Brecon Beacons National Park Authority Local Development Plan

Draft Heritage Paper

May 2019

Brecon Beacons National Park Authority

Brecon Beacons National Park Authority Heritage Paper

Contents List of Figures & Tables ...... 3 1.0 Introduction ...... 4 1.1 Purpose of this document ...... 4 1.2 Aims of this paper ...... 4 2.0 Policy Context ...... 4 2.1 National Planning Policy...... 5 2.1.1 The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 ...... 5 2.1.2 Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Bill 2013 ...... 5 2.1.3 The Planning (Wales) Act 2015 ...... 5 2.1.4 The Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015 ...... 5 2.1.5 Historic Environment (Wales) Act 2016 ...... 6 2.1.6 Planning Policy Wales Edition 10 (December 2018) ...... 7 2.1.7 Technical Advice Note 24: The Historic Environment (May 2017) ...... 8 2.2 Local Policy ...... 9 2.2.1 Brecon Beacons National Park Management Plan (2015-2020) ...... 9 2.2.2 Brecon Beacons National Park Local Development Plan (2013) ...... 10 3.0 Situation and Trend ...... 11 3.1 Background of the Heritage within the Brecon Beacons National Park ...... 11 3.2 Conservation Areas in the Brecon Beacons National Park ...... 14 3.2.5 Brecon ...... 14 3.2.6 Talgarth ...... 15 3.2.7 Hay-on-Wye ...... 16 3.2.8 Crickhowell & Llangattock ...... 17 3.3 Listed Buildings in the Brecon Beacons National Park ...... 17 3.4 Archaeology within the Brecon Beacons National Park ...... 18 3.5 Historic Parks and Gardens within the Brecon Beacons National Park ...... 20 3.6 Climate Change and the Historic Environment of Wales ...... 21 3.7 The Welsh Language ...... 23 4.0 Monitoring ...... 25 5.0 Conclusion ...... 28 6.0 References ...... 29

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List of Figures & Tables Figure 1: Distinctive and Natural Outcomes, Planning Policy Wales 2018 7

Figure 2: BBNP Landscape Character Assessment: Broad Landscape Character Types 2012 12

Figure 3: Map of Conservation Area in Brecon, BBNPA 14

Figure 4: Map of Conservation Area in Talgarth, BBNPA 15

Figure 5: Map of Conservation Area in Hay-on-Wye, BBNPA 16

Figure 6: Map of Conservation Area in Crickhowell & Llangattock, BBNPA 17

Figure 7: Map of Listed Buildings in the BBNP, Lle Mapping Welsh Government 18

Figure 8: Graph of reported condition of SAMs in the BBNP, Cadw 2019 19

Figure 9: Map of Scheduled Ancient Monuments in the BBNP, Lle Mapping Welsh Government 20

Figure 10: Map of Historic Parks and Gardens in BBNP, BBNPA 20

Table 1: Assessment of impacts based on extent, severity and sensitivity for each category

of historic asset (Cadw, 2018) 21

Table 2: 2001 and 2011 Census of level of Welsh speaking within the National Park by

electoral ward, Stats Wales, Welsh Government 23

Table 3: Brecon Beacons National Park Authority Annual Monitoring Report (2018) 26

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1.0 Introduction

1.1 Purpose of this document 1.1.1 Welsh Government’s Local Development Plan (LDP) Manual Edition 2 (2015) states the following: ‘Section 69 of the 2004 Act requires a Local Planning Authority to undertake a review of an LDP and report to the Welsh Government at such times as prescribed. To ensure that there is a regular and comprehensive assessment of whether plans remain up-to-date or whether changes are needed an authority should commence a S69 full review of its LDP at intervals not longer than every 4 years from initial adoption and then from the date of the last adoption following a review under S69 (Regulation 41). A plan review should draw upon published AMRs, evidence gathered through updated survey evidence and pertinent contextual indicators, including relevant changes to national policy’ (WG, 2015).

1.1.2 This document has been prepared to provide an evidence base and to examine the heritage within the Brecon Beacons National Park (BBNP) to inform policy for the replacement LDP. The BBNP has a long and colourful history and a rich and varied cultural heritage. It may be the perception that the landscape of the Brecon Beacons is unspoilt and natural, however in fact people have shaped and changed this landscape over many thousands of years.

1.1.3 The National Park is rich in archaeological heritage with historic buildings and settlements. The BBNP is home to a wealth of archaeology from prehistoric stone circles and burial chambers, Iron Age hillforts, Roman Camps, Medieval Castles and the remains of the industrial past. The wide range of impressive and important architecture that can be found in the BBNP, from the fine rural buildings to the historic townscapes, also bears witness to the National Park’s important cultural heritage. The BBNP have more information on heritage their website.

1.1.4 The historic and cultural environment also provides opportunities for leisure, tourism and recreation across the National Park and makes a major contribution to the local and regional economy that the LDP seeks to support. Understanding the role of the built and cultural heritage and how it can be conserved and enhances will therefore be key to the success of delivering the vision of the LDP.

1.2 Aims of this paper  To establish an understanding of the Policy Context underpinning heritage within the National Park  To understand the success of the existing policy through providing evidence relating to the protection of the National Park’s heritage.  To set out the current situation in the BBNPA through analysis of data.  To assist in identifying objectives, issues, options and necessary policy to ensure the heritage is protected within the BBNPA.

2.0 Policy Context 2.0.1 In order to meet the requirements of National Policy it was important to establish an understanding of the Policy underpinning Heritage as is outlined below:

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2.1 National Planning Policy 2.1.1 The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 2.1.1.1 The above Act is the primary legislation for heritage protection in England and Wales which assists in providing local planning authorities with the mechanism for the protection of the Built Heritage. The Act identifies among others the following:

 Listing of Special Buildings  Authorisation of works affecting listed buildings including exemptions  Rights of owners  Enforcement  Prevention of deterioration and damage  Designation of Conservation Areas  General duties of Local Planning Authorities  Rights of entry

2.1.2 Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Bill 2013 2.1.2.1 This Bill modifies various Acts and legal documents including The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990. The principle changes only applied to England where local and national class consent for listed buildings and certificate of lawful works to a listed building was introduced. The changes made in England were proposed by the Department for Culture Media and Sport (DCMS) by a consultation document entitled “Improving Listed Building Consent” and this document became a relevant document for the Cadw consultation “Refining the Listed Building Consent Process”.

2.1.2.2 Schedule 17 of the Bill (heritage planning regulation) came into effect which whilst not introducing new measures in Wales amends the wording of certain sections of The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990.

2.1.3 The Planning (Wales) Act 2015 2.1.3.1 The Act plays a significant role in protecting Wales’ heritage as it introduces the provision for the consideration of the Welsh language during the planning process. Under section 11 of the Act, local planning authorities including BBNPA must consider how the policies and site allocations are likely to impact on use of the Welsh language in their area when preparing or revising local development plans (LDP). Section 31 of the Act clarifies that the Welsh Language may be a consideration for decision-makers where it is material to the application.

2.1.4 The Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015 2.1.4.1 The Well-being of Future Generations Act wants to make Wales a better place to live in now and for people in the future. This Act has been established to impose a ‘well-being duty’ on all public bodies in order to achieve ‘economic, social, environmental and cultural well-being for Wales’. The 7 well-being goals are as follows:

1. A globally responsible Wales 2. A prosperous Wales 3. A resilient Wales 4. A healthier Wales 5. A more equal Wales 6. A Wales of cohesive communities 7. A Wales of vibrant culture and thriving Welsh language

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2.1.4.2 This act ensures that public bodies, including the National Park Authorities have to think about the long term to achieve a sustainable Wales. The goal ‘a Wales of vibrant culture and thriving Welsh Language’ is the most relevant to this paper as it aims to create a society that promotes and protects culture, heritage and the Welsh language, and which encourages people to participate in the arts, sports and recreation as set out in the following aims:

 Help to ensure the conservation of the historic environment and cultural heritage, acknowledging and fostering local diversity.  Contribute positively to the well-being of the Welsh language and ensure any negative impacts on the use of the language are mitigated.

2.1.4.3 The Equality Act 2010 and Human Rights Act 1998 are also relevant in making decisions in relation to the Welsh language and planning. The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 requires local planning authorities to undertake a sustainability appraisal (SA) of the LDP. Included within the SA must be an assessment of the likely effects of the plan on the use of the Welsh language in the area.

2.1.5 Historic Environment (Wales) Act 2016 2.1.5.1 The above Act became law in March 2016 and it became the first legislation enacted specifically for the Welsh historic environment. It is said to augment the existing system for the protection and sustainable management of Welsh historic environment. In summary, the Act creates new measures for the protection of listed buildings and scheduled monuments, enhances existing mechanisms for the sustainable management of the historic environment, and introduces greater transparency and accountability into decisions taken on the historic environment.

2.1.5.2 The Act amends the two pieces of UK legislation – The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 and The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 – that provide the current framework. The Act also contains new stand-alone provisions relating to historic place names, historic environment records and the Advisory Panel for the Historic Environment in Wales.

2.1.5.3 In addition to the above, the Act contains provisions that:

 Require the Welsh Ministers to consult with owners before designating historic assets through scheduling and listing, and establish a mechanism to review designation decisions;  Allow the Welsh Ministers to put an immediate halt to unauthorised works to scheduled monuments and make it easier for action to be taken against those who have damaged or destroyed monuments;  Enable authorities to act quickly if a listed building is under threat from unauthorised works and give them greater flexibility in dealing with listed buildings that require urgent works to protect them from further decay;  Allow the Welsh Ministers to make provision in regulations about further steps that local authorities or the Welsh Ministers may take to secure the proper preservation of listed buildings in Wales that have fallen into disrepair;  Make it easier for owners or developers to create sustainable new uses for unlisted historic buildings by relaxing the conditions for applications for certificates of immunity from listing;  Allow owners of historic assets to negotiate heritage partnership agreements with consenting authorities for a period of years, eliminating the need for repeated applications for consent for similar works and encouraging more consistent and coherent management of the buildings or monuments;  Require the Welsh Ministers to compile and maintain a register of historic parks and gardens;  Require the Welsh Ministers to compile and keep up to date historic environment records for the whole of Wales, which provide detailed information and advice on the historic environment to local authorities and the public; 6

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 Require the Welsh Ministers to compile and maintain a list of historic place names in Wales; and  Establish an independent panel to advise on historic environment policy and strategy at a national level in Wales (UK Government, 2016).

2.1.6 Planning Policy Wales Edition 10 (December 2018) 2.1.6.1 Planning Policy Wales (PPW) includes a theme that comprises ‘Distinctive and Natural Places’. Within this theme, it covers environmental and cultural components of placemaking which are distinctive and natural and contribute to the seven goals of the ‘Well-being and Future Generations Act’. Figure 1 illustrates how the outcomes of the theme are linked and work together as a whole (page 118):

Figure 1: Distinctive and Natural Outcomes, Planning Policy Wales 2018

2.1.6.2 PPW state that ‘the characteristics and environmental qualities of places varies across Wales, creating distinctive or unique features associated with their particular natural or cultural heritage and these should be recognised and valued, in and of, themselves and should be protected and enhances. Priorities for rural and urban areas will reflect how these characteristics and qualities contribute to the attractiveness, liveability, resilience, functioning, economic prosperity and ultimately the health, amenity and wellbeing of people and places’ (page 122).

2.1.6.3 There is a loss of venues for cultural activities or historic assets thus historic assets are identified and most historic assets often have statutory protection or are included in formal registers which identify them as being of special historic interest.

2.1.6.4 In accordance to paragraph 6.1.5 (page 124) “The planning system must take into account the Welsh Government’s objectives to protect, conserve, promote and enhance the historic environment as a resource for the general well-being of present and future generations”. The Welsh Government’s specific objectives for the historic environment seek to:

 Protect the Outstanding Universal Value of the World Heritage Sites;  Conserve archaeological remains, both for their own sake and for their role in education, leisure and the economy;

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 Safeguard the character of historic buildings and manage change so that their special architectural and historic interest is preserved;  Preserve and enhance the character or appearance of conservation areas, whilst the same time helping them remain vibrant and prosperous;  Preserve the special interest of sites on the register of historic parks and gardens; and  Protect areas on the register of historic landscapes in Wales.

2.1.6.5 Planning authorities have the responsibility to protect historic assets and any change that impacts on an historic asset or its setting should be managed in a sensitive and sustainable way. Any decision made through the planning system must fully consider the impact on the historic environment and on the significance and heritage values of individual historic assets and their contribution of place.

2.1.6.6 In relation to National Parks, PPW advises that planning authorities should give great weight to the statutory purposes of National Parks which have a purpose to conserve and enhance their natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage, and to promote opportunities for public understanding and enjoyment of their special qualities. It is advised that major developments should not take place in National Parks except in exceptional circumstances and any construction and restoration must be carried out to high environmental standards. The following points must be considered for applications for major developments (page 133):

 The need for the development, in terms of national considerations and the impact of permitting it or refusing it upon the local economy;  The cost of and scope for providing the development outside the designated area or meeting the need for it in some other way; and  Any detrimental effect on the environment and the landscape, and the extent to which that could be moderated and/or mitigated.

2.1.6.7 Further advice for conserving and enhancing heritage and historic environments and detailed information about conservation areas can be found in Planning Policy Wales Edition 10 (WG, 2018).

2.1.7 Technical Advice Note 24: The Historic Environment (May 2017) 2.1.7.1 Technical Advice Note 24 (TAN 24) provides guidance on how the planning system considers the historic environment during development plan preparation and decision making on planning and Listed Building applications. This TAN provides specific guidance on how the following aspects of the historic environment should be considered (point 1.4, page 5):

 World Heritage Sites  Scheduled monuments  Archaeological remains  Listed buildings  Conservation areas  Historic parks and gardens  Historic landscapes  Historic assets of special local interest

2.1.7.2 Paragraph 2.1 (page 12) states “Planning Policy Wales sets out how the historic environment should be considered in the preparation of local development plans. This includes the regard that must be given to national policies on the historic environment and the need to include locally specific policies for the conservation and enhancement of historic assets if appropriate. National and local policies provide an important part of the framework for the consideration of individual proposals for development and help guide developers in preparing planning applications”.

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2.1.7.3 Further information and guidance about the historic environment and how to adopt this into The Local Development Plans and to specific planning applications can be found in TAN 24.

2.2 Local Policy

2.2.1 Brecon Beacons National Park Management Plan (2015-2020) 2.2.1.1 The National Park Management Plan is the single most important document for the National Park. This document coordinates and integrates other plans, strategies, and actions in the National Park that affect the two National Park purposes and its duty. No major decisions should be taken affecting the future of the National Park without reference to the National Park Management Plan.

2.2.1.2 One of the main theme and 1st Purpose that the Management Plan identifies is ‘Managing Park Landscapes to Maximise Conservation and Public Benefits’. The National Park has the highest level of protection available in the UK as a Category V Protected Area according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature which means that the interaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant ecological, biological, cultural and scenic value. Safeguarding these distinctive characters is vital to protecting and sustaining the area and its associated nature conservation and other values.

2.2.1.3 The Management Plan highlights that the Park’s first purpose is to conserve the landscape, along with its ecology, biodiversity and cultural heritage including the built and archaeological environment. However this purpose may face challenges in the upcoming years as managing the landscape means confronting change. Active management is required to control competing processes and optimise the success of conservation efforts and the delivery of public benefits.

2.2.1.4 In terms of the Park’s Heritage, the Management Plan states that communities within the National Park (NP) have a long and colourful history, and a rich and varied cultural heritage which can be seen from the archaeological heritage and historic buildings that have been left to us across the NP. There is a wealth of archaeological remains, including 358 Scheduled Ancient Monuments and eight landscapes on the Register of Landscapes of Historic Interest in Wales that are wholly or partly within the Park’s boundary which are well preserved and visible in the landscape. The NP is also home to a wide range of important architecture, from fine rural buildings to historic landscapes which include 1,970 Listed Buildings, 17 Registered Parks and Gardens and 4 Conservation Areas. This is a valuable and finite resources which requires careful management and conservation to ensure that they survive for future generations to enjoy.

2.2.1.5 The BBNPA works in partnership with Cadw, the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW) and the Welsh Archaeological Trusts (WAT) that play a key role in understanding, managing and conserving the cultural heritage of the Park.

2.2.1.6 Among others, the following list provides specific actions required to deliver the mains and objectives of the theme, ‘Managing Park Landscapes to Maximise Conservation and Public Benefits’ and specifically to reference to protecting and conserving the park’s heritage (page 25):

 Research, conserve and enhance the historic environment  Conserve and enhance archaeology  Conserve Buildings at Risk  Develop a monitoring framework for Heritage Sites at Risk  Produce guidance for built heritage  Organise a biennial Heritage Day  Develop a Heritage Strategy

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 Manage Sites of Special Scientific Interest and Special Areas of Conservation (SSSI/SAC) with geological importance to ensure their favourable conservation status  Enhance the visitor experience of the Parks wildlife, farming, landscape and environment.

2.2.1.7 Based on the above objectives, Brecon Beacons National Park Authority have produced an ‘Action Plan’ for the National Park’s Heritage for the period 2018/2019, actions include:

 Working with warden teams and volunteer groups to achieve positive management of the Scheduled Ancient Monuments.  Work with building owners to encourage repair, and re-use if relevant  Consider serving Urgent Works/ Repairs Notice/ Section 215 as appropriate if owner unwilling to engage  Visit at least 10% of the buildings on the Building at Risk Register identified at risk level 1-3  Liaise with Crickhowell’s and Llangattock’s community to set up a steering group to work with on the preparation of the appraisal.  Undertake survey work along the length of the canal passing through the Brecon Beacons National Park, liaise with the Canals and Rivers Trust, and prepare a first draft of the appraisal.  Review the potential for further conservation areas through the Policy Team’s Place Plan work  Provide support and information to BBNPA colleagues engaged with projects related to the National Park’s heritage assets.  Provide advice and support to the owners or managers of heritage assets within the National Park.  Support the organisation and delivery of a biennial heritage day to promote the historic environment of the National Park and highlight recent discoveries and projects.

2.2.2 Brecon Beacons National Park Local Development Plan (2013) 2.2.2.1 The BBNPA’s Local Development Plan (2013) highlights that the Park is full of rich heritage which need to be protected and the main threat to the park’s special qualities in particular the landscape, geodiversity, biodiversity and cultural heritage is development, therefore it is the authority’s responsibility to ensure that the planning system protects the special qualities and mitigates the effects of development. One of the other purposes of a National Park as defined by Section 61 of the Environment Act 1995 is ‘to conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage of the National Parks’ and the BBNPA aim to be by 2030 widely acclaimed for these features which are being conserved and enhance by its stakeholders through traditional and innovative means.

2.2.2.2 The National Park’s LDP includes a Strategic Policy for Environmental Protection which is outlined below:

“SP3 Environmental Protection – Strategic Policy

All proposals for development or change of use of land or buildings in the National Park must demonstrate that the proposed development does not have an unacceptable impact on, nor detract from, or prevent the enjoyment of;

a. the special qualities of the National Park as identified in the National Park Management Plan b. ecology and biodiversity assets both within and beyond designated sites c. the water environment d. geodiversity, including the Fforest Fawr European Geopark e. cultural and historic heritage, including Blaenavon Industrial Landscape World Heritage Site, Registered Historic Parks Gardens and Historic Landscapes f. the character of the built heritage, including listed buildings, conservation areas and archaeological features (see Conserving the Historic Environment Below) g. the important network of public open space and recreation facilities 10

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h. soil and air quality i. Agricultural Land of Grade 1,2,3a”

2.2.2.3 The National Park is rich in archaeological heritage as well as historic towns, villages and buildings which are irreplaceable and represents a diminishing resource visually and culturally and it is important to identify and protect the Park’s heritage for environmental, social, cultural and economic reasons. The LDP recognises the important contribution the Park’s heritage makes in drawing tourisms into the area and for contributing to the local economy. The quality of architecture in the Park is reflected in the 1,984 buildings that are currently listed by Cadw. However, small changed to existing buildings, the declining use of traditional local materials and styles and the loss of traditional uses for buildings such as stone barns represents, in varying degrees, threats and challenges.

2.2.2.4 The following policies are included within the ‘Conserving the Historic Environment’ strategy of the Local Development Plan:

- Policy 15 Listed Buildings - Policy 16 Demolition of Listed Buildings - Policy 17 The Settings of Listed Buildings - Policy 18 Protection of Buildings of Local Importance - Policy 19 Development affecting Conservation Areas - Policy 20 Historic Parks and Gardens - Policy 21 Historic Landscapes - Policy 22 Area of Archaeological Evaluation

2.2.2.5 Policy 19 (Development affecting Conservation Areas) details appropriate development within Conservation Areas in the National Park. This policy aims to preserve or enhance the character or appearance of the area and where the design, all building materials, proportions and detailing are appropriate to the Conservation Area. The LDP specifies the designated Conservation Areas within the National Park as followed: Brecon, Crickhowell, Llangattock, Hay-on-Wye and Talgarth. The Conservation Area boundaries are illustrated on the Proposal Maps within the LDP.

3.0 Situation and Trend

3.1 Background of the Heritage within the Brecon Beacons National Park 3.1.1 The Brecon Beacons National Park (BBNP) has a long and colourful history, and a rich and varied cultural heritage. Through many generations, the National Park has been left with a rich archaeological heritage and many historic buildings and settlements. Within the National Park, there is prehistoric stone circles, burial chambers, Iron Age hillforts, Roman Camps, Medieval Castles and the remains of the industrial past. There is also a wide range of important architecture that is in the BBNP, from fine rural buildings to historic landscapes and cultural inheritance.

3.1.2 The landscape of the Brecon Beacons National Park has been described by ‘National Parks’ as “large expanses of upland commons divided by fertile river valleys define a stunning archaeological landscape including well preserved prehistoric sites, fine Medieval buildings and the Blaenavon Industrial World Heritage Site”.

3.1.3 Cadw has identified 58 Historic Landscapes across Wales that are of national importance, 8 of these lie, at least partly, within the BBNP which has been recognised as being either of outstanding (o) or special historic (s) interest in Wales by Cadw, in partnership with the International Council of Monuments and Sites (Cadw,

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1998) (Cadw, 1999) (Cadw, 2007). Each is supported by a historic landscape characterisation report, which is available from the relevant archaeological trust. The eight landscapes include:

 Black Mountain and Mynydd Myddfai (o)  Blaenavon (o)  Middle Wye Valley (o)  Middle Usk Valley (s)  East Fforest Fawr and Mynydd-y-Glog (s)  Clydach Gorge (s)  Tywi Valley (largely outside) (o)  Merthyr Tydfil (largely outside) (o)

3.1.4 The BBNPA commissioned a Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) in March 2012 (BBNPA, 2012) to provide a clear geographic reference for landscape character, special qualities and issues of landscape change across the National Park. It is intended for use in a number of ways, including: • Assessing the qualities of wildness, tranquillity and remoteness across the National Park to develop a policy related to the impacts of recreation and development on these qualities. • Contributing to the development of policies with regard to large-scale developments on the fringes of the National Park. • Use as Supplementary Planning Guidance (SPG), supporting emerging policies in the Local Development Plan which aim to protect the special qualities of the National Park. • Forming baseline evidence in the development of a visitor management strategy, as referenced in the Environment Minister’s Strategic Grant Letter to the Welsh National Parks (29th March 2011). • Inform community development, village plans, Glastir-targeted elements, countryside priorities, education and information through its contribution to understanding of sense of place.

3.1.5 The LCA concluded that “there are five broad landscape types within the National Park: Uplands, Upland Valleys, Settled Valleys, Lowlands and Mountains and Valleys. Within these landscape types, fifteen Landscape Character Areas were identified (shown in Figure 2 below). Each one has its own character, identity and ‘sense of place’ derived from the particular combinations of natural and cultural elements within it:

Figure 2: BBNP Landscape Character Assessment: Broad Landscape Character Types (2012)

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3.1.6 Each Landscape Character Area is described in terms of its location and context; historical development; distinctive characteristics; LANDMAP components; settlements; key views; special qualities; sensitivities; contribution to ecosystem services and Green Infrastructure and forces for landscape change. Each Landscape Character Area profile ends with a management strategy and recommended management guidelines to protect and strengthen its landscape character (BBNPA, 2012).

3.1.7 The BBNP has almost 2000 Listed Buildings, buildings of national importance and 4 Conservation Areas and the Authority has a crucial role in conserving the historic buildings, townscapes and settlements by ensuring that new developments in the historic areas or alterations to the historic buildings are sustainable and in keeping, and that no important information about the past is lost. The aim is not to prevent change but to ensure that the important features of our historic buildings and the distinctive character of the settlements is preserved for future generations to enjoy.

3.1.8 There are 17 Historic Parks and Gardens within the National Park that are of national importance ranging in date from the twelfth to the twentieth century which includes Craig-y-Nos Country Park.

3.1.9 There are a number of heritage hotspots that attract a significant number of tourists within the National Park which include; Y Garn Goch, Llanthony Priory, Tretower, Pontneddfechan Gunpowder Works, Carreg Cennen Castle, Blaenavon World Heritage Site, Pen-y-Crug, Craig-y-Nos Country Park, St Martin’s Church, Cwmyoy, Black Mountain Quarries

3.1.10 There are many pressures and potential threats to Brecon Beacons National Park’s historic environment through such factors which include:

 Increased visitor pressure. Erosion pressure on sites, by foot or vehicle. Often focused on particular locations or specific sites, as we shall see later;  Agriculture and Forestry. Ploughing perhaps some of most damaging practises in terms of the archaeological environment. But forestry, use of heavy machinery, and construction of planting ridges which is also damaging;  Livestock Stock erosion can cause significant pressures, as can animals in other ways – burrowing;  Vegetation encroachment – both damage of vulnerable archaeological remains, and concealing monuments, so visitors can’t enjoy them. (Bracken reds, rushes…);  Metal detecting;  Natural Erosion;  General development;  Threat of loss to undesignated historic buildings/structures such as redundant agricultural barns, rural chapels/churches through residential conversion.

3.1.11 In reference to the above points, there is great difficulty in managing such a wide and varied range of threats and pressures however some ways on how Heritage Officers are doing this within the BBNP include maintaining a record of archaeology within the National Park, providing advice on the conservation of archaeological remains, raising awareness of the archaeology of the National Park (e.g. why it is importance, the risks that it faces etc.), providing comments on planning application consultations, providing advice through the development control system within the National Park etc.

3.1.12 In October 2015, twenty-one of Britain’s leading conservation and environmental bodies have affirmed their commitment to safeguard the future of the country’s finest heritage (including Brecon Beacons National Park). Partners have signed up to a range of shared outcomes through a Joint Statement that will support the sustainable management of, and public access to archaeological sites, monuments, landscapes, and buildings. The aim of this is to see an improvement in the conservation and interpretation of the historic environment and cultural heritage within the UK’s National Parks (National Parks UK, 2015).

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3.2 Conservation Areas in the Brecon Beacons National Park 3.2.1 Conservation Areas are areas or neighbourhoods of special architectural and historic interest, where it is desirable to conserve and enhance the character and appearance of the area. Conservation Areas are designated heritage assets, meaning they are nationally, as well as locally important and are afforded statutory protection under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990.

3.2.2 Conservation Areas are a material consideration in the planning process to ensure that new developments are in keeping with the distinctive character of the area. This is not a tool to prevent new development however it does mean that planning permission will only be granted if it is demonstrated that the new development will not harm the special qualities of the Conservation Area.

3.2.3 To help local authorities to preserve and enhance the character of conservation areas, there are set guidelines of what development requires planning permission (PP) or Conservation Area Consent (CAC) within the BBNPA that includes items such as demolition, satellite dishes, dormers, roof lights and solar panels etc. Other items to consider within a Conservation Area is a full structural survey is likely to be required in relation to demolition in conservation areas, and a character appraisal of the site and its surrounding context will need to be carried out as part of the design process which will be included in the Design and Access Statement. There is also guidance on preserving Trees within the Conservation Areas and the design of development within the Conservation Area which can be found on the BBNPA’s website.

3.2.4 Conservation Areas are designated by Local Authorities and BBNPA have designated 4 Areas within the National Park to include Brecon, Hay on Wye, Talgarth and Crickhowell & Llangattock. Further information is provided for each conservation area: 3.2.5 Brecon

Figure 3: Map of Conservation Area in Brecon, BBNPA

3.2.5.1 A Conservation Area Appraisal has been undertaken in Brecon by BBNPA and was published in September 2016 on the Authority’s website and the following observations were made (page 39):

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 Brecon’s Conservation Area is a large and importance designation, with a significant number and density of Listed Buildings.  The town has been stewarded by the local authority and local inhabitants in the past and modern development has been confined to certain areas and its impacts have been limited, and in some cases positive.  There are examples of poor design and layout and the central area road improvements which has resulted in a loss of spatial enclosure and an increase in the impacts of parked vehicles.  There is potential to extend the boundaries of the existing designated area south west of the Cathedral and to include the area south west of Heol Gouesnou which is currently surrounded by the conservation area.  The impacts of the modern highway improvements on adjacent spaces and boundaries should be re- examined and an overall landscaping strategy drawn up.  There has been considerable investment in the repair and conversion of historic buildings and parts of the town centre have benefitted from a general ‘facelift’ within the last 35 years.  There are nearly 30 ‘buildings at risk’ which requires attention and any available financial help.  There are a number of vacant retail premises for a length of time which harm the character and appearance of the conservation area and often linked to the deterioration condition of the building.  There are a small number of poor quality modern buildings and spaces that would benefit from redevelopment or improvement over time, as and when opportunities occur.

3.2.6 Talgarth

Figure 4: Map of Conservation Area in Talgarth, BBNPA

3.2.6.1 A Conservation Area Appraisal has been undertaken in Talgarth by BBNPA and was published in September 2016 on the Authority’s website and the following observations were made (page 45):

 Talgarth is at an economic and environmental crossroads with the disuse and underuse of buildings and the need to strengthen and diversity the local economy however there is strong support from the local community for cultural and heritage-based activities and uses.

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 There has been an improvement to the economic vibrancy within the last 5 years however there are still challenges to tackle and in particular the Mid-Wales Hospital site which is deteriorating further.  The existing conservation area has a number of great physical assets, such as the listed buildings, a large number of characterful locally important buildings, coherent groups, a complex townscape, varying topography and a myriad of small but enjoyable details, such as stone boundary walls.  There is a determination by local people to care for the assets of Talgarth, and there is a scheme to repair and reuse the Mill in Talgarth and a potential multi-use study for the Town Hall.  The Talgarth Festival, the Regeneration Group and the local Historical Society all attest to the desire to improve and conserve the town.  The conservation area still has a number of problems, particularly relating to derelict buildings in areas like Bell Street.  The landscape setting of the conservation area should be more widely recognized, with adequate protection of trees and appropriate new planting, the enhancement of ‘gateways’ and the improvement of access to the river. 3.2.7 Hay-on-Wye

Figure 5: Map of Conservation Area in Hay-on-Wye, BBNPA

3.2.7.1 A Conservation Area Appraisal has been undertaken in Hay-on-Wye by BBNPA and was published in September 2016 on the Authority’s website and the following observations were made (page 39):

 Hay-on-Wye is a small town however has found its identity and role that has brought economic benefits and income to the town and thus has avoided allowing many historic buildings to become unused and deteriorate.  The charm and enjoyment of the town is intrinsically linked to its physical character and identity which in turn is integral with its history and the historic buildings that form the setting for the conservation area and town as a whole.  There has been relatively little new development within the conservation area, largely due to the lack of significant suitable land and sites for development and the availability of existing buildings to provide the accommodation requirements for the town.

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 The existing conservation area has a number of great physical assets, such as the listed buildings, a large number of characterful locally important buildings, coherent groups, a complex townscape, varying topography and a myriad of small but enjoyable details, such as the stone boundary walls and many good shop fronts.  The open spaces within the conservation area are important and provide the setting for the dense urban townscape.  The trees within these spaces are also of importance. 3.2.8 Crickhowell & Llangattock

Figure 6: Map of Conservation Area in Crickhowell & Llangattock, BBNPA

3.2.8.1 The BBNPA is in the process of preparing a Conservation Area Appraisal for Crickhowell & Llangattock which, when completed will go out for consultation before being approved by the National Park’s Members and then published on the Authority’s website.

3.3 Listed Buildings in the Brecon Beacons National Park 3.3.1 Listed Buildings are buildings of special architectural or historic interest that are of national importance. The status of being a Listed Buildings applies to its exterior façade, interior features, any buildings within its curtilage and any structure fixed or attached to the building. There are 3 grades of Listed Buildings; Grade I, Grade II* and Grade II. The majority of Listed Buildings in Wales are Grade II.

3.3.2 Decisions about which building should be listed and the maintenance of the List of Buildings is a legal duty of the Welsh Government. Listed Buildings are protected in law by the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990.

3.3.3 All Local Authorities in Wales in produce, update and maintain registers of the Listed Buildings that are considered to be ‘at risk’ in their local authority area. Many of the Listed Buildings considered to be ‘at risk’ within the Brecon Beacons National Park are at risk because they do not currently have a function or economic use because of changing demands meaning that they are no longer able to be used for the function that they were originally designed for.

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3.3.4 There are currently 175 buildings or structures at risk within the National Park. The ‘At Risk’ register is categorised from 1 – 3 with 1 being the worst. The register for the listed buildings at risk within the BBNPA comprises of (1) 30 buildings at extreme risk; (2) 4 buildings at grave risk, and (3) 141 buildings at risk. The BBNPA have therefore published a strategy to help mitigate the risk of the said buildings or structures to find a sustainable long term future for the buildings at risk within the National Park which can be found on the authority’s website.

3.3.5 Figure 7 illustrates where the Listed Buildings are located within the Brecon Beacons National Park:

Figure 7: Map of Listed Buildings in the BBNP, Lle Mapping Welsh Government 3.3.6 In accordance with data from the Brecon Beacon’s State of the Park Report and CADW, in 2006 there were 1,711 listed buildings. Of these 11% were at risk. The number of listed buildings increased by 2014 to 1,950 Listed Buildings. Of these 6.6% were at risk. The number of listed buildings has therefore increased whilst the number at risk as decreased since the beginning of the plan period. In 2016 the number of listed buildings had increased to 1,984, with 8.8% of those being at risk.

3.3.7 Of these Listed Buildings, there are 34 Grade I (i.e. Hay Castle, Crickhowell Castle, Myddfai Church, Carreg Cennen Castle, Craig Y Nos), and 126 Grade II* (i.e. Church at Llanddeusant to Trewen House near Pandy).

3.4 Archaeology within the Brecon Beacons National Park 3.4.1 The Brecon Beacons National Park have archaeological sites of local, regional, national and international importance. The National Park states that many of their sites are exceptionally well preserved, surviving as visible and upstanding features in the landscape, contributing to the National Park’s special qualities.

3.4.2 The archaeology within the National Park is important because it makes an important contribution to the special qualities and landscape of the National Park, bringing the stories of the landscape to life and revealing information about the past and ancestors and their lives. Archaeological sites are valued by local communities and often ecologically significant. BBNP is located within three regions of Archaeological Trusts which hold Historic Environment Records (HER) for their regions, which include:

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- The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust – South-east Wales Region

- The Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust – Central and North Eastern Wales Region

- The Dyfed Archaeological Trust – South-west Wales Region

3.4.3 Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAMs) have been granted special legal protection by Cadw and the Welsh Government which is the only form of local protection specifically for archaeological sites. SAMs can survive as above ground archaeological remains such as earth works or ruins or entirely below ground archaeological remains, or a mixture of both.

3.4.4 In terms of planning, there is always a presumption in favour of the physical preservation, in situ, of nationally important archaeological remains however this is assessed on the individual merits of each case. If an archaeological site is of sufficient importance, and a proposed development will cause significant loss or damage to the archaeological remains and their setting, then it is likely that planning consent may be refused. In order for planning authorities to make fully informed and reasonable decisions, they will need to be fully informed about the nature and importance of the archaeological remains and their setting, and the potential impact the development may have upon them. Applicants may be required to provide additional information on the likely archaeological implications of the development, by commissioning a Desk-Based Assessment of a Field Evaluation. Applicants may also be required to make provisions for reducing or removing the impact of the development on the archaeological remains.

3.4.5 Early consultation and discussions with officers and archaeologists within the Brecon Beacons National Park Authority is very important when considering submission planning applications that may affect archaeology within the Park. Should an applicant wish to undertake work at an archaeological site that is designated as a Scheduled Ancient Monument that requires planning permissions, the applicant must also obtain Scheduled Monument Consent also.

3.4.6 Not all archaeological sites that are of national importance are Scheduled, an archaeological site will only be Scheduled if Scheduling is the best method of protecting the site. Most archaeological sites within the Brecon Beacons National Park are undesignated, which means they are not Scheduled however this does not result in them being any less important than the designated sites.

3.4.7 In accordance with the Brecon Beacons State of the Park Report, in 2006 there were 268 SAMs within the Park. Of these, 95.4% were in either a stable or favourable condition (257). In 2014 there were 357 SAMS in the park – an increase of 89 since 2006. Of the 357 SAMs in the Park 69% were in a stable condition, 3% have improved or greatly improved, 26% of the SAMs conditions have worsened (including moderately and superficially) and 1% has severely worsened. Figure 8 includes a graph indicating the Condition of the SAMs within the National Park and Figure 9 portrays where the SAMs are located within the National Park: Condition of SAMs in BBNP

Worsened - Superficial

Worsened - Severe Worsened - Moderate Worsened Very Much Worsened/Destroyed Stable

Improved Greatly Improved

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Figure 8: Graph of reported condition of SAMs in the BBNP, Cadw 2019

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Figure 9: Map of Scheduled Ancient Monuments in the BBNP, Lle Mapping Welsh Government

3.5 Historic Parks and Gardens within the Brecon Beacons National Park 3.5.1 Historic parks and gardens of all ages, shapes and sizes are an important part of the National Park’s heritage. The parks help illustrate the changes in tastes and fashions within the park and to help understand people’s past. In the 1990s Cadw undertook a comprehensive survey of historic parks and gardens in Wales, identifying those of national importance and including them in a register to help protect and conserve them.

3.5.2 Cadw identified 17 Parks and Gardens within the Brecon Beacons National Park that are registered and are of national importance, ranging in date from the twelfth to the twentieth century. The majority of sites are privately owned and are not publicly accessible except from Craig-y-Nos Country Park which is located towards the south-west of the park. Figure 10 shows the location of the Historic Parks and Gardens within the National Park:

Figure 10: Map of Historic Parks and Gardens in BBNP, BBNPA

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3.6 Climate Change and the Historic Environment of Wales 3.6.1 The Brecon Beacons National Park Authority recognises the need to adapt to climate change in the foreseeable future. There is also acknowledgement of the important role that National Parks can play in helping Wales and the UK in adapting to climate change by (Climate Change and National Parks, National Parks UK):

 “Controlling floods by creating areas for flood water rather than flooding towns or cities  Conserving water in lakes and reservoirs  Creating more woodlands so new trees soak up C02 as they grow  Conserving peat bogs, which soak up and store C02  Investing in micro renewable energy, like solar power, small hydro-electric generators, woodchip boilers and ground source heat pumps, to supply energy without any C02 emissions”.

3.6.2 Cadw have published a ‘strategic approach for assessing and addressing the potential impact of climate change on the historic environment of Wales’ (September 2012). The report is concerned with the direct impacts of climate change which is said to vary enormously depending on the type of historic asset and location. It is said that the projected long term trends such as hotter drier summers, longer growing season and rising sea levels will potentially have the greatest impacts on the historic environment as well as the extreme weather events. Rising sea levels and the scale and frequency of flood events are said to have severe impacts on historic assets and archaeological sites and structures such as historic bridges will be damaged and destroyed as a result. Other negative impacts that climate change may cause on historic buildings include, pests and diseases, drying and shrinking of clay soils, freeze thaw effects on wet stone, more frequent maintenance required due to damper conditions and damage caused by more frequent high winds and storms. Argi-environment schemes such as Glastir (including the New Woodland Creation Scheme) has the potential to mitigate some of the impacts of climate change on the historic landscape.

3.6.3 The report contains a useful methodology for assessing risk that Cadw has adapted for its current ‘Sector Adaptation Plan’ titled ‘Historic Environment & Climate Change’. The plan aims to identify the sensitivity of historic assets to climate change and provides a risk assessment for eight broad classes of historic assets. The report considers four descriptions of climate change and ten predicted outcomes, and assesses the significance of the impacts of these changes based on extent, severity and sensitivity for each category of historic asset, the results of the assessment are found in Table 1 below:

Table 1: Assessment of impacts based on extent, severity and sensitivity for each category of historic asset (Cadw, 2018) 21

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3.6.4 Cadw has also partnered with Welsh Government to publish an additional climate change report entitled ‘meeting the challenge to sustaining our heritage assets’ in March 2013. Within this report, they state that climate is a key resource for tourism and the sector is sensitive to the impacts of climate change however tourism is estimated to contribute to 5% of the global CO2 emissions which is why there is a need to encourage sustainable tourism. The biggest indicator to climate change is the uncertain and extreme weather patterns, as well as the outcomes as outlined in the paragraph above. The report recognises that we as a nation can’t save everything and many historic assets may be permanently damaged or destroyed, hence there is a requirement for a strategic approach to inform difficult future decisions as well as awareness training, creating sustainable cultural destinations and utilising external expertise.

3.6.5 “Climate change and its impact on heritage has been a serious subject for research in the UK since the mid- 2000s” (Storm Project, 2016). The Committee on Climate Change have also written a risk assessment report regarding Climate Change and the risk it brings to the UK in 2017 and one of the risks that have been assessed is ‘risk to culturally values structures and the wider historic environment’, and it states that following:

“Current and Future Risks:

Climate change is likely to affect culturally-valued buildings and their immediate surroundings, such as parks and gardens, from the effects of extreme events (e.g. flooding, erosion, land instability, or wind storms) and longer-term, chronic damage to a building fabric. NE14 also considers risks to the wider historic landscape including archaeological sites.

Although some strategic planning, risk assessment work, case and scoping studies have been conducted, and there is some understanding of how climate change might affect historic building materials, there is little or no quantitative information on the level of current and future risk for historic buildings and grounds in Wales. Many listed buildings are in private hands and there are is no national-level assessment of what risks these buildings face from climate change (unknown magnitude, low confidence).

Adaptation:

Although the risks to historic buildings and gardens are not quantified at the national scale, there are plenty of case study examples which show that there are impacts from extreme weather now, and these are likely to increase in the future. Work is in progress to better understand risks and adaptation options including weather proofing and additional flood protection. The Sectoral Adaptation Plan for the historic environment of Wales seeks to identify specific gaps in knowledge across the range of historic asset types, as well as developing strategic actions on policy and awareness raising, for example. The Plan builds on the research report “A strategic approach for assessing and addressing the potential impact of climate change on the historic environment of Wales”, published in September 2012. This plan developed a series of risk metrics that assessed the significance of the impacts based on indications of the extent, severity and sensitivity of the class of historic asset.

In general, although a general strategic position has been laid and an approximate scale of buildings under threat has been estimated (e.g. 500 culturally important buildings may be situated on the Welsh flood-plains) an overarching plan and appropriate adaptation actions are not yet in place.

Urgency Score:

Research priority - Measures should continue to be put in place in Wales to better quantify the current and future risks to the historic built environment from climate change, and assess appropriate measures to put in place”.

3.6.6 It is worth mentioning the about renewable energy in relation to historic buildings and improving energy efficiency. Cadw have published a guide to best practice of installing micro-generation systems (Cadw 2010).

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The guide suggests that micro-generation systems will become more common in the future with the ambition of using less fossil fuels and that there is no reason why owners of historic buildings should not be considering of installing the same. The guide advises that should an owner of an historic building be considering installing a micro-generation system in a historic building, a conservation area, a historic park or garden, an ancient monument or on an archaeological site, thought should be given to protecting the fabric or character of the building or landscape and its setting. The guide states “Cadw hopes to demonstrate that the historic environment needs not be excluded from actions to secure a more sustainable future, but this should be achieved through the careful preservation and sympathetic management of the historic environment.

3.6.7 Types of micro-generation technology that may be considered for historic buildings (providing that they do not harm their special interest) include:

 Solar Hot-Water Panels (Solar Thermal Collectors)  Solar Electric (Photovoltaics)  Heat Pumps  Micro Wind Turbines  Biomass  Hydroelectric

3.7 The Welsh Language 3.7.1 The Welsh Language forms part of the cultural identity of the National Park and plays a major role in the character and way of life communities, and is a key part of Welsh culture. The government’s guidance requires that language issues are to be taken into account in land use planning policies, and the NPA will endeavour to facilitate the continued and growing use of the Welsh Language in National Park communities.

3.7.2 According to the 2001 and 2011 Welsh Government’s Census, there has been a decrease in the number of welsh speakers to around 562,000 which has sparked concern and therefore the Welsh Government has set a target of a million people, which is about a third of the population in Wales to be Welsh speakers by 2050 which means creating incentives for the public to learn the language and get more teachers to teach their lessons in Welsh.

3.7.3 The table 2 shows data returns for both the 2001 and 2011 Census and demonstrates the level of Welsh speaking within the National Park by electoral ward. As not all wards are wholly within the National Park area, the percentage population for each ward residing within the National Park is also given. The Wards listed in Red have seen a drop in the level of welsh speaking and knowledge of Welsh, whereas those in Green there has been a rise in knowledge of Welsh/residents ability to communicate in Welsh:

Knowledge of Welsh Language 2001 2011

Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage of with some can speak, with some can speak, population Knowledge write and knowledge write and within of Welsh read Welsh of Welsh read Welsh boundary

Ward Name

Abercraf 3% 64.0 30.5 58.89 26.28

Bwlch 100% 16.4 7.4 18.23 7.80

Crickhowell & Vale of Grwyne 100% 16.6 8.2 14.35 6.39

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Cwmtwrch 0% 70.9 39.7 65.12 30.70

Honddu Isaf/Llanddew (Felinfach) 3% 25.0 10.5 21.48 9.85

Gwernyfed + Llanigon 36% 15.4 6.9 14.87 6.81

Hay 100% 12.3 5.5 14.39 5.82

Llangattock 100% 16.6 7.2 17.92 5.91

Llangors 100% 23.0 10.7 19.63 8.52

Llangynidr 100% 22.9 10.5 18.24 8.59

Maescar/Llywel, Crai 100% 42.6 20.4 40.16 18.09

Brecon St Davids 100% 22.4 9.4 20.65 9.15

Brecon St Johns 100% 25.2 12.9

Brecon St Marys 100% 21.0 9.8

Talgarth 96% 19.7 7.0 20.07 8.47

Talybont, Glyntarell, Llanfrynach 93% 23.2 11.2 22.15 8.32

Tawe-Uchaf/Fellte 57% 49.4 21.4 42.97 16.24

Yscir, Trallong, 29% 29.6 12.3 27.55 12.33

Ystradgynlais rural 1% 66.7 31.7 57.23 24.61

Garnant Cwmamman 3% 79.4 55.0 69.47 41.61

Glanamman 1% 77.6 52.3 70.47 41.80

Dyffryn Cennen (Llandeilo) 13% 70.0 42.9 66.54 36.82

Llandovery, Llanfair 5% 60.2 35.7 54.07 29.38

Less than Llandybie 1% 75.2 46.2 71.41 38.78

Llangadog,Llanddeusant,Myddfai 45% 69.0 51.6 65.16 43.81

Quarter Bach 6% 83.3 61.7 76.62 51.25

Rhigos (Hirwaun) 49% 32.5 13.9 29.59 12.35

Vaynor 12% 21.3 7.8 18.05 6.79

Brynmawr 1% 14.8 6.8 11.86 5.75

Pontypool New Inn 0% 13.5 7.7 11.91 5.83

Abergavenny north (Cantref) 3% 15.0 8.0 13.41 6.24

Crucorney 36% 12.0 7.3 14.29 7.45

Goetre Fawr 10% 14.3 8.0 15.71 8.23

Llanelly 100% 15.0 7.6 14.23 6.49

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Llanfoist Fawr 17% 15.2 7.5 15.85 8.51

Llanover 3% 12.2 6.5 12.18 6.45

Llanfoist Llanwenarth Ultra 100% 14.3 7.1 13.61 6.36

Llantilio Pertholey Mardy 13% 14.2 7.4 16.27 7.61

Table 2: 2001 and 2011 Census of level of Welsh speaking within the National Park by electoral ward, Stats Wales, Welsh Government

3.7.4 The LDP states that ‘Welsh-speaking communities needs to be protected from developments that would lead to dilution of the language and therefore the social and cultural characteristics of the community. Phasing may be required to allow for the gradual natural absorption if new developments into the area. In addition, appropriate economic, residential and social development that would strengthen Welsh culture will be encourages. Policy 52 refers to the ‘Welsh Language’ within the LDP which includes:

Policy 52 – Welsh Language

Proposals for development in areas where the Welsh language is an important part of the culture and social life of the community will be permitted where: i. it can be demonstrated that that the proposals would not have a detrimental impact on the social, linguistic and cultural characteristics of the community; and ii. phasing of development can take place if necessary to allow for the gradual absorption of new development.

3.7.5 The LDP includes that ‘in areas where the Welsh Language is considered to be at risk from future development, a Welsh Language Impact Assessment Methodology will be developed, whereas in the interim a precautionary approach may be adopted where it is considered that a proposal would pose a significant threat to the language within a community.

4.0 Monitoring 4.1 The National Park Authority is required by the Welsh Government to produce and submit an Annual Monitoring Report by 31st October each year following the adoption of the Local Development Plan which is fundamental in assessing the progress of the LDP in implementing the policies contained within the plan.

4.2 In terms of monitoring the Heritage within the National Park, the most recent report (1st April 2017 – 31st March 2018) findings are included in Table 3 below:

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Development with an adverse impact on Historic Landscape Designations Continue Fourth Monitoring Period Monitoring No planning permissions have been granted which would result in an adverse impact on Historic Landscape Designations.

Third Monitoring Period No planning permissions have been granted which would result in an adverse impact on Historic Landscape Designations. Second Monitoring Period No planning permissions have been granted which would result in an adverse

impact on Historic Landscape Designations. First Monitoring Period: No planning permissions have been granted which would result in an adverse impact on Historic Landscape Designations. Comments: None. Recommendation: The requirement of this indicator is being met. It is, however, considered to be an important indicator and will continue to be monitored.

Development with an adverse impact on designated sites for nature conservation Continue Fourth Monitoring Period Monitoring No planning permissions have been granted which would result in an adverse impact on sites designated for nature conservation. Third Monitoring Period No planning permissions have been granted which would result in an adverse impact on sites designated for nature conservation. Second Monitoring Period No planning permissions have been granted which would result in an adverse impact on sites designated for nature conservation. First Monitoring Period: No planning permissions have been granted which would result in an adverse impact on sites designated for nature conservation. Comments: None. Recommendation: The requirement of this indicator is being met. It is, however, considered to be an important indicator and will continue to be monitored.

Development with an adverse impact on: . Listed Building . Conservation Area . Site/area of Archaeological Significance . Historic Landscape, Park and Garden Continue Fourth Monitoring period: Monitoring No relevant planning permissions have been granted. Third Monitoring period: No relevant planning permissions have been granted. Second Monitoring Period 2 planning permissions have been granted which would have a minor impact on the conservation area, and have been permitted against Senior Heritage Officer advice.

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First Monitoring period: No relevant planning permissions have been granted. Comments: None. Recommendation: The requirement of this indicator is being met. It is, however, considered to be an important indicator and will continue to be monitored.

Number of Conservation Areas with up-to-date assessments Continue Fourth Monitoring Period Monitoring 0 Conservation Area Assessments completed within the period of this AMR. Third Monitoring Period 3 Conservation Area Assessments completed within the period of this AMR. Second Monitoring Period 0 Conservation Area Assessments completed within the period of this AMR. First Monitoring Period: 0 Conservation Area Assessments completed. Comment: Appraisals have been completed for Brecon, Hay-On-Wye and Talgarth Conservation Areas. The remaining Conservation Area at Crickhowell and Llangattock is currently being assessed. Further to discussion with local stakeholders (Town and Community Councils, Civic Society etc.), it has been agreed that the assessment will be taken forward as part of the Town/Village Plan process.

Consideration is currently being given to additional conservation area designations. Recommendation: This assessment would be triggered for this indicator should the Conservation Area Assessments not be completed by the end of 2017. However work on the Crickhowell and Llangattock Conservation Area Assessment is currently being undertaken. Therefore this indicator will be monitored for an additional year. Table 3: Brecon Beacons National Park Authority Annual Monitoring Report (2018)

4.3 The requirements of the ‘development with an adverse impact on heritage assets’ indicator were not wholly being met in the second monitoring phase. Further investigation was required into the two planning permissions that triggered this indicator. According to the monitoring report, it was determined in both instances that the issues raised were minor and required no further action.

4.4 However as a result of this, further policy research was recommended in relation to ‘development with an adverse impact on heritage assets’. The Authority is therefore in the process of extending Policy CYD LP1 ‘Enabling Appropriate Development in the Countryside’ Supplementary Planning Guidance to provide further guidance on what is acceptable in cases of converting rural buildings and design principles.

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5.0 Conclusion 5.1 The first purpose of National Park designation includes the conservation and enhancement of the Park’s cultural heritage. Cultural heritage consists of built features, historic landscapes and archaeology of which the Brecon Beacons National Park is rich in. The BBNP is home to a wealth of archaeology from prehistoric stone circles and burial chambers, Iron Age hillforts, Roman Camps, Medieval Castles and the remains of the industrial past. The wide range of impressive and important architecture that can be found in the BBNP, from the fine rural buildings to the historic townscapes, also bears witness to the National Park’s important cultural heritage.

5.2 In line with the ‘Conserving and Enhancing the Historic Environment and its Assets’ objectives set out in Planning Policy Wales 10 and the guidance contained in Technical Advice Note 24, the National Park Authority have identified the importance to identify and protect the Park’s heritage for environmental, social, cultural and economic reasons. Although this list is not exhaustive, the National Park has identified the following designations within its boundary; 8 Historic Landscapes, almost 2000 Listed Buildings, 4 Conservation Areas, 17 Historic Parks and Gardens, 357 Scheduled Ancient Monuments etc.

5.3 There is a concern that the heritage within the National Park is at risk and therefore it is essential that the policies regarding Environmental Protection within the National Park should remain a key issue to be addressed in the revised Local Development Plan and a key action should be the continued monitoring of these policies.

5.4 It is important to ensure that appropriate development management policies are in place to promote well designed development that respects the existing character of the Park hence the decision to extend the Supplementary Planning Guidance Document on Policy CYD LP1 - ‘Enabling Appropriate Development in the Countryside’ to provide further guidance on design principles when looking to renovate rural agricultural buildings.

5.5 In terms of cultural heritage, there is a need to address the issue of the declining use of the Welsh Language and it is importance for the Local Development Plan to protect and maintain buildings where community activities that use the Welsh Language and to consider measures to work against any possible detrimental effects. This is reflected in the current policies in the Local Development Plan and BBNPA have produced a Welsh Language Topic Paper providing further details on the use of Welsh Language within the National Park.

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6.0 References - BBNPA (2018). Brecon Beacons National Park Authority Annual Monitoring Report (2018) http://www.beacons-npa.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Monitoring-Report-1-April-2017-31- March-2018.pdf

- BBNPA (2016a). BBNPA’s Brecon Conservation Area Appraisal (September 2016) http://www.beacons-npa.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/Brecon-Conservation-Area-Appraisal-Review- September-2016.pdf

- BBNPA (2016b). BBNPA’s Hay-on-Wye Conservation Area Appraisal (September 2016) https://governance.beacons-npa.gov.uk/documents/s19100/Enclosure%207%20- %20Hay%20on%20Wye%20Conservation%20Area%20Appraisal%20Review%20September%202016.pdf

- BBNPA (2014). BBNPA’s State of the Park Report (2014) http://www.beacons-npa.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/BBNP-SOPR-A4-Landscape-Low-Res-ENGLISH.pdf

- BBNPA (2016c) BBNPA’s Talgarth Conservation Area Appraisal (September 2016) https://governance.beacons-npa.gov.uk/documents/s19097/Enclosure%204%20- %20Talgarth%20CA%20appraisal%20September%202016.pdf

- BBNPA (2012). Brecon Beacons National Park Landscape Character Assessment (March 2012) https://www.beacons-npa.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/1.0_Executive-Summary_final_-120930.pdf

- Cadw (2019). Cadw: Archwilio’s Historic Environment Records for Wales https://www.archwilio.org.uk/her/chi1/arch.html?county=Powys&lang=eng

- Cadw (2012). Cadw: A Strategic Approach for Assessing and Addressing the Potential Impact of Climate Change on the Historic Environment of Wales (September 2012) https://cadw.gov.wales/docs/cadw/publications/Climate_Change_on_the_Historic_Environment_of_Wa les_EN_CY.pdf

- Cadw (2003). Caring for Historic Landscapes Cardiff (2003)

- Cadw (2013). Cadw: Climate Change: Meeting the challenge to sustaining our heritage assets (March 2013) https://cadw.gov.wales/docs/cadw/publications/historicenvironment/140103chartspowerpointen.pdf

- Cadw (2018). Cadw: Historic Environment & Climate Change: Sector Adaptation Plan (2018) https://cadw.gov.wales/docs/cadw/publications/SAP%20Historic%20Environment%20Parts%20I%20&% 20II%20-%20English%20-%202018-09-14.pdf

- Cadw (2010). Cadw: Renewable Energy and your Historic Building – Installing micro-generation systems: a guide to best practice (2010) https://cadw.gov.wales/docs/cadw/publications/Micro_gen_booklet_EN.pdf

- Cadw (1998). Register of Historic Landscape of Outstanding Historic Interest in Wales Cardiff (1998)

- Cadw (2001). Cadw: Register of Historic Landscape of Special Historic Interest in Wales (2001)

- CCC (2017). Committee on Climate Change - UK Climate Change Risk Assessment 2017 Evidence Report – Summary for Wales 29

Brecon Beacons National Park Authority Heritage Paper

https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/UK-CCRA-2017-Wales-National-Summary.pdf

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- National Parks UK (2017). National Parks Britain’s Breathing Spaces Leaflet: Our Historic Environment http://www.beacons-npa.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/LeafletFINAL.pdf

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- Storm Project (2016). Storm Project - Climate Change and Heritage in the UK – an Evolving Approach (September 2016) http://www.storm-project.eu/climate-change-and-heritage-in-the-uk-an-evolving-approach/

- UK Government (2013). Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Bill 2013 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2013/24/contents/enacted

- UK Government (1995). Environment Act 1995 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1995/25/contents

- UK Government (2016). Historic Environment (Wales) Act 2016 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/anaw/2016/4/contents

- UK Government (1998). Human Rights Act 1998 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/42/contents

- UK Government (2004). Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/5/contents

- UK Government (1979). The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1979/46

- UK Government (2010). The Equality Act 2010 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents

- UK Government (1990). The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/9/contents

- UK Government (2015). The Planning (Wales) Act 2015 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/anaw/2015/4/contents/enacted

- WG (2018). Planning Policy Wales Edition 10 (December 2018) https://beta.gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2018-12/planning-policy-wales-edition-10.pdf

- WG (2017). Technical Advice Note 24: The Historic Environment (May 2017) https://gov.wales/docs/desh/policy/180223tan-24-the-historic-environment-en.pdf

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