Ficciones De Una Guerra La Guerra De Malvinas En La

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Ficciones De Una Guerra La Guerra De Malvinas En La FICCIONES DE UNA GUERRA LA GUERRA DE MALVINAS EN LA LITERATURA Y EL CINE ARGENTINOS By JULIETA VITULLO A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Spanish and Portuguese written under the direction of Graciela Montaldo ______________________ and approved by ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey October, 2007 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Fictions of a War. The Malvinas/Falklands War in Argentine Literature and Film By JULIETA VITULLO Dissertation Director: Graciela Montaldo I examine a corpus of literary and audiovisual narratives, in both fictional and documentary forms, that revolve around the 1982 war between Argentina and Great Britain for sovereignty over the Malvinas/Falkland Islands. My analysis takes into account, among others, texts by Rodolfo Fogwill, Carlos Gamerro, Jorge Stamadianos, Martín Kohan, Rodrigo Fresán, Osvaldo Lamborghini, and Jorge Luis Borges, and films such as Tristán Bauer’s Blessed By Fire and José Luis Marqués’ Fuckland. Most of the fictions produced over the last twenty-five years have been successful in eluding the nationalist prerogatives and the idea of the just cause that permeate political discourses, testimonies or historical essays, and have managed to pose complex responses to the questions of the war’s aftermath. I examine the conflict of the Falklands utilizing Michel Foucault’s idea of biopower and Giorgio Agamben’s contributions and reformulations on this subject. I also analyze it in the context of Karl Von Clausewitz’s theory of war and the most recent attempts to reconsider the role of war on the global map of international relations by Paul Virilio, Michael Hardt and Toni Negri. The fictions of Malvinas/Falklands propose the impossibility of narrating an epic of this conflict by telling stories of survival, mocking the ii nationalist prerogatives and dismantling the very idea of national identity. At the same time, these fictions are pervaded by the weight of the father-State law and they represent a predominantly masculine universe. Epic is the world of the elderly, the ancestors, the fathers, and many of the fictions analyzed here turn to narratives of impossible or problematic paternities. I argue that by questioning the father-State law, these fictions question the validity of the epic narrative as well. As an epilog, this work also includes a travel chronicle of the researcher to the origin of her object of study. In this journey, the fictional space, created from imagination, is confronted with a personal, intimate narrative, in the physical space of the Falkland Islands. iii AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi directora, Graciela Montaldo, por su inteligencia a la hora de leer y comentar mi trabajo, y por su disponibilidad y apoyo constantes. Me pregunto si mi tesis habría sido posible sin su capacidad para imaginar una estructura y pensar la literatura desde una perspectiva tan amplia. A los otros miembros del comité: a César Braga-Pinto por su generosa participación y sugerencias, en especial a la hora de pensar un marco teórico; a Tomás Eloy Martínez por su acompañamiento indondicional y por compartir conmigo su visión de la literatura y de la vida. A Gabriel Giorgi, mi lector externo, le doy las gracias por su seriedad, lucidez y compromiso, que fueron fundamentales para revisar y repensar algunos de los conceptos que elaboro en mi trabajo; mi tesis fue además una buena excusa para conocer su calidez humana. Gracias también a los profesores Marcy Schwartz y Jorge Marcone, que leyeron versiones iniciales de mi trabajo, dialogaron conmigo y creyeron en mí. Al profesor Bruce Franklin, con quien descubrí la literatura de la guerra de Vietnam que luego me llevó a pensar en nuestra guerra. A Mariano Siskind y a Federico Lorenz, quienes leyeron versiones preliminares del último capítulo e hicieron sugerencias. A mis colegas del departamento de Español y Portugués, con quienes intercambié ideas desde el momento en que empecé a pensar el proyecto. Al programa “Transliteratures” y al Departamento de Español y Portugués de Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, por los recursos para apoyar mi investigación durante los cuatro años de mi doctorado, en New Jersey, en Buenos Aires y en Malvinas. iv A Dacio Agretti y Carlos Enriori, ex combatientes del Regimiento de Infantería IV de Monte Caseros, Corrientes, porque en las islas compartieron conmigo y con mi cámara de video largas caminatas, discusiones e historias de vida y de guerra. A Tony Smith por guiarme en Dos Hermanas, Darwin y San Carlos. Mi agradecimiento hacia muchas personas va más allá de que me hayan ayudado de una u otra manera a pensar y escribir este trabajo, porque el tema de Malvinas me llevó por caminos que trascienden lo que quedó escrito aquí. Le doy las gracias a mi familia, mi mamá Angélica, mi papá Eduardo, mi hermano Gabriel y mi hermana Matilde, que se interesaron por mi trabajo, leyeron algunas partes y me apoyaron en circunstancias difíciles. Sobre todo le doy las gracias a mi mamá por las mil veces en que me ayudó a revisar y corregir el texto, y porque, en todo sentido, es de fierro. A mis compañeras y amigas entrañables Macarena, Nadia, Selma y Brenda, y a mi amigo Edgardo, por el entusiasmo con que recibieron mis ganas de hablar de Malvinas y también porque me acompañaron siempre, de lejos y de cerca. A Ireni y María Teresa, por el diálogo, el cariño y el rojo espíritu combativo. A Javier por compartir conmigo su interés en la guerra y en cierto modo haberme inspirado en la elección del tema. A Eva, que demostró una empatía sin límites. A los demás amigos que me apoyaron siempre. Esta tesis va dedicada a la pequeña memoria de Eliseo. v ÍNDICE ABSTRACT ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --------------------------------------------------------- iv INTRODUCCIÓN ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1 PRIMERA PARTE. LA ÉPICA AUSENTE Capítulo I. La guerra ---------------------------------------------------------- 13 0. 1. La nostalgia épica: celebración y lamento 2. Una violencia redentora 3. Guerra, soberanía y biopolítica 4. De Lugones a Galtieri: una épica argentina Capítulo II. Las ficciones de la guerra -----------------------------------------51 0. 1. Soldaditos de plomo, cuerpos sin tumba 2. El campo en las islas 3. De pícaros, impostores y despistados 4. La guerra pastiche 5. La guerra en el burdel 6. ¡Hasta la derrota siempre! 7. El enemigo invisible SEGUNDA PARTE. PATERNIDAD Y NACIÓN Capítulo III. En el nombre del padre ------------------------------------------98 0. 1. El padre y el soberano 2. La quinta fiesta del monstruo 3. La escatología nacional 4. No tan machos 5. Ficciones paranoicas 6. La misión patriótica 7. Una lengua bastarda 8. Paternidades interrumpidas 9. Maternidades disruptivas Capítulo IV. Ni padres ni soldados: desertores ------------------------------147 0. 1. “Sedentarios en un desierto del que no se deserta” 2. El desertor abyecto 3. Patear el tablero vi 4. Exit EPÍLOGO. DIARIO DE UN VIAJE A LAS ISLAS -------------------------------172 0. 1. Monumentos, naufragios y enanitos 2. La Thatcher y Tinelli 3. Malvinas ya existía antes de Malvinas 4. El lugar más triste del mundo 5. La nostalgia del falso terruño BIBLIOGRAFÍA -----------------------------------------------------------------188 NOTAS--------------------------------------------------------------------------194 CURRICULUM VITA ------------------------------------------------------------200 vii 1 INTRODUCCIÓN Las narrativas que se analizan en esta tesis (textuales y audiovisuales, ficcionales y documentales) se configuran en torno a un evento histórico, real, fechado y documentado, y por lo tanto no son autónomas. Se trata de un corpus complejo que se orienta de modos diversos a partir de un hecho histórico y es mucho más que una colección de autores o de textos: es un conjunto heterogéneo de relatos; es una multiplicación de historias en las cuales ficción y realidad se superponen y entrecruzan imponiéndose sobre cualquier forma o género en particular; es un diálogo dentro de la cultura. Las “ficciones” analizadas aquí no se ciñen exclusivamente al terreno de lo ficticio: la ficción es esa zona en que lo real no necesita rendirle cuentas a la verdad y por lo tanto es capaz de poner en evidencia su complejidad. Se tratará de ver qué cuentan estas ficciones y qué campo de significaciones abre la perspectiva de la guerra en una historia nacional signada por la violencia. La complejidad del corpus reside además en que se trata de producciones provenientes de distintas franjas del espectro político e ideológico argentino, y en que el evento histórico que lo suscita ha dado lugar a inigualables desacuerdos dentro del campo intelectual. La guerra de Malvinas se ha resistido al análisis historiográfico y de las ciencias sociales; desde un principio se ha mostrado reacia a todo intento de explicación, y las ficciones que se produjeron en torno a ella no son ajenas al estado de irresolución propio del evento que las originó. 2 La guerra de 1982 fue una guerra por la soberanía territorial de las islas Malvinas. Fue la única protagonizada por la Argentina en el siglo XX y el único conflicto internacional del país que involucró a conscriptos. Además del saldo de muertos que dejó, la guerra dio lugar al surgimiento
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