DOCSLIB.ORG

|FREE| Epsilon Reticuli

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

EPSILON RETICULI EBOOK Author: Jerold Angelus Number of Pages: 84 pages Published Date: 03 Nov 2011 Publisher: Duct Publishing Publication Country: United States Language: English ISBN: 9786138173700 Download Link: CLICK HERE Epsilon Reticuli Online Read In the case of Epsilon Reticuli star, its the galactic centre. Dole feels this is cutting it too fine for intelligent species to Epsilon Reticuli evolve. Barney grabs his binoculars from the car seat and steps out. The Hills reluctantly disclose the entire story. One star that should be there Zeta Tucanae is missing probably because it is Epsilon Reticuli Zeta 1 Reticuli at the required viewing angle. Our last table indicated the sun a G2 star has a stable lifespan of Epsilon Reticuli 11 billion years. If applicable, the Mass and Radius is measured in Jupiters. It has an apparent magnitude of 4. Unlike the bizarre events just described, the rest is pure astronomy. Some otherwise perfect stars are labeled "variable". The star is approximately light years distant from the Sun. For reasons that will soon become clear we can remove these classes of stars from our discussion and concentrate on the main sequence stars. Reviews Epsilon Reticuli It is estimated that Epsilon Reticuli B has a mass of 0. A faint pair of stars, trillion miles away, has been tentatively identified as the "home base" of intelligent extraterrestrials who allegedly visited Earth in The constellation was officially recognized by the International Astronomical Union in Retrieved In the case of a star, its the galactic centre. By continuing to use the site, you agree Epsilon Reticuli the use of cookies. Don Dixon So the experience remains a fascinating story despite the absence of proof that it actually Epsilon Reticuli. The 16 stars in the stellar configuration discovered by Marjorie Fish are compared with the map drawn by Betty Hill in the diagram on page 7. The Hills reluctantly disclose the entire Epsilon Reticuli. One star that should be there Zeta Tucanae is Epsilon Reticuli probably because it is behind Zeta 1 Reticuli at the required viewing angle. It is located between constellations Dorado north-eastHorologium north-westand Hydrus. Each star is suspended on a separate thread at its appropriate distance and position from the sun, and colored according to its spectral type Epsilon Reticuli type stars are yellow. Based on what we discussed earlier it follow that their sun would be on our list if Epsilon Reticuli were within 55 light-years of us. The Bayer Classification was created by Johann Bayer in About Epsilon Reticuli Writer An Astronomical Unit is the distance between Earth and the Sun. The galaxy is about seven times smaller than the Epsilon Reticuli Way. Epsilon Reticuli. Download as PDF Printable version. The galaxy was discovered by the Epsilon Reticuli astronomer James Dunlop on September 27, No other star on the chart is known to have a planet, though a few have debris discs. Close Privacy Overview This website uses cookies to improve your experience while Epsilon Reticuli navigate through the Epsilon Reticuli. The star has more than three times the mass of the Sun and almost 13 times the solar radius. How do we even begin to determine which stars might likely have such planets? The data on some of the stars in the map is just not good enough to make a definitive statement. The hottest, brightest and most massive main sequence stars with rare exceptions are the A stars. A one percent fluctuation in the sun would be annoying for us here on Earth. The pair of stars that make up Zeta Reticuli is practically in the midst of the cluster of solar type stars that attracted us while Epsilon Reticuli were mapping out a logical interstellar voyage. Free Epsilon Reticuli PDF Book The figure is derived at by using the formula from SDSS rather than peer reviewed papers. Any interpretation of the Betty Hill map must retain the logic of these routes i. She made two erasures showing her conscious mind took control part of the time. R Reticuli is a Mira variable, a strikingly red pulsating variable star that will expel its Epsilon Reticuli envelope as a planetary nebula within a few million years and become a white dwarf. It lies in the northeastern corner No other star on the chart is known to have a planet, though a few have debris discs. If you want that in Epsilon Reticuli, it is about ,, Second, it nearly ruined the reputation of this young Epsilon Reticuli magazine. Epsilon Reticuli should not be taken as though the star is moving closer or further away from us. HD is an orange dwarf star belonging to the stellar class K2 V. Reticulum constellation lies in the southern sky. https://site-1032201.mozfiles.com/files/1032201/maternal-amp-child-nursing-care-5th-edition-9806.pdf https://site-1032316.mozfiles.com/files/1032316/who-has-what-all-about-girls-bodies-and-boys-bodies-533.pdf https://site-1032325.mozfiles.com/files/1032325/home-at-last-freedom-from-boarding-school-pain-8624.pdf https://site-1032193.mozfiles.com/files/1032193/economics-of-development-theory-and-evidence-2904.pdf https://site-1032242.mozfiles.com/files/1032242/the-new-middle-east-protest-and-revolution-in-the-arab-world-4955.pdf https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0489/4893/6856/files/programming-scala-tackle-multi-core-complexity-on-the-java-virtual-machine-5144.pdf https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0490/8715/2285/files/niebels-methods-standards-amp-work-design-13th-edition-7804.pdf https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0493/0551/8248/files/confessions-of-a-wildlife-filmmaker-the-challenges-of-staying-honest-in-an-industry-where- ratings-a-3806.pdf https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0489/6489/4873/files/ippie-unschooled-1791.pdf https://site-1032302.mozfiles.com/files/1032302/accidence-will-happen-the-non-pedantic-guide-to-english-8856.pdf.
Recommended publications
  • Appendix 1 Some Astrophysical Reminders

    Appendix 1 Some Astrophysical Reminders

    Appendix 1 Some Astrophysical Reminders Marc Ollivier 1.1 A Physics and Astrophysics Overview 1.1.1 Star or Planet? Roughly speaking, we can say that the physics of stars and planets is mainly governed by their mass and thus by two effects: 1. Gravitation that tends to compress the object, thus releasing gravitational energy 2. Nuclear processes that start as the core temperature of the object increases The mass is thus a good parameter for classifying the different astrophysical objects, the adapted mass unit being the solar mass (written Ma). As the mass decreases, three categories of objects can be distinguished: ∼ 1. if M>0.08 Ma ( 80MJ where MJ is the Jupiter mass) the mass is sufficient and, as a consequence, the gravitational contraction in the core of the object is strong enough to start hydrogen fusion reactions. The object is then called a “star” and its radius is proportional to its mass. 2. If 0.013 Ma <M<0.08 Ma (13 MJ <M<80 MJ), the core temperature is not high enough for hydrogen fusion reactions, but does allow deuterium fu- sion reactions. The object is called a “brown dwarf” and its radius is inversely proportional to the cube root of its mass. 3. If M<0.013 Ma (M<13 MJ) the temperature a the center of the object does not permit any nuclear fusion reactions. The object is called a “planet”. In this category one distinguishes giant gaseous and telluric planets. This latter is not massive enough to accrete gas. The mass limit between giant and telluric planets is about 10 terrestrial masses.
  • Download Full-Text

    Download Full-Text

    Indian Journal of Histury of Science, 20 (1--4); 403-·-435 (1985) -- .....- .. -. _._._---- --_.. _----._--_. ~-- -- -., .. ... ASTRONOMY IN INDIA IN THE 20th CENTURY 13 J. C. BHATTACHARYYA and A. VAGISWARI ASTRONOMICAL STUDIES IN INDIA Interest in astronomy dominated Indian thinking from the very early times. Many references to astronomical events and their interpretations are found in the Hindu, Jain and Buddhisr Scriptures. During the period of compositions of astronomical siddhantas (5th to 12th century A.D.) the motions of the Sun, Moon and planets were studied in detail. It is well known that Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, Bhaskara I and Bhaskara II made monumental contributions towards the development of astronomy. These early astronomers whose contributions have been discussed in detail in the previous chapters, had influenced the academic endeavours for several centuries. This was followed by a period of relative inactivity till late seventeenth century. In the year 1609 the optical telescope was discovered in the western world and its extensive use by Galileo revolutionized the study of astronomy. The first major development in new astronomy in India occurred when Father Richaud, a French Jesuit priest used the astronomical telescope for the first time on the Indian soil in the year 1689. He discovered a comet and the binary nature of the bright star alpha Centauri from Pondicherry. 1 23 Next important landmark was the work of Raja Jai Singh (1686-1734). He launched an ambitious programme of development of observational astronomy by establishing a chain of 5 observatories at Delhi, Jaipur, Mathura, Ujjain and Varanasi and started accurate observations.
  • The Pseudoscience of Anti-Anti-Ufology

    The Pseudoscience of Anti-Anti-Ufology

    SI Sept/Oct 2009 pgs 7/29/09 11:24 AM Page 28 PSYCHIC VIBRATIONS ROBERT SHEAFFER The Pseudoscience of Anti-Anti-UFOlogy Many readers are surely familiar with is more their style. Deception is the practiced prestidigitation can never be author and pro-UFO lecturer Stanton T. name of the game.” trusted in anything. He criticizes Friedman, who calls himself the “Flying Friedman goes on to name names: Nickell for raising “the baseless Project Saucer physicist” because he actually did He critiques Joe Nickell’s article “Return Mogul explanation” for Roswell, which work in physics about fifty years ago (al- cannot be correct, says Friedman, though not since). Well, Stanton is upset because it does not match the claims by the skeptical writings contained in made in later years by alleged Roswell SI’s special issue on UFOs (January- witnesses (although it does match quite /February 2009) and elsewhere. He has well the account of Mac Brazel, the orig- written two papers thus far denouncing inal witness, given in 1947). us, and it is the subject of his Keynote He moves on to my critique of the Address at the MUFON Conference in Betty and Barney Hill case, where I note August. the resemblance of their “hypnosis UFO In February, Friedman wrote an arti- testimony” to Betty Hill’s post-incident cle, “Debunkers at it Again,” reviewing dreams. I wrote, “Barney had heard her our UFO special issue (www.theufo repeat [them] many times,” which he chronicles.com/2009/02/debunkers-at- claims is “nonsense.” According to it-again.html).
  • Downloads/ Astero2007.Pdf) and by Aerts Et Al (2010)

    Downloads/ Astero2007.Pdf) and by Aerts Et Al (2010)

    This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights and duplication or sale of all or part is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for research, private study, criticism/review or educational purposes. Electronic or print copies are for your own personal, non- commercial use and shall not be passed to any other individual. No quotation may be published without proper acknowledgement. For any other use, or to quote extensively from the work, permission must be obtained from the copyright holder/s. i Fundamental Properties of Solar-Type Eclipsing Binary Stars, and Kinematic Biases of Exoplanet Host Stars Richard J. Hutcheon Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Research Institute: School of Environmental and Physical Sciences and Applied Mathematics. University of Keele June 2015 ii iii Abstract This thesis is in three parts: 1) a kinematical study of exoplanet host stars, 2) a study of the detached eclipsing binary V1094 Tau and 3) and observations of other eclipsing binaries. Part I investigates kinematical biases between two methods of detecting exoplanets; the ground based transit and radial velocity methods. Distances of the host stars from each method lie in almost non-overlapping groups. Samples of host stars from each group are selected. They are compared by means of matching comparison samples of stars not known to have exoplanets. The detection methods are found to introduce a negligible bias into the metallicities of the host stars but the ground based transit method introduces a median age bias of about -2 Gyr.
  • 2013 October

    2013 October

    TTSIQ #5 page 1 OCTOBER 2013 Reducing space transportation costs considerably is vital to achievement of mankind’s goals & dreams in space NEWS SECTION pp. 3-70 p. 3 Earth Orbit and Mission to Planet Earth p. 17 Cislunar Space and the Moon p. 26 Mars and the Asteroids p. 45 Other Planets and their moons p. 62 Starbound ARTICLES & ESSAYS pp. 72-95 p. 72 Covering Up Lunar Habitats with Moondust? - Some Precedents Here on Earth - Peter Kokh p. 74 How can we Stimulate Greater Use of the International Space Station? - Peter Kokh p. 75 AS THE WORLD EXPANDS The Epic of Human Expansion Continues - Peter Kokh p. 77 Grytviken, South Georgia Island - Lessons for Moonbase Advocates - Peter Kokh K p. 78 The “Flankscopes” Project: Seeing Around the Edges of the Moon - Peter Kokh p. 81 Integrating Cycling Orbits to Enhance Cislunar Infrastructure - Al Anzaldua p. 83 The Responsibilities of Dual Citizenship for Our economy, Our planet, and the Evolution of a Space Faring Civilization - David Dunlop p. 87 Dueling Space Roadmaps - David Dunlop p. 91 A Campaign for the International Lunar Geophysical Year: Some Beginning Considerations - David Dunlop STUDENTS & TEACHERS pp. 97-100 p. 97 Lithuanian Students Hope for free Launch of 2 Amateur Radio CubeSats p. 98 NASA Selects 7 University Projects For 2014 X-Hab Innovation Challenge Penn State University “Lions” take on the Google Lunar X-Prize Challenge p. 99 Do you experience “Manhattan Henge” in your home town? Advanced Robot with more sophisticated motion capabilities unveiled The Ongoing CubeSat Revolution: what it means for Student Space Science p.
  • How It Ended

    How It Ended

    UFO: How It Ended: part 2 by Anthony Appleyard ([email protected]) This story is written in a development of the fictional world of the 'UFO' space fiction series by Gerry Anderson that was shown on ITV (British television) in the 1970's. The 'HR' star serial numbers are in the Harvard Revised Photometry catalogue, see e.g. the Bright Star Catalogue published by Yale University, New Haven, Conn., USA. SUMMARY OF EVENTS SO FAR I am Commander Ed Straker, commander of SHADO, trying to patch up Earth's space security after recent events. The alien threat seemed to be gradually receding, until four UFO's drew my Interceptors and planes away, letting six others get through. They landed in Scotland, hid in a lake, waited, and 15 days later got away. They made disastrously successful use of that landing. By tapping satellite phone links they tricked or enticed some human electronics students and armaments designers into going with them and aiding them. From them the aliens got new weapons and were all too thoroughly shaken out of their long-term stasis of sticking to the same technology, and SHADO could no longer routinely stop them from landing; one attempt to stop them cost me all three of my Interceptors in one day, and they destroyed SID soon after. Two of these landings were at Arden on the west shore of Loch Lomond in Scotland, seen close up by tens of thousands of people and utterly unhideable. In breach of alien official policy, a faction among the aliens, later backed up by their local command, made more public contacts with Men who wanted interstellar travel and helped them to set up space kit factories on Earth.
  • Ufos: Challenge to SETI Specialists Stanton T

    Ufos: Challenge to SETI Specialists Stanton T

    © 2001 New Frontiers in Science (ISSN 1537-3169) newfrontiersinscience.com UFOs: Challenge to SETI Specialists Stanton T. Friedman ([email protected]) Major news media and many members of the scientific community have taken strongly to the radio-telescope based SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) program as espoused by its charismatic leaders, but not supported by any evidence whatsoever. In turn, perhaps understandably, they feel it necessary to attack the ideas of alien visitors (UFOs) as though they were based on tabloid nonsense instead of on far more evidence than has been provided for SETI. One might hope, vainly I am afraid, that they would be concerned with The Search for Extraterrestrial Visitors (SETV). I would hereby like to challenge the SETI specialists, members of the scientific community, and the media to recognize the overwhelming evidence and significant consequences of alien visits and to expose the serious deficiencies of the SETI related claims. I have publicly and privately offered to debate any of them. No takers so far. Here are my challenges for the SETI SPECIALISTS (SS) 1. Why is it that SS make proclamations about how much energy it would take for interstellar travel when they have no professional competence, training, or awareness of the relevant engineering literature in this area? As it happens, the required amount of energy is entirely dependent on the details of the trip and CANNOT be determined from basic physics. If one makes enough totally inappropriate assumptions, as academic astronomers have repeatedly done down through history in their supposedly scientific calculations about flight, one reaches ridiculous conclusions.
  • Astrometry and Astrophysics in the Gaia Sky Iau Symposium 330

    Astrometry and Astrophysics in the Gaia Sky Iau Symposium 330

    IAU IAU Symposium Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union IAU Symposium No. 330 Symposium 24–28 April 2017 Astrometry has historically been fundamental to all the fi elds of astronomy, driving many revolutionary scientifi c results. ESA’s Gaia 330 Nice, France mission is astrometrically, photometrically and spectroscopically surveying the full sky, measuring around a billion stars to magnitude 20, to allow stellar distance and age estimations with unprecedented accuracy. With the complement of radial 24–28 April 2017 330 Astrometry and 24–28 April 2017 velocities, it will provide the full kinematic information of these Nice, France targets, while the photometric and spectroscopic data will be used Nice, France Astrometry and Astrophysics in the to classify objects and astrophysically characterize stars. IAU Symposium 330 reviews the fi rst 2.5 years of Gaia activities and Gaia Sky discusses the scientifi c results derived from the fi rst Gaia data Astrophysics in the release (GDR1). This signifi cant increase in the precision of the astrometric measurements has sharpened our view of the Milky Way and the physical processes involved in stellar and galactic evolution. To many, the Gaia revolution heralds a transformation Gaia Sky comparable to the impact of the telescope’s invention four centuries ago. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union Editor in Chief: Dr Piero Benvenuti This series contains the proceedings of major scientifi c meetings held by the International Astronomical Union. Each volume contains a series of articles on a topic of current interest in Astrometry and astronomy, giving a timely overview of research in the fi eld.
  • Assaj V1 N4 1924-Oct

    Assaj V1 N4 1924-Oct

    Drawing of Saturn, 1924 May 9, by B e r t F. J e a r e y , with 5-inch Refractor, at Sea Point, Cape Town. Che Journal of tbe Bstronomtcal Society of Soutb Bfrica. Vol. 1. OCTOBER, 1924. No. 4. “ EENDRAGT M AAKT MAGT.” South Africa’s Place in the Advancement of Astronomy. (Presidential Address, Session 1923-24.) By R. T. A. Innes, D.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.R.A.S., etc., Union Astronomer. On the 27th June, 1924, Dr. Innes delivered his Presidential Address before the Society at Gape Town. After showing some views illustrating the work of the Union Observatory, Dr. Innes proceeded: The list in the Nautical Almanac for 1924 gives the posi­ tions of 153 observatories. Some of these are extinct, such as the late Mr. Tebbutt’s at Windsor, N .S.W .; others, such as Bidston (Liverpool), undertake no astronomical investigations. Nevertheless, including all, there are 17 south of the Equator, and no less than 136 north of it. The position is even more accentuated, because north of the Equator means as a rule far north. One-half of the Northern Hemisphere lies between 0° and 300 N. Latitude. In this zone there are but 9 observatories. So that there are but 26 observatories with zenithal skies over three-quarters of the Earth and 127 for the remaining quarter, which has thus a surface density of 15 telescopes to 1 elsewhere. Fortunately the rShge of sky is much more than zenithal, so that far northern tele­ scopes can make useful observations even south of the Equator, Theoretically, the whole sky could be observed from an obser­ vatory on the Equator, both poles being elevated some 36' each by refraction.
  • Selected Studies of Orbital Stability and Habitability In

    Selected Studies of Orbital Stability and Habitability In

    SELECTED STUDIES OF ORBITAL STABILITY AND HABITABILITY IN STAR-PLANET SYSTEMS by WILLIAM JASON EBERLE Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON December 2010 I dedicate this to my daughter Astra Chalisa Eberle. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervising professor Dr. Manfred Cuntz for constantly motivating and encouraging me, and also for his invaluable advice during the course of my studies. I wish to thank Dr. Zdzislaw Musielak, Dr. Ramon Lopez, Dr. Alex Weiss and Dr. Qiming Zhang for their interest in my research and for taking time to serve in my committee. I would also like to express my deep gratitude to my parents, Kip and Darlene Eberle, without whom I wouldn't even be alive. They have motivated me and made many sacrifices to provide me with opportunities that they didn't have. I am also extremely grateful to my wife Sarinya for her encouragement and patience. I also want to thank my sisters Sandy and Nikki for their perspectives that have helped to develop mine. Finally, I want to acknowledge all of my friends and acquaintances that I have known throughout my education especially Travis Collavo for his invaluable comments which improved this work. November 15, 2010 iii ABSTRACT SELECTED STUDIES OF ORBITAL STABILITY AND HABITABILITY IN STAR-PLANET SYSTEMS William Jason Eberle, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Arlington, 2010 Supervising Professor: Manfred Cuntz The study of planets remaining in orbit around one star with another star interfering is an important topic of orbital mechanics and astrobiology.
  • Ζ2 Ret, Its Debris Disk, and Its Lonely Stellar Companion Ζ1 Ret ? ?? Different Tc Trends for Different Spectra , V

    Ζ2 Ret, Its Debris Disk, and Its Lonely Stellar Companion Ζ1 Ret ? ?? Different Tc Trends for Different Spectra , V

    Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no. zeta-reticuli c ESO 2018 July 9, 2018 ζ2 Ret, its debris disk, and its lonely stellar companion ζ1 Ret ? ?? Different Tc trends for different spectra , V. Adibekyan1, E. Delgado-Mena1, P. Figueira1, S. G. Sousa1, N. C. Santos1;2, J. P. Faria1;2, J. I. Gonzalez´ Hernandez´ 3;4, G. Israelian3;4, G. Harutyunyan5, L. Suarez-Andr´ es´ 3;4, and A. A. Hakobyan6 1 Instituto de Astrof´ısica e Cienciasˆ do Espac¸o, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal e-mail: [email protected] 2 Departamento de F´ısica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias,ˆ Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal 3 Instituto de Astrof´ısica de Canarias, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain 4 Departamento de Astrof´ısica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain 5 Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany 6 Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory, 0213 Byurakan, Aragatsotn province, Armenia Received date / Accepted date ABSTRACT Context. Several studies have reported a correlation between the chemical abundances of stars and condensation temperature (known as Tc trend). Very recently, a strong Tc trend was reported for the ζ Reticuli binary system, which consists of two solar analogs. The observed trend in ζ2 Ret relative to its companion was explained by the presence of a debris disk around ζ2 Ret. Aims. Our goal is to re-evaluate the presence and variability of the Tc trend in the ζ Reticuli system and to understand the impact of the presence of the debris disk on a star.
  • C. Ragoonatha Charry and Variable Star Astronomy

    C. Ragoonatha Charry and Variable Star Astronomy

    Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage , 12(3), 201-210 (2009). C. RAGOONATHA CHARRY AND VARIABLE STAR ASTRONOMY N. Kameswara Rao, A.Vagiswari, Priya Thakur and Christina Birdie Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Koramangala, Bangalore 560 034, India. E-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract : C. Ragoonatha Charry, the First Assistant at Madras Observatory from 1864 to 1880, was not only a noted Indian observational astronomer but also someone who emphasized the need for incorporating modern observationally-based improvements into the traditional Indian methods of astronomical calculations. He was one of the first to argue for the establishment of an independent modern Indian observatory for education and training. He is credited with the discovery of two variable stars, R Reticuli and one whose identity is now the subject of debate. In this paper we provide background information about Ragoonatha Charry and his work at the Madras Observatory, and then discuss his variable star discoveries. Keywords: Indian astronomy, Madras Observatory, Ragoonatha Charry, solar eclipses, variable stars, R Reticuli, V Cephei, U Cephei 1 INTRODUCTION preting and analyzing Sidhanthic astronomy texts, The phenomenon of stellar variability is of great im- Dikshit (1981: 181) points out that Ragoonatha Charry portance in many areas of astrophysics, including stel- was not very proficient in Sanskrit. lar structure, stellar evolution, distance scales (through period-luminosity relations), dust formation, etc. The systematic study of variable stars began in the mid- nineteenth century, there only being eighteen known variable stars in 1844 (Hogg 1984). The status of variable star research around this time has been sum- marized by Clerke (1903), Hogg (1984) and Orchiston (2000), amongst others, and it was only pursued by a few enthusiasts, such as Norman Pogson, Joseph Baxendall and Friedrich Argelander.