The original documents are located in Box 48, folder “3/19-20/75 - State Visit - His Excellency Dzmal Bijedic ()” of the Betty Ford White House Papers, 1973-1977 at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Betty Ford donated to the United States of America her copyrights in all of her unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. THE WHITE HOUSE

WASHINGTON

March 14, 197 5

Dear Mrs. Ford,

RE: Proposed Menu - Yugoslav Luncheon, March 19, 1975

A ttached for the President 1 s review and approval is the proposed menu for the Yugoslav Luncheon on Wednesday, March 19, 1975.

approved -----

disapproved ----

Thank you.

Nancy R. Yugoslav Luncheon

LUNCHEON

Oxtail Soup with Port Wine

Freemark Abbey Filet of Sole with Mustard Sauce Johannisberg Riesling Timbale of Spinach 1970 Tiny New Potatoes

Watercress and Endive Salad with Mushrooms

Schramsberg Macedoine of Fresh Fruit Blanc de Blancs Petits Fours 1972 Demitasse

The White House Mar ch 1 9, 19 7 5 NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS SERVICE WITHDRAWAL SHEET (PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARIES) FORM OF DOCUMENT CORRESPONDENTS OR TITLE DATE RESTRICTION

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' ~Ct..ICO A I C!'CO\/ll""CC An"Al~llCTQATtnt...1 GSA FORM 7122 (REV. 5·82) ' -

DEPARTMENT OF STATE Washington, D.C.

THE VISIT TO WASHINGl'ON OF HIS EXCELLENCY DZEMAL BIJEDIC PRESIDENT OF THE FEDERAL EXEClITIVE COUNCIL OF THE SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA AND MRS. BIJEDIC

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION FOR USE BY HOST ORGANIZATION

NAME AND TITLE: His Excellency Dzemal Bijedic President of the Federal Executive Council of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia I ! ~ Mrs. Razija Bijedic

FORM OF ADDRESS Your Excellency, Mr. Prime IN CONVERSATION: Minister, Mr. Minister

Mrs. Bij edic

CORRESPONDENCE Your Excellency: SALlITATION: Dear Mr. Prime Minister: i CORRESPONDENCE COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE: Respectfully yours,

ENVELOPE ADDRESS: His Excellency DzeI118l Bijedic President of the Federsl Executive Council of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

IN HONOR OF LINES In Honor of His Excellency ON INVITATIONS: Dzemal Bijedic, President of the Federal Executive Council of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia In Honor of His Excellency the President of the Federal Executive Council of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Mrs. Bij edic ~--- ... -2-

PLACE CARDS: The President of the Federal Executive Council

His Excellency Dzemal Bijedic

Mrs. Bij edic

PRONUNCIATION: Bee-YED-itch

NAME OF COUNTRY: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

LANGUAGE: Serbo-Croatian (The Prime Minister and Mrs. Bijedic speak no English.)

RELIGION: Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, Muslim; however, no official religion; all religions tolerated.

DIET: There are no diet restrictions but pork should be avoided for Prime Minister and Mrs; Bij edic.

BEVERAGES: Alcoholic beverages may be served 0

TOASTS: The First Toast should be made by the host to: THE .

The Response Toast should be made to: THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

Subsequent toasts, if any, may be made in declining order of precedenceo

NATIONAL ANTHEMS: It is not reconnnended that the National Anthems of the United States and the visitor. be played unless the sponsoring organization is confident that the orchestra is able to play them very well. It is not necessary to play the Anthems at strictly social functions or at formal luncheons -3-

and dinners, as awkward situations and inconveniences may result. It is not the custom in Washington, D.Co to play National Anthems at State Dinners or Luncheons. When the Anthems are played at events, it is customary to play the Anthem of the visitor's country first, then the National Anthem of the United States.

FLAGS: When the flags of the United States and the visitor's country are used, consider the area where the flags are to be placed as a stage or focal point, then place the flag of the United States on the left as viewed from the audience, and the visitor's flag on the right. DEPARTMENT OF STATE Washington, D.C. THE VISIT TO WASHINGTON OF HIS EXCELLENCY DZEMAL BIJEDIC PRESIDENT OF THE FEDERAL EXECUTIVE COUNCIL OF THE SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA AND MRS. BIJEDIC

PRONUNCIATION, FORM OF ADDRESS AND PLACE CARD INFORMATION

HIS EXCELLENCY DZEMAL BIJEDIC The President of the Federal Executive Council, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Pronunciation: Bee-YED-itch Form of Address: Your Excellency, Mr. Prime Minister Mr. Minister Place Card: The President of the Federal Executive Council

MRS. RAZIJA BIJEDIC Wife of the President of the Federal Executive Council

Pronunciation: Bee-YED-itch Form of Address: Mrs. Bijedic Place Card: Mrs. Bij edic

HIS EXCELLENCY TOMA GRANFIL Ambassador of Socialist .Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Pronunciation: GRAHN-fill Form of Address: Your Excellency, Mr. Ambassador Place Card: The Ambassador of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

MRS. ANICA GRANFIL Wife of Ambassador Granfil

Pronunciation: GRAHN-fill Form of Address: Mrs. Granfil Place Card: Mrs. Granfil -2-

HIS EXCELLENCY JANKO SMOLE Member of the Federal Executive Council

Pronunciation: SMOL-lay Form of Address: Your Excellency, Sir Place Card: His Excellency Janko Smale

HIS EXCELLENCY Deputy Federal Secretary for Foreign Affairs

Pronunciation: MOY-sov Form of Address: Your Excellency, Sir, Mr. Ambassador Place Card: His Excellency Lazar Mojsov

MR. KADIR ALIJAGIC Chief of Cabinet of Federal Executive Council

Pronunciation: Al-ee-YAH-gitch , Form of Address: Mr. Alij agic Place Card: Mr. Alij agic

MR. MIODRAG STOJILJKOVIC Assistant Federal Secretary for Finance

Pronunciation: Stoy-YIL-ko-vitch Form of Address: Mr. Stojiljkovic Place Card: Mr. Stojiljkovic

MR. SVETOZAR STARCEVIC Director of the Office for North America, Federal Secretariat for Foreign Affairs

Pronunciation: STAR-che-vitch Form of Address: Mr. Starcevic Place Card: Mr. Starcevic

MR. NIKOLA CICANOVIC Foreign Affairs Adviser to President of the Federal Exec.u~.ive Council

Pronunciation: Chi-CHAN-o-vitch Form of Address: Mr. Cicanovic Place Card: Mr. Cicanovic . -3-

MR. BERISLAV BLAZEVIC Economic Adviser to President of the Federal Executive Council

Pronunciation: BLAZH-eh-vitch Form of Address: Mr. Blazevic Place Card: Mr. Blazevic

MR. BLAGOJE TEREK Director of Department for North .America, Federal Secretariat for Foreign Trade

Pronunciation: TAIR-eck Form of Address: Mr. Terek Place Card: Mr. Terek NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS SERVICE WITHDRAWAL SHEET (PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARIES) FORM OF DOCUMENT CORRESPONDENTS OR TITLE DATE RESTRICTION

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(Al Closed by Executive Order 12356'governing access to national security information. (8) Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document. (C) Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in the donor's deed of gift.

·"'C:"IC:DJ\I C:C:Q\/lt"l:C: dnUlll.llC:TR.6.Tt()llJ GSA FORM 7122 (REV. 5-82) MEMORANDUM

THE WHITE HOUSE

WASHINGTON

March 7, 1975

MEMORANDUM FOR: MRS. FORD

FROM: BRENT SCOWCROFT /

SUBJECT: Social Events for Mrs. Bijedic and Queen Alia

We understand you have agreed to host a luncheon for Mrs. Bijedic, wife of the Yugoslav Prime Minister, on March 19, while the Prime Minister is lunching with the President. While the nature of the Prime Minister 1 s visit does not in any way require such a gesture, it will be greatly appreciated by the Yugoslavs. It is, however, possible that your hosting this luncheon could raise expectations in the Washington diplomatic community that you would respond similarly to other requests of this type.

A possible alternative to a luncheon for Mrs. Bijedic would be for you to receive her for tea in connection with a special White House tour on the afternoon of March 19.

We understand also that you have offered to host a dinner for Queen Alia of Jordan during the visit of King Hussein on April 29. At the present time, it does not appear that Queen Alia will accompany the King on his visit to Washington. We will keep your office informed of her plans. tl®round noiE- 'rugoslOV1a department of state * april 1974

OFFICIAL NAME: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

GEOGRAPHY Hungary, and Romania on the north; and plains and (2) mountainous areas. Bulgaria on the east; and Greece and Lowland hills and plains comprise Yugoslovia, located in southeast­ Albania on the south. about one-third of the area and form ern Europe, is bordered by Italy and The country can be divided into a rough oval that extends from the Adriatic Sea on the west; , two topographical sections: (1) hills in the northwest to Nis in the east. A . few minor mountain ranges interrupt these lowlands, which contain the ma­ PROFILE FLAG: Blue, white, red (horizontal) with a 5-pointed red star edged in yellow at jor part of Yugoslavia's commercial agricultural land. Mineral, metal, and G~ngraphy the center. timber exploitation, as well as sheep AIBA: 99,000 sq. mi. (about two- raising, are important activities in the thirds the size of California). CAPITAL: Economy mountainous areas of the lowlands. Belgrade (pop. 845,000). OTHER CITIES: The remaining two-thirds of the Zagreb (602,000), Skopje (389,000), GNP: $20.5 billion (1972). ANNUAL country is mountainous, except in the Sarajevo (292,000), (258,000). GROWTH RATE: 6%. PER CAPITA IN· COME: $1,000 (est.). PER CAPITA northeast. The chief mountain chain, People GROWTH RATE: 5%. the Dinaric Alps, runs parallel to the AGRICULTURE: 58% of land, of which Adriatic coast. POPULATION:. 20.5 million. ANNUAL two-thirds is cultivatable. Products-corn, An extensive transportation net­ GROWTH RATE: 1.1%. DENSITY: 207 wheat, tobacco, sugar beets. Labor 48%. work connects the lowland region with per sq. mi. ETHNIC GROUPS: Serbs, INDUSTRIES: Wood and food process­ the northwest and southeast by moun­ Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Alba· ing. Products- nonferrous metals, machin­ nians, Hungarians, and Muslims (regarded as tain passages. Yugoslavia therefore ery, textiles. Labor 5 2%. a separate ethnic group). LANGUAGES: controls the most important land NATURAL RESOURCES: Bauxite, Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian, Alba­ routes from central and western Eu­ timber, antimony, chromium, lead, and zinc. n~ and Hungarian. LITERACY: 85%.• rope to the Aegean Sea and Turkish TRADE: Total exports- $2.2 billion l GIONS: Eastern Orthodox (Serbian . Straits. The Danube River-the most (1972): timber, nonferrous metals, machin­ ana Macedonian), Roman Catholic, and ery and metal products, textiles, iron, and important water route from central Islam. LIFE EXPECTANCY: 66. steel. Partners-U.S.S.R., Italy, F.R.G., and western Europe to the Black Sea­ flows through most of eastern Yugo­ Govl!rnment U.S. Total imports-$3.2 billion (1972): machinery and metal products, chemicals, slavia. TYPE: Federal Republic. INDEPEND­ textiles, iron, and steel. Partners-F.R.G., Along the Adriatic coast the climate ENCE: December 1, 1918. CONSTITU­ Italy, U.S.S.R., U.S. is hot in summer and mild and rainy in TION: New constitution to be promulgated OFFICIAL EXCHANGE RATE: Flue· winter. In the interior the climate is in 1974. BRANCHES: Executive-Chief tuates between 15 and 17 dinars to the moderate with seasonal variations, of State-President of the Republic (elected dollar. comparable to the U.S. east coast be­ MEMBERSHIP IN INTERNATIONAL to a 5-year term); Head of Government: tween Virginia and Rhode Island. Premier (President of the Federal Executive ORGANIZATIONS: U.N. and its special· Council); Cabinet (Federal Executive Coun­ ized agencies, GATT, IBRD, IMF, IAEA, ~ and the Federal administration. CEMA (observer status), EEC, md OECD. fative- Federal Assembly (bicameral). ECONOMIC AID RECEIVED: Total­ PEOPLE J«-•Cial- Constitutional Court. $5 billion. U.S. only- $2.9 billion, including POLITICAL PARTIES: League of Com­ $700 million in grant military assistance. Yugoslavia's population has the munists of Yugoslavia. SUFFRAGE: Uni· U.S. economic aid was stopped on January 1, greatest ethnic and religious diversity versa! over age 18. 1967. in Eastern Europe, an area noted for 3

) ment and shot the Croatian leader, proclaimed the Federal People's Re­ Soviet doctrine of "limited sover­ Stjepan Radie, for insulting the Serbs. public of Yugoslavia on November 29. eignty" within the Socialist "common­

46 - The Croats withdrew from Parliament On January 31, 1 946, a Soviet-type wealth" and have emphasized that in protest, and King Alexander estab- constitution was adopted, and Yugo­ Soviet-Yugoslav relations must be based lished a royal dictatorship whose poli- slavia officially became a "people's on the principle that "questions of cies downplayed regionalism and na- republic." internal organizations, of different IA tionalism and espoused "Yugoslavism." The Communist rise to power was social systems, and of different forms The continuing internal struggles finally followed by a foreign policy whi-:h of social development are solely the resulted in 1939, on the eve of World voluntarily tied Yugoslavia to the Soviet concern of the individual countries." War II, in the "agreement" or Sporazum, alliance system until June 1948, when Economic and military assistance • Banja Luka granting to Croatia a considerable de- the U.S.S.R. made public its strong contributed by the United States and gree of autonomy. disapproval of policies and practices in its Western allies after the break in The pro-French foreign policy of Yugoslavia. The issue was whether 1948 helped Tito to maintain Yugoslav ')King Alexander, _assassinated by ex- Yugoslavia could remain in the Soviet independence despite Cominform pres­ -44 ' tremists at Marseille in 1934, was bloc while pursuing policies decided sure. The rigid Cominform economic abandoned by his successor, Prince upon by its own leaders instead of by. ·blockade in 1949-5 3 led to a reorienta- . Paul, the Regent, for one whi~h resulted Moscow. Stalin decided this degree of tion of Yugoslav foreign trade toward on March 25, 1941, in Yugoslavia's· independence was unacceptable, and the West, and during the same period adherence to the German-Italian- the Yugoslav Party was expelled from Yugoslavia broadened its contacts with Japanese tripartite pact. Pro-Allied the Soviet-dominated Cominform. This the free world in political and cultural Serb military elements, aware of wide expulsion was followed by an active but fields as well. Its economic ties with public opposition to this move, staged a unsuccessful Cominform campaign to the West have resulted in varying successful coup d'etat, and replaced subvert the Tito government and re­ degrees of involvement with world YUGOSLAVIA Prince Paul with the 17-year-old King place it with a regime subservient to economic organizations. Peter. Beginning April 6, 1941, the Moscow. International boundary armed forces of Germany, Italy, Since 1948 Yugoslavia's effort to @ National capital 42 Hungary, and Bulgaria invaded Yugo- maintain its independence has led to a GOVERNMENT Ra ilroad slavia and forced the royal family and foreign policy characterized by three The Socialist Federal Republic of l the government into exile. motifs. First, isolated and under Road Yugoslavia (SFRY) is composed of six During the war, resistance forces in the pressure of Soviet bloc hostility republics-, Croatia, , Yugoslavia were split into the "Yugo- in the first years after the break, Yugo­ Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, slav Army in the Fatherland" (popularly slavia developed ties with the United and Montenegro-and two autonomous 0j.., Th-.,_..:; 2.::..5 ,--_,::.50;__,--7_.5_~100 Miles 0 25 50 75 100 Kilometers known as Chetniks), which had close States and other Western countries provinces within Serbia, Vojvodina and ties to the exile government, and based on trade, aid, and discussions Kosovo. Each republic has a govern­ 14 18 the National Liberation Army (Parti- on its defense in the event of aggression ment modeled on that of the Federal sans) led by and the by the Soviet bloc. Second, its search Republic, with a constitution, parlia­ 78842 9-70 Communist Party. This led to a for an independent base produced ment, executive council (cabinet), judi­ complicated internal situation which efforts in the mid-l 950's to identify such diversity. The country came into Serbs and virtually all Montenegrins and Bosnian Muslims, dominated the ciary, and administrative agencies. resulted in tragic strife among various itself as a leader of nonaligned nations, existence on December 1, 1918, after and Macedonians. There are more than highly centralized government at Bel­ In June 1973 the draft text of a new the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian 5 million Roman Catholics, including grade, and the Croats, who pressed for groups. The Partisans developed the a~oiding proxi~ity to either the Soviet constitution, designed to codify ac­ broader and more active resistance to or the Western military bloc. Its role Empire. Borders of the new nation­ the great majority of Croats, Slovenes, a federated Yugoslavia. Ethnic and cumulated changes and provide guide­ then called the Kingdom of the Serbs, and Hungarians. A considerable por­ religious tensions, which climaxed in the invaders and established their own in organizing the 1961 , 1964, 1970, and lines for the further development of go-vernment in the areas they con- 197 3 nonaligned' conferences, the Cairo Croats, and Slovenes-enclosed five tion of the population in Bosnia-Herze­ internecine strife and reprisals duril\ the Yugoslav Communist system, was principal South Slav groups and an govina, the Turkish minority, and most World War II, have survived under ·trolled in late 1943. The Allies recog- Conferepce on Economic Development published. The new constitution, additional 1 7 minorities, which are Albanians combine to total more than Communist rule despite attempts to ·nized the Partisans' effectiveness by of 1962, and the 1964 U.N. Conference scheduled to be adopted in 1974, still distinguishable today. The popu­ 2 million Muslims. moderate them. sending military missions to Tito's on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), delegates more powers and functions to lation came from the former empire The main language is Serbo-Croatian. Between the two world wars Yugo­ headquarters in mid-1943 and by grad- underlined this latter course. Third, local communities and especially to the and the independent Kingdoms of Ser­ The draft of the new constitution states slav internal politics were dominated ually allocating to his forces rather following the strengthening of other working class, whose influence is bia and Montenegro. that the languages of the peoples and by these nationalistic conflicts. Adop­ than to those of Mihajlovic's Chetniks ties, Yugoslavia has displayed interest alleged to have been stunted by the bulk of supplies and equipment in approaches made by the Soviet The 1971 census gives the primary nationalities of Yugoslavia (i.e., Slo­ tion of the Vidovdan constitution of technocratic-managerial forces. nationality. groups as: Serbs 40 per­ vene, Macedonian, Albanian, and Hun­ June 28, 1921, had placed all parts of available for the resistance effort. The Union, provided they have been on According to the draft the supreme cent, Croats 22 percent, Slovenes and garian) are in official use. the country under a centralistic system Partisans' increase in power was facil- I.Yugoslav terms. executive and policymaking body in Bosnian Muslims 8 percent, Macedo­ based on the French system. A political itated in part by the fact that they. Yugoslavia has fou~d it easier to get the government is the collective SFRY acquired control of considerable terri- along with the Soviet Union since the nians and Albanians 6 percent each, HISTORY struggle ensued between Serbs and Presidency, headed by President Tito Montenegrins and Hungarians 2 per­ Croats, who wanted a federal structure tory and arms at the time the Italian latter's repudiation of many of Stalin's (Chief of State). The collective Presi­ forces surrendered to the Allies. policies, but relations between the two cent, and Turks 1 percent. The internal history of Yugoslavia granting a certain amount of regionr dency includes a representative of each Religious groups largely follow eth­ between the wars was largely a story of and ethnic autonomy. The struggh. Allied pressure induced formation countries have followed an irregular : republic and province and the Presi­ nic lines. The 7 million members of antagonism between the Serbs, who erupted violently in 1928 when a of a coalition government in 194 5' oourse, alternately improving and de­ dent of the League of Communists of the Orthodox Church include mosf with their political allies, the Slovenes Montenegrin Serb stood up in Parlia- but Communist-controlled elections; teriorating. The Yugoslavs have made Yugoslavia (LCY). Their term of o~ice produced a Prov~onal Assembly which' ·-clear, ·however, their disapproval of the · is 5 years. The election and composition 4 5 of the Presidency is promulgated for­ ing representation of the autonomous great importance too has been the mally by the SFRY Assembly in joint would devote more time to foreign p~ovinces." Members are elected for freedom of Yugoslav citizens to travel Ambassador to the U.S.-Toma Granfil growth, and industrialization of the session. In addition to representing affairs, especially to the nonaligned 4-year terms; if they are delegates in and have contact with foreigners. This Ambassador to the U.N.-Lazar Mojsov country proceeded. Neither process, the federation in the country and movement-an indication that he con­ the Assembly, they must give up their policy has resulted in the employment however, solved a nagging balance-of- abroad, the SFRY Presidency is sup­ sidered the domestic crisis to be over. Senior Federal Secretaries seats. of as many as a million Yugoslavs in payments problem or leveled out sharp Foreign Affairs- Milos Minic posed to harmonize the common inter­ The Constitutional Court, created the West and has promoted the influx The LCY has had some important :egional contrasts, as, for instance Defense-Lt. Gen. Nikola Ljubicic ests of the republic and provinces, in 1963 and unique among Communist of tourists into Yugoslavia. organizational changes. The Executive between highly developed Slovenia and Economy-Bosko Dimitrijevic adopt positions on foreign policy, political systems, consists of a president _ The reforms gathered increasing Bureau, created at the Ninth Party Con­ Croatia and less developed Macedonia, Foreign Trade-Emil Ludviger and protect the constitutional system. and 1 3 judges. They are nominated momentum in the early 1960's, es­ gress in March 1969 and elected by the Montenegro, and Kosovo . Indeed, Finance-Janka Smale The draft also provides that Tito, as by the SFRY Presidency and duly pecially in the years following Tito's 52-man Party Presidency (Central Com­ many of the investments in the under­ President of the Republic, is also elected by the Assembly for a term dramatic ouster in 1966 of his heir­ mittee), was reduced from 15 to 9 ~bor and Social Policy-Yuko developed regions were economically Dragasevic President of the SFRY Presidency. of 8 years. One of the Court's duties presumptive, Vice President Aleksandar members (I representative from each dubious. Nor was the economy ever Agriculture-Iva Kustrak It suggests that the SFRY Assembly is to rule on disputes between the Rankovic, a conservative from Serbia. of the 6 republics and 2 provinces) as free of central direction and Com­ Internal Affairs-Luka Banovic elect him President of the Republic, Federal Government and a republic, In a landmark speech in September including Tito. This body has becom~ munist Party control in fact as it was and places no restrictions on his re­ or between republics. 1970, Tito endorsed constitutional ( the authoritative reconstituted center Transportation and Communications- in theory. election. reform, intended to produce a geniune of political decisionmaking. It meets Blagoje Popov The Yugoslav Parliament is the POLITICAL CONDITIONS federalism that would satisfy all the often and provides guidelines for Party Agriculture and Industry SFRY Assembly, which is bicameral, Until 1948 the Communist Party republics and nationalities so that none policy. Tito had created the post of ECONOMY Efforts were made in the late 19 50's composed of a Federal Council and a of Yugoslavia outwardly appeared to could be accused of exploiting its Secretary of the Executive Bureau Although it is endowed with con­ to strengthen Yugoslavia's agriculture Council of the Republics and Provinces. be solidly committed to the Soviet fellows. However, decentralization and which was to have rotated among it~ siderable natural resources-agricultural and to make it less vulnerable to the The Federal Council is a corporate system of alliances and the Moscow­ liberalization led to the reassertion of members. However, was land, nonferrous metals, timber, hydro­ severe droughts which have struck the country on the average of once every 4 chamber of 220 delegates, 30 from dominated Cominform. In 1948, how­ regional nationalism. This, in turn, reelected to this post in May 197 3, electric power potential, natural gas, years over the past 100 years. These each republic and 20 from each prov­ ever, mounting differences between led to political differences and exacer­ suggesting that Tito has found a col­ and oil-and is relatively underpopu­ efforts included increasing the avail­ ince. The delegates are elected by Yugoslav and Soviet leaders over the bated regional economic disputes. The league to whom he can confidently lated by European standards, Yugo­ ability of fertilizer, introducing more secret ballot from factories and insti­ preservation of Yugoslavia's indepen­ rise of nationalist feeling was partic­ delegate some of his Party functions. slavia has been held back in its eco­ The 52-man Presidency (which productive and drought-resistant grain tutions (including the government and dence and sovereignty culminated in ularly evident in the Socialist Republic nomic development by wars and varieties, and improving livestock armed services). Individual peasants the expulsion of the Yugoslavs from of Croatia, where it sometimes con­ superseded the old Central Committee conquest. After World War II, aided bloodlines and agricultural land. These and artisans also have the right to elect the Cominform. Tito's resistance pro­ tained overtones of separatism. at the Ninth Party Congress) has con­ by large grants from the United Na­ It measures met with success. Today their delegates. The Council of the duced the first fissure in the seemingly The absence of consensus among tinued intact. is composed of Tito, tions Relief and Rehabilitation Admin­ Yugoslavia, though it has a greatly ex­ Republics and Provinces is composed of monolithic Soviet bloc. The success of the republics stalemated the decision- ( 6 members from each republic (36), 3 istration (UNRRA), the war-devastated panded urban population that con­ 58 delegates: 8 delegates from the the Commun~st Party of Yugoslavia in making process on a number of im­ from each autonomous province (6), 3 economy began reconstruction under a sumes a large volume of food products, parliaments of each republic and 5 escaping an unequal relationship with portant issues. At the same time, from the armed forces, and the Presi­ Soviet-type regime. But after Yugo­ is largely self-sufficient in agricultural delegates from the parliaments of each the Communist Party of the Soviet the decentralized League of Commu­ dents of the 6 republic central com­ slavia's expulsion from the Cominform products. It is able to export sub­ province. The bicameral SFRY Assem­ Union has had far-reaching implications nists of Yugoslavia Party (LCY) also mittees. the country scaled down its grandios~ stantial quantities of high-grade fresh bly thus has a total of 278 delegates, for Yugoslavia's internal and external found it difficult to act decisively. LCY membership is approximately investment program, which had re­ none of whom can be elected twice in policies. Meanwhile, the country was faced 1 million, or about 5 percent of the ceived large quantities of aid from the and canned meats as well as perishable market crops. While Yugoslavia's grain succession. Since the early l 950's Yugoslav · with spiraling inflation, lack of coordi­ population. The principal mass organi­ Soviet Union and other Communist Through this system of delegated leadership has pursued a pragmatic nation in development planning, large zation, comprising most salaried em­ countries, and dismantled its economic production remains vulnerable to drought, improved production methods democracy, in contrast to the former policy that has produced a relatively trade deficits, and a growing tendency ployees, is the Socialist Alliance of planning and administrative structure. and greater storage facilities have en­ representative democracy, the direct open and liberalized society. It has, in toward regional autarky. Working People of Yugoslavia. This The United States, the United King­ producers, i.e., the workers, are sup­ many important respects, moderated Toward the end of 1971 President organization is a ·faithful instrument dom, and France cooperated in an abled some stockpiling of reserves against the lean years. posed to become the actual rulers of the harsher features of a Communist Tito intervened taking actions which of the Party, despite the fact that it assistance program aimed at keeping their states. A chief aim of the new dictatorship while extensively develop­ resulted in the expulsion of nationalist shows more independence than similar Yugoslavia from yielding to bloc eco­ Attention has also turned to tour­ system-in addition to strengthening ing its own interpretation of the Croat Party leaders and liberal Serb front organizations in other Communist nomic pressure and at advancing the ism, today one of Yugoslavia's princi­ states. pal sources of hard-currency earnings. the voice of the working class at the Marxist-Leninist philosophy. Although Party leaders for persisting in their \ country's economic development. ( Each year millions of visitors come expense of the managerial class and it refuses to tolerate organized opposi­ deviations from his conc~pts of unity 1 In 1950 Yugoslavia began a far­ Principal Government Officials from Western Europe and other areas other middle strata-is to strengthen tion, the regime has decreased the and democratic centralism. Tito's ) reaching program of experimentation the role of the LCY in Yugoslav life power of the police, abandoned forced policy was embodied in his Action President of the Republic; President of the world. The picturesque Adriatic with workers' self-management, de­ coast, which has many islands and a and society. collectivization (85 percent of arable Program, which called for restoration of the LCY -Josip Broz Tito centralization of investment decisions, Mediterranean climate, is the prime The Federal Executive Council land is privately owned), stopped com­ of LCY authority. The program also Vice President, State Presidency-Mitja and freer markets, but retained social (Cabinet) is the executive and admin­ pulsory deliveries in agriculture, and revived Marxist teaching, stressed the Ribicic (until July 1974) area for tourism. ownership of capital goods. Fo~ced In 1965 Yugoslavia began to convert istrative arm of the Assembly. It is lifted onerous restrictions on reli­ role of the workers, and called for President, Federal Executive Council­ collectivization in agriculture was presided over by a President (Head of gious freedom. It has decentralized the their increased enrollment in the Party, Dzemal Bijedic an essentially command-type, centrally abandoned when it became apparent controlled economy into a decentral­ Government), who is proposed by the oversized Federal Government, giving and demanded the elimination of em­ Vice President, Federal Executive that much of the mountainous country SFRY Presidency and is elected by the more power and prerogatives to the bezzlers and those of the new middle Council-Jakov Sirotkovic ized market-oriented economy. The· was not suited to extensive cultivation. dinar was devalued to 1,250 to US$1. two chambers of the Assembly. The republics, provinces, and local com­ class-the so-called dinar billionaires-=­ Vice President, Federal Executive Today much of the prime agricultural members of the Federal Executive munities. A notable Yugoslav innova­ who had enriched themselves illegally. Council-Anton Vratusa A new dinar was established which land remains in the hands of agricul­ converted at the rate of 12.5 to l which Council are elected "in accordance tion has been the introduction of self­ In mid-197 3 Tito described the in- ( President, Constitutional Court- Blazo tural enterprises, which are the suc­ with the principle of equal represen­ management, i.e., workers' councils in ternal situation in Yugoslavia as good; \.. • Jovanovic was subsequently changed again in _cessors to state farms. early 1971 to the rate of 15 to 1. (The tation of the republics and correspond- factories and other institutions. Of he informed the population that he President, Federal Assembly-Mijalko During the 1950's and early 1960's Todorovic dinar-dollar exchange rate fluctuated Yugoslavia had a high rate of economic 'between 15 and 17 to l during 1973.) 7 6

National policy shifted toward in­ in Western Europe have helped com­ of the economy in the immediate post­ In the Arab-Israeli conflict of Octo­ and East European governments. In meeting in November 1973, shortly creasing consumption at expense of pensate for negative trade balances war years, Yugoslavia adopted the con­ ber 1973 Yugoslavia gave both diplo­ September 1964 Yugoslavia accepted after the renewed armed conflict be­ investment and toward concentration in hard-currency areas, balance-of­ cept of workers' self-management in matic and material support to the limited association with the Communist tween the Arabs and Israelis ended in of resources on enterprises which could payments deficits in these areas have the early 1950's and from that time has Arabs and granted overflight rights to bloc's Council on mutual Economic a ceasefire, produced a communique Assistance (CEMA) and- -inaugu­ prove their viability in competition been a recurrent problem. gradually modifi'!d its system of eco­ Soviet cargo aircraft which helped warmer in tone than any others in rated a Danube River Iron Gate with foreign producers. Tariffs were In 1971 the Yugoslavs instituted nomic organization toward an econ­ n:supply the armed forces of Egypt recent times. lowered and .. export subsidies were a stabilization program designed to omy guided mainly by market forces and Syria. hydroelectric and navigation project, Yugoslavia's flourishing relationship abolished; central control of invest­ correct balance-of-payments difficulties (a "Socialist market economy"). In On the diplomatic front, Yugoslavia, in collaboration with Romania, which with Western countries was·temporarily ments was replaced by granting greater and combat inflation. These measures this process, the responsibility for as a nonpermanent member of the U.N. was put into operation in May 1972. marred by Yugoslav attacks against authority to local banks; and govern­ included wage and price controls, im­ determining output, investment, prices, Security Council, played an important Some speculation arose at the time certain governments for allegedly fail­ mental levies on enterprises were re­ port taxes and other fiscal measures, a· and incomes has been increasingly role in the formulation and passage of of the 1967 Arab-Israeli hostilities ing to curb emigre terrorist activity duced. Individual Yugoslav enter­ 17 percent dinar devaluation, and a shifted from political bodies to enter­ the resolution creating the U.N. Emer­ that Yugoslavia might be changing its directed against Yugoslavia. Austria prises were able to deal directly with . tightening of bank credit and money prises. gency Force . course of nonalignment and moving and Italy were charged with discrimina­ foreign concerns without the approval supply. By the end of 1972 this pro­ Changes in Soviet policies after toward closer association with the tion against Yugoslav minorities. Bel­ Yugoslavia has enjoyed a consider­ ) of central authorities. gram had succeeded in bringing Yugo­ ably higher standard of consumer wel­ Stalin's death in 1953 led to friendlier Soviet world. However, Yugoslavia's grade also showed considerable sensitiv­ The reform, which raised questions slavia's balance of payments out of the fare than other Communist states, as relations between Yugoslavia and the subsequent opp9sition to the Soviet­ ity to Western press reports alleging about the nature and scope of the red. well as a noticeably higher degree of U ,S.S.R. In June 1956 Tito visited promoted World Communist Confer­ that Yugoslavia was retreating to Stali­ Communist Party and about govern­ From 1970 to 1972 the increase personal freedom. Per capita GNP in Moscow, where Soviet leaders acknowl­ ence and its disagreement with Moscow nism and veering toward the Warsaw ment control over the operation of in imports averaged only 5 percent per 1972 was estimated at approximately edged the Yugoslav doctrine of "many over Soviet actions in Czechoslovakia Pact. the economy, met with considerable year, reaching a total of $3.2 billion $1,000 in current prices but varies roads to socialism" and expanded bloc reemphasized Yugoslavia's traditional U.S.-YUGOSLAV RELATIONS opposition. Tito, however, has sup­ for 1972. In this same period exports widely among the different regions of credits. Yugoslavia's altitude toward posture as an independent, nonaligned ported the reform resolutely and has increased by 30 percent, amounting to the country. GNP in 1972 was esti­ the Polish and Hungarian outbreaks in state. The United States has sought to defended it against attacks from the $2.2 billion. More than $1 billion mated at $20.5 billion. 1956, however, cut short the rap­ The 1968 Czechoslovak invasion had offer Yugoslavia alternatives to depen­ Soviet Union. These attacks reflected from tourism and remittances from prochement and led to a postpone­ a strong impact on Yugoslav foreign dence on the Soviet Union and the East Soviet displeasure with Yugoslavia's Yugoslavs abroad enabled Yugoslavia ment of Soviet credits. Efforts during relations. ltbove all, it completed FOREIGN RELATIONS European Communist States and to condemnation of the Soviet invasion to achieve a balance-of-payments sur­ 1957 to patch up the relationship were Yugoslavia's reconciliation with West­ assist Yugoslavia in establishing its of Czechoslovakia as well as Yugo­ plus of about $300 million in 1972. For most of the two decades begin· only partially successful, and a new ern Europe. President Tito established independence firmly and irrevocably. slavia's support of the liberalizing eco­ Yugoslavia's chief trading partners ningin 1948 the Yugoslavs have had to series of mutual remonstrances finally friendly personal contacts with impor­ Grant military assistance of about $700 nomic reforms begun in Czechoslovakia are the Federal Republic of Germany, cope with external pressures and hostil­ ) led to cancellation of Soviet credits. tant West European governments. The million was provided from 1951 to in January 1968. The Soviets described the U.S.S.R., Italy, the United States, ity, stemming from vigorous pursuit of Although Tito had recognized East Yugoslav economy became more 19 5 9, and economic assistance (includ­ the Yugoslav economic reform as out the United Kingdom, and Czechoslo­ Tito's ambition, voiced back in May Germany in October 19 5 7 following strongly oriented toward the West. ing grants, loans, and concessional of step. with socialism and therefore vakia. 1945, that "everyone shall be master resumption of Soviet credits, Yugoslav The Common Market's share of Yugo­ sales) of about $2 billion was supplied doomed to failur.e. Since 1970 Yugoslavia's trade with of his own house." Since 1971; representatives refused to sign the slav foreign trade reached record peaks, between 1950 and 1967. Economic aid · Western countries, together with convertible countries has been about Yugoslavia has largely succeeded in Moscow Declaration of Communist and a new 5-year trade agreement went to Yugoslavia came to an end on the IMF, have given Yugoslavia con­ 75 percent of its total trade. Trade achieving one of its main foreign Parties later that year. In April 1958 into operation in September 19 7 3. January 1, 1967, when U.S. legislative siderable support. Assistance has some­ with the CEMA countries (U.S.S.R., policy objectives: friendly relations the Seventh Congress of the League of Yugoslavia continued to receive finan­ action precluded further concessional times taken the form of extension-of­ Eastern Europe, Mongolia, and Cuba) with all states irrespective of social Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) cial aid from many of its Western trad­ sales of surplus agricultural commodi­ payment periods for Yugoslav debts; has been about 22 percent. systems-including the member coun­ adopted a new program reaffirming ing partners for its development and ties. at other times additional credits have Yugoslavia's trade with the United tries of NATO and the Warsaw Treaty Yugoslavia's nonalignment policy. stabilization program. In 1969 the The United States actively seeks to been made available. States grew from about $186 million Organization. In 1962 the Soviet Union again took People's Republic of China and its promote economic relations with Yugo­ The effect of the reform internally in 1969 ($93 million in imports and In the mid-1950's, following a re­ initiatives to improve relations with a ally, Albania, ceased their hostility slavia, which is accorded most-faxored­ has been a steep rise in prices and un­ $93 million in exports) to about $403 conciliation with the major Western visit by Chief of State Leonid I. toward Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav nation treatment under U.S. tariff Brezhnev and Foreign Minister Andrei and Chinese Governments were recon­ employment. The latter phenomenon, million in 1973 ($166.8 million in powers and the post-Stalin Soviet bloc, ) schedules. Since 1968 foreign firms which has plagued the country in pro­ imports and $235. 7 million in exports). Yugoslavia began a foreign policy of A. Gromyko. In return Tito went to ciliated. have been permitted to invest up to portion to the amount of freedom Principal U.S. exports include industrial nonalignment, which involved cultivat­ the Soviet Union. Thereafter, bloc Soviet leader Brezhnev's visit in given enterprises to lay off surplus goods and agricultural machinery. Im-· ing ties with the newly independent criticism of Yugoslav "errors" subsided. 1971 produced the third Yugoslav- READING LIST Ii labor, has been mitigated by the move­ ports include nonferrous metals, wood countries of the "third world." These The second rapprochement was sym­ 1 Soviet reconciliation. Meeting with Campbell, John C. Tito's Separate ment of nearly 1 million Yugoslav products, wine, tobacco, and canned efforts resulted in Tito's close and long bolized by a series of top-level visits him in Belgrade in September 1971 Road, America and Yugoslavia workers to Western Europe, notably meats. association with other nonaligned between Yugoslavia and all the bloc and in Moscow in June 1972, Tito in World Politics. New York: the Federal Republic of Germany, for The transition is not easy from un­ leaders, including Nasser, Nehru, Haile countries, highlighted by Khrushchev's appeared satisfied that Soviet leader­ Harper and Row, 1967. temporary employment. Externally, derdeveloped to developed status, and Selassie, and Sukarno. August 1963 trip to Yugoslavia, and . ship had recognized that socialist Yugo­ Dedijer, Vladimir. Tito. New York: the country in 1965 balanced its ac­ the process in Yugoslavia has been Tito's identification with the non­ the Khrushchev-Tito meeting at Lenin­ slavia is free to forge its own policies. Simon and Schuster, 1953. counts for the first time since 1946. additionally handicapped by natural aligned world was made clear in June grad of June 1964. The severity of The Soviets and Yugoslavs signed an Hoffman, George W., and Neal, The reason, however, was a surplus in. disasters, ranging from recurrent 1967 when he strongly supported attacks on Tito by the Chinese and agreement for a $540 million Soviet Fred Warner. Yugoslavia and the developmental credit (which has been trade with the East European Com­ droughts to the earthquakes which Nasser at the time of the Arab-Israeli their supporters in Albania served to New Communism. New York: only minimally drawn against). An munist countries. devastated Skopje in 1963 and Banja hostilities. Yugoslavia broke diplo­ bring Yugoslavia closer to the Soviets Twentieth Century Fund, 1962. Luka in 1969. matic relations with Israel. Tito flew in the Sino-Soviet conflict. additional credit for $450 million, to Rubenstein, Alvin Z. Yugoslavia Trade Yugoslavia sought to maintain lever­ Yugoslavia has moved far from the to Moscow to urge Soviet and other have been contracted in spring 1973, and the Nonaligned World. age with each of the members of the Although earnings from tourism Soviet model of a command economy. Communist leaders to support the has been delayed. CEMA's share of Princeton: Princeton University and remittances from Yugoslav workers After a period of centralized direction Arabs. Soviet bloc during fr~ evolution of Yugoslavia's total foreign trade is just Press, 1970. looser relationships between Moscow under 30 percent. A Tito-Brezhnev 8

49 percent in a joint equity venture ist commonwealth have put new em­ Despite differences of view on a with a Yugoslav partner. As of late phasis on U.S.-Yugoslav relations. number of significant foreign policy 1973, nine American firms had invested On September 30, 1970 President issues, U.S. policy continues to be based over $8.8 million in such joint ventures. Nixon became the first U.S. President on a strong and continuing interest in In 1972 President Nixon signed a to visit Yugoslavia. At the conclusion Yugoslavia's independence, integrity, national interest determination permit­ of his talks with President Tito, a joint and economic well-being. Bilateral ting the Overseas Private Investment communique was issued which stated, relations are conducted in a spirit of Corporation's (OPIC) to operate in­ in part, that the two Presidents noted cooperation and mutual respect and surance and other facilities in Yugo­ with satisfaction the growth of good have been marked by regular consulta­ slavia. The OPIC standard operating and friendly relations between their tions and high-level exchanges of visits. agreement has been approved by Yugo­ two countries. Principal U.S. Officials . slavia's constituent republics, and a President Tito paid a state visit to number of American corporations have the United States in October 1971. Ambassador-Malcolm Toon submitted applications for OPIC facil­ Presidents Nixon and Tito discussed in­ Counselor of Embassy-Richard E. ( ities. In 1971 the U.S. Export-Import ternational issues, the further develop­ Johnson Bank began to broaden its investments ment of bilateral relations in all fields, Counselor for Public Affairs (USIS)­ in Yugoslavia, which by mid-1973 were and the need for continuing regular Wallace W. Littell over $335 million. consultations. In a joint statement Counselor for Economic Affairs-David At present, Commodity Credit Cor­ they called attention to the importance B. Bolen poration (CCC) programs have replaced of guaranteeing peace and stability Counselor for Political Affairs-Donald concessional sales of agricultural prod­ by adherence to the principles of in­ C. Tice ucts previously made to Yugoslavia dependence, mutual respect, and the Chief, Consular Section--Thomas R. under PL-480. Over $250 million, full equality of sovereign states­ Hutson worth of U.S. agricultural products regardless of similarities or differences Chief, Administrative Section- Thomas have been sold to Yugoslavia under in their social, political, and economic Solitario CCC programs in the 1971-73 period. systems. President Nixon reaffirmed Air Attache- Col. David L. Ray On two occasions, in 1948 and 1964, U.S. interest in the independence and Army Attache-Col. John W. Klingel­ Yugoslavia concluded agreements on nonaligned position and policy of hoefer financial claims of U.S. citizens for Yugoslavia. The two Presidents agreed Naval Attache-Cdr. Wilbur W. Cock­ their nationalized property. It has to base Yugoslav-American coopera­ rell also reached agreement with the New tion and relations on lasting founda­ Agricultural Attache- James R. Hick­ York-based representatives of holders tions in accordance with the under­ man of pre-war Yugoslav bonds denomi­ standing and principles reflected in the Consul General, Zagreb-Orme Wilson, nated in dollars. joint statement. Jr. In 1961 Yugoslavia and the U.S. concluded an agreement providing for the establishment, maintenance, and TRAVEL NOTES and cold winters that characterize a continental climate. operation of American reading rooms. All travelers must obtain visas to enter In 1970 this was followed by an agree­ Yugoslavia, either from a Yugoslav Transportation and Communication­ ment setting up a U.S. Information Embassy or Consulate or at any Yugoslav lnternational trains offering service to Center in Ljubljana. A second center border crossing point or airport. points thrc~out Europe and as far was opened in Skopje in July 1973 east as Istanbul operate daily year·round. , Currency, Weights and Measures-The Rail service within the country is also and a third is scheduled to be opened' ., unit of currency is the dinar, which adequate. in Sarajevo in 1974. presently converts at about 15 to 17 to 1 In larger cities inexpensive public In 1964 the United States and U.S. dollar. Many Yugoslavs continue to transportation is provided by streetcars, Yugoslavia signed a Fulbright Agree­ quote prices in old dinars; i.e., 1500 trolleybuses, and motorbuses, though ment for educational exchange, the to 1700 old dinars equals 1 U.S. dollar. they are usually crowded. TllXi service only such agreement with a Communist The metric system of weights and is also available and is inexpensive. country. In 1973, 29 Yugoslav students measures is used in Yugoslavia as else­ Telephone, telegraph, and wireless and 15 research scholars studied in the where in Europe. communications, .both national and in­ United States with whole or partial Climate-Yugoslavia's climate varies con­ ternational, are good. An overseas call U.S. Government sponsorship. Several siderably from region to region. The to the U.S. C9Sts about $12 for 3 minutes. hundred more attended U.S. univer­ coastal area enjoys a mild MediterrllJ!ean Community Health-Community sanita­ sities under private auspices. About climate, with a mean temperature of tion in Belgrade is fair. The water is a dozen American professors lecture SO"F. in summer. By contrast, the in­ potable, garbage is collected regularly, annually at Yugoslav universities, and terior, which is cut off from the Adriatic the sewage system is adequate, an