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Aplastic Anemia During Pregnancy Open Access to Scientific and Medical Research DOI: 149683 Journal name: International Journal of Women’s Health Article Designation: Review Year: 2018 Volume: 10 International Journal of Women’s Health Dovepress Running head verso: Riveros-Perez et al Running head recto: Aplastic anemia during pregnancy open access to scientific and medical research DOI: 149683 Open Access Full Text Article REVIEW Aplastic anemia during pregnancy: a review of obstetric and anesthetic considerations Efrain Riveros-Perez1 Abstract: Aplastic anemia is a hematologic condition occasionally presenting during pregnancy. Amy C Hermesch2 This pathological process is associated with significant maternal and neonatal morbidity and Linda A Barbour3 mortality. Obstetric and anesthetic management is challenging, and treatment requires a Joy L Hawkins4 coordinated effort by an interdisciplinary team, in order to provide safe care to these patients. In this review, we describe the current state of the literature as it applies to the complexity of 1Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Medical aplastic anemia in pregnancy, focusing on pathophysiologic aspects of the disease in pregnancy, College of Georgia, Augusta as well as relevant obstetric and anesthetic considerations necessary to treat this challenging 2 University, Augusta, GA, Maternal problem. A multidisciplinary-team approach to the management of aplastic anemia in pregnancy Fetal Medicine, 3Obstetrics and Gynecology, 4Department of is necessary to coordinate prenatal care, optimize maternofetal outcomes, and plan peripartum Anesthesiology, University of interventions. Conservative transfusion management is critical to prevent alloimmunization. Colorado School of Medicine, Although a safe threshold-platelet count for neuraxial anesthesia has not been established, Aurora, CO, USA For personal use only. selection of anesthetic technique must be evaluated on a case-to-case basis. Keywords: aplastic anemia, platelets, high-risk obstetrics, obstetric anesthesia, pregnancy Background Aplastic anemia (AA) is a life-threatening disorder1 that tends to worsen during pregnancy. This disorder consists of pancytopenia as a result of hypocellular bone marrow in the absence of an abnormal infiltrate or bone-marrow fibrosis.2,3 The diagnosis of AA during pregnancy is associated with significant fetal, neonatal, and maternal morbidity and mortality.4 Growth restriction affects the fetus, and neonatal sepsis is more prevalent among babies from mothers with AA.5 A causal relationship between pregnancy and AA has not been conclusively established;6 however, women with AA can become pregnant, since there is no compromise of fertility. In these cases, International Journal of Women's Health downloaded from https://www.dovepress.com/ by 137.108.70.13 on 21-Jan-2020 obstetric and neonatal complications range between 12% and 33%.7,8 Furthermore, in the presence of thrombocytopenia, hemorrhagic complications during the peripartum period requiring blood transfusions have been reported to have incidence as high as 75%.9 Anesthetic, hematologic, and obstetric care during pregnancy is discussed in this paper from an interdisciplinary standpoint. Therapy during the peripartum period is also approached in the context of a review of recent literature. Review of literature Correspondence: Efrain Riveros-Perez Acquired AA is an uncommon disorder characterized by progressive pancytopenia Department of Anesthesiology and caused by altered bone-marrow function. Incidence is estimated to be one to two cases Perioperative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 per million per year.10 Given the complexity of AA and the limited experience by 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA most providers, new guidelines by the British Society for Standards in Haematology Tel +1 706 721 7361 Email [email protected] on the diagnosis and management of adult AA were recently published.3 Pathogenic submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com International Journal of Women’s Health 2018:10 117–125 117 Dovepress © 2018 Riveros-Perez et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S149683 hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php). Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) 1 / 1 Riveros-Perez et al Dovepress mechanisms underlying this disease are likely to be immuno- population of CD4+ T cells able to target hematopoietic cells mediated, and include the overproduction of bone-marrow- positive for HLA-DRB1*0405, supporting the hypothesis inhibiting cytokines elicited by abnormal T-cell response in that certain HLA alleles may play a role in activation of T-cell a genetically predisposed individual.11 Pregnancy in associa- clones in AA.22 On the other hand, it has been postulated that tion with AA is a rare but serious condition that poses serious certain HLA alleles might confer protection against autoreac- maternal and fetal risks. Unfortunately, most of the current tive T-cell activation.23 literature has been limited to case reports, with few studies In addition to individual susceptibility, T-cell dysregula- exploring risk factors and perinatal complications.12,13 tion is necessary for AA to develop. Transcriptional analysis has shown altered regulation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, Pathophysiology of aplastic anemia whereas abnormal expansion of T-helper (TH)-1, TH2, and Acquired AA is more common than the hereditary form. TH17 cell populations and underexpression of the Treg immu- Typically, this disorder affects young adults who pres- nophenotype occur consistently in AA.24,25 Autoreactive ent with peripheral pancytopenia in the absence of other T-cells produce proinflammatory cytokines, including hematological diseases.14 Classification of AA determines TNFα and IFNγ.26,27 Both cytokines induce apoptosis, reduc- indication for treatment, and depends on etiology and severity ing colony formation of hematopoietic progenitor cells.28 (Table 1).2 AA in the adult can be idiopathic (.80% of cases) Furthermore, intracellular expression of these cytokines or induced by pharmacologic agents, infections (particularly predicts response to immunotherapy and is associated with hepatitis), or hereditary forms with late-onset manifesta- poor clinical outcome.29,30 Aside from abnormal cellular tions (eg, related to telomeropathies). Therapy is indicated immunity, other factors have been implicated in the patho- in symptomatic disease, severe and very severe cases, and genesis of AA, including the role of innate immunity via patients classified as nonsevere in whom severe cytopenia of depressed NK cells31 and mutations in telomerase-complex at least one cell line requiring transfusions is present. genes that lead to decreased proliferation and survival of Although the hematologic stem-cell (HSC) compartment hematopoietic progenitor cells.32–34 For personal use only. is affected in all types of AA, in the acquired form, the dam- Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) has been age is extrinsic and involves direct and indirect mechanisms. considered a late clonal disease occurring in patients recover- Direct injury can be caused by radiation therapy and cytotoxic ing from AA, and sometimes these two disorders overlap.35 agents, whereas indirect damage involves immunoeffector As is the case with AA, PNH is linked to HLA antigens, and pathways, which are responsible for idiopathic cases and immunosuppressive therapy is useful to control the disease. present in those preceded by a history of hepatitis.15,16 Cross- Complement inhibitors, such as the monoclonal antibody reactive marrow antigen recognition by T cells is postulated eculizumab, have proven useful for treatment of PNH, as the causative mechanism in most idiopathic cases of highlighting the underlying mechanism of red-blood-cell the disease (Figure 1).17 Evidence supporting the role of destruction and bone-marrow suppression. This therapy has the immune system in HSC injury includes serologic and been used with success in pregnancy.36 cytokine data and the dramatic clinical response to therapy 18–20 International Journal of Women's Health downloaded from https://www.dovepress.com/ by 137.108.70.13 on 21-Jan-2020 with immunomodulatory agents in animals. Pathophysiology in pregnancy The HSC/progenitor cell is the target of immune attack The first report of AA was published by Ehrlich in 1888. by activated T cells. The antigens responsible for autoimmu- Incidentally, his patient was pregnant and died 1 month after nization remain elusive; however, autoantibodies have been delivery, due to postpartum hemorrhage.37 The causal rela- identified in serum of patients with AA.21 The association tionship between pregnancy and AA is still unclear.38 Earlier between human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) and susceptibility studies found no correlation between the conditions, and a to develop AA has been widely studied. Nakao et al isolated a retrospective study comparing the frequency of pregnancy in 35 newly diagnosed patients with the expected frequency 38,39 Table 1 Classification
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