connections and septic tanks.

Financing

4.16 The proposed IDA credit of us$8.0 million would cover 79% of the total net costs of the project of US$10.1 million excluding the estimated duties and taxes of US$2.8 million. The credit would not finance land acquisition and prinary infrastructure extensions. It would meet the full foreign exchange cost of the other project elements of US$5.1 million and also finance up to US$2.9 million, or about 66% of the total net local currency cost of US$4.4 million equivalent excluding the duties and taxes. The Government would finance the foreign exchange component of the extension of primary infrastructure to the project areas estimated at some US$0.4 million and 3.o3)`.3 million equivalent of local currency cost including US$2.8 million for duties and taxes. UNDP will finance technical assistance estimated at US$0. 1 million.

4.17 In addition, the Government would provide land for the project already in its possession. Government would also finance out of its recurrent budget (a) the salaries of OHLM staff for the preparation of detailed engineering and management prior to lot sale and that of local technical assistance staff from the Ministries of Health and Youth and Sports estimated at some US$0.7 million over the 5-year project implementation period, and (b) the maintenance and operating costs for roads, street lighting, garbage collection, public open space, schools and health clinics in the project areas, these are estimated to total US$1.6 million per annum following project completion, with the annual operation costs of schools and health centers accounting for US$900,000 and US$160,000 respectively. These operating costs will represent an annual increase over the project period of 1% and 0.3% respectively of the two ministries' 1971 budget.

Disbursement

4.18 The Association would disburse 674 of the costs of civil works for site preparation, project area infrastructure and social services and 100% of the salaries, and expenditures of technical assistants and consultants. Estimated disbursements of the credit are shown in Table 8 of the report. Any surplus remaining in the credit account upon completion of the project would be cancelled.

E. Execution

Development Schedule

4.19 Project execution would take place over a five-year period. In Dakar, there would be four construction phases each averaging 100 ha. Phase I would begin mid-1973. Infrastructure works for this phase are expected to be completed by late-1973 with occupation of the serviced lots starting immediately and extending over a one-year period to late-1974. Phase II construction is expected to begin early-1974, followed early-1975 and 1976 by III and IV, so that there would be developed land for a continuous settle- - 15 - ment operation. Time allowed for project construction in Dakar should not be shortened appreciably because (a) the project is on sandy soil and erosion could damage earthworks not occupied for a 2-3 year period, (b) difficulties may arise in preventing squatting on unoccupied land prepared for settlement, and (c) administering land settlement and organizing comunit developent will be a considerable undertaking for the executing agency. As this will be a new type of project for the newly reorganized executing agency, the progress of civil works should be tailored to the progression of land settlement. In Thies, there would be two phases of 30 ha each. Infrastructure construction for the first phase would take place in 1974 and that for the second phase in 1976. While soil erosion should not be a problem in Thies, the above problems of program organization and control would apply. The study to develop criteria for squatter settlement improvement will begin in February 1973 and will require about 4 months. It will be followed immediately by the preparation of a development plan including detailed engineering for the pilot project. This preparation will take approximately 3 months and will be followed immediately by the implementation of the pilot project.

4.20 Infrastructure construction for the entire project is expected to be completed by late-1976 and all sites would be allocated by the end of 1977 (Table 9). The self-help construction of housing in both Dakar and Thies would commence with the initial authorization to occupy the serviced sites. It is expected that most people would build while occupying their sites; however, some are- expected to build prior to moving onto their lot. Due to the incremental approach used in the project, this scheduling is flexible and can be .adjusted in response to actual conditions at the time of implementation.

Construction Works

4.21 The Technical Section of the executing agency, OHLM, would be responsible for preparing detailed engineering and bidding documents for construction of all project elements and would also supervise construction work. With the addition of a civil engineer financed by the project, this office should be able to undertake its tasks. Provision is made to cover the cost of occasional assistance by consultants (para. 4.10).

4.22 The construction of infrastructure would be designed for labor intensive building methods, except for earthwork and grading for the roads and site preparation for which Senegalese contractors usually use heavy equipment. To encourage participation of local contractors, separate civil works contracts would be drawn up for the various functional components (a) site preparation and streets, (b) water distribution, (c) electrification, (d) septic tanks and public lavatories, (e) schools and (f) health facilities. Contracts for work in Dakar and Thies would be separate. Civil works contracts will be made to cover two year periods of project construction, they will be awarded on the basis of international competitive bidding and contractors would be given the option to bid for any or all the components and both for Dakar and Thies.

4.23 Because of the small size of the project, the spreading of execution over a five-year period and the generally simple techniques required, it is doubtful that contractors from outside Senegal and neighboring countries would be interested in bidding for the construction contracts. Consequently, it is reasonable to tdvertise forinternational competitive - 16 - bidding on construction of infrastructure to Senegalese and regional publications and through embassies.

Settlement

4.24 The selection and the settlement of low-income households on the serviced sites will be undertaken jointly by DPH and OHLM. Those households eligible for application should (a) have a household income between about CFAF 1.,oo to 37,500 per month, US$57 to 145 equivalent (US$0 to 145 in Thies) and (b) not be the owner of a house or a site in the Cap Vert region. Priority would be given to groups wishing to settle together and those living in squatter settlements (Annex 3 and 9 give details). Assignees would be allowed to rent part of their dwelling area to a second household. A tenure contract. would specify rights and duties of the settler and the OHLM (Annex 10). The occupants would be required to reimburse the executing agency for the cost of land preparation and infrastructure (para. 5.12). The Community Assistance Section of the Site and Services Division of OHLM (para. 5.07) and local community leaders would undertake the task of assisting families to settle on the serviced 1ts. - 17 -

V. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT

A. The Borrower and the Executing Agency - OHLM

5.01 The borrower would be the Government of Senegal. The project would be implemented and managed by the OHLM under a decree making OHLM the executing agency of the national site and services program, and a project agreement between the OHIM and IDA.

5.02 The OHLM was created in 1959 to develop urban and rural housing for wage-earners, who are typically of the upper and middle-income population groups (para. 3.02). Utilizing Government grants obtained from a housing tax on all salaries, 1/ 0HIM sells and rents 2/ subsidized housing to families having at least one of their members subj;ct to the housing tax. From 1960 through June 1969, the end of the Second Four-Year Plan period, the OHLM built 3,760 housing units, 1,900 of which are in the Dakar metropolitan area. Operations were to be stepped up dramatically during the Third Plan with a goal of 4,500 units for the 1969/73 period. As of June 1971, 1,500 new units had been completed, all of them in the Dakar metropolitan area; and 2,700 units, some 2,100 in Dakar, are program- med to be completed by June 1973. Until 1969, capital expenditures were financed almost exclusively 3/ by Government out of the proceeds of the housing tax and from the proceeds of sales and rents. To implement the larger program assigned to the OHLM by the Third Plan, the agency had to borrow externally. OHLM obtained 20-year loans at 3.5% annual interest from the French Caisse Centrale de Cooperation Economique (CCCE) and five- year loans at 5.5% annual interest from the Banque Nationale de Develop- pement du Senegal (BNDS) to be applied toward financing part of the housing construction. Engineering and construction supervision for the housing projects have generally been done by OHLM itself, except for a recent operation in Dakar for which consultants have been employed.

5.03 The OHLM has presently a staff of 120 Senegalese and 10 expatriate technical assistants. Most of the Senegalese staff are inexperienced and only one-fifth have had formal professional training. The Director is a Senegalese but the expatriate staff occupy the responsible positions in the engineering and accounting sections. They are

1/ The "housing tax" instituted in 1960 consists of 2% of total salaries paid by all employees drawing a fixed salary and 2% of all salaries up to a ceiling of CFAF 45,000 (US$177) paid by the employers. The annual revenue fram the tax has been around US$5 million over the last three years. 2/ Until 1969, all OHLM housing, except for a small number of units in the urban renewal project, was sold under extended mortgage installments. So far, the sales prices have barely covered the housing unit construction cost. Capital cost of land and infrastructure, interest and management charges have not been included. 3/ Except for some CCCE loans for urban renewal of the Medina. - 18 -

mostly young Frenchmen serving for a limited period of 14-16 months as "volontaires du service national". The effectiveness of the organization and the quality of its work are adversely affected by the lack of continuity of staff in responsible positions as well as by the lack of clear definition of responsibilities among various sections. Accounting and financial operations of OHLM are particularly weak, but the situation has improved since 1970 when the French COCE started lending to OHLM. The present director of OHIM is an experienced Senegalese. However he has only been at OHLM since December 1971 and has recently been nominated for an overseas position which he will take up shortly. The Government has not announced his successor. The choice of the new director could be crucial to the success of the project, and therefore the Government has agreed to maintain in the director's position a person whose qualifications and experience are satisfactory to the Association. The appointment of a director acceptable to the Association is a condition of effectiveness.

B. Project Management and Maintenance

5.o In order to carry out the project efficiently, the OHLM would be reorganized into two separate Directorates -- a Housing Directorate for executing the present housing program and a Site and Services Directorate for carrying out the IDA project and future similar projects of the Govern- ment (Chart 1). This second Directorate would also be responsible for community improvement projects. 1/ In undertaking the management of the project, duties of the new direcTorate are to be divided between the central office of OHIM, in Dakar, and its regional office in Thies. The central office would undertake the engineering and management aspects common to the Dakar and Thies sitee. The existing Thies office of the OHLM, suitably strengthened, would supervise execution and management of projects in the area under its jurisdiction. Given the magnitude of the program in Dakar, field units should be established for management, the number of which would be arrived through trial during project implementation.

5.05 The Site and Services Directorate would also coordinate the activities of other Government agencies involved with the project. The activities of the Direction de la Promotion Humaine (DPH) and the Directorate of Urban- ism and Housing (DUH) require close coordination because DPH would be responsible for formulating and implementing the community development program for OHLM (Annex 9) and DUH would be responsible for issuing building permits to settlers and for enforcement of building codes (Annex 11).

5.06 Success of the project to a great extent relies upon the positive response and involvament of the families who will occupy the serviced lots. This would be achieved through community organization (Annex 9). In organizing the families assigned to the lots, the existing familiar social systems and formal and informal associations would be utilized. At present in

1/ Community improvement: the upgrading of existing low-income settlements, especially squatter settlements, through improving such elements as water, sanitation, health and school facilities. - 19 -

urban areas, the major local administrative unit is the "quartier" headed by a "chef de quartier" who is a local leader or an appointee of the regional governor, assisted by an advisory council of local personalities. Existing quartiers vary greatly in size, however. It is suggested that in Phase I of the project in Dakar, quartiers would be of the order of 100 to 150 households. The site occupants would be organized to undertake both core activities essential to all community units (quartiers), and ancillary activities that would vary in type and number among communities. Among the core activities would be the construction of housing, and the establishment of savings and credit mechanisms (Associations Cooperatives d'Habitat), including means for collection of monthly mortgage payments. The ancillary activities could include the construction of community buildings, training programs, domestic activities such as in child-care, sewing and hygiene, and the promotion of various produce and consumer cooperatives.

5.07 To assist the inhabitants of the sites to organize local groups for participating in the makin3 and implementing of decisions concerning their welfare, a Community Assistance Section will be established in the Site and Services Directorate of OELM. This section will be managed and staffed in the main by the Direction de la ?romotion Humaine (Annex 9). During the project's first year, the Director of OHLM would set up a Monitoring Committee to assess the project's progress with himself as Chairman, and the head of the Site and Services Directorate, the head of the Commnity Assistance Section and the accountant as members.

5.08 The magnitude of the project (15,600 sites to be developed and allocated over a 4-5 year period), its novelty, the limited qualifications of the Senegalese personnel of OHLM and the high turnover of expatriate staff require that technical assistance be provided to assist OHLM in executing the project and to train governuental counterparts to continue with the National Program after project completion. The expert in housing management and project development would be the Project Manager and would serve as head of the new Directorate while training a counterpart to replace him. His appointment and that of the civil engineer and the savings and credit mechanisms expert will be made in consultation with IDA and are conditions of effectiveness.

Maintenance

5.09 Maintenance of the project would be undertaken by the municipal governments,of Dakar and Thies. They will be resposible for carrying out all maintenance and repairs of streets, public water fountains and lavatories, and public lighting. They will ensure collection of garbage and the cleaning of public open spaces, streets, parks and other recreation areas. Considera- tion should be given to turning over some of these responsibilities to the local communities.

C. Financing Plan for the Project

5.10 The OKLM would be responsible for the detailed engineering and the execution of all project elements, and for the management of the project sites. All project funds including IDA funds and Government counterpart - 20 - contribution would be channelled through OHLM during project execution. However, the schools and health clinics costing together some US3.2 million would remain the Government's property. In accordance with the legislation presently in force, the Government will finance the power distribution system in the project area. During negotiations, the Government agreed not to dispose of the system built under the project without the approval of the Association.

5.11 The funds spent for detailed engineering, site preparation infrastructure (except power), and management prior to lot sale, and attributable to individual lot development, will be recouped from lot purchases. These site development costs totalling some US$5. million equivalent, of which the IDA contribution would be US$.1 million, would be passed on to the settlers by OHLM. The repayments over 15 years would be used to create an investment fund for continuation of the National Site and Service- Program after completion of the IDA supported project. During negotiations the Government agreed not to terminate the investment fund without consulting IDA. The accounts of the housing and the site and services divisions would be kept separate, and the budget for the Site and Services Division of OHLM should be agreed upon mutually by the State and OHLM and payments of the Government counterpart funds should be made quarterly in advance. OHLM's present auditor is the Commission des Comptes de la Cour Supreme. This body is overloaded with work and OHLM's accounts have not been audited since 1966/67. As a condition of effectiveness, OHLM would appoint a private firm of auditors satisfactory to the Association that would audit OHLM accounts annually and within four months after the close of the fiscal year.

5.12 The cost of lots to the families settling in the project area would include the cost of land preparation, streets, water distribution system, public sanitary facilities, engineering and management prior to lot sale, but not the cost of schools, health centers and electrification (to be borne by Government). Land would also be provided free. The Govern- ment already controls 75% of the land needed for the project in Dakar and 100% in Thies. A 1964 law placed all land in Senegal that was not the object of a property title under Government control. Because of the traditional pattern of land ownership, very little land in Senegal is in private hands and it is difficult to place a market value on the land that will be used for the project. In Dakar, the lot cost would be US$290 for the families relying entirely on comon facilities, and around US$860 for lots with water connection and septic tank. This latter cost is based on consultant's NEDECO preliminary engineering and cost estimates for a septic tank and appears high in comparison with typical septic tank costs in other countries. Final costs for the lots will be calculated on the basis of actually incurred costs. In Thies, where there will be only one type of lot, its cost would be around US$120.

5.13 Lot attributees would have the option to pay for their lot in a lump sum or, following a downpayment of about 8% of the cost, in monthly installments. In the second case, families settling in Dakar would be paying during 15 years US$3.59 per month which includes interest at some 7% and the cost of management and administration for the common lots and US$8.60 - 21 -

per month for the lots with water connection and septic tanks. 1/ In Thies, monthly payment would be US$2.40. Whether they choose the lumpsun payment or the installment alternative, families relying on public water both in Dakar and Thies, would also pay a sum of US$1.09 equivalent per month toward the estimated cost of water consumption at the public fountains; families with private water connections would pay their water bills directly to the water company. The charges for management and water consumption would be periodically adjusted on the basis of experience.

5.14 Given (a) the newness of this type of site and services project where the recipient families would be repaying the Government for its investment in site development, and (b) the fact that the sites will be occupied by the lower incomed and less stably employed groups in the population, there is a risk that some settlers would default on their payments. In Senegal to date, Government's experience with debt recuperation for housing has been confined to its public housing program where default has averaged about 12% on annual payments due. However, Government has stated that delinquents are eventually depossessed of the unit. The limited information available on debt recuperation with site and services schemes elsewhere in the world, indicates defaults to be common but very variable. However, experience indicates that debt recuperation is much better where responsibility for collection has rested with the local community, a procedure which is being proposed for this project (pare. 5.06, Annex 9). Defaults are high where governments do not impose their rights to evict delinquents. The Government confirmed durirg negotiations that sanctions would be taken against delinquents. For the purpose of developing financial projections, a rate of default of 15% on the annual amounts due has nevertheless been assumed.

5.15 Pro forma income statements, sources and application of funds and balance sheets are given in Tables 10 to 12. Table 11 shows that the Site and Services Division of OHLM would start recovering its investment in Year 3 with some CFAF 69 million (US$270,000) including downpayment and the monthly payments for Phase I of the project in Dakar. From Year 7 on to Year 17, the operating surplus and capital repayments would give the divi- aion some CFAF 104 million (US$400,000) annually for reinvesting into new projects. The annual amounts will decrease in the following three years

1/ This period is typical in Senegal for repayment of housing. Although it may appear short with regards to housing mortgage terms in developed countries, it is rather long for people not accustomed to credit; furthermore, the sums to be recovered are small and to extend the reco-ery period would not make a substantial difference in the monthly payments. The interest rate of 7% is lower than rates of 11-13% charged in a high income private housing development (Builders Development financed through the US Housing Investment Guarantee Program). By comparison, OHLM has not charged interest rate for its houses to date. The monthly payments resulting from applying this rate of interest appear within the means of the project target population. - 22 - as the sites in the various project phases are paid off. The directorate would retain these sums for investment both in site and services projects and in community improvement projects, 1/ and Government has agreed that they would not be used without prior agreement of IDA during the credit disbursement period. Following completion of the project, the annual needs in Dakar would be only those of the population growth and the number of sites needed annually would be 50-60% of those to be produced by the project. In Thies and in the other regional capitals, the needs would be those of the population growth.

VI. SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS

6.01 The main purpose of the project is to initiate a realistic program for stimulating building of housing and for providing related facilities on a scale large enough to alleviate the shortage of housing for the lower income groups. To reach this objective, it is necessary to economize on resource use and public finance. It is in this context that the project is primarily to be evaluated. Though housing is an economic service it is difficult to calculate the economic return of a site and services project, since this element is only a component of the final product, namely housing. However, the rental value of housing that the project would generate can give some measure of the economic benefits. Further indirect socio-economic benefits would accrue from employment generation, control over urban growth, improvement of health etc.,resulting from the project.

6.02 The project provides a lower cost approach to housing than public housing programs. In Dakar, over a 5-year period, the project would accommodate some 14,000 families at a cost of about US$5.3 million equivalent. 2/ Over an equal time period (1967-71), a 80% greater Government investment both in public and semi-public housing programs has resulted in the production of some 4,000 new housing units, which have been occupied by only the city's wealthier inhabitants (Table 13).

6.03 Over the next five years, the proposed project should thus lead to a much larger number of housing units than would otherwise be constructed. Table 14 shows a comparison of courses of action for the next five years in Dakar with and without the project. Over 5 years more than 20,000 housing units would be produced with the project versus some 12,500 without. Total costs of producing the 20,000 units with the project, including the estimated value of self-help would be roughly equal to the cost of producing 12,500 without the project. However, public investment with the project would be some 25% lower. The project would make such reductions possible by providing a large number of building sites and also technical assistance. Clearly the

1/ "Community improvement" consists of upgrading public infrastructure and _services in existing settlements.,especially squatter settlements.

2/ Included is the cost of site preparation and infrastructure, minus power. Social facilities such as education and health are excluded. - 23 - level of public housing production and cost reduction that would actually occur parallel to the project cannot be estimated precisely and the calculation accordingly only indicates orders of magnitude for the number of units and costs of alternative programs.

6.04 As mentioned above, the project not only provides a less expensive way to produce housing than the public housing programs, but it shifts more of the burden from the State onto the private sector. The sites developed by the project would provide an incentive for self-help housing construction and for a substantial mobilization of private savings and labor. Based on experience in both Senegal and elsewhere, the value of private housing investment, assuming a typical dwelling of 60 m2, should be between about US$800 and US$1,600 equivalent per lot, or a total of about US$14 million for the project, over a ten-year period. Roughly 40% of this can be considered the product of the self-help component -- the difference between the cost of materials and value of the completed dwelling. This calculation does not include the variety of ancillary structures that are often built. Compared to the above private investments, the Government would make an.average investment of some US$60 equivalent per lot excluding certain primary infrastructure normally provided from public funds. 1/

6.05 Based on available information on rents in Dakar, the likely rental value of housing produced as a result of this project is estimated at US$3.90 million per annum. Assuming a 20-year life of the housing structures, this rent would result in a reate of return on the total US$21.4 million investment of 18%, or if land value and self-help labor are excluded, a 27% rate of return on an investment of US4.1 million. For a sensitivity analysis a minimum rental value of US$2.h0 million was estimated, which would yield returns of 9.5% and 14% respectively for the above investments (Table 15).

6.06 The project would also have an important direct impact on employment. Labor costs for construction, including land preparation, installation of infrastructure and the building of schools, clinics and public lavatories, would amount to about 30% of the project cost or sane US$4 million equivalent. The involvement of some 16,000 families in the labor- intensive task of constructing their own houses would also have direct employment consequences. Though it is not possible to estimate the extent, experience indicates that families often hire labor from other families of

l/ Based on total cost of the project (including 25% contingencies) and the complementary program (including value of land possessed by the Govern- ment) but excluding construction costs of education and health facilities and primary highway, water, and power infrastructure. - 24 - the area for a significant part of the work involved. There would also be construction of structures to house the dependent land uses that accompany any residential development; retail stores, entertainment establishments, etc. Construction activity would stimulate the development of small labor- intensive enterprises involved in the production of building materials. From experience elsewhere, the employment creation benefits are likely to extend beyond the actual construction of the project and related housing. The momentum from the community organization build-up and the realization that self-help methods are practical can have a wider impetus to local production and employment.

6.07 Major indirect socio-economic benefits are apparent. The project would provide greater control over the growth of two urban areas. This is particularly the case with the Dakar project area both on account of its size and location in relation to existing developed areas. At present, urban growth is occurring on an ad hoc basis with settlement typically preceding installment of infrastructure. The resulting random pattern of settlement (often referred to as "leap-frogging") leads to considerably higher costs in the eventual provision of public facilities. This results from the linking of facilities, including transport, across unused or under- utilized land between randomly .located population concentrations. More orderly and contiguous development can be serviced more cheaply. Moreover, cost of installing infrastructure in established squatter settlements or poorly controlled private developments is increased by the need to remove existing structures in clearing land for drainage, water and sewerage facilities, and roads. Also haphazard patterns of development are likely to result in a less efficient layout of roads and facilities. Provision for community services, such as schools, health centers and open space for recreation, is also more expensive when installed after the land has been settled than before. Information obtained in another country having had substantial experience both with planned and unplanned settlements indicates that costs of providing infrastructure in established settlements ranged between 2 and 5 times the costs of developing infrastructure for new settlements depending upon density and form of development.

6.08 Important social benefits would be obtained by households occupying the project areas. The quality of the physical environment would be superior to that of the squatter settlements, the low and most of the medium standard districts of Dakar (Annex 13) due to a combination of superior facilities and services, low densities and well designed site planning. The better facilities and services would contribute to better health conditions for the population. Health statistics show that in Dakar, cases of malaria are reported primarily in squatter settlements while the other districts are exempt. Also, in Dakar intestinal parasites are evidenced in 75% of the children of squatter settlements versus 10% in other districts.

6.09 Consideration would also be given to the problem of considerable stress that arises in confronting social change and a new physical environment brought about by the migrant's move from a more traditional rural environment to a less traditional urban one. By providing perceptible links with familiar social and physical conditions through such factors as promoting the maintenance of some traditional formal and informal institutions and group settlement, and reducing the problem of finding adequate shelter in the city, this stress would be reduced. - 25 -

6.10 The project would also have an income distribution effect by di- recting Government investment in housing and related facilities toward lower income groups. The high standard housing being built by Government is financed primarily by the housing tax levied against all workers with a regular salaried income (para. 5.02). However, because of the high cost of OHLM housing, access to such quarters has been reserved for people with salaries above US$100-120 monthly. People with lower salaries have had no chance to obtain OHLM housing or serviced sites, although they pay the housing tax. Moreover, through their taxes they have been subsidizing the wealthiest, since the OHLM sales prices and rents have only barely covered the housing unit construction cost. Capital cost of land, infrastructure, interest and management charges have not been included.

6.11 Besides constructing their own houses, the settlers would repay the Goverment for its investment in land preparation and infrastructure (excluding power and extensions of primary infrastructure networks) and thus the non-recoverable element of public investment per household would be substantially smaller than it has been in public housing. Settlers would also pay for management and financing charges and the only element of subsidy would be land (see para 5.12). The investment fund into which the settlers' payments would be made would, -over the 18-year period covering recovery of project investment, obtain approximately US$7.0 million for reinvestment in the National Site and Services Program. Complementary investments in education and health facilities, technical assistance and primary infrastructure are typically not charged directly to individual households.

6.12 The costs attributed to the settlers seem reasonable in comparison to present costs of other urban accommodation and are within their ability to pay while undertaking the construction of their dwellings. Monthly payments for the typical serviced lot in Dakar, including interest, management and water charges, would represent from 3 to 8% of the monthly household income of the target population. The very lowest income group of the lot occupants, by expending the same amount on housing construction or US$9 a month for both lot and house construction could complete a typical housing unit of 60 m2 of floor space built in stages within 10 years using the family's manpower and without taking into account any accumulated savings. l/ Most households could complete their housing in less than half this time and the poorer families could also reduce the time required by renting space to others. In comparison, the typical monthly payment for a 60 m2 public housing unit on a 15-year mortgage basis has been US$25 equivalent. Current expenditures for housing and water in the Medina, a district of Dakar with medium residential standards (Annex 13), are about US$7.20 equivalent and in the very low standard squatter settlement of Dakar Irreguliers, about US$5.10 (Table 16). Transport expenditures would generally be higher in the project area than in the central districts. In Pikine Ancien and Pikine Ir- regulier household transport expenditures average some US$5 per month or about double those in Dakar Irregulier, the central squatter settlement. However, settlers of the project site would be households that have reached a fairly stable income level and could afford such transport costs. In the

1/ The total cost of such a unit would be US$780 equivalent, of which about 60% would be for materials. - 26 -

Medina, although a central location, household transport expenditures average US$5.60 monthly.

6.13 Of the longer term aspects, the greatest benefit of the project should be that of institution building. This would arise both from the development of the OH4 directorate responsible for the National Site and Services Program and from the influence on the overall housing program of the Government. With regard to the former, the technical assistance element of the project should result in a considerable upgrading of the management capabilities of the Senegalese authorities. With regard to the second, the conception of the project as part of a phased and flexible approach to the housing problems of the country should provide the basis for extending and adapting the program to meet future needs in other parts of the country as well as Dakar and Thies, and provide a practical demonstration of the merits of the site and services approach as compared to other ways of tackling the problems.

VII. RECOMMENDATIONS

7.01 Daring negotiations, agreement was reached with the Government regarding:

(a) the reorganization of the executing agency OHLM to carry out the National Site and Services Program (para. 5.o);

(b) the creation in OHIM of an investment fund for future site and services projects that will receive the capital and interest payments from the purchasers of the sites developed by the project (pars. 5.11);

(c) the personnel to be assigned to OHLM by other governmental agencies for the execution of the project (para. 5.07); and

(d) Government provision for relocation of squatters in its present squatter settlement removal program in a manner not detrimental to the project (para. 4.12).

7.02 / The following will be conditions for effectiveness of the proposed credit:

(a) ratification of the project agreement by the OHLM Board of Directors;

(b) completion of the OHLM decree for the purpose of carrying out the National Site and Services Program (para. 5.01);

(d) establishment of a model sales contract (Annex 10); - 27 -

(e) employment of 5 technical assistants (para. 4.10); (f) establishment of a Site and Services Directorate, a Com- munity Assistance Section and a Monitoring Committee in OHLM (paras. 5.04-5.07);

(g) establishment of model statutes for the Associations Cooperatives d'Habitat (para. 5.06);

(h) appointment of an OHLM Director whose qualifications and experience are satisfactory to the Bank (para. 5 .03);

(i) employment of auditors satisfactory to the Association (para. 5.11); and

(j) establishment of terms of reference for the criteria study (para. 4.12).

7.03 The proposed project constitutes a suitable basis for an IDA credit of US$8.0 million to Senegal.

ANNEX 1 Page 1

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

METROPOLITAN DAKAR - DEMOGRAPHY

1. Available statistical information on Dakar demography is scattered in several documents. However, none of them indicate the accuracy of censuses, surveys or estimates. Therefore, the figures suggested by the various sources and given in Table 1- were compared to identify possible discrepancies. Two population estimates should be considered cautiously. The 195's and the 1970's. Most authors and statisticians agree that the former is underestimated and that a 10% increase at least would be advisable. The 1970 figure comes from a preliminary study in preparation to the comprehensive census of which final results are not yet available. Forecasts had suggested a population of about 660,000 people for the Cap Vert Region in 1970, while an enumeration conducted prior to the census itself gave a population of 548,000 for the Region.

A. Total Population - Past Trends

2. The main features of the demographic evolution of Dakar are as follows (see Table 1 and Chart 1): a) World War II broke trends that had materialized since the early 1920's. For two decades, population had increased with some regularity at a rate of 7.66% per year;

b) after World War II, population growth resumed at a similar (or higher) rate for approximately six to seven years, but slowed down toward the mid-1950's; and

c) since Independence in 1958, the deflation of the foreign population increased the impression of fall for the population growth rate, and the 1970 population can reasonably be estimated at some 550,000.

3. Should the 1960-68 trends be extrapolated, this would mean a 1980 population of about 700,000. This figure should be considered as an absolute minimum since it implies that growth would continue at a rate which corresponds actually to a period where massive departures took place.

1/ Tables presented in this appendix refer to the Dakar Metropolitan Area, not to the city itself, nor to the entire Cap Vert Region. ANNEX 1 Page 2

Non-African Population

4. The evolution of this population reveals the same structure as the overall population of Dakar up to 1957 (Table 2, Chart 1). Since that date, 15,000 to 20,000 foreigners left Dakar. However, no precise information is available on the non-African community beyond 1961, when it began to decrease. One source suggests that over the 1961-65 period the non-African population would have decreased by some 16,000; however, the actual size of the non-African population mentioned by this source has practically no common measure with figures presented by other authors.

5. On the basis of the evolution of the non-African population for Senegal as a whole, it is estimated that the 1970 non-African population of the Dakar Metropolitan Area should have been about 30,000. The same figure will be kept for the non-African population in 1980 to account for continuing out-migration on the one hand, and natural growth of this population on the other.

African Population - Recent Evolution

6. Between the two Wbrld Wars, the African population increased with some regularity at an annual rate of 6.34% (Table 2, Chart 1). After World War II, the rate went up to 13.3% over the 1945-48 period, then decreased to 6.81% between 1951 and 1961. It probably went below 6.0 between 1951 and 1970, since that rate would correspond to an African population of 550,000 in 1970 which we estimated to be the overall population in Dakar at that date.

7. A substantial fraction of the population increase is due to migration. For the year 1960, two sources provide information on natural growth rates: the Census (C.) and the Municipal Records (M.R.).

Metropolitan Area Cap Vert

Source C. M.R. C. M.R.

Birth Rate % 5.10 4.52 4.59 5.02 Death Rate % 1.58 0.80 0.86 1.53

Rate of Natural Growth % 3.52 3.72 3.73 3.49

Source: Seck I; pp 48-49

Accounting for over- and/or under-estimate of these various rates, it seems that 3.6% per year is a realistic figure for the rate of natural growth. Consequently, the rate of migration in 1960 would be approximately 2.3% if the overall growth rate for the African population nears 5.9%. ANNEX 1 Page 3

B. African Population - Forecast

Natural Growth

8. The rate of natural growth of the population of Senegal is expected to go from a 2.2% in 1960 to a 2.6% in 1975, as an effect of a stable birth rate and a decreasing death rate. The latter change will affect both urban and rural areas, and is expected to increase pressure on land. However, the growing involvement of the Government in rural areas including the opening of new areas in the southeast of the country may asuseed in keeping that pressure at a stable level, therefore keeping urban migration rates from increasing substantially.

9. Estimate of natural population changes for the entire country and for Dakar are as follows:

Senegala-d 1960 1970 1975 1980 Birth rate % 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 Death rate % - 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8

Natural Growth Rate % 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8

Dakark

Birth rate % 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 Death rate % 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0

Natural Growth Rate 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8

a/ Country Economic Report. S/ The estimate is based on the fact that the situation in Dakar already reflects the betterment of health conditions to come in other places, and further improvement will thus be slower than for the country as a whole.

Higrations

10. No document available differentiates the migration flows of Africans from those of non-Africans. The rate of orth by migration for the total population remained between 2.3% and 3A over the last 40 years. ' ng,the same period, the rate of migration for non-Africans was about 3.5#'. Moreover, the sudden influx of non-Africans was mainly responsible for variation in the

1/ Dakar en Devenir; p. 49. T/ Seek I; p. 48 ANNEX 1 Page 4

growth rate of overall migration.!/ Therefore, two assumptions were considereds

a) the 1960's annual rate of 2.3% of growth by migration for Africans is kept for the period 1970-80; and

b) as an effect of the continuing Africanization of Dakar, the migration rate would increase; in which case a 2.5% seems plausible.

1980 Estimates

11. The cumulation of the assumptions made for natural growth and for migrations come up to two possible overall growth rates:

Hypotheses I 3.7 and 2.3 = 6.0% per year Hypotheses II 3.8 and 2.5 = 6.3% per year.

In 1970, the African population was approximately 520,000 people. It would thus be between 931,000 and 958,000 in 1980.

The Population of Metropolitan Dakar in 1980

12. The estimates above of the African population and the estimated non-African population of some 30,000 in 1980 would give a total for the Metropolitan Area of Dakar in 1980 of 961,000 or 988,000 people.

13. In 1967 the Dakar Master Plan consultants had forecasted a 1980 population of 1,133,000 for Dakar and in 1970 French consultants, BCE04, forecasted a 1980 population of 943,000.

1/ See Table 2.

March 20, 1972 DAKAR METROPOLITAN AREA

POPULATION TRENDS

TOTAL POPULATION NON-AFRICAN POPULATION AFRICAN POPULATION

900,000 _____ - 0.000 0w,00w

800,000 M0,000 - 800,~00

1000_ 600000.wo--

600.000: - 60,00. - - 00,0m_

SENEGAL 500,00- 50, 1 500000

CAP VERT __ 400.0W< - - _ _ ------40,000__- 4 000)_

300,000 --- ___- -1- 300--,0000

DAKA R METROP0LITAN AREA

200,0001 200,0<------,---- 0.0200,000__ ---- - 200,00------a-

100,000 ------_---- - 10.000 ------100.000 UvHI ECIEOGD w vv 1 D UNDERESTRMATED

1960 1970 1930 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 <970 180 T 1910 1920 1930 1940 1960 1970 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950

WoLmRnk69

ANNEX 2 Page 1

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

DAKAR - EMLOYMENT AND INCOME

A. Overall Employment - Past Trends

1. Information on overall employment is available at three points in time: 1955, 1964, 1969. However, the data came from three different sources, the reliability of which cannot be appraised easily. Moreover, inconsistency in definitions makes any comparison difficult.

2. 1955: The 1955 Census data are underestimated but they should offer a gross picture of the situation at that date (it is generally agreed that a 10% t9 15% increase of absolute figures is advisable). On the basis of A.Hauser-1 employment was estimated as follows:

Population Declared A A over 14 yrs an And have Permanent Temporary of age Occupation a Job Job Job

Total 155,000 79,000 72,900 57,000 15,900 Africans 135,000 66,000 60,900 46,oo0 04,900 Non-Africans 20,000 13,000 12,000 11,000 1,000

Accordingly, in 1955 some 37% of the active population (over 14 years of age) were employed on a stable basis.

3. 1964: In 1964 the following employment statistics were published by the "Office de le Main d'Oeuvref: ab/ Metropolitan Dakara C Vertb/ (Rural Areas Excluded)

Number Number Employed % Egployed %

Agric-Forestry-Fishing 653 ( 1.4) 763 ( 1.5) Mining 703 ( 1.5) 667- ( 1.3) Manufacturing 12,914 (26.8) 14,516 (27.0) Construction 8,111 (16.8) 9,715 (18.6) Public Utilities 1,991 ( .1) 2,066 ( 3.9) Banking, Insurance, Commerce 9,129 (19.0) 9,791 (18.7) Transport 9,297 (19.3) 9,212/ (17.6) Other Services 5,362 (11.1) 5,374 (10.3) 48,160 100i 52,104 100 a/ Source: a. Hauser of cit., pp. 364-365. F/ Source: S. Diop - Dakar en Devenir, p.88 . c/ These figures are not compatible with their correspondent for the Metropolitan Area.

1/ See Dakar en Devenir, pp. 360-361. AIIEX 2 Page 2

4. The information above was provided by employers and is not reliable for the public sector (though the sector is responsible for a very substantial part of all employment) and for agriculture. In 1964 for Senegal as a whole 4,000 only of the non-tenured state Inployees were reported instead of 21.0001- In Dakar approximately 17,500 peopleV were working in the public sector. As- suming that in Dakar the survey of the public sector was as poor as for the entire country, then about 14,200 employees should be added to the totals presented before. This alone would bring to 62,400 the number of salaried people who in 1964 were employed on a fairly stable basis in the Dakar Metropolitan Area. If the numbpr of agricultural workers is also adjusted the overall figure comes to 65,7004 Then te ratio of population employed.on a "permanent" basis to active population is 28.7%.

5. 1969: In 1969 a socio-economic survey was conducted by Dutch Consultant NEDECO. According to that survey 30% of the active popul4tion or 85,000 people could be considered as employed on a permanent basis..1 This covers persons:

-,with a permanent salaried position; - engaged in a private business (most of them in commerce); - considered by their employer as non-permanent but whose activity was in fact stable.

B. Forecast of 1980 Permanent African Employment

6. The non-African population takes advantage of a privileged situation which should not drastica6y change over the next decade, despite continuing trends of Africanization.- The non-African population pa;- akes to a great extent in the population of Dakar with permanent jobs; 61%-' of this active population have a permanent activity. We can, therefore, infir that the corresponding ratio for the African population nears 28% in 1970 if we consider that 30% is a realistic figure for that fraction o /the total active population with a permanent job. C rquently, out of 85,800- stable positions occupied in Dakar in 1970, 76,301 would be held by Africans. The 1970 sectorial

1/ See Hauser, op. cit., p. 363. T/ See A. Diop, op. cit., p. 88 (The figure of 35,000 employees in Sznegal is confirmed by Bank economic reports). I/ Agriculture accounts for 5 to 6% of stable employment, of. Hauser op. cit., p. 367 and NEDECO Report Plan Directeur, Tome II, Etudes Sociologiqus, Table 29. 4/ In 1964, the Dakar population was about 440,000 people, of which 52% were over 14 years of age (i.e. 229,000). 5/ NEDECO, op. cit. E/ Which involves essentially public and para-public sectors. f/ See Seek op. cit., p. 53. V/ There are 577 non-Africans for 10,000 Africans. 9/ In 1970, the overall population is 550,000 people of which 52% (286,000) are over lb years of age. If 30% of this active population have a job, then there would be 85,80 jobs in 1970. 10/ The African population is 520,000 people in 1970 of which 270,400 are over l4 years of age. If about 28% of these have permanent jobs, then 76,300 positions would be occupied by Africans. ANNEX 2 Page 3 distribution of African employment given below is based on the 1964 distribution given by Hauser 1 and adjusted for the agricultural and public sectors.

1970 African Employment Dakar etropolitan Area

Number Emplyed %

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing 5,270 ( 6.9) Mining 850 ( 1.1) Manufacturing 15,S50 (20.4) Construction 9,980 (13.1) Public Utilities 2,440 ( 3.2) Banking, Insurance, Commerce 8,870 (11.6) Transport 11,530 (15.1) Other Services (Government included) 21,820 (28.6) 76,300 100

7. For Senegal as a whole, the Bank economic mission has reviewed production by economic sectors and forecasted growth rates as follows:

1965-68 (1961-64)-(1965-68) 1959-68 1968-74 1974-80 Share in GDP

Agriculture 3.7 )3 8 16.0 31.2 Fishing 5.2 3.0 Mining 14.7 0. Manufacturing 4.8 5.5)6.3 5.5) 7.7 5.5 13.5 Utilities 8.0 ) ) 2.1 Construction 1.1 6.0 2.9 Transport 5.0 3.0 6.3 Public Administration -4.3 2.6 13.4 Other Sources 2.8 5.3* 27.1 2.5 5.5 5.0 100.0 a Staff estimate.

w' Current Economic Situation and Prospects of Senegal. Volume I - Main Report - p. 6. b/ Ibid, p. 42; and Volume V, Industry, p.2 . c/ In a/, pp. 42-43 and b/, p. 34. d/ In a/, p. 51a.

Note: The Bank Economic Mission (Volume V. p. 34, June 1970) projected that 3.5% of the industrial production would be due to growth of labor productivity and 2% to growth in employment.

I' Op. cit., pp. 36-365; see Table No. 1. ANNX 2 P age 4

8. These national growth rates of production by sector have been adapted to the limited context of the Dakar area and growth rates for employment derived as follows:

Senegal Dakar Metropolitan Area Production Production Employment 1970-80 1970-80 1970-60 Growth Rate Growth Rate Growth Uate

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing 6.0 .6.02 .0 Mining, Manufacturing, Utilities 6.1b{ 7.0 Construction 6.0 8.0 4.5 Transport 3.0 4.0 4.0 Services 4.6 5.0 .o a/ This sector is considered to be geared essentially to "feeding" the Dakar population, the growth rate of which nears o%. b/ Resulting from four years at 7.7% per year and six years at 5.5% per year.

As a result, the number of permanent jobs held by Africans in the Dakar Metropolitan area would be 118,560 in the year 1980. This figure corresponds to a 4.5% average annual growth rate for permanent employment, while the population will grow at approximately 6.2% over the same period (1970-80).

1980 African !)ployment Dakar Metropolitan Area

Number Employed A

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing 9,440 8.0 Mining, Manufacturing, Utilities 26,570 22. 4 Construction 15,500 13.1 Transport 17,060 14.4 Services 49,990 42.1 118,560 100.0

C. 1980 Non-Permanent African Employment

9. It should be reminded that the 118,560 figure for permanent employment in 1980 (a) is related to the African population only, (b) includes the artisan population, and (c) is probably slightly over-estimated, to the extent that it results from a cumulation of sectorial projections based on growth rates corresponding to the 1968-74 period. Later a decrease of these rates is expected in the late 1970's following a recovery from the particularly unfavorable conjuncture of the second half of the 1960's. ANNEX 2 Page 5

10. Beyond the permanently employed, a substantial fraction of the population has temporary jobs. Four methods can be used to forecast the volume of this employment:

a) assume that this type of employment has the same growth rate as permanent employment;

b) assume that permanen and temporary employments are in a constant proportion;--

c) assume that the fraction of the active populat'on with non-permanent employment is stable over time -i.

d) assume that the fraction of the active population with permanent or non-permanent employment is stable over time.

However, the last method is a priori too optimistic given the projections of permanent employment above. The other three methods suggest the following figures: 21,000; 19,750; and 23,000. In fact, the third method also fails to account for the gap between the growth rates of population (about 6%) and permanent employment (about 4.5%). Therefore, it seems that a figure of 20,500 is uost realistic for people employed on a non-permanent basis in 1980.

D. Income Distribution - 1980

11. The NEDECO Sociologicaj/ Survey (1969) provides income distributions for four classes of "positions":- higher, middle, lower (modem), and traditional. On the other hand, we have a description for 1964Z of "professional status" by economic sector of activity (for Africans and non-Africans). Definition of "positions" and Ustatus" seem coherent.

12. It was assumed that the 1964 structures (Table 2) would not change drastically except for the Service Sector (Government and other services, plus the Bank-Insurance-Commerce Sector). For this sector, a new distribution of positions (for Africans) was assumed to account for:

a) stability in the Bank-Insurance-Commerce and in the other services sub-sectors with regard to the positions occupied by Africans;

b) tendency for Africans to take over more positions offered in Government related activities.

It was also assumed that income distribution for the "traditional" category (Table 3) would apply to the permanently employed in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing. The same distribution was used for the non-permanently employed, except for the category of monthly incomes above CFAF100,00 (Table 3).

1/ See NEDECO, op. cit., Table 31. T/ See Table 27 in NEDECO, op. cit. / See Hauser, op. cit., pp. 364-365. ANNE X 2 Page 6

13. Finally, the 1980 income distribution of employed people in Dakar derived in Table 4 can be summarized as follows:

Monthly Income % of (CFAF) Employed 0 - 15.,000 20.2 15,000 - 30,000 35.4 30,000 - 60,000 21.5 60,000 - 100,000 11.3 Over 100,000 11.6

100.0

March 21, 1972 ANNEU 2 Page 7 TABLE 1

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

DAKLR METROPOLITAN AREA

1964 - AFRICAN MPLOYNENT BY SECTOR

Declared Adjusted Permanent I ploymentil Permanent Employment

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing 6 34 (non-Africans:19) 3,934i" Mining 638 638 Manufacturing 11,600 1,600 Construction 7,454 7,454 Public Utilities 1, 824 l,824 Banking Insurance Commerce 6,622 (non-Africans:2,507) 6,622 Transport 8,607 8,607 Government & Other Services 4,286 (non-Africans:1,076) 16,2913/

41,665 56,970

1/ Source: Haauser op. cit., pp 364-365. 7/ The 3,300 agricultural jobs not declared were assumed to be held by Africans; the non-Africans on agriculture being a few and occupying higher status positions. 3/ In Government, for the 17,500 positions recorded only 3,300 jobs were reported. Of the 14,200 people to be added to previous figures, 12,000 were estimated to be Africans. This estimate was arrived at as follows: In the "other services sector 2,062 jobs were declared (4,286 + 1,076 - 3,300) of which 1,496 were assumed to be held by Africans (by analogy with the "Banking, Insurance & Commercel sector). Therefore, 2,790 Africans declared a job in government (4,286 - 1,496) for 510 non-Africans (3,300 - 2,790). It was assumed that among people who had a job in government but failed to declare it the ratio of Africans to total was the same ( 85% ). Thus, of the 1 4,200 additions to the "government" sector jobs declared 12,005 were taken as Africans.

MArch 21, 1972 ANNEK 2 Page 8 TABLE 2

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

DAKAR METROPOLITAN AREA

DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMNT BY ECONOMIC SECTOR AND STATUS - 1964 (in percent)

Mining Services Manufacturing - and Africans Utilities Construction Transport Government (Employers Higher(Executives 0.4 0.4 (Professionals 1. 2.6 (Family Business

(Technicians Middle(Skilled Workers 14.5 7.2 27.3 (Employees

(Semi-skilled Workers Lower (Unskilled Workers 85.1 92.4 71.4 39.4 (Apprentices

100 100 100 100 & staff estimate

Source: Hauser, Dakar en Devenir, pp. 364-365. March 21, 1972 ANNE- 2 Page 9 TABLE 3

SENIEGAL

SITE AND SERVIGWES PfJECT

DAKAR IETIPOLITAI AP

I11CODE DISTIBLUTIO.7 FOR TRADITIONAL AND NON-PERMATENT EMPLOY NT - 1969

Monthly 5 of Incone (FAF) iloyed

0 - 1i,000 35.0 1.1,000 - 30,000 33.0 30,000 - 60,000 6.0 60,000 - 100,000 1.0 Over 100,000 2_.0 Total 100.0

Source: ED30 - Table 27.

TUORARI EITIOYM<

Monthly , o Inco-me (CFAF) Ease mployd

0 - 15,000 35.0 45 1l,000 - 30,000 33.0 30,000 - (0,000 6.0 9 C0 000 - 100,000 1.0 Over 100,000 1.0 1 Total 77.5 100

Staff estimate

Mrch 21, 1972 AIGXC 2 Page 10 TABLE 4

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES P)JECT

DAKAR METROPOLITAN AREA

1980 - SECTORIAJL MPLOYMNT BY STATUS

Status Total Higher Middle Lower Sectors Employment (H) (M) (L) Mining Manufacturing Utilities 26,570 10 3,53 22,,ll (100) (0.4) (14-5) (d5.1) Construction 15,500 62 1,11b 14,322 (100) (0.4) ( 7.2) (92.4) Transportation 17,060 222 4,c57 12,1j1 (100) (1.3) (27.3) (71.4) Services 49,990 1,400 28, d94 19,ø96 (100) (.) (57.d) (39.,") Total 109,120 1,790 38, 520 cb,U10

Source: Table 2.

PERCENTAGE DISTRIibUTION EY STATUS 0R SECTORS AND INC0IE GROUPS (CFAF '000 per month)

Olass 0-15, 15-30 30-50 50-100 Over 100 Total

Higher 1,790 0 I 23 28 48 100 Middl 38,520 1 17 43 27 12 100 Lower 68,310 22 45 15 6 12 100 Traditional 9,1140 35 33 8 1 23 100 Temporcry 20,500 45 42 9 3 i 100 Total 139,060

Source: NEDE0 Table 27 an,d Table .

19ü0 - II COME DISTRIEUTIOiJ OF EMPLOYLD PZRSOUS (OFAF 1000)

s 0-5 15-30 30-50 50-100 Over 100 Total

Higher 0 l1 1l1 501 659 1,790 Middle 385 o,5h 15,55 10,100 4,t22 33,320 1o,,er 15,138 30,9c5 10,321 h,129 8,257 ca, l0 Traditional 3,305 3,115 7.5 914 2,1l 91a Temporary 9,225 ,0 ,815 615 205 20,0

Total 26,053 49,25 29,98 9 5, 739 16,11 139,00

20.2 . 2 15 11.~ . 10.0

March 2J, 1972 ANINEX 3 Page 1

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

ESTIMATE OF NEEDS FOR SITE AND SERVICES PLOTS

A. Households' Incomes - 1968-69

1. The survey conducted in 1968-69 by consultants NEDECO established that households with income under CFAF100,000 per month were distributed as follows:

Income per month Distribution I Distribution II (000 CFAF) (HWNSI* excluded) (HWNSI included)

0 - 10 25.9 31.3 10 - 20 31.9 30.4 20 - 30 19.3 17.5 30 - 40 9.0 8.2 40 - 50 7.1 6.4 50 - 100 6.8 6.2 Total 100.0 100.0

Number of House- holds Surveyed 1201 1321

SIWNSI = households with no steady income Source: NEDECO, Sociological Survey, Table 46

2. The HWNSI represent some 9% of the households and their income distribution is as follows:

Income Per month Absolute (000 CFAF) Number

0 - 10 102 85 10 - 20 18 15

120 100 ANNEX 3 Page 2

B. Projected Household Size - 1980

3. In 1961, the survey of family budgets revealed an average size of 6.9 people (see Dakar en Devenir, pp. 251-252), on the basis of the two following distributions:

Monthly Average Expenditures % of Size of (000 CFAF) Households Households

0 - 5 2.6 3.5 5 - 10 14.6 3.5 10 - 15 21.1 5.8 15 - 20 17.1 6.5 20 - 30 18.9 8.o 30 - 50 15.9 8.8 Over 50 9.8 10.5

100.0 (6.d8)

That survey did not cover households with income over CFAF100,0 per mnth while these households are known to be among the largest. Therefore, it can be assumed that in 1961 the average size of households was probably close to 7.0. In 1968-69, the African population of the Dakar area was of about 66,000 households with an average size of 7.2 people to which an average o. 0.65 other person could be associated. Assuming that family size will continue to increaset it can be expected to reach some 7.4 persons in 19L0 to whom 0.7 or 0.8 other persons might be associated. Therefore, the number of households in Dakar area in 1980 should be close to 112,000.

C. Projected Households Distribution by Income - 1980

4. It was assumed that in 1980 steady income would be secured in 90, of the households (an optimistic duplication of the situation around 1970) by the head or some other member of the family. The income distribution of households was assumed to be the same as that of 1968-69 modified for those with steady income. For the HWNSI, they would be in the 0-10,000 CFAF per month bracket for 90% of them; the rest would be in the next income bracket. The overall income distribution (for households with less than CFAF 100,000 per month) is as follows:

1/ Which seems coherent with the stable birth rate and the decreasing death rate identified in Appendix 1 on demography. ANNEX 3 Page 3

Monthly Income Households with less than Bracket HWSI HWNSI 100,000 CFAF per month ('000 GFAF) w (%))M

0 - 10 27 90 33.3 10 - 20 32 10 29.8 20 - 30 19 17.1 30 - 40 9 8.1 40 - 50 7 6.3 50 - 100 6 Total 100 100 100.0

Weight 0.9 0.1

3. Adding the fraction of households with incomes above CFAF100,OO0 per month or about 2,% of all households (see NEDECO, sociological survey, Table 40) gives the following 1980 household income distribution:

Monthly Income Total Number of (000 OFAF) Households 0 - 10 36,540 10 - 20 32,720 20 - 30 18,770 30 - 40 8,890 109,760 40 - 50 6,910 50 - 100 5,930 Over 100 - 1 (2% of total)

112,000

D. Estimate of Needs for Site and Services Plots

6. Income Bracket for the Target Population: The lots to be developed by the project are directed to families with incomes too low to qualify for public housing of the OHLM type, but however sufficient to (a) pay the monthly installments on the lots and (b) invest in the construction and improvement of their housing. These two constraints determine the upper and lower income limits to qualify for a lot in the project.

7. So far, the access to OHLM housing has been limited to families in which the principal wage earner has a stable income of at least CFAF 25,000 (US$98) per month. Since OHM intends now to reduce the amount of subsidy that was previously applied to its rents and sales by including all project costs into rent calculation (subsidization would remain in the form of very low interest rates), the minimum income of potential OHLM customers will tend to rise. Consequently, the upper income limit to qualify for a lot under the project has been set at OFAF 30,000 (US$117) per month for the principal wage ANNEX 3 Page 11

earner, which corresponds to a family income of some CFAF37,10) (US$145). Chart 1 shows the relationship between the principal income in the family and total family revenues. This upper income limit will be increased up to CFAF5O,J00 in the case of very large families (10 children or more) which, although they could afford public housing, would not have enough floor space.

.9. The lower income limit is more difficult to define in view of the lack of detailed information on the very low income segment of the population. Also, it is likely that whatever limit is set, there will be people below it that would be willing to pay for a site and build some housing, while some above the limit would not. Based on available information, it appears that the lower monthly family income limit for the project's target population should be in the CFAF10,000 to 15,000 range. The Government has proposed t( require that people applying for a site can justify a minimum income (principal earner) of CFAF12,000 (US$47) per month, corresponding to a monthly family income of some CFAF14,500 (US$57). This figure corresponds to the officially defined "minimum salary" or SMIG (Salaire Minimum Interprofessionnel Garanti). Although such a figure is rather theoretical in Senegal, given the high level of unemployment, it still reflects a minimum deemed necessary to live beyond a mere subsistence level. Furtier- more, this income should be sufficient to permit the family to build a cheap, but decent, house over a reasonable period of about 6 years without accounting for any savings that they may have.

9. The need for urban accommodation of families in the income bracke,. described above consists of two parts: (a) the need related to the growth of the population, and (b) the unsatisfied need of the existing population living in districts with low and very low residential environmental conditions. These needs have been estimated in detail for Dakar where socio-economic data are available (para. 12 to 18). The estimate of needs for Thies is more global.

1J. Need of the Growing Dakar Population: In 1973 of all the 614,700 households with monthly incomes under CFAF1,3000, some 80' or 55,'3 households had monthly incomes under CFAF37,000 (see Chart 2). In 1983, it is estimated that of the 110,030 households with less than CFAF100,000 monthly, some 93,D), will have less than CFAF37,000. Consequently, over the ten-year period, it is estimated that some 38,000 new households would be below the upper income limit set for the project's target population.

11. Using the Governmt proposed meathly household income (para. 8) of CFAF14,500 as the lover ineoe limit of the project's target population, it is estimated that a little less than half of these 38,000 households or some 17,000 would be in the bracket qualifying them for a project site. The yearly arithmetical average over the decade would be 1,700 households. The average which would be lower during the early years has been assumed at some 1,500 and the need of new population orer the five-year period that would elapse between the signing of the loan and completion of project works would be of the order of 7,500 lots. Page 5

12. Unsatisfied Needs of the Existing Dakar Population: The large backlog of unsatisfied needs for urban accommodation in the present Dakar population is illustrated by (a) the backlog of demands in OBLM, of a total of 8,O, 4,500 are in the income bracket considered for the project, and (b) the applications for sites registered by the Ministry of Finance (DLrection des Domaines) and numbering some 3,500. These demands emanate not only from the population in the very low standard residential districts (sane of which the Government plans to eradicate), but also from families in other districts that have been forced, for lack of alternative, to double up with relatives or friends. The site and services project is thus geared to improve the living conditions of these groups.

13. It is very difficult to estimate precisely the unsatisfied needs. On one hand, the demands registered by OHLM and the Ministry of Finance represent only the expressed demand of these populations; on the other hand, it is likely that some of the applicants registered with OHLM and with the inistry of Finance are the same and adding both figures would involve double counting. It has been assumed that the backlog of 4,500 demands in OHLM would represent a m1imm estimate of the unsatisfied need and should thus be covered by the project.

14. The very low standard residential districts in the Dakar metropolitan area have a population of some 105#000./11 Over the next few years, the Government intends to eradicate some of these districts with a total population of some 75,000 to 80,000 or some 10,700 - 11,400 families. The main area to be cleared (Dakar Irreguliers) consists of the settlements east and west of the freeway with a total population of same 65,000 people (see paras. 3.7 - 3.9). East of the freeway the area will give way to some expansion of the industrial zone, while west of the freeway the land recovered will be used for the second and third phase of a public housing program initiated with the Third Plan in 1969 (Ouagou Niayea). The eradication of these settlements has been decided by the Government, and the first phase is to be implemented in March-April 1972 with the relocation of some 3,000 families on some 100 ha beLng developed in the northeast of Pikine (zone LMN). This would leave another 7,700 - 8 1400 families to be eventually relocated.

15. The NEDECO survey reveals that in the very low standard residential areas, only about 50% of the households have incomes that would qualify them for a project site. This means that from the total number of households that would eventually be relocated after 1972, some 4,000 would qualify for project sites. Because some of them are probably alread registered with OHLM, and the exact pace of eradication to be followed by Government is not clearly defined at this time, a provision of some 2,000 sites has been estimated as a reasonable amount to provide by the project for people relocated from squatter settlements.

1/ This figure does not include Pikine Extension, the site and services project carried out by the Government, which although still with very low standards can be improved in situ without any relocation of population. ANNEI 3 Page 6

16. Total Needs in Dakar: In summary, the total need for serviced lots over the project period is estimated as follows:

Number of Lots

Population Increase 7,500

Unsatisfied Need of Existing Population 4,500 Relocation frc Eradicated Squatter Settlements 2.000

14,000

At the overall density retained for the project of 35 lots per hectare, the need would correspond to about 100 ha per year over a four-year period.

17. The accomodation to be provided by the project would thus not only serve the new population within the relevant income groups but also the accumulated needs of the population presently living in low and very low standard residential districts of the city. The table above was only developed to arrive at an estimate of total needs, it does not imply that the population increase would be served first, but it is expected that there would be a mix since the early assignments of project lots. The backlog of demand that could afford OHLM units would not be served by the project since their income is too high. It is expected that the private supply of houses could be expanded if a mortgage market were developed. The UN technical assistant to the MPWUT would consider this aspect of the national housing policy and program.

18. Following completion of the project, the annual needs would be limited mainly to those of the population growth, with possibly a few more lots for the unsatisfied denand above the minimum estimate covered by the project. The annual need would then be between 1,800 and 2,000 lots per year corresponding to some 50 to 60 ha per year.

19. Needs in Thies: In Thies the population is expected to grow by some 5,000 persons per year, or 700 families. In Dakar the portion of the population which can afford either a site or public housing is about 60% of the total. Assuming the same proportion applies to Thies, there would be an annual need for some 420 sites and housing units. OHLM operations in Thieshhave averaged about 30 units in the past. Assuming that programs of similar size will continue in the future the need for sites would thus be of the order of 400 per year.

April 9, 1972 ANNEX 3 Chart 1

DAKAR METROPOLITAN AREA RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOTAL FAMILY INCOME AND Income ot household HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME (000 CFAF per month)

a. SICAP b. HLM c. FASS TIROIR d. MEDINA o e. GRAND DAKAR f. IRREGULIERS DAKAR 20 I g. PIKINE ANCIEN ag h. PlKINE EXTENSION e. PIKINE IRREGULIERS

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

l000 CFAF per month) Income Head of household

Source NEDECO Sociological Survey - tables 42 and 43 WOrld Bank 6493 2P)

ANNEX 3 DAKAR METROPOLITAN AREA CHART 2 CUMULATED HOUSEHOLD INCOME DISTRIBUTION

100 ______

90 855

70 -

50 470 1970

40 1 30

(000 CFAF per month)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

100 1 -

50 485 980

(000 CFAF per month)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

ANNEX 4 Page 1

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

URBAN TRANSPORT

A. General

I. Dakar

1. In 1971 the Dakar Metropolitan Area had about 45% of all passenget cars in S-negal or some 16,5o0 vehicles. This corresponds to one car for every 33 persons in the area. Public transport is provided by a public bus company, by small private buses (car rapides)and by some 1,200 taxis. The public bus company operates some 230 regular size buses on some 20 routes covering the entire metropolitan area. However, because of poor maintenance only about half of the stock operates on any given day. The private buses are open mini-buses run by independent operators.. Some 350 have been authorized in the Dakar area; apparently many of the 550 licensed for other areas of Senegal also operate in Dakar. In principle, the mini-buses have assigned routes but these are not always respected by the operators. Somewhat cheaper than the public buses, they offer convenient and flexible service,

B. Transport Requirements of the Project Area

2. The project area, when fully occupied with some 120,000 to 150,000 people,will require a considerable extension of the public transport services to link it with the rest of the urban area. The order of magnitude of the need can be estimated on the basis of an April 1971 survey that covered all traffic to and from Pikine over a 24-hour period. The information provided by this survey is of particular relevance since (a) the project area is in the same general location as Pikine north of the Dakar-Thies highway, and (b) the population involved in the project will have a socio-economic profile comparable to that of the Pikine population.

Pikine Total Vehicle Trips Generation (1971)

3. Following is the distribution of vehicle trips between Pikine and the rest of Dakar as recorded in 1971. AN1jEX L Page 2

24-Hour Vehicle MovementsY. - Pikine 1971 Origin/Destination To Piine From Pikine Total

Plateau 2,523 ( 58.2) 2,596 ( 64.0) 5,119 ( 01.0) Grand Dakar - SICAP 970 ( 22.4) 658 ( 16.2) 1,628 ( 19.4) Industrial Zone - Port- Fann 373 ( 8.6) 359 ( 8.8) 732 ( 6.7) Medina-Fann 341 ( 7.9) 300 ( 7.L) 6h1 ( 7.7) Rest of Metrop. Area 127 ( 2.9) 144 . 3.61 271 2)

Sub-total 4,334 (100.0) 4,057 (100.0) 8,391 (100.0) Outside Metrop. Area 383 118 501 (as a percent of total) - C 8.2) ( 2.8) -. Total 4,717 4,175 8,892

1/ Figures include some 501 vehicle movements (262 to and 239 from the area) which may involve actually the village of Camberene rather than Pikine itself.

The following conclusions can be drawn from the previous table:

(a) most trips (61%) are bound for the central business district (Plateau), the principal location of employment in the tertiary sector. Next, the twenty-five year old northern development of Crand Dakar attracts 19% of all trips, probably due to the location of the important Thilene market in this district.

b) areas where activities related to the secondary sector (industrial zone and Hann) and primary transport services (port) are located, generate less than 9% of all movements.

Modal Split between Dakar and Pikine

4. Following is the distribution of vehicle movementsamong transport modes:

Two Waysl/ Tehicles -Passengers

Public buses 714 ( 8.0) 15,457 30.7)- Cars rapides 1,989 ( 22.4) 19,890 ( 39.5) Automobiles 3,895 ( 43.8) n.a. ( 19.4) Taxis 1,263 ( 14.2) n.a. ( 0.3) Vans and trucks 1g031 ( 11.6) n.a. ( 4.1) Total 8,892 (100.0) 50,350LI(100.0)

1/ Including the 501 vehicles to Camberene mentioned before. T/ Estimated on the basis of 2.5 passengers per automobile and taxi and 2.0 passengers per van or truck. Page 3

The table above shows that about 70% of the people are using buses (either public or private). Further information shows that private buses operate on the average at 70% of capacity while public buses operate at only 35% of capacity. This seems to reflect a definite preference of the user for the mini-buses and would justify an extension of the system. However, the Goverment reportedly intends to limit the number of mini-buses operating in Dakar.

Project Transport Requirements

5. Following are estimated public transport requirements for 1978 based on information relative to Pikine. It is assumed that the proJect area will not achieve immediately the degree of socio-economic integration existing in Pikine, and will at first be more dependent upon the rest of the city and generate more trips. The rate of car ownership is also likely to be lower at first. Pikine IBRD project (1971 data) (1978 estimate)

Population 130,000 120,000 Trips taken by local residents (per dy) 23,620 25,100

Fraction of those trips taken by bus 70.2% 75% Number of trips by bus 16,590 18,830 Share of cars rapides in these trips 56.3% 654

Number of trips by cars rapides 9,340 12,240 Average number of passengers per vehicle 10 16- Number of vehicle trips 934 674 Average number of trips per vehicle 12 12 Number of cars rapides utilized 78 73

Nlumber of trips by public buses 7,250 6,590 Average number of passengers per vehicle 22 252/ dTumber of vehicle trips 335 264 Average number of trips per vehicle 10.5 10.5 rumLer of public buses utilized 32 25

1/ Optimistic assumption.

2/ Fare structures do not change substantially, increased frequency of service will be necessary to attract this loading. ANNEX 4 Page h

6. These estimates suggest that both fleets of public and private buses serving the orthern part of the metropolitan area should be substantially increased-'from now to 1978: 78% for public buses (from 32 to about 57) and 94% for private buses (from 78 to about 151) if the project area is to be serviced satisfactorily.

7. For the project area to be well serviced for people commuting to the city, sufficient connections to existing primary infrastructure (route Dakar-Thies and its western extension toward the airport) should be provided. While access to Pikine today is practically limited to a single spinal artery - with a load of 6,420 vehicles per day - the project area could easily have two main accesses of similar capacity (see map 5). The routes through the Builders' development and the Grande Niaye would require only limited local improvements. Later, when the northern highway is constructed, it could be connected to the Dakar-Thies highway to supplement other project accesses to the city and improve utilization of the latter highway.

II. Thies

8. The city of Thies is much smaller than Dakar and most trips are done on foot. The city has no public bus service. Privately owned operated horse drawn carts serve as taxis. The development of the project area is not expected to require the introduction of any new transport service.

1/ Taking advantage of residual capacity on existing buses allows only very small reductions in these requirements. For car rapides, this residue is small. For public buses, limited opportunities are available for re-routing without substantially lengthening total trip durations, if buses were to service both Pikine and the project on every trip.

April 9, 1972 ANNEX p Page1

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PEDJECT

SITE PLAN

Spatial Hierarchy 1. The primary objectives guiding the proposed design were:

a) as little obstacle as possible be made to the immediate and later developments of activities and services in the project area; b) primary spatial structuring allow for the possible emergence of clusters where communal life could develop and evolve; and c) ample opportunity be provided for easy communications and relations at various levels. The following levels of spatial organization are therefore suggested, corresponding to different orders of activities and functions: Size in No. of plots Functional-Physical Features Structuring Physical Level (and area, ha) (needed or recommended) Elements

Project Unit about 3,500 1 council of chefs de quartier Arteries (permitting (about 6 1 organized market (area efficient drainage neighborhoods) (about 100) hal) of area by public 1 health center transport) 1 secondary school Main open spaces 1 playfield (area = ha2)

Neighborhood about 600 1 local committee of chefs local roads (for (about 6 de quartier emergency needs quartiers) (about 17) 1 primary school (with work- and micro distri- shop and evening education bution) center) 1 industrial park (area = ha2/3 every two districts)

Quartier about 100 1 chef de quartier 1 public square (about 10 1 public fountain Main walkways clusters) (about 3) (1 local loans and savings secondary public squares association) (as articulations of walkways)

Cluster 6-12 a common open space semi-public spaces (6-12 opening onto secondary plots) (about .2) walkways

This framework was induced through consideration of both the norms recommended by various Government technical services and consultanta' studies, and the viable patterns of existing community organization that still underlie strongly the life of Senegal's population. ANNEX 5 Page 2d

Site Plan Scheme

3. The project will eall for considerable community participation. Great flexibility and opportunity in land subdivision schemes are therefore necessary, so that residents can use their environment as it suits them; e.g. installing shops opening on public squares, reserving particular locations for institutionall/ or religious uses, or manipulating plot layouts so as to promote the development of "souks."

4. A site plan scheme was designed that is capable of serving as a base for further refinement or development of alternatives. The scheme (see Map 8) relies upon a primary square unit composed of 6 plots around an open space. This cluster of plots (32.2 m wide) can be rotated to present different sides to neighboring units. Simultaneously, a small change in position of a constituting plot can provide an additional access to the inner open space shared by surrounding plots so as to create a passage through the unit. Fqur plots out of the si;A/ have 9.3 x 16.1 m dimensions. The two other plots, are 11.1 x 13.5 m in dimension.

5. As opposed to the proportions of plot sides (e.g. 1 to 3) selected for similar projects in other developing countries, here the plots suggested have larger frontages. However, this difference comes from two facts. Firs, other plot layouts were tried in Senegal and revealed that they did not correspond to the population's desires. Second, proportions usually recomended account for the necessity of narrow plot frontages to make the best use of water and sewerage pipes laid along the streets. However, in this project, this requirement is softened by the non-existence of sewerage lines and the low fraction of plots to be serviced individually with water. Later increase of this fraction should not lead to high additional costs since interior plots should then be easily serviced by pulling a pipe into the court to supply at leastL/ 3 new plots.

6. Beyond the flexibility offered by similar type layouts, one should mention the additional advantage they present in terms of maintenance. It has been noticed that maintenance by residents is hard to obtain as long as the group involved is farily large - everyone refusing to accept his responsibilities

1/ For example, residence of the chef de quartier and his council.

2/ All of them having an area of 150 sq mi.

3/ Of which the one that may provide additional access to the unit by simple change of position. h/ And up to 6, if the 6 plot-unit is not directly contiguous to a walkway but backed by a series of plots themselves on the walkway. ANNEX 5 Page 3

and relying upon public agencies. By providing "semi-public" open spaces, it is expected that self-policing will materialize and improper behavior can more easily be spotted. The cluster is already a more intimate place. It can be expected similarly that without public intervention, these open spaces will be planted by residents themselves. Finally, the primary cluster unit can provide the basic foundation on which to begin to bring people together on questions concerning their daily life and where cooperation can easily enhance their well-being.

March 21, 1972

ANNEX 5 Pag 4

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

DAKAR PROJECT LAND USE PROFILE

Habitat 60.7% Services 15.6%

Schools primary and secondary - 10.0

Market and industrial zone - 3.0

Cultural facilities and stadium - 2.0

Health and administrative facilities - 0.6

Circulation and open spaces 23.7%

Local roads - 5.6

Walkways - 12.7

Squares - 5.4

Total 100%

March 20, 1972

SENEGAL

SITE AND SEfVICES PROJECT

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

1. Dae to the considerable magnitude of the proposed project, its novelty, the bigh degree of reliance on self-help, and the underdeveloped state of the gvvermental agency to be given responsibility for managing and implementing the project, technical assistance will be required for management and training. This assistance will be financed from two sources: the Association, as part of the credit; and the U.N. as part of its technical assistance program.

A. Technical Assistance Pinanced by the Project

2. The experts will be selected in consultation with the Association. Appointments of experts a), c), and 4) below will be a condition of effectiveness of the credit. The- tasks to be pseatrmed by the experts are detilnd below:

a) Expert in housing management and program development for low income groups -The appointment will be for two years, with a possible two year extension. 'The expert would serve as the head of the new directorate of OHLM responsible for the agency's site and services and community improvements program. He will be designated Project Manager of the Bank oroject and will be responsible to the Director Oneral of CH{M. His principal tasks will be to develop the managerial capabilities of the new division, formulate the national programs, and train a counterpart to replace him. The expert should be assigned to Senegal as early as possible after loan approval.

b) Expert in accounting and coMtrolling - The appointment will be for two years with a possible one year extension. A counterpart Government official will be assigned to the expert for training. The expert will establish and manage a commercial system of accounting and procedures for dispersal and receipt of funds. He will be assigned to the Site and Services Directorate of OHM. However, if the presently contemplated CCCE technical assistance in accounting for the housing division of OHLM does not materialize, the expert should be assigned to work in both divisions of the agency, be assigned to work in both divisions of the agency, be assigned two counterpart officials for training and the possible extension period be for two years. He should be assigned to Senegal immediately prior to the first review of bids for civil works. A xN 6 Page 2

c) Civil Engineer expert in low-cost urban infrastructure - This expert is required for two years with a possible one-year extension and a counterpart Governent official will be assigned to him for training. He will be assigned to the Site and Services Directorate of ORLM and assist the agency in preparing detailed engineering designs for site and services and improvements in public facilities in existing low-income residential areas, and supervise construction. He will also assist the national techniml institute in developing a curriculum in low-cost infrastructure systems. His appointment shon]d comence as early as possible after the loan agreement is finalized. d) Expert in saving and credit mechanisms - to be appointed for a two- year period with the possibility of a one-year extension. He will be assigned to the Community Organization Section (CCO) of OLI an a counterpart Government official will be assigned to him for training. His task will be to lead the cammunity development staff in formlating a program for establishing savings and credit associations in the project areas and subsequently aid in the advising of local associations and the monitoring of their activities. Initially, he will concentrate on developing recommendations for a credit function of the associations. His appointment should commence as early as possible after loan approval. e) Expert in the economic aspects of community development - to be appointed for a two-year period with the possibility of a one-year extension. He will be assigned to the COS of 0HLM and a counterpart Government official will be assigned to him for training. Within the community development program, the expert will concentrate on the organization of small-scale savings associations for buying building materials, starting small-scale industries and collection of OHLM payments. He will also assist local inhabitants to develop their income potential through promoting small-scale enterprises, co-ops and establishment of carpentry training and other action programs. He will be a memby of the QRLM Steering Committee on community development programs.- In carrying out his job, he will work closely with SONEPI. This expert should begin his work in Senegal six months prior to the first occupancy of the serviced sites.

1/ See Annex 7 for a description of the committee. ANNEX 6 Page 3

B. United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Technical Assistance

3. Prior to the U.N. mission in the spring of 1971 to Western Africa to discuss with governments of the area UNDP assistance in dealing with the problems of sluas and squatter settlements, discussions were held between the Bank and the U.N. on how such assistance could aid in the undertaking of a possible Wrld Bank site and services project in Senegal. Through subsequent discussions on this subject among the two international bodies and the Government of Senegal, general agreement has been reached on the role UNDP technical assistance would play. The functions of technical assistance expertise financed by the U.N. are described belewt

a) Housing Policy and Programmin Exrt - Required for a period of two years with the possibility of one year extension to assist the Government in formulating a national housing policy and related investment programs. Housing is understood to include both the superstructure and related public infrastructure (water, sewerage, electrification, local roads) and to address the needs of all socio-economic groups in rural and urban areas. The expert will be assigned to the Ministry of Public Works and will be assisted by a counterpart Government official for training. He should be appointed at the earliest possible date.

b) Expert in Building, Building Materials and Low Cost Con- struction Techniques - This expert's services will be required for one year with a possible one year extension. A counterpart Government official will be assigned to him for training. His objectives will be to reduce building costs for the moderate incoae housing division of OHLM, design model developmental housing types for the occupants of the serviced sites, rationalize the production and supply systems of building materials, and assist in the formulation of a technical assistance program in housing construction at the national technical institute. His appointment to Senegal should comence as early as possible. C. Internal Technical Assistance

National Technical Institute

4. Senegal has a post-secondary techr,cal institute for the training of sub-professionals in engineering fields.Y The Government has agreed to have as part of the civil engineering curriculum a technical assistance program to aid occupants of the serviced sites to build their houses. As noted above,

1/ The institute presently offering this training is the Ecole des Travaux Publics which has an enrollment of about 150 students. However, the World Bank has recently approved a loan for a new institute, Institut Universitaire de Technologie for 565 students which will commence in- structiona,around 1975 and replace the Ecole des Travaux Publics. ANNEX 6 Page 4 the civil engineer and building expert will assist the technical institute in developing this assistance program.

Ministry of Health 5. With the assistance of WHO, Senegal has established a school to train persbnnel in the construction of sanitary facilities, pit latrines and septic tanks. The Ministry of Health has agreed to assign six graduates from this school (agents techniques d'assainissement) to the project area to assist the site occupants in building their sanitary facilities.

April 8, 1972 ANNEX 7 Page 1

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

PROJECT ELEMVENTS AND DETAILED COST ESTIMATES -DAKAR

A. Site Preparation

1. Site preparation consists essentially of six tasks:

a) topography measuring and mapping;

b) topography remodeling study;

c) clearing of freshwood, earthworks and grading; d) staking out and checking remodeled topography;

P) staking roads and public utilities lines;

f) marking out of plots, public spaces and facilities. 2. In practice, these tasks are performed by pairs: a-b, c-d, and e-f. Tasks c) and d) are the costliest and will be considered separately. Costs per hectare of the other tasks are as follows: (CFAF 000) per ha Total SalariesMahnr Tasks Cost Local Foregn Loa oreign Taxes

a-b 30 3 14 ~ 9 4

e-f 70 15 37 -8 10 100 17 7_1 7 3. Tasks c) and d) are performed by the same agent. Cost estimates are based on CFAF300 per cubic meter moved over a distance not exceeding 300 meters. This overall cost covers all sub-components of the duties described and can be decomposed as follows: ANNEX 7 Page 2

(CFAF per CM moved)

Total Salaries Machinery Task Cost Local Foreign Local Foreign Taxes

c-d 300 50 18 15 147 7i

4. The volume of earth%orks depends upon the characteristics of the area and the slope standards to be achieved by grading. Previous experience in the Pikine Area (see text para. 6.11) led to retaining maximum and minimum grades of 6% and 1%. A substantial uncertainty impairs estimates of earthworks volumes since critical topographical features can be identified only on maps at 1/2,000 scale which will be prepared for carrying out the detailed engineering.

5. The volume of earthworks has been estimated on the basis of a 13) ha sample. The sample presents a range of topographical characteristics, and resulting volumes range from some 4,100 cubic meters per hectare to 7,600 cm/ha. An average volume of 5,850 cm/ha was assumed for the entire protect site (400 ha). Total earthworks costs are given in Table 6. B. Streets

6. The credit will not cover primary road infrastructures. In the project, two types of roads are considered. The higher standard type (called Vh in Senegalese nomenclature) has the following characteristics:

Overall width 20 m Width of formation 9 m Width of traveled way 5 m Traveled way ) base thickness 15cm Shoulders 12-15 cm Traveled way laterite Shoulders material laterite Surface treatment of single coat of traveled way asphalt on a 5.5 m width The secon4 type of roads planned for the project corresponds to an economic Vh type.!/ Its characteristics are as follows:

1/ This type of roads would: a) complement the road network composed by roads of primary hierarchical levels and by Vh roads; and b) be readily adaptable to satisfy possible future needs for a smaller mesh network. ANNEX 7 Page 3

Overall width 14 m Width of formation 5 m Formation material laterite Formation thickness 15 cm Surface treatment none

Unit costs of these roads are given in Table 1.

7. For the 130 he studied in greater detail, the needs for road infrastructures were estimated at 2,696 1.m. for V and 1,230 1.m. for the lower standard streets. For the entire project area, road infrastructures are 8,700 l.m. and 3,400 l.m. respectively for V4 and other roads. Total costs of roads are given in Table 6.

3. The investment that the Government will have to include in its budget for the construction of higher standard roads needed by the development was also estimated. The cost per linear meter of secondary roads (V2) is approximately CFAF19,000. The development of 400 ha will require about 1.m. 7,000 of these roads as estimated on the basis of the grid proposed for the pro.ect area (see Map 5). The overall cost of construction of these roads would be approximately CFAF135 million.

C. Water Supply and Distribution

9. The target population for the project will be families with total monthly incomes in the US$ 57 to 145range. Consultants NEDECO study indicates that families with total monthly incomes above US$90-100 would constitute a market for private connections on the water distribution system. It has thus been assumed that some 15%,qf the lots in the project would be provided with individual water supply.Y MThe rest of the population will be supplied with water by public fountainQ and every such equipment will serve 75 families, or an overall density of 1 per 100 plots. 10. The preliminary engineering developed for a sample of 130 ha revealed that the equipment of such an area would require approximately: 1.m. 2,200 of mm 150 , asbestos cement pipes 1.m. 4,800 of mm 100 , asbestos cement pipes and 5 floodgates of mm 150 in diameter.

1/ Accounting for the possible increase of this demand for individual water connections in the future, a site plan scheme was designed (see Annex 7) offering the possibility of easy extension of existing water service to at least another 25% of the population.

2/ Every public fountain is associated with a fire hydrant. ANNEX 7 Page 4

Consequently, the development of 00 ha should require about 6,800, 14,800 and 15 units of the same materials respectively. Unit costs related to the various components of the water distribution system are given in Table 2, and total project cost of water supply for the project in Dakar is given in Table 6.

11. To serve the project area, 3 staged extensions of the main water lines will be required (see Map 5):

a) pulling a am 250 4 pipe from the Point Y reservoir (in 1972-73);

b) pulling a mm 300 4 pipe from the existing Builders main (in 1973-74);

c) pulling a mm 250 4 pipe from the existing Camberene well (in 1974-75).

In the three instances, the capacity of the existing mains to service the project area was found adequate. The construction of these main extensions would involve l.m. 4,600 and 1,600 respectively of mm 250 4 and mm 300 pipes, at a total cost of CFAF31 million.

D. Sewage Disposal

12. In December 1971, consultant NEIECO presented to the Government a comprehensive Water and Sewerage Master Plan for the Cap Vert, as a result of a two year study financed by UNDP with WHO as executing agency. Accounting for existing infrastructures and the service provided thereby, for needs in relation with socio-economic levels of populations, for spatial distribution of these populations and for natural soil characteristics, the Master Plan provides a programming framework up to the year 2000.

13. The type of solution selected for the project with regard to sewerage disposal is in agreement with the NEDECO Master Plan. Over the 400 ha,sewage will be disposed of by pit privies and septic tanks. The latter equipment will be required from families with private connections to the water distribution system, since their water consumption and sewage production will be higher. Before retaining this solution, detailed examination was made (with the help of WHO and NEDECO technicians) of possible hazards to underwater reserves as well as efficiency of natural filtration of wastes.

14. Practically all 400 ha of the project are east of the limit of the underground basaltic layer. Therefore, satisfactory filtration will be insured by the thick sand cover in the project area. This area lies across ANNEX 7 Page 5

two main basins (East: the Grand Niaye; West: Camberene, Autoroute, Point N wells basin). However, the wells are at substantial distances from the development itself, while 150 m is usually considered as the required distance between any built-up zone and a well. The closest wells to the development will be Camberene's and Autoroute's, within 200 m. However, only a fraction of sewage waters will percolate ver- tically through the basalts. In the worst conditions, percolation would involve vertical filtration over a 15 of sand and a 15 of basalts, then a few meters through sand again. Most waters will run over the basalts through sand and percolate gradually into the infrabasaltic water pond. Therefore, natural filtration will be secured by water movements over distances that can be estimated to be close to 300 m.

15. Some public lavatories will be provided for non-domestic needs. They will be located in public squares where organized or spontaneous markets should materialize. Each such equipment will consist of a set of 20 seats with a common septic tank. The septic tank was preferred to the waterprodf tank since the latter would require regular draining by municipal tankers. These tankers are at present insufficient in number and their oneration is very pcorly managed.

16. Similar lavatories will also be built as sanitary facilities for schools. However, these will be accounted for when describing educational facilities. A standard was agreed upon with the technical services of the DUH pertaining to neighborhood units (of approximately 25 ha) to structure the developments. Each neighborhood will have a central square. Therefore, at every phase of the project, four lavatories should be constructed to serve a population of 7,000 to 8,500 people.

17. Unit costs of the various components of the sewage disposal system are as follows:

Total Salaries Machinery Material Item Cost Local Foreign Local Foreign Local Foreign Taxes

Public lavatory 3,300,000 978,570 143,725 45,051 262,528 511,577 398,481 660,068 Pit privy/ 1,200 300 72 24 96 240 168 300 Same on septic tank 100,000 38,312 4,432 1,004 7,571 19,323 9,821 19,525

Total cost for the sewage disposal component of the project in Dakar is given in Table 6.

1/ The individual pit privy cost includes a concrete cover only. The rest of the construction will be left to the population under supervision by technical sanitation (see Annex 8). ANNE -7 Page 6

E. Power Supply

18. During the appraisal mission, the Government had agreed that it would provide for expenditures related to power supply. Since then, however, the nationalization of the power distribution company has apparently resulted in a change of the Government's position. Included in the cost of the project proper is the cost of the low tension distribution lines within the project areas. The Government would finance necessary extensions of the high tension lines, transformers and publie lighting. On the basis of cost estimates for some 130 ha the total cost of low tension distribution lines would be CRAF 200.8 million for the 00 ha.

F. Educational Facilities

19. Education and health are the two social services formally provided to the project population. Education facilities will be tailored to the local conditions and the overall objectives of the related Ministry. It will encompass essentially primary and short-term secondary education. Beyond these levels, services will be provided by facilities of higher status existing in other parts of the city.

20. A very precise quantitative definition of needs for education services within the project was not possible due to a) lack of sophisticated and comprehensive statistics on age distribution for the population considered, and school enrollment proper to this population; b) the expected change in the nature of the population involved by the project. As a con- sequence, ratios and standards were selected on the basis of the overall school enrollment situation in the Cap Vert.

21. Two main issues, however, appeared in rela ion to the provision of education services and corresponding facilities:1 a) their integration into national development programs of the Ministry, with regard to service standards and teachers supplyj b) their readiness to permit activities going beyond traditional education, involving all population groups at the individual and the collective scale. Regarding the latter, it would be desirable that schools become more than pure educational facilities. School could also perform the following functions:

a) Construction should serve as one of the grounds on which communities could coalesce and start or improve their internal organization;

b) At the same time, construction should involve the labor force available locally to the extent possible; and

1/ As well as for health services. ANNEX 7 Page 7

c) After school hours, the facilities could be used as quarters for cammunity social centers where activities would involve adults as well as youths.

22. The development of new facilities raised the issue of teachers supply. The project involves populations generated by natural demographic growth. On this only ground new teachers would be needed. Moreover, the project also involves people displaced from bidonvilles which may not require additional teachers, but only transfer of teachers. Actually most schools in the vicinity of bidonvilles are overcrowded. Consequently, the Minister of National Education viewed the development of new facilities as an opportunity to readjust the existing situation and achieve better spatial distribution of these facilities. Estimates of needs were agreed upon by the Minister who gave assurance that teachers would be supplied as needed (63 per year).

23. It was assumed that the average household size would be 8.0 people when occupation starts. Of this population, 20% are of school age and 50% of those will be enrolled in primary school (present average in the Cap Vert Region). Therefore, at each phase of the development (100 ha), 63 classrooms (with h students each) will be needed. This corresponds to three schools of 21 clasarooms.to be immediately available. In the long run, three additional schools will probably be needed to satisfy a population 25% larger and future enrollment of 80% of school age children.

24. Short-term secondary education (CEG) will involve 1.56% of the overall population immediately and 2.50% in the long run, which will correspond again to a doubling of the equipment. Therefore, one secondary school of twelve classes (with 36 pupils each) will have to be provided immediately at each phase of the project.

25. Unit costs of primary and CEG schools are given in Table 3, and total project cost of educational facilities is given in Table 6

G. Health Facilities

26. The second social service formally provided to the project population is medical care. As for education, the provision of this service will be conditioned by the availability of related personnel in Senegal. After discussion with the Ministry of Public Health, it was agreed upon that the most suitable formula was to equip every 100 ha of the project with one health center.

Of which one classroom for Grade 5. There is one pupil in this grade for 25 in lower grades. Grade 5 classes are of 36 students for 45 in lower grades. ANNEX 7 Page 7-

27. One of these facilities will be served by the following personnel:

physician 1 midwife 1 state nurses 2 ordinary nurses 2 social worker 1 attendants 2 and the facility will be composed of the elements listed in Table U.

28. Unit cost of an individual health center is detailed in Table 5 and the total cost of health facilities for the project is given in Table 6.

March 21, 1972 SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

ESTIMATE OF COST PER LINEAR METER OF ROADS (CFAF)

Unit Total Salaries Machinery Material Item Unit Price Quantity Cost Local Foreign Local Foreign Local Foreign Taxes

V4 Road - earthworks C.M. 280 1 280 154 17 - 53 - - 56 embanking S.M. 240 8 1,920 1,056 115 - 365 - - 384 laterite bed 1,072 (15 cm thick) S.M. 550 5 2,750 413 192 - 660 413 - laterite shoulders (12.5 cm thick) S.M. 690 2 1,380 207 97 - 331 207 - 538 163 230 spraying S.M. 110 5.5 605 55 36 - 79 42 316 612 asphalt coat S.M. 395 5 1,975 296 119 - 277 355 adjustment 90 75 - - - - - 15 9,000 2,256 576 - 1,765 1,017 479 2,907

Lower Standards Roads - earthworks C.M. 280 1 280 154 17 - 53 - - 56 - - 240 embanking S.M. 240 5 1,200 660 72 - 228 laterite bed (15 cm thick) S.M. 550 5 2,750 413 192 - 660 413 - 1,072 - - - 8 adjustment 40 32 - -

4,270 1,259 281 - 941 413 - 1,376

March 21, 1972 SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PHOJECT

COST ESTIMATE OF WATER DISTRIBUTIO4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS (CFAF)

Unit Salaries Machinery Material Item Unit Price Local Foreign Local Foreign Local Foreign Taxes mm 150 6 pipe (laying included) l.m. 2,380 424 212 - 1,321 423 mm 100 9 pipe (laying included) l.m. 1,322 304 152 - - - 635 231 mm 150 o floodgate U 30,514 2,289 2,289 - 4,119 - 16,172i/ 5,6152/ mm 100 o floodgate-3/ U 17,164 2,489 2,489 - - - 9,183-L 3,0042/ public fountain U 75,000 23,955 3,537 747 4,913 12,063 13,416 16,369 fire hydrant U 75,000 2,250 1,085 - 1,828 - 53,573 16,264 private hook-up/ U 17,500 2,853 612 25 280 195 8,669 4,866

mm 150 0 floodgate (accessories included) 35,968 2,289 2,289 - 4,119 - 20,215 7,056 mm 100 9' floodgate (accessories included) 20,211 2,489 2,489 - - - 11,479 3,755 j/ Actually, this should be increased by 25% for cost of all related accessories. 2 This amount should be 25% higher to account for taxes on accessories; see footnote 1!. 3 Each public fountain requires one such floodgate. Counter included; counter cost.: GFAF 7,Y)(.

(D1 March 21, 1972 rLc SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

COST ESTIMATES FOR SCHOOLS (CFAF)

Total Salaries Machinery Material Item Unit Price Quantity Cost Local Foreign Local Foreign Local Foreign Taxes

Primary School 1-Classroom Constr. U 1,146,700 21 24,,081,000 9,391,590 915,078 361,215 1,565,265 4,888,443 2,119,128 4,840,281 2-Administ. Office (1/6 of 1) - - 4,017,000 1,566,630 152,646 60,255 261,105 815,451 353,496 807,417 3-Classroom Furnish. U 150,000 21 3,150,000 1,417,500 63,000 157,500 94,500 - 724,500 693,000 4-Office Furnish. (10% of 3) - - - 402,000 180,900 8,040 20,100 12,060 - 92,460 88,440 5-Edicule U 3,000,000 1 3,000,000 978,570 143,725 45,051 262,528 511,577 398,481 660,o68

34,650,000 13,535,190 1,282,489 644,121 2,195,458 6,215,471 3,688,o65 7,089,206

Secondary School 1-Classroom Constr. U 885,00 12 10,625,000 4,143,750 403,750 159,375 690,625 2,156,875 935,000 2,135,625 2-Laboratory Constr. U 1,180,400 3 3,541,000 1,380,990 134,558 53,115 230,165 718,823 311,608 711,741 3-Administ. Office (1/5 of 1 + 2) - - - 2,833,000 1,104,870 107,654 42,495 184,145 575,099 249,304 569,433 4-Classroom Furnish. U 150,000 12 1,800,000 810,000 36,000 90,000 54,000 - 414,000 396,000 5-Labor Furnish. U 600,000 3 1,800,000 810,000 36,000 90,000 54,000 - 414,000 396,000 6-Office Furnish. (10% of 3) - - - 283,000 127,350 5,660 14,150 8,490 - 65,090 62,260 7-Edicule U 2,250,000 1 2,250,000 733,927 107,7911 33,788 196,896 383,683 298,861 495,051

23,132,000 9,110,887 831,416 482,923 1,418,321 3,834,480 2,687,863 4,766,110

March 21, 1972 ANINEX 7 Page 12 TABLE SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

ELEMNTS OF THE STANDARD HEALTH CENTER

Medical Unit 1 room medical examinetion 14 s.m. 1 room X-rays 12 1 room secretarial use 10 1 room waitingl/ 14

Subtotal 50

Dispensary Unit 1 room medical care 21 1 room pharmacy 21 1 room secretarial use 14 2 rooms hospitalization2/ 144

Subtotal 200

Maternity Unit 1 room waiting3/ 16 examination of parturients 14 examin-tion of babies 14 labor 16 delivery 14 secretarial use 12 hospitalization (mothers & babies) 84

Subtotal 170

General Services 1 unit for kitchen - washing - 50 2 apartments for senior nurse 130 1 apartment for superintendent - janitor 50

Subtotal 230

Total 650 s.m.

1/ The two waiting rooms could be adjacent to permit their use as a single room for information meetings. 2/ 1 room (s.m. 96) with 2)4 beds and 1 room (s.m. 48) with 12 beds. 3/ This waiting room will be equipped with two beds.

March 21, 1972 SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

HEALTH CENTER (CFAF)

Unit Total Salaries Machinery Material Item Unit Price Quantity Cost Local Foreign Local Foreign Local Foreign Taxes

Grading s.m. 200 1,000 200,000 100,000 12,200 - 37,800 - - 40,ooo

Construction s.m. 20,000 650 13,000,000 5,083,000 481,000' 247,000 819,000 2,327,000 1,378,000 2,665,000

of immediate vicinity s.m. 12,000 200 2,400,000 938,400 88,800 45,600 151,200 429,600 254,400 492,000

Individual Septic Tanks U 110,000 3 330,000 126,444 14,628 3,312 24,987 63,771 32,424 64,434

Sewage Disposal U 2,250,000 1 2,250,000 933,927 107,794 33,788 196,896 383,683 298,861 495,051

Private Water Hook-up U 18,000 3 54,000 8,802 1,890 54 864 594 26,784 15,012

Water Supply U 100,000 1 100,000 16,300 3,500 100 1,600 1,100 49,600 27,800

Subtotal 18,334,000 7,016,873 709,812 329,854 1,232,347 3,205,748 2,040,069 3,799,297

Furnishing & Equipment U 5,000,000 1 5,000,000 2,250,000 100,000 250,000 150,000- 1,150,000 1,100 000 23,334,000 9,266,873 809,812 579,854 1,382,347 3,205,748 3,190,069 4,899,297

March 21, 1972 SENF;AL

SITE AND SERVICES I'OJTP

DAKAR PROJECT COST (cFAF 000)

Unit Total Salaries Machinery Material Item Unit Price Quantity Cost Local Foreign Local Foreign Local Foreign Taxes

Site Preparation

Topographical Work ha 100.0 400 40,000 7,200 20,400 - 6,800 - - 5,600 Earthworks ha 1,750.0 4oo 700,000 116,900 42,700 35,700 342,300,-0- 162,400 740,000 124,100 63,100 35,700 349,100 - - 168,00

Infrastructure

Roads 1.m. 9.0 8,700 78,300 19,627 5,011 - 15,356 8,848 4,167 25,291 Lower Standards 1.m. 4.3 3,400 14,518 4,281 955 - 3,199 1,404 - 4,679 92,818 23,908 5,966 - 18,555 10,252 4,167 29,970

Water Distribution System mm 150 0 pipe l.m. 2.4 6,800 16,184 2,883 i,442 - - - 8,983 2,876 (laying included) mm 100 / pipe 1.m. 1.3 4,800 6,346 1,459 730 - - - 3,048 1,109 (laying included) mm 150 floodgate U 36.0 15 54o 34 34 - 62 - 304 106 m 100 A floodgate U 20.2 140 2,830 348 348 - - - 1,608 526 public fountains U 75.0 140 10,500 3,353 495 105 688 1,689 1,878 2,292 fire hydrants U 75.0 14o 10,500 315 152 - 256 - 7,500 2,277 private hook-ups U 17.5 3,500 61,250 9,985 2j42 87 980 683 30,342 17,031 108,150 18,377 5,343 192 1,986 2,372 53,663 26,217

Sanitary Facilities public edicules U 3,000.0 16 48,000 15,657 2,300 721 4,200 8,185 6,376 10,561 pit privies U 1.2 10,500 12,600 3,150 756 252 1,008 2,520 1,764 3,150 pit privies on U 100.0 2,100 210,000 80,465 9,307 2,108 15,899 40,589 20,630 41,002 septic tank 270,600 99,272 12,363 3,01 21,107 51,294 2b,770 54,713

Power Distribution ha 502.0 400 200,800 15,783 20,682 - 1,386 - 146,002 16,947

Open Space Planting ha 20.0 400 8,000 7,000 - - - 200 - 800

Social Services

Education Facilities primary schools U 34,650.0 12 415,800 162,422 15,390 7,730 26,346 74,585 44,257 85,070 CEG 23,132.0 ) 92,528 36,444 3,326 1,932 5,673 15,338 10,751 19,064 508,328 198,866 18,716 9,662 32,019 89,923 55,008 104,134

Health Facilities U 23,334.0 4 93,336 37,067 3,239 2,320 5,530 12,823 12,760 19,597

June 6, 1972 ANNEX 8

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

PROJECT ELEMENTS AND COST ESTIMATES - THIES

1. Project elements in Thies are the same as in Dakar and their cost estimates are summarized below:

(CFAF Million) Pro ect Element Local Foreign Total

Site preparation 1.9 4.1 6.0 Streets 9.6 4.3 13.9 Water supply 2.5 3.7 6.2 Sewage disposal 5.8 2.1 7.9 Power supply _ 4.9 25.2 30.1 Open Space Plantng 1.2 - 1.2 Education Facilities 41.2 10.8 52.0 Health Facilities 9.0 2.7 11.7 76.1 52.9 129.0

2. These cost estimates were based essentially on cost estimates developed for Dakar, with the exception of the following:

a) Earthworks will not be necessary in Thies. Thus, site preparation is reduced to topographical work.

b) The density will be 26 lots of 200 sq m per hectare instead of 35 of 150 sq m in Dakar.

c) No lot will be supplied with water through private connection to the water distribution system.

d) The particular needs of the Thies project led to considering social faciliti6s of different characteristics from those selected for Dakar. Namely, schools are of 15 classes and there will be one health center for the project area about half the size of the center in Dakar.

June 5, 1972

ANNEX 9 Page 1

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMNT

A. Introduction

1. From an investigation of the global experience to date with site and services projects and related partial housing schemes, such as shell housing, one salient lesson is apparent: success to a great extent relies upon the positive response of the families who occupy the serviced lots. This is best obtained by involving them in the organized development of their own communities. The completion of land preparation and installation of physical facilities comprises only the initial stage of such a project. In order for viable new communities to develop, the site occupants mut also undertake the following activities:

(a) establishment of local decision-making and management processes controlled by lot occupants;

(b) construction of housing; (c) the establishment of cooperative social and economic development programs; and

(d) the establishment of local savings and credit mechanisms, including means for repayment of Government capital expenditures.

2. These activities will only occur if reliance is placed on self- help mechanisms, and particularly with the participation and concerted effort of local leadership. Government's role is crucial but subsidiary. It can provide assistance in the form of (a) organizational skills to guide the new settlers in the establishment of organizations to define and manage cooperative activities and (b) technical skills to aid them in carrying out the activities, but the people themselves should build their houses, operate their savings and credit mechanisms, and be primarily responsible for insuring payments to the Government, the proper use of community facilities, and the formulation and management of social and economic development programs. To bring this about it is important to establish the fact in the minds of inhabitants of these new communities that improvements in economic and social conditions and in their physical environment are fundamentally their responsibility, and the Government can only assist them. But in order for them to work on this premise they nust be given control in formulating and carrying out improvement programs. Thus, the primary agent of development is the local inhabitants. ANNEX 9 Page 2

3. This bottom-up self-help approach appears less efficient in the shorter run than most Government planners by nature wish to accept, due to the use of a more participatory process, undertaken by a population group with under-developed organizational skills. However, from experience elsewhere with site and services, and more generally with other types of development projects where Government has tried to reduce its expenditures through mobilizing the personal savings and energy of its citizens, it appears that the greater the relative importance of local participation as compared to that of Government's, the greater has been the success of projects. Faced with very scarce resources, a slowly developing small economy and a large lower income demand, this approach promises the greatest results in terms of both magnitude and quality. Results will not, however, be uniform. Some community groups will be more successful in their undertakings than others and some may even fail to reach some of their objectives. Moreover, different expressed needs of the groups and abilities will demand differing approaches, amounts and make-up of governmental assistance and rates of development. For these reasons the community development program of the project must remain flexible and receptive to feedback.

4. Available information indicates that Senegalese lower income families are responsive to cooperative comunity activities and possess a high level of construction skill. They are accustomed to participating in formal and informal organizations, such as youth and sports clubs, parent teacher associations, religious societies, and political groups. Some community groups at present police the use of water at public fountains within their community,and cooperative groups exist for training in child care, cooking and sewing. In Pikine, Dakar, a sewing co-op recently expanded from a training to a commercial enterprise, with guidance from the Government office, Directorate de la Promotion Humaine (DPH). Local leadership appears strong and well respected. Even in illegally settled urban areas, on advice of their leaders, people lay out their housing lots in an orderly manner, including in some settlements wide straight public streets. They cooperate to build community mosques and, in Pikine, a group recently built its own school building.

5. The ability and initiative necessary for the proposed community development aspects of the project appears to exist among the people the project would be addressing. Government's role in this part of the project will be undertaken by a special section of OHLM and given strong support in the form of technical assistance (para. 10). This would particularly apply to the mechanism being recommended for the collection of lot occupants' monthly payments due to the OHLM. The limited information available on experience in Senegal and other developing countries indicates that the most successful repayment mechanism is one where primary responsibility for collection rests with the local communities themselves through savings and credit type associations (para. 7). However, given the newness of this type of organization for the settlers and the fact that they have low incomes and are among the less stably employed in the urban population, there would be a risk that some households will default on their payments. Experience indictes that this risk is reducPd not only by Goverr -nt not directly participating in the collection, but also by providing technical assistance to help establish the savings nrd credit mechanism and educate the target population in family budieting.

B. Organization

6. In the organization of the families assigned to the serviced lots for administration and commaity development activities, familiar formal and informal associations should be utilized to the extent possible. Attention should be given to tribal and religious affinities. In urban az-eas at present the major local a:dmnistrative unit is the "quartier" headed by a "chef de quartier" who is an indigenous leader and/or an appointee of the regional Governor. The chief is assisted by an advisory council made up of locally respected and powerful personalities such as wise elders, religious, political and business leaders. These councils organize social activities and at times mediate disputes within the local community. They also function as channels of communication between the households of the quartier and the chief. The quartier is being proposed as the major organizational unit in thn project and its membership would be the principal sccial grouping in the new communities for identifying and carrying out development activities. Social data on Dakar indicates that quartiers vary considerably in size of population and spatial territory and there is no guidance for optiaal size. As a trial size for Phase I of the project, 100 to 150 households (100 contiguous lots, 700 to 00 people) is suggested.1/ The suitability of this size, and that of others suggested below, would be one of the subjects of investigation by the OHLM Monitoring Committee.2/

1/ Each of the 100 lots would be occupied by one assigned family. It is suggested here for the purpose of obtaining a more realistic picture of actual communities that by the end of a 4 or 5-year period of occupation half of the sites would be occupied by a second household of 4 members each. These would be renters.

2/ The Director of OHLM would set up a "Mbnitoring Committee", consisting of himself, the Project Manager, the accountant, the head of the Community Assistance Section. The object of the Committee would be to make assess- ments of the project's progress and to this end, would draw up and then regularly review physical and financial plans and an analysis of occupants' attitudes and actions via-a-vie developing living conditions. The Committee should meet for review sessions every three months.

In order to further assist the Government in obtaining feedback during project implementation and to aid the Bank in developing its lending program for site and services projects, a study team should be set up in Dakar to analyze the project. Its major objective would be to as- certain the responsiveness of the executing agency's operations and the physical design of the project areas to the cultural, economic and social needs of the site inhabitants. The head of the team should participate in the Monitoring Committee's review sessions. The team would submit reports on their observation of project conditions and make recommendations for changes in operations or design. The Govern- ment has agreed to this desirable feedback research and the Bank is now investigating how best to establish it. ANNEX 9 Page -7

7. The chief and his council would maintain their existing functions and take on more permanent tasks of control of the use of local facilities and be the main contact for the input of governmental technical assistance. Each quartier would establish,an Associations Cooperatives d'Habitat with the help of technical assistance (paras. 10 and 13). Quartier households may place their savings in the Association at a reasonable interest rate. The Associ- ation would also be the avenue for making payments to OHM, each family depositing every month at least an amount equal to the monthly payment due. About mid-1973, recommendations for adding a credit mechanism to the function of the associations will be proposed by the Government for consultation with the Association. These associations may later be used for other local purposes from time to time, as agreed upon by the quartier council and the borrower. Each quartier should also elect officers to manage their savings and loan association. For each 100 lot unit in the project, there is a public water fountain and local market and assembly square. Maintenance and control of this facility and social space could be one.initial focal point for the quartier council. A second important focal point would be organization for cooperative self-construction of housing. Other suggestions are discussed below (paras. 11 and 12).

8. Above the level of quartier two-other organizational units are suggested, the neighborhood and the project phase unit. The neighborhood unit would be made p of 750 households (500 contiguous lots, 3,500 to 4,500 people). This number of households$ approximately that subscribing to a primary school in the project area, appears a manageable size for representative committees of chefs de quartier and a savings and credit organization governing committee. It appears to be large enough to undertake larger scale construction work, such as a recreation center and extension of the primary school, and is an appropriate unit for some adult training programs. The project phase unit would serve primarily the Government in project implementation and only in a very limited manner the new communities. The unit corresponds to each of the 100 ha to be developed during each of the four years of project implementation and would encompass about 3,500 to 5,200 households. It is suggested that a council of chefs de quartier be organized at this level to consider issues related to land use in the phase unit, e.g., the market, industrial park, recreation areas and the location of small commercial activities.

9* Below the quartier unit, the project has grouped lots in units of six sharing a small semi-public open apace of some 100 i 2 . hile available social data does not identify or discuss social organizations existing below the level of quartier, it is anticipated that these clusters of households may assist in maintaining desired propinquity of extended kinship or other groups and in promoting small-scale social activities such as baby-sitting, garbage collection or such economic activities as sewing co-operatives. ANNEX 9 Page 5

Guidelines for Community Structure

Approximate No. Households Salient Commity Organization Level (No. lots) Organizations

Project Phase 3,500 - 5,200 Council of chefs de (3,500) quartier

Neighborhood 500 - 750 Committee of chefs de (500) quartier, parent savings and credit mechanism, primary school Quartier 100 - 150 Chef de quartier and (100) advisory council, local savings and credit mechanism

Cluster 6 - 9 Informal group (6)

10. For the Government to undertake its 4saistance program in community development, a Community Assistance Section (CAS) will be set up within OHIM to be charged with overall responsibility for the direction, administration and implementation of the program. CAS will also coordinate the different types of assistance being provided by several sources (Annex 6), namely:

(a) community organization and decision-making, from Direction de la Promotion Humaine staff (DPH);

(b) building and building materials, from a U N.D.P. financed expert and the national technical institutions;

(d) savings and credit associations, from an IDA financed expert; and

(e) civil engineering expertise in low-cost urban infrastructure, from an IDA financed expert.

The CAS central office would need a small staff during the first four years of operations, consisting of a Chief Community Development Officer, four foreign technical assistants with counterparts for training, and six to ten Senegalese ANNEX 9 Page 6

Community Organizers. The number of Community Organizers suggested is tentative as more or less may be needed, depending on the difficulties encountered in CAS's work. This would only become apparent during project implementation. For each oity in Senegal where site and services projects are established a CAS regional office should be established as part of the regional CHIM office. For the proposed project the central CAS would serve the Dakar area and a second one should be set up in Thies. Given the magnitude of the Dakar project (14,000 lots) there may be a need to locate field units of the CAS out on the project site to be staffed with field workers, perhaps one per project phase (100 ha). Consideration of this need would be the responsibility of the CAS after its establishment.

0. Progra

11. The activities of the site occupants can be divided into two types, core and ancillary. Core activities are those that are essential to all community units and should, with the exception of housing construction, begin at the time of the selection of families to occupy the serviced lots. They include:

(a) organization of quartier units for decision-making and management;

(b) establishment of savings and credit mechanisms;

(d) housing construction.

12. Ancillary activities would typically be initiated after core activities and after site occupancy. These activities are voluntary and are to be decided upon by the membership of the individual quartiers. They will vary in type and number among community units and may include such activities as construction of commnity buildings, e.g. assembly halls, mosques, extensions to schools and the building of garbage bins; training programs in domestic hygiene and refuse disposal, child-care, sewing, carpentry and other vocational skills, further development of cooperative organizations like creches, production and consumer co-ops.

13. It is essential that prospective participants in the site and services project know what would be expected of them. Therefore, conditions and opportunities would have to be made clear in a publicity program. undertaken by the OHIM to attract site applicants. It is suggested that the CAS be given responsibility for this aspect of advertisement, and that it include sponsoring local public meetings as well as using more conventional means of information dissemination. The CAS would also assist in the identification of group ANNEX 9 Page 7

applicants for sites. Aside from meeting the income and property ownership qualifications for selection (Annex 3), prospective occupants would have to agree to join a local savings and credit association, at least for making OHLM payments, and be willing to participate in community development activities. Local social pressure should be relied upon for enforcement of the latter condition as it would be impossible to enforce more formal sanctions.

14. CAS will assist OHLM in the selection of lot occupants and undertake the pre-site occupation orientation. A series of.meetings would be held prior to moving to the serviced lots with quartier units identified in the process of selection and assignment. These meetings would discuss fully the potentials of self-help, the various possible activities open to the group, their responsibilities, the constraints, and technical assistance available to them. A quartier leadership council should be formed and tasks decided upon, including allocation of responsibilities such as local water use control and savings association officers. Men wanting employment in the construction phase of site preparation would be identified and put in contact with employers. Participants should decide to what extent, if at all, and how they wish to undertake cooperative construction of housing and building material purchases. These meetings would also assist the participating families in developing social bonds where the group is newly formed. Meetings may occur over a three to six-month period prior to occupation of the serviced sites, during which time land preparation and infrastructure construction is under way in Pikine and Thies. The number of meetings necessary would probably differ among quartier units, and to varying degrees the structuring of links between quartier making up a neighborhood will be possible. Some units would also begin to organize for undertaking ancillary activities.

Initial Timetable of Pre-Site Occupation

Community Development Activities

Date Activity

August 1972 - January 1973 Organization to initiate community development program (registration, selection, preparation of participants for occupancy).

February - July 1973 Registration and selection of applicants for First Phase (100 ha) Dakar.

June 1973 Begin preparation of lot purchases for occupancy of lots.

(June 1973 * Begin project construction) January 1974 Begin assistance to lot purchasers in occupancy of lots.

* This may be delayed until September due to the rainy season. ANNEX 9 Page 8

15. It is suggested that two neighborhoods be started at the same time in Dakar and this pattern be maintained throughout the execution of the project. This would.spread the risk so that a premature assertion of failure would at no time rely on a single component. Moreover, it may induce a stronger feeling of cohesion within specific neighborhood populations.

16. Community organization officers working with commmity leaders would spend most of their time out in the newly developing comunities, first assisting in the development of the local organizations and coordinating the use of technical assistance experts with the demands made upon their services. Later they will be able to shift more of their time to helping with ancillary activities.

D. Staffing

17. The Direction do la Promotion Humaine (DPH) of the Ministry of Youth and Sports will have the responsibility for management and staffing of CAS of OHIM, and will be assisted by project and UNDP sponsored technical assistance. DPH is a newly established directorate made up of personnel who until recently have served in the Directorate of Animation Urban and Rbiral, of the President's Office. The Directorate has a staff of approximately 300, located throughout the country. Some 50 staff mmbers have had formal training in community development, in the main at the National School of Applied 3conomics. ANNEX 10 Page I

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

CONDITIONS OF TENURE AND PAYMENT

1. LaportanL to the success of the project is the formulation of a strong sense of security on the part of the occupants of the serviced sites. This condition is essential to stimulate self-improvement of the sites and the development of strong social communities. A tenure system that places control of the occupant's property in his own hands and clearly and simply spells out the extent and means of obtaining control will considerably enhance attainment of this sense of security.

Parts A and B below have been agreed upon by the Government who will combine them in a single document.

A. Draft Sales Contract

SALE By the State to Mr. of lot No, of the Development Plan of

THE UNDERSIGNED Mr. , Director o Qo ice des Habitations a Loyer Modere (OHLT), acting on behalf of the State by virtue of the Agreement (Convention) of PARTY OF THE FIRST PART and Mr. (Full name, date and place of birth, No. and date of ID car, nationality, profession, address) PARTY OF THE SECOND PART Have agreed to the following:

I. ASSIGNMENT - DESCRIPTION

Mr. , ex officio, hereby assigns to Mr. , who accepts, full ownership of a plot of undeveloped land forming lot Noo of the development plan of approved by decree No. of , of an area of square meters, covered y title-deeT No. /DG (or to be extracted from Title-Deed No. /DG).

II. PROOF OF (WERSHIP

Regarding the legal status of the land sold, the parties undertake to accept the real-estate register of Dakar and Goree as proof of ownership. AiTf,EX 10 Page 2

III. OWNERSHIP - POSSESSION

The purchaser shall enter into possession of the land hereby assigned from the date of the present document. Subject to the conditions set out hereafter, he shall become owner of the land from that date onwards.

IV. CONDITIONS

This assignment is made and accepted under the standard and legal conditions applicable and also under the following special conditions:

(1) Price

This assignment shall be effected for the price of payable at free of interest, in 120 equal monthJy installments of , due on the first of each month starting from ,

Default in payment of the monthly installments on the dates specified shall result in revocation of this assignment. Such revocation shall if applicable be effected under the terms and conditions listed in (4) below.

(2) Use of the land - Development 2.

The land hereby assigned is intended primarily for the construction of buildings to be used as housing. Use of it for commercial, craft or industrial activities is therefore prohibited without authorization from the Director of OHL.

The purchaser shall develop the land assigned by constructing buildings whose features are in line with the provision of decree No. of mentioned above.

Until such time as this development has been completed, the purchaser is entitled to put up provisional buildings provided these include a dwelling for himself and his family.

(3) prohibitions Until he has paid the price in full and until it is confirmed that the land has been developed, the purchaser is forbidden to:

(a) sell all or part of the land hereby purchased, or the buildings to be constructed on it.

However, in the event of a change of residence duly justified and confirmed, the purchaser may be authorized to assign the land and the buildings

1/ To be amended in the event of approval being given to a purchaser requesting authorization to use the land for craft or commercial activities. AITEY 10 Page 3

constructed on it to a person able to show that he qualifies to receive from the State a lot in the development area concerned or in another development area subject to the same regulations.

(b) mortgage the land to persons other than accredited loan companies or establishments. A mortgage given to one of these establishments or companies shall have the sole purpose of guaranteeing a loan granted for carrying out the development referred to in (2) above.

These prohibitions shall be mentioned in the real-estate register when this document is recorded therein. They shall be canceled on receipt of an application from the purchaser accompanied by:

- A certificate of full payment of the purchase price, issued by the Director of 09LM;

- A certificate issued by the Director of Urbanism testifying that there has been erected on the land a building conforming with the requirements of decree 1o. of mentioned above and with the building permit issued to the purchaser.

(6) Revocation - Penalties The present assignment may be revoked without compensation in the following cases:

(a) ilon-payment of a monthly installment on the due date;

(b) Unauthorized assignment prior to payment of the whole purchase price and to completion of the development;

(d) Vacating of the premises before completion of the development and payment of the price;

(e) False declaration by the purchaser regarding his ownership of real property; (f) Failure on the part of the purchaser to respect the obligation imcumbent upon him regarding use of at least part of the land and buildings for housing himself and his family.

Revocation, where applicable, shall be decided by ministerial order issued by the Minister of Finance: A,EX 10 Page i

- in the first case, one month after issue of a sumnons by registered letter, where such summons is not acted upon;

- in the other cases, after confirmation of the failure to respect the prohibitions or of vacating the land, by a Commission with the following membership:

One representative of the Governor of the Cap-Vert region ... Chairman One representative of the Department of Urbanism ...... Member One representative of the Department of Public Lands ...... Member

In the event of revocation, the portion of the price already paid shall remain the property of the State.

In any event, deeds of assignment or mortgage deeds drawn up in contravention of (3) above shall not be utilized in law against the State.

V. COSTS

This document shall be stamped and recorded free of charge, in pursuance of the provision of Articles 390 and 637 of the Registration Code.

VI. TAXIES, LEVIES AND DUTIES OF ANY KIND relating to the land hereby assigned and to the buildings to be erected on it shall be payable by the purchaser from the date of notification of the present document.

VII. RIGHT OF REPOSSESSION

The State reserves the right at any time, against reimbursement of the price paid by the purchaser, in proportion to the area affected, to repossess any part of the land hereby assigned should it be needed for works or other operations in the public interest.

However, if the repossession concerns parts of the land already developed there shall be paid, in addition to the price determined as stated above, compensation equivalent to the value of the buildings, installations and improvements calculated as in cases of epropriation carried out in the public interest.

This right of repossession shall apply not only to the purchaser but also to all his successive heirs and assigns. It shall be recorded in the real- estate register at the time of entering the change of ownership.

VIII. ]!LECTION OF DOMICILE

For the execution of this document the parties elect domicile as follows:

Mr. s ex officio, at his offices in Office des Habitations a Layer Modere at Dakar and, where necessary, at the Bureau des ANNEX 10 Page

Domaines, Dakar.

Mr. at

OBSERVATIOXS. This assignment was authorized by

Dakar, 197 ANNEX 10 Page 6

B. Provisions for Sualementing or mending the Sales Contract

1. All lots shall be subject to prohibition of resale for the first five years following their purchase or prior to completion of the development in accordance with the agreements made between OHIM and the purchaser at the time of purchase. This prohibition shall be entered in the real- estate register when the deed of sale is recorded therein. It shall be canceled after the term of five years mentioned above on receipt of an application by the purchaser accompanied by:

(A) in the case of cash sale

a certificate from the Director of Urbanism testifying that there has been erected on the land a structure which conforms to the building permit issued.

(B) in the case of sale by installments

(a) the certificate referred to in (A) and

(b) a certificate from the Director General of OHI testifying that the price has been paid in full, or a certificate from that Director testifying that the purchaser is eligible for the parcelles assainies program.

2. Cash sale of lots

The sale may be revoked without payment of compensation by ORLM if any of the following conditions is not respected.

(a) vacating of the lot prior to completion of development of that lot.

(b) false declaration by the purchaser regarding the amount and location of real estate owned by him at the time of purchasing the lot.

(c) failure by the purchaser to comply with the obligation incumbent upon him of using his lot for housing himself and his family and, where applicable, for the exercise of his professional activities. The purchaser is not prohibited from leasing out part of his lot under terms acceptable to OHIM, provided that he continues to reside on it. This residence obligation shall not be waived except in duly verified cases of force majeure. ANNEX 10 Page 7

3. Sale of lots by installments

In addition to being subject to the conditions set out in (2) above, the sale may be revoked without payment of compensation by OHLM if any of the following conditions occurt

(a) mortgaging of the land by the purchaser to a third party not accredited by OHLM. (The mortgage given to a third party must be for the sole purpose of guaranteeing a loan intended for the development of the lot in accordance with any agreements made between OELM and the purchaser at the time of purchase).

(b) non-payment of an installment on the date agreed upon, unless the purchaser is covered by the provisions set out in (4) below.

4. Repurchase obligation incumbent upon OHLM all (A) in the case of sale by installments, OHLM is required at times to buy the lot back from its owner under the terms set out in (B) below if the said owner is prevented by force majeure from paying one of the installments on the due date or if he is unable to assign thesaid lot to a purchaser eligible for the parcelles assainies program. It is understood that this repurchase obligation of OHLM subsists even if it has not been possible to issue the certificate referred to in (1) (A) above;

(B) financial terms of repurchase of a lot by OHLM

(a) with regard to the land, the obligations code provided in Law No. 66-70 of July 13, 1966 (Second Part Special Contracts) shall apply. It shall then be necessary to calculate the difference between the installment payments and the rent payments.

(b) with regard to improvements made to the lot, it is necessary to distinguish between two possibilities:

(i) it was not possible to issue the certificate referred to in (1) (A) above, in which case OHLM has the right to ask the defaulting purchaser to vacate all the temporary structures within 10 days of repurchase of the land by OHLM; at the end of that period, any temporary structure remaining on the lot shall become the property of OHLM; ANNEX 10 Page V

(ii) the certificate referred to in (1) (A) above was issued, in which case OHIM shall sell on behalf of the defaulting purchaser all teMozery structures built on the lotj the compensation to be paid to the defaulting purchaser shall be based solely on the selling price obtained after deduction of all expenses incurred by OHLM in the sale of the said teporary structures. ANNEX 11 Page 1'

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

BUILDING CODE

1. Regulations governing the construction of dwellings on the allotted sites and the procedure for obtaining building permits should be as simple as possible. They should neither inhibit the builder nor force upon him an unmanageable financial commitment. The modus operandi of housing construction is improvement over time in accordance with the ability of the site occupant to invest time and money. This ability will vary among occupants.

DRAFT BUILDING CODE LAW

Articles 2 through 11 refer to permanent buildings.

ARTICLE 1

Land developed for site and services is in principle to be exclusively allocated to residential housing. Exception will be made for the small-scale craft industries or small shops indispensable to the needs of the inhabitants.

ARTICLE 2

The building permit dossier consists of:

- sales contract for the lot - lot land use sketch - buildings' floor and elevation plans

These plans may be obtained free of charge fron the Urbanism Department or may be made by approved draftsmen. The services of an architect are not necessarily required.

ARTICLE 3

No construction of permanent housing will be autho sized if the lot does not have a surface of at least 150 sq. meters (150 mn).

ARTICLE 4

The percentage of lot surface covered by the main building in relation to the total lot surface must not exceed 50 percent (50%).

The prayer room, as well as the annexes, such as the laundry room and W.C., can be either included in the main building or independent. Their ANNEX 11 Page 2

covered surface must not occupy more than 10 percent (10%) of the land surface remaining after deduction of the surface of the main building.

When these annexes are independent, the distance separating them from the main dwelling must at least be equal to the height of the front of these annexes. This distance must not, however, be less than 2 meters 50 (2m,50).

ARTICLE 5

The dwelling units will have a ground floor raised at least 50 cm (0m,50) above ground level.

ARTICLE 6 - CONDITIONS OF CONSTRUCTION OF GROUND FLOOR

The guiding principles for siting of construction for the ground floor will be as follows:

1) either the main building can be set in a continuous row fronting on the street; that is, will have two of its lateral sides in common with-those of the adjacent lots (fig. I);

2) or the main building can be set in a semi-detached row; that is, will have one of its lateral sides in common with that of an adjacent lot and the other side at least 2 meters 50 ( 2m,50) distant fron the other lot (fig. 2);

3) or the main building can be set detached; that is, isolated from those of all adjacent lots. In this case, the distance between the building and the boundaries of the lot must not be less than 2 meters 50 (2n,50) (fig. 3).

To make possible the different sitings, three cases are envisaged:

a) when no construction of a definite nature exists on the adjoining lot. the builder can set up the main building to his liking, either contiguously or at a distance from the property line equal to half the height of the building;

b) when construction exists, built contiguously on the adjoining lot: the builder must set up the main building contiguously, thus forming a continuity of the facade with the adjoining construction and, if possible, to adapt the style and color of its construction to that of the existing construction;

c) when construction exists built on the adjoining lot and is situa- ted at any distance from the property line; the builder must then set up the main building at a distance from the property line equal to half of the height of the facade of this building, but not less than 2m,50. ANNEX 11 Page 3

N.B. This rule does not affect the annexes when these are independent 7r-o the main dwelling unit. They can be built against the common walls, with preference for location at the rear of the lot, but must not in any case border on the street.

ARTICLE 7 - CDNDITIONS OF CONSTRUCTION OF A SECOND FLOOR

Whether it is a question of construction to be built comprising a ground floor and a second floor or the later construction of a second floor over the existing ground floor, the guiding principle of construction will be applied in the following manner:

1) for the ground floor: same principle as that set forth in preceding Article 5;

2) for the second floor: the construction must, in principle, be discontinued; that is, not one part of the second floor can be built contiguously with the adjoining lot. The distance separating any side of the adjoining lot boundary must not be less than 2 meters 50 (2m,50) (fig. 4-5-6).

When a second floor terrace covering a part of the ground floor is adjacent to the property line, it must be enclosed on the adjacent lot side by a wall 1 meter 90 (1m,90) high with eventually a bend of 0 meters 60 (0m, 6 0) to each of its ends.

ARTICLX 8

1) In the case of construction in a continuous or semi-continuous row, the builder can, to his liking, set up the main building, either fronting the street or set back from the street. This setback must not be more than 2 meters 50 (2m,50);

2) In the case of constructing detached construction, the builder must site his main building at a distance of at least 2 meters 50 (2m,50) from the property line of the street.

In all cases of setback, the part of the land left free must be enclosed at the property line of the street.

ARTICLE 9

Each property must be enclosed along the boundaries of adjoining lots by a full (solid) wall; the height of this mast not be more than 3 meters (3m,00). The enclosures set up at the property line of the street must not have a height of more than 2 meters (2m,00); they can be solid or screened. ANNEX 11 Page 4

ARTICLE 10

All construction (buildinge or enclosures) located at the angle of 2 public lines must have a pan coupf of at least 5 meters (5m,00).

ARTICLE 11

Construction, whatever its nature, must be harmonious as to volume, form, exterior materials and color, and preferably should conform to exterior local tradition.

Frescoes and mosaics, as well as colorful paintings, will be allowed.

ARTICLE 12

In the case where teporary construction exists (huts, straw huts, etc.) on the lot, all permanent new construction with a ground floor or a second floor will only be authorized on the condition that the builder begins to destroy the temporary construction immediately after the completion of the permanent construction. The housing permit cannot be delivered to the builder until he has satisfied these conditions. ANNEX 12 Page 1

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

CALCULATION OF MONTHLY PAYMENTS FOR LOTS

A. Capital Cost of Lots

1. The capital cost of lots will include a) all infrastructure costs including contingencies, b) costs of detailed engineering and supervision estimated at some 6% of infrastructure cost, and c) capitalized management costs prior to the lot sale. The cost of infrastructure is calculated first for the common lots (with no private infrastructure) by dividing the total infrastructure cost of the project (except power) by the directly assignable square meters of developed land (i.e. land used for residential, commercial and industrial uses, and social facilities with the exception of open space and transport). The costs of private water connection and septic tank are then added to the cost of the common lot to determine the cost of the lot with private infrastructure.

Infrastructure Cost for Common Lots

2. Project infrastructure cost is as follows:

Item Dakar (400 ha) Thies (60 ha) ------millions------

Topography 40.0 6.0 Earthwork 700.0 - Streets 92.B 13.9 Public Water 46.9 6.2 Public Sanitation 48.0 7.9 Plantations 8.0 1.2 Subtotal 935.7 I3.2

Contingencies Physical (about 15%) 140.7 5.3 Escalation (about 10%) 93.6 3.5 Subtotal 1,170.0 7.

Engineering 70.0 3.0 Total 1,20.0

Cost per ha 3.1 .7i ANNEX I? Page 2

3. Following is a breakdown of assignable land uses in percent of total developed land:

Dakar

Lots 52.5) Schools 1:).00 Health Centers .15 General Administration .45 Market 1.00 Industry 2.0J Total 6.1-

In Thies, the proportion of usable land has been assumed to be some U% of developed land.

4. The infrastructure cost (including engineering) of a common lot is estimated as follows:

Dakar Thies

Cost per ha (CFAF) 3,100,000 730,,) Assignable uses in m2 6,60.) 6, I.) Cost per assignable m2 (CFAF) 470 13,) Lot size m2 150 20.) Cost per lot (CFAF) 70,500 267000

Management Prior to Lot Sale 5. This includes the cost of processing the application and assigning the lot. Presently, similar tasks are performed by OHLM for its housing projects. The following tasks are performed by the "Service de Gestion" with five persons:

- information of applicants - preparation of applicant file - preparation of contracts - information of attributees - control of occupation

6. The division processes some 1,000 applications a year and allocates a variable number of units averaging some 700 units/year over the last three years. During the 4-year site and services project, some 3,930 sites per year will be allocated or about five times the number of housing units presently allocated annually. The staff cost is estimated as follows: ANNEX 12 Page 3

Cost (CFAF)

Division Chief 1 at 960,000 960,000 Staff 20 at 380,000 7,600,00 8,56o,ooo

for the allocation of the 3,500 sites or some CFAF2,h00 per lot. To account for overhead it has been assumed that management cost prior to lot sale would be some CFAF3,500 or 5% of the infrastructure cost of the lot in Dakar.

Total Capital Cost of Lots

7. Finally, the total capital cost of common lots is:

in Dakar in Thies

Infrastructure 70,500 26,000 Management 3,503 3 500 Total 7T, ,05

The cost of lots with private water connection and septic tank in Dakar would be:

Water connection 17,500 Septic tank 100,000 Subtotal 117,500

Contingencies - Physical 16,700 Escalation 11 800 Subtotal

Cost of public infrastructure, engineering and management 74,000 220.000 B. Recurrent Costs

Management

91. Once the lot is assigned, management costs will be limited to rent collection and settlement of disputes in case of non-payment of rent. These tasks will be entrusted to the communities of settlers in order to reduce the cost of performing them (see Annex 9). While the management cost will be ANNEX 12 Page 4

arrived at only through experience, indications as to its upper limit may be given by the cost incurred by OHLM for similar tasks in public housing operations. Salary cost of accounting and settlement of disputes (contentieux) in OHLM appears to be of the order of CFAF2,30) ver uniL per year. Including overhead, assumed at 50% of the cost of salaries, total management cost would be of the order of CFAF3,450 or CFAF300/month. This is certainly higher than the actual cost that would result from the use of community organizations for rent collection and should provide a reserve for bad debts. These costs will have to be adjusted according to experience.

Water Consumption

10. A charge will be made for water consumption at the public fountains and applied to the parcelles minimum. On the basis of consultants NEDECO report, consumption of households depending upon public fountains for their water supply is about 20 liter/day per person, i.e. the annual consumption per parcelle can be estimated at same 73m3 at a cost of CFAF4S/m3; this represents CFAF3,300 per annum.

C. Calculation of Monthly Payments

11. Monthly payments will be calculated to recover the capital costs of lots (minus downpayment) at 7% over 15 years and the recurrent costs. The Government has agreed to require a downpayment corresponding to about six monthly payments. They have been assumed as follows: Downpaymenta Capital to Repay Capital 8% of in Monthly Cost Capital Cost Installments AF CFCAF FAF Common Lots - Dakar 74,000 6,000 68,000 - Thies 29,500 2,500 27,000 Lots with private water 220,000 18,000 202,000

The monthly payments would thus be:

Common Lots Lots with Private Water Dakar Thies Dakar

Capital and Interest 620 300 1,900 Management 300 300 300 Water 280 280 Total 1,200 0 2,200

Costs of management and water will be variable and subject to revision on the basis of incurred costs.

March 20, 1972 ANNEX 13 Page 1

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS - METROPOLITAN DAKAR

1. Dakar is located in the Cap Vert Peninsula. The Dakar metropolitan area is administratively a part of the Dakar municipality which covers the entire Cap Vert region. The municipality also includes Bfisque- Bargny, a town of some 70,000 and a number of rural villages. Most of the administrative and financial powers usually held by municipalities rest with the Ministry of Public Works, Urbanism and Transport (MPWUT).

2. Since its founding in the early 19th century, the city has spread back along the peninsula from the initial settlement at the tip of the cape, referred to as "le Plateau", %hich is now the center for Government administrative offices, industry, banking and commerce. Industrial development, first concentrated around the port area, expanded in a linear fashion around the bay along the railway line and the highway to Thies (Map 2). Residential areas growing up beyond the Plateau are both planned and unplanned settlements, with the latter occupying vacant land between the planned settlements and spreading over the periphery of the metropolitan area.

3. Four main developments essentially conditioned the present physical structure of Dakar. The Medina, adjacent to the Plateau, was developed to house the African population in 1914 when the plague struck Dakar. Grand Dakar, in the next ring, was developed in 1946 with 3,200 lots to house African migrants as well as to relocate the Africans from the city center. Pikine Ancien, much further out, was developed between 1952 and 1958 with some 5,600 lots to resettle African population from the center. The squatter settlements, already existing in the central areas prior to independence, have since proliferated filling in space between planned developments (Rebeuss, Autoroute, Fass) and spreading in the periphery (Irreguliers Pikine, Grand Yoff, Grand Medina).

4. The high standard districts of upper and middle income groups include public (Office des Habitations h Loyers Mod6r6s, OHLM), and semi-public (Soci6t6 Immobilibre du Cap Vert) housing development with a median monthly household income around US$170, private developments with median income above US$200, and the old European settlement, "le Plateau", with mixed incomes. The housing unit is a single family house or a flat in multistory buildings. Some 134,000 people or about 26% of the population live in these districts. Housing standards are generally comparable to those in Western countries, with individual electricity, water, sanitation and public sewerage facilities. Local streets are wide, paved and well maintained, and densities are quite low ranging from about 90 to 150 people per ha. ANNEX 13 Page 2

5. In the remaining much larger "traditional" districts, the housing unit is a lot or "carre". The lot is enclosed by a wall and residential structures are built within, the entire area serving as living space with residents cooking and often sleeping outdoors. This arrangement permits accommodation of extended families, with average households of 8-10 people. Housing standards and related facilities range from medium to very low (Tables 4 to 7, Map h).

6. The Medina, the oldest of the traditional areas, is a medium standard district, housing some 14% of Dakar's population. Median household income is about US$75 per month. In the Medina, each carre is about 300 m2 and is occupied on an average by 2.5 households, or 21 persons. The net residential density is 700 persons per ha and the quality of housing is mixed (Table 4). The district has complete systems of public water fountains at 1 per $70 people and lavatories at 1 seat per 60 people. About 90% of the households rely on these public facilities.

7. Grand Dakar and Pikine Ancien, built on basically the same pattern as the Medina, comprise the bulk of the "low standard districts" which house some 146,000 people or 29% of Dakar's population. Median household income is about US$60 per month. The lots are smaller than in the Medina, averaging 200 m2 in Pikine Ancien and 170 m2 in Grand Dakar. However, as the number of persons per lot is also smaller, net residential densities are about the same as in the Medina, 700 persons per ha. The standards of housing and level of services are also lower. Public fountains are provided at one per 1,000 to 1,500 persons and lavatory seats at one for 86 to 135 persons.

8. The "very low standard" and most rapidly growing districts are the squatter settlements. They already house some 122,000 people or 24% of the city's population. Although Dakar's squatter settlements differ among themselves, a useful distinction can be made between two types; those in the "transitional zone" adjacent to the city center and those on the periphery of the metropolitan area, some 12 km distant (Map 4). Population density in the central transitional zone is almost triple that of the peripheral squatter settlement (about 900 per ha compared to 350 per ha) due to smaller lots, larger numbers of people per lot, and smaller areas of public open space. Only about 2% of the housing structures are made of concrete or cement blocks, compared to 71% in the peripheral district.

9. Utility standards are poor in both types. While the municipality has provided some water fountains and lavatories for squatters in the transitional zone, the population-facility ratio is very high and the cause of a considerable health hazard: 3,000-4,800 persons per water fountain and, in the one district where lavatories exist, about 422 persons per seat. In Pikine Irregulier, both these services are totally lacking and inhabitants rely upon wells and pit privies. However, the scarcity of wells creates a considerable hardship. Inhabitants of this district must either carry water long distances ANNEX 13 Page 3

or buy it from peddlers at about eight times the cost per unit paid by people living in high standard districts having individual house connections. In all these "very low standard" districts there are very few households with electricity.

10. Social research indicates that households in the peripherally located Pikine Irregulier typically resided previously in the transitional central settlements. These are households that have obtained a relatively stable income which allows them to undertake additional transportation costs to employment, predominantly located in the Plateau and the port area, and the expense of building a new dwelling. Data furnished by consultantsJ1 indicates that the median household income of Pikine Ir- regulier is about US$70 per month while that of Dakar Irregulier is US$55. In the low density peripheral zone, households typically build good quality houses of homemade cement blocks, often with the assistance of a hired laborer. Building is sporadic, occurring as funds are acquired. Households appear able to cut costs by about half through investing their own. labor,and due to- the large size of lots, some families plant vegetables to aid in reducing living costs. Available data suggests that this move to the peripheral squatter settlement was also made possible through accumulated savings; those living in Dakar Irregulier are saving about 12% of average monthly income. This movement pattern from overcrowded central settlements to somewhat better conditions on the periphery is similar to that observed in many other cities of the developing world.

11. Finally, in this category of traditional residential areas, mention should be made of the old established villages on the periphery of the metropolitan area, such as Ouakam, N'Gor, Yoff, Camberene, Hann, Thiaroye, and Teumbeul (Map 4). They have served as focal points for part of the population growth in the area and are estimated to house some 36,000 people. Residential environmental conditions are similar to those of low to very low standard districts.

1/ The Dakar Water and Sewerage Master Plan, prepared by Dutch consultants NEDECO for UNDP/WHO, 1971.

April 26, 1972

TABLE 1

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

1970 SHARE OF DAKAR (CAP VERT) IN THE MODERN SECTOR OF THE-ECONOMY

Indicator Cap Vert as % of Senegal

Population 16

Mcdern Housing Units 67

GNP 50

Manufpcturers (no. of firms) 90

Labor Force Employed in Private Sector 66

Government Employees 42

General Government Revenuesl/ 68

Government Investment?/ 24

1/ See details in Table 2.

2/ See details in Table 3.

March 7, 1972 TABLE 2

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

ESTIMATE OF DISTRIBUTION OF GENERAL REVENUES FROM DAKAR (CAP VERT) AND REST OF COUNTRY 196/69

Senegal Totall/ Dakar (Cap Vert) Billion CFAF Billion CFAF in % of Total

Direct Taxes 8.44 5.54 65.6

Indirect Taxes

Imports 14.77 11.08 75

Exports 2.58 - -

Production and Consumption 7.43 5.57 75

Other Taxes 2.97 2.23 75

TOTAL 36.19 24.42 67.5

1/ Country Economic Report, June 1970, Vol. II, Table 5.

SOURCE: Bank Estimate - The product of direct taxes from the Dakar Area was calculated for the three-year period 1968-71 using the "Situation Cumul6e de l'Ex6cution des Operations de Recette au 30 Juin," Ministry of Finance. The proportion was found to be rising from 65.6% in 1968 to 67.8% in 1969 and 70.7% in 1971. The product of indirect taxes attributable to the Dakar Region was estimated at 3/4 of the total, except for the export taxes which are levied primarily on agricultural products.

March 7, 1972 TABLE 3

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

ESTIMAIE OF DIST1IBUlION OF INVESTMENTS IN JAKAR (CAP VERT) AND RLST OF COUNTRY Total for the 1966-71 Period-/

Investment Sectors Dakar (Cap Vert) Rest of Senegal ------(Biion CFAF)------

Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 12.21

Water Supply (incl. rural) 1 .72

Drainage/Sewerage *O .02

Industry/Tourism .10 .41

Highways .23 8.36

Other Transport and Communications .0 .91

Education 1.89 2.05

Health .53 *32

Urbanism (includes housing) 2.90 .83

Other Investments .52 1.95

TOTAL 8.95 27.,0

Respective Share (2L%) (76%)

1/ Small parts of foreign aid may not be included.

SOURCE: Situation des D&penses Budgetaires au 30 Juin. Ministry of Finance, Centre Comptable, A. Peytavin. March 7, 1972 SENIGAL

2,TZ A141 SERVICII K'0JW

DAKAR REIDENTIAL NVIROINMENTAL CONDITIONS - 1969

WaterSanitary

Montbly Houlng of t f Ho.hold.wiCh Ekblic Tollets .. ipltitoOn Ine~es No. of Wail Structure in % Iousenold, Founotvn Tollet Tollet No PersFoun. with on, Tak Private timber Persons Mo. ot Persons j (Aerge in RoehoIds br Concrete or C.,nent bl. tte with P2ivate iiir . Wc. Households (12) )rter000 CFA) Carre- Ckent Block & Other wooti Connection(9) (75)) (9) Seerage or Latrine San. Edtcu1es er

High SLndard.

b 100 1 96 2 2 100 ®ZoneB 00 R 4,000 middle high v.h. PoInt 22 Plateau* 40,000 ,ktte ei. ,0 SICAP 41,700 63 5560 100 93 100 97 DerI1e 5,000 middle and high high Colobane II 41,1.00 middleand Pann loek ,500 o-middle HLM 16 58 1570 100 Oagoua NIye 7,500 middle Zone A 3,500 ow-iddle Dovne Port 2,500 low-middle n oro 000 40 270 100 90d ds not 98 0 2 94 Total 26 apply

B. Med4I4t Standards

Medina 67,000 33 8100 41 57 2 14 82 570 10 13 71 34 60 70 Fa. Ca.Ier 100low-middle mainly c.b. not aval. 3 1500 Total 71,0 14

C . Low Standard, 24 86 67 Grand Dakar 44,300 25 5700 19 74 7 14 27 1300 1 19 80 10,000 very 1ow,low ainly wood not avail. 6 1500 Grand Yoff 7 1000 Colobane I 6,600 1.t 2,500 very loW,low 1100 Champn de Course 55 Pikine AncIen 82,700 24 9900 59 33 8 10 62 1000 1 47 52 14 135 Total 329 D Very -Lo Standardø 3 9500 2 90 8 - 22 3000 - 8 92 6 422 Irr.glier DaIiar 65,500 - 2 4800 Fao Paillottes 9,500 lot, very loW mainly o Ra miston 2,000 very low .od- 3 700 Rebeuns 9,000 13 0 - 0 Eteninnv 17,500 18 2200 9 83 8 - 24 700 - 87 Pikine - 38 62 0 - 0 Pikn rrreguler * 13500 23 |1650 71 29 - - 0 Total

E. Villages and Dispersed*

OQko v, Yoal not avall. Camberene, Hant VJIlage Hnn lPecheur, incl. 7 Thar er Yeumbeu Rln0ÅND TOTAL 510,000 100 city and the rite rsIdentielle n th -hig clas Theae Yreas were not covered by the NEDECO study, classification io Ban. staff estimate. The platea . 2s the bullt-up eentral thes two areas. The villages are a mixture of type r und D, residential area, the non-African populon estimated at ame 30,000 la conentrated in pay0ing their water bill. All nits have onnectionmndiidual les tihan 100 , figures reflect people that we cut Off for not 21ite and done by Goverment. Tome TI, n,ber n( ) to Table mnber in Te T1. FSO E YElr. 9ZDECO, Dakar' Veter and Sewerage Master Plan, E odes Socologtque, refer.

Maret 7, 1972 SEnEGAL

SITE ANR) SERVICES PROJ?C'

DAKAR HOUSING C1L4RACTERISTICf - 1969

Ownership (26) Average Covered Floor Space Average % of Households' Service Average No. of P1sons Average 2 2 No. of Rooms Average Ownerr With Housing No. Persons Per Unit or Lot i.e m per m per Per Household Pers/Room Co-Owner Family of 2 Quartiers Populaion Per Household Carre (6) in s (19) Person (19) % of lot Person (23) (23) Buying Renting or Others Unknown

A. High Standards

Zone B 700 9 9 500 56 145 29 16 4.6 2.0 21 36 33 10 Point E 4,000 Plateau* ha,000 Cite Resid.* 5,000 SICAP 41,700 8 8 160 20 58 36 7 3.0 2.5 33 36 17 14 Derkle 5,000 Colobane II 1,000 Fann Hock 4,500 HLN 16,400 10 10 110 11 71 67 7,1 3.5 2.8 33 38 15 14 Ouagou Niaye 7,500 Zone A 3,500 Donane Port 2,500 Pass Tiroir 2 7 7 80 11 63 84 9 3.0 2.5 28 24 30 18 Total 133,800

B. Medium standards

Medina 67,000 7 21 300 14 132 46 6 2.6 2.7 38 54 8 Fass Casier 4,500 Total 71,500

C. Low. Standards

Grand Dakar 44,300 7 15 170 11 73 44 5 2.6 2.7 44 45 9 2 Grand Yoff 10,000 Colobane 1 6,800 Champs de Course 2,500 Pikine Ancien 8270 8 10 200 20 73 37 7 3.3 2.3 60 33 6 1 Total 146,300

D. yery Low Standards 16 Irregulier Dakar 65,500 6 13 130 10 58 44 4 2.0 3.0 24 22 38 Fass Paillottes 9,500 Ras Mission 2,000 Rebeass 9,000 Pikine Extensior2/ 17,500 8 8 160 20 51 32 6 3.2 2.4 82 8 6 4 Pikine Irregulier* 18.500 7 8 200 25 65 33 3.2 2.3 77 20 3 Total 122,000

Villages and Dispersed*

Ouakam, Yoff Camberene, Hann Vil. Hann Pecheurs , inl. A36.40 Thiaroye4 Yeumbeul GRAND TOTAL 510,000

i :'e clas .essaertial AreE, *These areas were not covered by the NEDECO study, classification is Bank staff estimate. The plateau is the built-up central city and the cite residentielle high the non-African population estimated at some 30,000 is concentrated in these two areas. The villages are a mixture of type C and D. which various structures are erected. I/ Unit refers to a typical housing unit in the modern sector;carre refers to the traditional African unit consisting of a plot enclosed by 4 walls inside Site and ervies done by Government. OPcSmE: I1,FP, Dukar' Water ana Sewerage Master Plis, Etudes SociologiqueS Tome Jt, nuber in ( rers-, -o Table zniber in Tome 11. SITE AND ERVU'ICiES PHOJE11

DAKAR INCOME DISTRIBUTION BY DIiPRICT - 1969

Population Percentage Distribution Quartiers No. of Persons of tou: chold Heads' Incomes Median (000) CFAP/Month 000 CFAF 0-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-50 50-100 100+ Total

A. High Standards

Zone B 700 6 2 - 2 - 15 41/ 31 100 78 Point E 4,000 Plateau 40,000 Cite Resid.!/ 5,000 SICAP 41,700 12 4 6 7 9 31 18 8 100 37 Derkle 5,000 Colebane II 1,000 Fann Hock 4,500 HIM 16,400 6 3 5 8 10 38 28 4 100 40 Ouagou Niaye 7,500 Zone A 3,500 Douane Port 2,500 Fass Tiroir 2 17 10 12 1421 14 21 1.0 2 100 25 Total 133,800

B. Medium Standards

Medina 67,000 34 15 12i/ 10 6 15 6 2 100 15 Fass Casier Total 71,500

C. Low Standards

Grand Dakar 44,300 40 19V 11 11 3 12 3 1 100 13 Grand Yoff 10,000 Colobane I 6,800 Champs de Course 2,500 Pikine Ancien 82,700 46 91 14 11 8 8 3 1 100 12 Total 146,300

D. Very Low Standards

Irregulier Dakar 65,500 35 31L1 38 8 4 3 .5 .5 100 12 Fass Paillottes 9,500 Ras Mission 2,000 Rebeus, 9,000 Pikine Extension 17,500 42 30L/ 13 9 4 2 - - 100 11 Pikine Irregulier 18,500 23 26 20 12 9 10 - - 100 35 Total 122,000

E. Villages and Dispersed 36,400

TOTAL 510,000 34 17 13 10 6 13 5 2 100Z 15

1 Indicates the class in which the median falls. / Weighted average on the 10 districts. Site and services done by Government. SOURCE: NEDECO Dakar Water and Sewerage Master Plan. 01

March 7, 1972 TABLE 7

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN DAKAR URBAN AREA - 1969 SUMMARY

Population Living in Quarters With

Housing Structure Number % of Total

Concrete or cement block walls 259,300 51 Cement block and other materials (wood/tin) 226,100 14. Other Material (wood/tin) 24,60o 5 Total 510,000 100

Water Service

Private connection 178,800 35 No private connection 331,200 65 Total 510,000 100

Sanitary Service

Private toilet on sewerage 157,500 31 Private toilet on tank or latrine 64.,200 12 No private toilet 288,300 57 Total 510,000 100

Electrical Service

Electricity connection 289,200 57 No electricity connection 220,800 43 Total 510,000 100

March 7, 1972 TABLE 8

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

ESTIMATED SCHEDULE OF DISBURSEMENTS (US$ Million)

Quarter Disbursement Cumulative

1* - - 2 3 0.09 0.09 4 0.17 0.26 5 0.11 0.37 6 0.11 0.48 7 0.14 0.62 8 0.44 1.06 9 0.59 1.65 10 0.28 1.93 11 0.40 2.33 12 0.68 3.01 13 0.66 3.67 1h 0.33 4.00 15 0.36 4.36 16 0.61 4.97 17 0.58 5.55 18 0.23 5.78 19 0.35 6.13 20 0.64 6.77 21 0.62 7.39 22 0.26 7.65 23 0.19 7.84 24 0.16 8.00

* Starting from signing of credit agreement.

June 5, 1972 SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULEA/

IMPLEMENTATION Years 2 3 5 6 Quarters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

DAKAR

Phase 1 construction ** ** +BB BRR III III SSS SSS SSS SSS site occupation

Phase 2 construction III III SSS SSS SSS SSS site occupation

Phase 3 construction ** n* +BB BRR III III SSS sss sSs ssS site occupation

Phase 4 construction *** ** III III SSS SSS SSS SSs site occupation

THIES

Phase I construction III SSS SSS site occupation

Phase 2 construction ** III SSs SSS site occupation

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

Project Manager - Civil Engineer

Accountant

Savings and Credit Expert

Community Organization Expert

COMMUNITY IMPROVEMENT

Criteria Study

Pilot Project

Legend 1/ Implementation starts at credit agreement signing.

Detailed Engineering + Review of Design and Contract Documents B Tendering of Bids R Review of Bids and Award of Contracts I Construction of Infrastructure S Construction of Sanitary Facilities, Schools and Healtb Clinics --- Possible Extension of Techmical Assistance

June 5, 1972 01NEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

OHLM - SITE A-ND SERVICES DIRECTORATE

PROJECT INCOME STATEMENT 1973-82 (in CFAF millions)

Year Ending June 30 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82

REVENUES

Payments from Purchasers of Lotsvl

Interest 18.5 37.5 54.2 71.7 68.3 64.7 61.o 56.6 Administration 10.7 23.9 34.6 47.8 47.8 47.8 47.8 47.8

Water 8.3 18.9 27.2 37.7 37.7 37.7 37.7 37.7

TOTAL REVENUES 37.5 80.3 116.0 157.2 153.8 150.2 146.5 142.1

OPERATING EXPENSES

Administration and Management 12.6 28.1 40.7 56.2 56.2 56.2 56.2 56.2

Water 9.8 22.2 32.0 44.4 44.4 44.4 44.4 44.4

TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES 22.4 50.3 72.7 lo.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6

OPERATING INCOME 15.1 30.0 43.3 56.6 53.2 49.6 45.9 41.5

1/ Assuming a default rate of 150/ on annual payments due.

June 5, 1972 o SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

OHLM - SITE AND SERVICES DIRECTORATE

PROJECT SOURCES AND APPLICATION OF FUNDS 1973-82 (in CFAF millions)

Year Ending June 30 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82

SOURCES OF FUNDS

Gross Income 15.1 30.0 43.3 56.6 53.2 49.6 45.9 41.5 Payment for Lotsl/ Downpayments 43.2 27.4 29.4 13.8 - - - - Monthly Payments of Principal 10.4 22.3 34.2 47.7 51.1 54.7 58.4 62.8

TOTAL 68.7 79.7 106.9 118.1 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3

Equity IDA Credit 90.1 264.4 267.2 274.7 155.0 Government Capital Contribution for civil works 44.4 130.2 131.7 135.3 76.6 for engineering and pre- 17.5 28.3 24.1 23.8 14.1 3.0 project management Developed land for schools and (52.0) (54.6) (52.0) (54.6) health centers, transferred to Government (per contra)

TOTAL SOURCES 17.5 162.8 435.4 447.8 479.0 298.1 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3

APPLICATION OF FUNDS

Capital Civil Works 134.5 394.6 398.9 41o.o 231.6 Engineering 17.5 19.0 10.0 11.5 Management Prior to Lot Sale 9.3 14.1 12.3 14.1 3.0 Developed Land for schools, (52.0) (54.6) (52.0) (54.6) and health centers transferred to Govt. (per contra)

TOTAL APPLICATIONS 17.5 162.8 366.7 368.1 372.1 180.0

Surplus at End of Year - - 68.7 79.7 106.9 118.1 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3

1/ Some payments are expected to occur at the end of fiscal 1974. However, to simplify calculation, it has been assumed that all lots of the first phase (100 ha in Dakar) were sold at the beginning of fiscal 1975.

June 5, 1972 SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

OHLM - SITE AND SERVICES DIRECTORATE

PROJECT BALANCE SHEET 1973-82 (in CFAF millions)

73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82

FIXED ASSETS

Work in Progress 17.5 180.3 176.3 167.8 183.0 Retained Developed Landl 13.0 26.6 39.6 53.2 53.2 53.2 53.2 53.2 Notes Receivable from Sales of Lots 304.1 617.4 897.7 1,185.6 1,134.5 1,079.8 1,021.4 958.6

CURRENT ASSETS

Office Supplies - Not Estimated Cash in Treasury

CURRENT LIABILITIES

Net Current Assets 68.7 148.4 255.3 373.4 477.7 582.0 686.3 790.6 (incl. net income & repayment for lots, downpayments & principal)

TOTAL ASSETS 17.5 180.3 562.1 960.2 1,375.6 1,612.2 1,665.4 1,715.0 1,760.9 1,802.4

LIABILITIES

Capital and Surplus IDA Credit 90.1 354.5 621.7 896.4 1,051.4 1,051.4 1,051.4 1,051.4 1,051.4 Government Capital Contribution2/ 17.5 90.2 192.5 293.4 390.8 415.8 415.8 415.8 415.8 415.8 Retained Earnings 15.1 45.1 88.4 145.0 198.2 247.8 293.7 335.2

TOTAL LIABILITIES 17.5 180.3 562.1 960.2 1,375.6 1,612.2 1,665.4 1,715.0 1,760.9 1,802.4

Includes land for commercial and industrial uses which can be sold. 2/ Less developed land for school and health centers transferred to Government (see Table 11).

June 6, 1972 TABLE 13

SENEGAL

SITE AYD SERVICES PROJECT

GOVERNMENT INVESTMENTS IN URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE IN DAKAR (CAP VERT) 1967-1971 (in million CFAF)

Sectors 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 Total

Water Supply and - 23.5 613.3 18.4 1,187.6 1,842.8 Distribution

Drainage/Sewerage - - - 31.0 .8 31.8

Transport 73.8 35.7 173.0 40.0 94.0 16.5

Communications - 19.0 6.0 2.9 25.0 52.9

Urbanization!/ 844.4 620.1 391.6 431.1 616.6 2,903.8 of which: Site 4 Services (94.0) (108.0) (20.0) (9.0) (52.0) (263.0)

OHLME. (560.0) (509.0) (264.0) (147.0) (h5.0) (1,925.0)

SICAP (190.0) ( - ) (98.0) (249.0) (119.0) (656.0)

TOTAL 913.2 698.3 1,183.9 523.4 1,924.0 5,247.8

1/ Includes public investment for housing and related infrastructure in new site and services, CLM, and SICAP operations, and in existing residential areas. (Note: some grading for the site and services operations was done by the military and is not reflected in investments given here).

2/ Government contribution less operating expenses and OHLM projects in the regions.

SOURCE: Situation des DApenses Budg6taires au 30 Juin, Ministry of Finance, Centre Coptable A. Peytavin.

March 6, 1972 TABLE 14

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

HOUSING AND RELATED INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT PROGRAMS IN DAMAR WM-IND-W IOMMMPROJECT (5-YEAR PERIOD)

Without Project With Project Number Cost Number Cost (US$ million) (US$ million) Housing Units

1. OIX 5,000 25.4 4,250 15.9 2. SICAP 2,500 12.7 2,500 9.8 Site & Services

3. Lots 5,000 1.5 14,000 5.3

4. Outlays for Housing Materials 2.3 7.9 5. Value of Self-help 1.6 5.2

Total Public Outlay (1+2+3) 12,500 40.0 20,750 31.0

Total Excluding Self-help 12,500 42.3 20,750 38.9 (1+2+3+h)

Total (1+2+3+4+5) 12,500 43.5 20,750 44.1

I.e. Some 60% more families would be accommodated with the project at a public investment 25% less, at a total cost excluding self-help 10% less and at a total cost including self-help roughly equivalent.

Assumptions - Without project: OHLM and SICAP basis past experience of costs and plan; site and services lots at lowest amenity level (as in ast); outlay for housing materials/self-help on basis 60440%.

With project: OHLM: 2,000 economic units at similar cost as without project, 2,250 supereconomic at half cost; SICAP: same number as without project, but with a 20% reduction of costs; site and services as per project.

June 6, 1972 TABLE 15

SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICES PROJECT

PROJECT COSTS AND RENTAL VALUE

A. Costs (US$ million)

1. Infrastructure Costs (excluding social services 5.5 and primary infrastructure) for 15,600 sites

2. Value of land 1.6

3. Outlays for housing materials 8.6

L. Self-help valuation 5.7

5. Total excluding self-help 15.7

6. Total including self-help 21. B. Rental Value (on basis of rents charged in city)

7. Minimum rental value per annum 2.41

8. Likely rental value per annum 3.94 C. Rates of Return (in %) Minimum Rent Likely Rent Assuming 20-year life of structures:

9. on total cost 9.5 18.0

10. on cost excluding land value 11.0 19.0

11. on cost excluding land value 16.0 27.0 and self-help

Assumptions:

Costs: Land cost US$3,910 per ha. Construction 80% of houses at US$780 and 20% at US$1,560 of which 60% is for material and 40% would be the value of self-help labor. Annual Rents in US$ Rental Value: Minimal Likely ouses on common lots Dakar 140 235 Houses on lots with private water 280 470 connection Dakar Houses in Thies 94 94 June 6, 1972 SENEGAL

SITE AND SERVICE PhOJECT

DAKAR AV-ERAGE MOr1ilY HOUSEHOLD EXPl;[NDIInjFS BY ]ISJPRICT - 1969

Average Average Monthly ExPendituree by Area Population Monthly Total Electricity No. of Persons Income (% of Housing Water or Lighting Subtotal Trasport Subtotal Others * Quartiers (6 & 8) (CFAF) (CFAF) Income) (CFAF) (M) (CFAF) (1) (CFAF) () (CFAF) () (CFAF) () (CFAF) (7) (CFAF) ()

A. High Standards

Zone B 700 108,438 64,691 60 13160 20.3 2434 3.8 2471 3.8 18065 27.9 6534 10.1 24599 38.0 40092 62 Point E 4,000 Plateau 0 ,00 0 Cite Resid. 5,000 SICAP 41,700 62,669 40,598 65 6883 17.0 1049 2.6 1404 3.5 9336 23.1 3890 9.6 13226 32.7 27372 67.3 Derkle 5,000 Colobane II 1,000 Pann Hock 4,500 HLM 16,400 57,681 43,225 75 9222 21.3 1223 2.8 1073 2.5 11518 26.6 3463 8.0 14981 34.6 28244 65.4 Ouagou Hiays 7.500 Zone A 3,500 Douane Port 2,500 Faas Tiroir 2,000 39,863 29,652 74 6474 21.8 763 2.6 662 2.2 7899 26.6 2029 6.8 9928 33.4 29935 66.6 Total 133.800

B. Medium Standards

Medina 67,000 33,242 22,602 68 1540 6.8 313 1.4 881 3-9 2734 12.1 1436 6.3 4170 15.4 29072 81.6 Pa.s Casier 4 Total 71,500

C. Low Standards

Grand Daker 44,300 25,140 18,109 72 967 5.3 228 1.3 628 3.5 1823 10.1 945 5.2 2768 15.3 22372 84.7 Grand Yoff 10,000 Colobane I 6,800 Champs de Course 2,500 Pikine Ancien 82,700 23,467 20,210 86 905 4.5 323 1.6 558 2.8 1786 8.9 1590 7.9 3376 16.8 20091 83.2 Total 146,300

D. Very Low Standards

Irregulier Dakar 65,500 19,673 15,341 78 857 5.6 411 2.7 375 2.4 1643 10.7 592 3.9 2235 14.6 17438 85.4 Faea Paillottes 9,500 Ras Mission 2,000 Rebeauss 9,000 Pitine ExtensionL/ 17,500 18,170 16,981 93 90 .5 139 .8 417 2.4 646 3.7 1272 7.5 1918 11.2 16252 88.8 Pikine Irregolier 18,500 22,841 17,342 76 301 1.7 606 3.5 624 3.6 1531 8.8 1418 8.2 2949 17.0 19892 83.0 Total 12,000

E. Villages 36, 400

Weighted Average 35,439 22,490 63 2050 9.1 458 2.0 710 3.2 3218 14.3 1609 7.2 4827 21.5 17663 57.3

* Other includes food. domestic, clothing and others. Source - NEDECO Dakar Water and Sewerage Master Plan, Etudes Sociologiques, Tome II, Tables 49 and 53. I/ Site and services done by Government. March 7, 1972 ARD OF DIRECTORS OH LM

DIRECTOR GENERAL ORGANIZATION CHART

DIRECTOR MONITORING DIRECPOR SITE AND SERVICES COMMITTEE HOUSING

LEGAL AND LAND ENGINEERING GENERAL SALES AND REGIONAL PROGRANMING TITLE AFFAIRS AND SUPERVISION ACCOUNTING ADMINISTRATION MANAGEMENT DISPUTES AGENCIES

RURAL ASSISTANCE SECTION FHOUSING

Мор 1 sr »¸is ½»½º´Ё ³°*. - »t ·earn Е, ²£» М А U R 1 ¢ А N" 1 А . ³а ; ³ - i . .. » ¸ аь Ë ³ ³ Ã wX SENEGAI o-, ,. :n , ,_ ' ' ? ADMWISTRATION AND MA1N¢ RАГFQRT ! _ М - Ã > - - r ,.".. , ¸еÏ NETWORK ³.,._ 1 . ³ f' »' } а i , . " ³ r . l ¿³е³¿аьо¿аl ¬о¸¿´а¿е³ -. - ` i ³ ,il -' ³ - :Frr ' _i ³, .. - - _ .¼''j _ _ _ RaBio ¿al ¬о¸¿´а¿е³ ³ ' ³! G¼е . [. _ _ ¿ ' ь ..-. »Á,f _»". ". ³ »» Ã , -----Deparrmenrol ±ou¿daies - ' , F Е - - ГJ ' '1 POR1 » ' \ ¸ ' 1.1 l,, ³ ¿¸ ³ v.,ir t 7 NrGEer´ ff ( s ® Nahonol ³ар»аl Ã ..1, . ³1. ..`; ., i ' f р t ² Re9ionol caPital ³ ' О F ... Q 36 . \.:`. ³ f...., ». ( .,,,;/ / ' Ã О Deportmenlal

MARCH ® 72

Mcip 2

130 17*25'

SENEGAL Site and Services Project DAKAR METROPOLITAN AREA GENERAL LAND USE 1971 AND PLANNED

DEVELOPMENT 1973-77 /PARCELIES ZONES LKIN

CAMBERENE .GOtF

PIKIN i£ -- i 'YEUMBEUL g RREGUµERk

Of :THIAROYE

GRANDE

14*45 D DAKAR N4'45 NGORf

7F A IR//HLM5 P A IRPOR T //CATHIAROYE-MER RRND YOFF

IHANN Residential and mmnor comnmercial

GRAND Institutional DAKAR Recreahion and agriculjure ~~'~OHL S 1 5I ÅN 4 ------.-.-.- Central busmness diStr,ct (CBD) INDuSTR A ZONE Prolect area

FAS- Pro|ects to be developed during 4th plan (1973-1977) MEDINA Major streets PORT7· Raolway

A U RY .- GOREIE JILAND

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

.. 17°125'

MARCH 1972 IBRO 371.

MAP 3

•ss. SENEGAL a" ' arou-so DDa até Riuines 1 • Site and Services Project THIES - PROJECT LOCATION t

20 Pogren Ki .meters 77,6 Tiapone

K. Saïdou 7 - .--- arhaté N 1 Tiona Peul T'ali i Tiona • se Aérienne ------r -Ka s Abal-

••ission- de Diar•a •-Cth.

es Nne'- 5 1;Cité Ba lab THIÉS M d Equipe'abu - 0

s.ký ýý-INDUSTRIAL -- raTr i a nénoZONE

• •--K. Mamadou- Ch •-Soumaré.

Dioung i - - imane. mane . ayéne Ch'. -Kiningane • Peykouk Silmane Yonéne, Silmane Kass¢n \ su

N sane Mbayeße--

" Project 0rea 60 ha

A L i Roads Railroads - - m Léon SBuldm,gs 6 æ Modernmesaanssow ne,mps o imply e acptc by 0 =C 0 Traditional '* B55'd""I,i" "4 '' IBRD 3846

Mop 4

SENEGAL Site and Services Project DAKAR METROPOLITAN AREA RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMEN fAL CONDITIONS -1969

CAy~EE GOLF

x / YEUMBEUL

YOFF THIAROYE

GRAN DE 144 NGOR

('-r

-,,M 4 5 6

-- 17°2l

~TUGUESE GUINEA C, G1 U N FEBRUARY 1977mn a

MAP 5

SENEGAL LA Site and Services Project A c DAKAR o o CAMBEWE-E TY PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURE PHASING Eo

CAMB W L TO AIRPORT 0

% AUTOROUTE oWELLU

\ GRAND' 9T HE \ MEDINA,TTHE II \ ~ ~~BU LDEF S T AA \ DEVELOfPMENTAUOU

/ I

Phases of Project F,ROJECT AREA Implementation W11111 / / ARPORT Financed by Government/ Primary Eitg canstrbceed Propose Infrastructure for the for later poet construction O ATIANT/C RoadsOEA Water mains ------0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Klmtr * Wells ACompressor IBRD 3848 FEBRUARY 1972

М §Р 6 » - о а. ` DAKAR ² ³

» £ ., .: ³ ,- 4.. . . . Ai/ о¿³Á , ³ Ã ³ О Á² о¿ ³ -- . i 11 fNe ³ i - / . . а ³ + а ` / i / Ã а а ' .. Р . 1 j \ а

// -- _ а / а ys ' / .., ³± а . i, ² s i а - - . 1 а ³ - - '---`-- ³ Р ² i а

ь - ,\ \ ----_ --- р , _--_ Ã : _J ___ ' £ / tC an erv.)tllt'_'ccs Prcect Dakar , ND1T1vE LANDUSE SCHEME ' " . - а --- i- :i ri;:..:., -._,i- - :nted 130ha а ' » I - I- ' а I /' ³ £ . . ' ' . 1 ` i -- . а , `; _ ' . -_- 1- : - . i - _ - - i - а 1 а %, \\ а , а -- - f i I iI ; . ` / i .. '; 1 ___ - , , ,

- . . .. Р . / I II , I '°'' Worer´ s ³¿±9 ³Î¿

BRD 3849

FF9RUARY 19)2

Map 7

Lots with individual water connection Other lots School . Woter distribution Fountains Public toilets Mosque . . . .Arterial streets

HEAT

SENEGAL Site and Services Project DETAILED LAND USE SCHEME

N 0 50 100 200

Meters

IORD 3850 FEBRUARY 1972

MAP 0

SENEGAL Site and Services Project INDICATIVE SITE PLAN

School

[0 Mosque Op Fountains Fire hydrants Public toilets

N > Arterial streets Local streets Meows 20> - To rest of project site

. .18RD383 FFRUARY 1972