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Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism

Country Germany - SIR Ranking of Germany Environmental Science Environmental Science (miscellaneous) Subject Area and Category Neuroscience 8 Neuroscience (miscellaneous) H Index Publisher Walter de Gruyter GmbH Publication Journals type ISSN 20687729 Coverage 2013-ongoing Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism is an interdisciplinary research journal, aimed to publish articles and original research papers that should contribute to the development of both experimental and theoretical nature in the field of Environmental Management and Tourism Sciences. Journal will publish original research and seeks to cover a wide range of topics regarding environmental management and engineering, environmental management and health, environmental chemistry, environmental protection technologies (water, air, soil), pollution reduction at source and waste minimization, energy and Scope environment, modeling, simulation and optimization for environmental protection; environmental biotechnology, environmental education and sustainable development, environmental strategies and policies, etc. This topic may include the fields indicated above, but are not limited to these. Authors are encouraged to submit high quality, original works that discuss the latest developments in environmental management research and application with the certain scope to share experiences and research findings and to stimulate more ideas and useful insights regarding current best-practices and future directions in Environmental Management.

Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v11.1(41).07

Diversity of Birds for Ecotourism Attractions in The Mangrove Ecosystem Of Nature Conservation Forum Putri Menjangan, Buleleng Bali.

I Ketut GINANTRA Biology Study Program, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science Udayana University Bali-Indonesia [email protected] I Ketut MUKSIN Biology Study Program, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science Udayana University Bali-Indonesia [email protected] Martin JONI Biology Study Program, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Udayana University Bali-Indonesia [email protected]

Suggested Citation: Ginantra, I.K., Muksin, I.K., Joni, M. (2020). Diversity of Birds for Ecotourism Attractions in The Mangrove Ecosystem Of Nature Conservation Forum Putri Menjangan, Buleleng Bali.Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, (Volume XI, Spring), 1(41): 105-113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v11.1(41).07 Article’s History: Received January 2020; Revised February 2020; Accepted March 2020. 2020. ASERS Publishing. All rights reserved.

Abstract: Research on diversity has been carried out to support ecotourism attractions in the mangrove area of Conservation Forum Putri Menjangan. The study was conducted in May-July 2018. The focus of this research was identification, description of bird species and habitat use for bird activities. To achieve this goal, the following steps are taken: (1) Identification of bird species based on morphological characteristics, (2) determining the abundance of bird species by point count method (3) determining the activity of birds in each mangrove zoning with the ad libitum sampling method. The diversity of bird species is determined by the Shannon-wiener index. The results of the study found 39 birds species included in 24 families. In each zoning the mangrove forest shows a variety of diversity. The central mangrove zone is showing the diversity of the most diverse species of birds. The birds use mangrove vegetation to perch, forage. Mudflat and tide in mangrove habitats are used by birds for foraging activities. The existence of birds, bird activity, habitat use by birds in mangrove habitat is an interesting attraction in ecotourism. Keywords: bird diversity, habitat use by birds, ecotourism attractions. JEL Classification: Q26; Q30; Q57; Z32.

Introduction Mangrove forest in the coastal area of Pejarakan Village, which covers 160 hectares, is managed by the Nature Conservation Forum (NCF) Putri Menjangan. Management of the area includes mangrove conservation efforts and development of educational tourism/ecotourism (Riyastini, 2015; NCF Putri Menjangan, 2016; Januarsa and

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Lutfi, 2017). Mangrove forest with its species diversity, contributes direct economic benefits and non-economic benefits to the community. The direct benefit is the existence of community income from tourist visits and indirect benefits are contributions to conservation. Data on the diversity of mangrove plants in the NCF Putri Menjangan mangrove ecosystem are available. The species of mangrove plants include Rhizophora spp., Bruguiera sp., Ceriops spp., Avicennia sp., Sonneratia sp. (true mangrove) and also found some associated plants (Ginantra et al., 2018). However, the diversity of birds in this region is not yet available data. Bird diversity that interacts with the mangrove ecosystem is an attraction for ecotourism. Various species of birds are found in mangrove ecosystems, especially shore birds found in mangrove areas. Besides terrestrial birds also use mangroves for foraging or perch. Some migratory birds are also found in the mangrove area including whimbrel (Numenius spp.), Little Pied Cormorant (Phalacrocorax melanoleucos), Sacred Kingfisher (Halcyon sancta), common sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) (MacKinnon, 2010). The diversity of birds that interact with mangrove ecosystems and habitat use by bird species for ecotourism attractions in NCF Putri Menjangan. So as to support these activities, it is necessary to identify bird species diversity and activity of bird in the mangrove habitat. Material and Methods Study Sites The study was conducted in April-June 2018, field surveys were conducted 6 times in three months. The research was carried out in the mangrove ecosystem area at the Conservation Forum of Putri Menjangan, costal Pejarakan village, Buleleng Regency (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Map of Research Locations

Birds species Identifications Identification of bird species is carried out directly with binoculars. Birds found photographed with digital cameras. Identification of bird species based on morphological characters (including foot shape, fur, feather color, wings, wing color, beak). Identification refers to the Java, Bali and Sumatra bird field guide series (MacKinnon et al., 2010).

Determination data of bird abundance Observation of bird abundance using the point count method (Bibby et al., 2004). Counting points are carried out in three zoning mangrove ecosystems (Exposed, central and lanward mangrove) in each zone carried

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Volume XI, Issue 1(41) Spring 2020 out four points count, so that the sum of all points count is twelve. At each observation point carried out for 15 minutes with observation distance left and right as far as 25 m and distance between points as far as 150 m. The parameters observed at each count point are the number of species and the number of individual birds.

Determination of bird activity Bird activity in the habitat was observed by the Ad Libitum Sampling method, which recorded all bird activities found in each location of the mangrove ecosystem (Altmant, 1974). Observation of activities carried out in 3 zones (exposed, central and landward mangrove) in the morning, afternoon and evening. Data recorded is the activity of each species of bird (foraging, perching, preening, agonistic, moving, vocalization), habitat patch of mangrove used (canopy of plants, twigs / branches, roots, mudflets, puddles of water). Data Analysis Bird species diversity is calculated by the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H), which is H = -∑ [ni / N x Ln ni / N), which is ni = important values of i-species and N = total important values of all species. Important values are determined from 2 parameters, namely: Relative density (Kr) = (Ni / ∑N) x 100% Ni = i species density; ∑N = total density of all bird species Relative frequency (Fr) = (Fi / ∑F) x 100% Fi = frequency of presence of i species; ∑F = total frequency of all bird species Important values for each species (ni) = Kr + Fr Evenness index (E) = H / lnS, H = diversity index, S = number of species (Stiling, 1996).

Results and Discussion Diversity of Bird Species The results of the study of birds in the Putri Menjangan mangrove area found 39 species of birds belonging to 24 families (Table 1). The dominant species found are from the family Ardeidae and Alcedinidae, which are species of shore birds, including Grey heron (Ardea cinerea), Great-billed Heron (Ardea sumatrana), Pacific reef-egret (Egretta sacra), Plumed Egret (Egretta intermedia), Great egrets (Egretta alba), Collared kingfisher (Halcyon chloris), and Small blue kingfisher (Alcedo caerulences). Migratory birds are also found in this region, including Sacred Kingfisher (Halcyon sancta), common sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos), barn swallow (Hirundo rustica). The same thing by Sumardika et al. (2017) in the mangrove area of the Serangan Island, it is found that the diversity of shore birds is more dominant and some of them are migratory birds. MacKinnon (2010) state that’s Mangrove areas or coastal areas of Bali island are a stopover for some migratory birds from the southern or northern hemisphere. The diversity of birds in the Putri Menjangan mangrove area is included in the high category with a diversity index of 3.09. The high species diversity originates from species richness and evenness of individuals among species (evenness index = 0.86). The high diversity and evenness of bird species can indicate a stable angrove habitat to support bird life. The same results were reported by Angga et al. (2015) in primary and secondary mangrove forest areas in Mempawah district, that the value of evenness approaching 1 indicates the stability of mangrove conditions to support bird life.

Table 1. Diversity of bird species in the mangrove area of Putri Menjangan Pejarakan Buleleng.

No Family Common name Scientific name Important value 1 Acanthizidae Flyeater Gerygone sulphurea 9.75 2 Aegithinidae Common Iora Aegithina tiphia 5.53 3 Alcedinidae Small Blue Kingfisher Alcedo caerulescens 3.77 Collared Kingfisher Halcyon chloris 6.20 Sacred Kingfisher Halcyon sancta 1.11 4 Apodidae White-bellied Swiftlet Collocalia esculenta 39.68 5 Ardeidae Javan Pond Heron Ardeola speciosa 6.69 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 0.89

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Great-billed Heron Ardea sumatrana 0.89 Little Heron Botorides striatus 0.89 Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax 0.89 Pacific Reef-egret Egretta sacra 0.89 Little Egret Egretta garzetta 7.14 Plumed Egret Egretta intermedia 1.11 Great egrat Egretta alba 0.89 6 Artamidae White-breasted woodswallo Artamus leucorynchus 3.33 7 Campephagidae Pied nigra 6.90 White-shouldered Triller Lalage sueurii 1.11 Savanna Nightjar Caprimulgus affinis 1.11 8 Javan javanicus 2.66 9 Cisticolidae Bar-winged Prinia Prinia familiaris 1.11 10 Columbidae Peaceful Dove Geopelia striata 5.77 Pink-necked Green Pigeon Treron vernans 5.51 Spotted Turtle Dove Streptopelia chinensis 3.11 11 Dicaidae Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker Dicaeum trochileum 1.79 12 Dicruridae Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 0.89 13 Estrildidae Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata 9.64 14 Hirundinidae Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica 2.22 15 Laniidae Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach 1.79 16 Meropidae Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Merops leschenaulti 0.89 17 Nectariniidae Olive-backed Sunbird Nectarinia jugularis 16.80 18 Pycnonotidae Yellow Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus goiaver 16.83 sooty headed-bulbul Pycnonotus aurigaster 7.34 19 Rallidae White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus 0.89 20 Recurvirostridae Black-einged stilt Himantopus himantoups 4.42 21 Rhipiduridae Pied Fantail Rhipidura javanica 7.80 22 Scolopacidae common sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 2.22 23 Sternidae litle tern Sterna albifrons 8.64 24 Zosteropidae mangrove white-eye Zosterops chloris 0.89 Diversity Index (H) = 3.09

In each zoning of the mangrove forest shows a variety of diversity (Table 2). The central mangrove zone is showing the most diverse species of birds. Several species of birds are found in all three zones, namely Flyeater (Gerygone sulphurea), Collared Kingfisher (Halcyon chloris), White-bellied Swiftlet (Collocalia esculenta), Javan pond heron (Ardeola speciosa), little egret (Egretta garzetta), spotted turtle dove (Streptopelia chinensis), Olive-backed Sunbird (Nectarinia jugularis), Yellow Vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus goiaver) and Little tern (Sterna albifrons). Species of White-bellied Swiftlet (Collocalia esculenta) are abundantly found in three mangrove forest zones. The same thing was found by Paramita et al. (2015), that the dominant White-bellied Swiftlet species were found in several mangrove forest stations in Tuban Mangrove Center. Many birds are found flying over mangrove vegetation. Yellow Vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus goiaver) are also found abundantly in three mangrove zoning.

Table 2. Diversity of bird species in three mangrove zones

No Common name Scientifics name Important value of species in the zone Exposed Central Landward mangrove mangrove mangrove 1 Flyeater Gerygone sulphurea 5.34 13.79 10.77 2 Common Iora Aegithina tiphia 5.34 - 12.46 3 Small Blue Kingfisher Alcedo caerulescens 11.37 - - 4 Collared Kingfisher Halcyon chloris 11.36 9.77 6.95

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5 Sacred Kingfisher Halcyon sancta - 2.87 - 6 White-bellied Swiftlet Collocalia esculenta 44.90 37.39 34.90 7 Javan Pond Heron Ardeola speciosa 6.68 4.60 3.13 8 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 2.67 - - 9 Great-billed Heron Ardea sumatrana - 2.30 - 10 Little Heron Botorides striatus - 2.30 - 11 Black-crowned Night - 2.30 - Nycticorax nycticorax Heron 12 Pacific Reef-egret Egretta sacra - 2.30 - 13 Little Egret Egretta garzetta 11.36 2.30 9.39 14 Plumed Egret Egretta intermedia 3.24 - - 15 Great egrat Egretta alba 2.58 - - 16 White-breasted - 2.87 7.64 Artamus leucorynchus woodswallo 17 Pied Triller Lalage nigra 14.03 2.87 3.82 18 White-shouldered Triller Lalage sueurii - - 3.82 19 Savanna Nightjar Caprimulgus affinis - - 3.82 20 Javan Plover Charadrius javanicus - 3.45 4.51 21 Bar-winged Prinia Prinia familiaris - - 3.82 22 Peaceful Dove Geopelia striata 6.68 5.75 4.51 23 Pink-necked Green - 10.92 4.51 Treron vernans Pigeon 24 Spotted Turtle Dove Streptopelia chinensis 2.67 3.45 3.13 25 Scarlet-headed 5.34 - - Dicaeum trochileum Flowerpecker 26 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus - 2.30 - 27 Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata 9.38 - 21.43 28 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica - 5.75 - 29 Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach 2.67 - 3.13 30 Chestnut-headed Bee- - - 3.13 Merops leschenaulti eater 31 Olive-backed Sunbird Nectarinia jugularis 11.37 25.29 11.08 32 Yellow Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus goiaver 17.40 23.56 14.21 33 sooty headed-bulbul Pycnonotus aurigaster 9.36 7.47 - 34 White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus - - 3.13 35 Black-einged stilt Himantopus himantoups 6.03 - 8.33 36 Pied Fantail Rhipidura javanica - 13.22 10.77 37 Common sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 4.01 2.30 - 38 Litle tern Sterna albifrons 12.04 6.32 7.64 39 Mangrove white-eye Zosterops chloris - 2.30 -

Activities and use of habitat by Birds Birds use mangrove vegetation to perch. forage (eat insects that interact with mangrove vegetation and suck nectar from mangrove flowers). Insects that fly over vegetation are also food for birds. Fly activity while catching insects (fly catching) over vegetation is found in many species of White-bellied Swiftlet (Collocalia esculenta), yellow painted bulbul (Pycnonotus goiaver). Mud flat and tide in the mangrove habitat are used by birds for foraging activities, walk or perch. Some birds carry out foraging activities in the mud average including Javan Plover (Charadrius javanicus). Black-einged stilt (Himantopus himantoups). Birds are observed looking for food in water including the Javan pond heron (Ardeola speciosa) and little egret (Egretta garzetta). Jamili et al. (2014) also found that most bird activities in the mangrove forest are foraging and perch. Details of habitat use for activities by bird species in each mangrove zonation can be seen in Table 3. Table 4 and Table 5. Figure 2 shows some examples of habitat use for activity by bird species in the mangrove area of NCF Putri Menjangan.

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Table 3. Habitat use activities in the exposed zone Activity No Bird Species A B C D E F G H I J 1 Lanius schach √ 2 Ardeola speciosa √ √ 3 Lonchura punctulata √ 4 Dicaeum trochileum √ 5 Nectarinia jugularis √ √ 6 Gerygone sulphurea √ √ 7 Alcedo caerulescens √ √ √ 8 Ardea cinerea √ 9 Halcyon chloris √ √ 10 Pycnonotus goiaver √ √ 11 Aegithina tiphia √ 12 Sterna albifrons √ √ 13 Himantopus himantopus √ √ 14 Lalage nigra √ 15 Egretta garzetta √ √ 16 Egretta intermedia √ √ 17 Egretta alba √ √ 18 Pycnonotus auigaster √ √ 19 Geopelia striata 20 Streptopelia chinensis √ 21 Actitis hypoleucos √ 22 Collocalia esculenta (linchi) √ √ Description of activities : A: perched on a vegetation branch; B: perched on mangrove roots/a wooden stake; C: fly between vegetation; D: fly over vegetation; E: foraging in vegetation; F: foraging on the mud flats; G: foraging in water; H: Foraging on the reef; I: insect flycatching; J: walk on the mud flat

Table 4. Habitat use activities in the central zone Activity No Bird Species A B C D E F G H I J 1 Ardeola speciosa √ √ 2 Nectarinia jugularis √ √ 3 Gerygone sulphurea √ 4 Ardea sumatrana √ √ 5 Halcyon sancta √ √ √ 6 Halcyon chloris √ 7 Charadrius javanicus √ 8 Pycnonotus goiaver √ √ 9 Pycnonotus auigaster √ √ 10 Sterna albifrons √ 11 Zosterops chloris √ 12 Lalage nigra √ 13 Artamus leucorynchus √ 14 Rhipidura javanica √ √ 15 Butorides striatus √ √ 16 Nycticorax nycticorax √ 17 Egretta sacra √ 18 Egretta garzetta √ 19 Hirundo rustica √

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Volume XI, Issue 1(41) Spring 2020

20 Geopelia striata √ 21 Treron vernans √ 22 Gerygone sulphurea √ √ √ 23 Dicrurus macrocercus √ √ 24 Streptopelia chinensis √ 25 Actitis hypoleucos √ 26 Collocalia esculenta (linchi) √ √ Description of activities : A: perched on a vegetation branch; B: perched on mangrove roots/a wooden stake; C: fly between vegetation; D: fly over vegetation; E: foraging in vegetation; F: foraging on the mud flats; G: foraging in water; H: Foraging on the reef; I: insect flycatching; J: walk on the mud flat

Table 5. Habitat use activities in the landward zone Activity No Bird Species A B C D E F G H I J 1 Lanius schach √ 2 Ardeola speciosa √ 3 Lonchura punctulata √ √ 4 Caprimulgus affinis √ 5 Halcyon chloris √ √ √ 6 Amaurornis phoenicurus √ 7 Charadrius javanicus √ √ 8 Pycnonotus goiaver √ √ √ 9 Aegithina tiphia √ 10 Sterna albifrons √ √ 11 Himantopus himantopus √ √ 12 Lalage nigra √ 13 Lalage sueurii √ 14 Artamus leucorynchus √ 15 Rhipidura javanica √ √ 16 Merops leschenaulti √ √ 17 Egretta garzetta √ √ √ 18 Nectarinia jugularis √ √ 19 Prinia familiaris √ 20 Geopelia striata √ √ 21 Treron vernans √ 22 Gerygone sulphurea √ √ √ 23 Streptopelia chinensis √ 24 Collocalia esculenta (linchi) √ √ Description of activities : A: perched on a vegetation branch; B: perched on mangrove roots/a wooden stake; C: fly between vegetation; D: fly over vegetation; E: foraging in vegetation; F: foraging on the mud flats; G: foraging in water; H: Foraging on the reef; I: insect flycatching; J: walk on the mud flat.

Birds in the Mangrove Ecosystem are Ecotourism Attractions The existence of birds, bird diversity, bird activities, habitat use by birds in mangrove habitat is an attraction in ecotourism. Information about the species of birds that are found, whether they are protected or not, rare or common, whether they are migratory birds or resident are important information in ecotourism activities. Observed activities and habitat use by birds, whether perched on mangrove branches, flying from tree to tree, looking for food, walking on the mud slopes are interesting attractions for bird watching activities. Muttaqien et al. (2015) states that the diversity of bird species in the Rajegwesi forest is an attractive attraction for ecotourism activities, ecotourism activities in this case are bird watching or bird watching race event. Bird watching activities begin with field activities by looking directly at the birds in the Mangrove area. Bird watching ecotourism guides should have excellent competencies (knowledge. expertise and behavior) so that

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Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism they are able to interpret and explain in full about the mangrove forest habitat birds well. To help bird watching ecotourism guides in interpreting birds in the mangrove habitat of NCF Putri Menjangan, a handbook for the existence of birds is needed. Figure 3, shows some bird watching activities in the mangrove area of NCF Putri Menjangan.

Figure 2. Several species of birds. with activities

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Figure 3. Bird watching activities in mangrove areas of NCF Putri Menjangan.

To help birdwatchers. it is deemed necessary to create a bird diversity handbook in the NCF mangrove area. In the handbook, photos of bird activity, morphological characteristics, ecology, spread of birds and the existence status of the birds have been shown. This information is important for birdwatchers who are both beginners and experienced. The information in this handbook is also important to add insight and knowledge of ecotourism about the existence of birds. Figure 3, shows some bird watching activities in the mangrove area, birdwatchers observe some interesting bird activities. Here are some species of birds in the mangrove ecosystem which show interesting attractions. There are species of birds that are looking for food (foraging), fly over vegetation, perch in vegetation or in wooden posts, walk on the mud flat, walk in water. The birds use mangrove vegetation to perch, foraging. Flying activities while catching insects above the vegetation are found in many species incuding Collocalia esculenta. Pycnonotus goiaver. Mudflat and tide in habitat mangroves are used by birds for foraging activities. Some foraging for food on the mudflats, including Charadrius javanicus. Himantopus himantoups. birds observed foraging in water including Egretta spp. Bird activities are very interesting for ecotourism attractions (Figure 2). Achmad et al. (2013) also stated that some bird species are very potential as bird observation ecotourism because they are easy to find, show interesting activities, are protected species and are also endemic species. Hardyansah (2012), states that the aesthetic value possessed by wildlife including birds is a potential that can be developed for ecotourism activities. Birds (wildlife) have a high aesthetic value that can attract tourists. Data and information presented regarding diversity, peculiarities of wild (birds) have the potential to develop wildlife-based ecotourism. Wildlife have become the main attraction of ecotourism in the mangrove forest area of Balik Papan bay. Using mangroves for ecotourism activities plays an important role in the preservation of birds and mangrove ecosystems and provides economic value to local communities. Acanto (2016) in Ibajay Mangrove Eco-Tourism Park, and Duangjai et al. (2014) in Mangrove Forest Communities in Satun Province, shows that with ecotourism activities in the mangrove area. it can provide a sustainable source of income for local communities, increase awareness of the services and benefits provided by the mangrove ecosystem. Sari et al. (2015); Rahmila and Halim (2018) stated that the feasibility of mangrove areas for ecotourism, in addition to the diversity of mangrove plants, the distinctive characteristics of mangrove habitats (tides, mudflats). Accessibility and also the diversity of fauna (molusca, crustaceans, insects, reptiles, birds and mamalia). Diversity and activity of bird birds is one factor to support the conservation of mangrove forests for ecotourism activities.

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Conclusion The diversity of bird species in the Putri Menjangan mangrove area is high category. with 39 species of birds belonging to 24 families. The mangrove zone is showing the highest diversity of birds. The existence of birds. bird activities. habitat use by birds in mangrove habitat of NCF Putri menjangan is an interesting attraction in ecotourism. Recomendations It is necessary to replant mangrove areas that are still open to increase the diversity of mangrove species which will increase the diversity of birds that interact. In the development of mangroves for ecotourism attractions. it is recommended that a trail built to a minimum may change the landscape of the mangrove area because it will affect habitat availability for birds.

Acknowledgements Thank you to the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences and Research and Community Service. Udayana University for funding this research. Thanks to Mr. Gatot. A.A Bagus Adi and Yeyen who have helped in the survey and sample collection in the field. Thanks to M. Fathur Rozi for photos of some birds in the field.

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