Posted on Authorea 17 Jun 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159242018.81997728 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ebsi eci n lvo´ti oen nuled 5,2m,ae napr evlm e183 de volume de apport un avec r´egion. la mm, de 454,22 villes de des annuelle 10 pluviom´etrie potable moyenne re¸coit une eau ruis- bassin en du l’approvisionnement Le hydrologiques, pluviom´etriques et et et apports l’irrigation caract´eristiques rivi`eres g´eologiques, climatiques en pour des Atlas des Moyen et du r´esultatssellement d’analyse importante pr´esentons les zone d’une nous hydrologiques article, la cet sur Dans versant. bassin id´ee globale caract´eristique `a du d´evelopper descriptive aider une analyse vont d’obtenir excellente qui une cartes afin de des outils g´eographique (SIG), ensemble d’´etablir des un g´eographiques syst`eme d’informations syst`emes permet ´etude. L’application d’informations cette un concern´e par par l’entourage diff´erents organiser, param`etres `ar´epartition donn´ees, dans des acqu´erir traiter les temps, les premier les un et dans ´etude consistait cette dans d´emarche suivie partie La synth`ese s’´etend la hydrologique. qui sur une ´etudi´ee, Sebou, zone par de la suivie bassin ´et´e caract´erisation physiographique, L’´etude grand de a une plus Atlasique. abord´eemorphologique du par Moyen Sud-Est Causse zone la du occupe septentrionale qui Sefrou de versant bassin Le with R´esum´e Sefrou mm, 16.62 the 454.22 of of of study temperature mˆ3/year. rainfall hydrological annual 161,28.10ˆ6 annual average The is average an which region. an and mm/year the ˆ3/year receives 389.22 in ˆ6 watershed is cities 183,96*10 watershed the of of geological, regime, water. input the Mediterranean precipitation, drinking volume of an of typical of a develop importance results a supply notable help analysis shown the the will the with has and that Atlas, present watershed irrigation Middle maps we for the of study. system paper, of rivers set this area this and information by important a runoff In an concerned geographic establish of entourage a to watershed. characteristics the hydrological by possible the in and parameters it of it climatic different makes characteristic processing the tools analysis Sefrou of and system descriptive distribution the it, information excellent the of geographic on organizing followed level idea approach of data, the global The application the a at The part. obtain acquiring watershed south-western to its Sefrou interested in order occupies is the initially, in which study (GIS), in consisted and present dynamics study unit The water hydrological this Morocco. on large of in this characteristics North to Physical the belongs global in which the contributions sub-watershed rainwater of of knowledge receiver the main in the is watershed Sebou The Abstract 2020 17, June 2 1 Morocco Hattafi Atlas, Youssef Middle Tabular in Northern dynamics watershed, water Sefrou on the influences their and characteristics Physical osce asnvratd eru opooi,hdooi,MynAls hsorpi,Sbu. Sebou physiographie, Atlas, Moyen hydrologie, morphologie, Sefrou, de versant bassin : 161,28 cles soient Mots qui mm/an 389,22 de est versant nvrieSd oae e belhFcledsSine tTcnqe eFes de Techniques et Sciences Fes des de Faculte Euro-Mediterraneenne Abdellah Universite Ben Mohamed Sidi Universite 6 ? 3 a tuetmeauemyneanel e1,2eC ’vptasiainrel asl bassin le dans reelle L’evapotranspiration 16,62degC. de annuelle moyenne temperature une et /an 1 aa lHassani El Farah , 2 n berhmLahrach Abderrahim and , . 10 6 m 3 1 / an. ° .Teata vptasiaini the in evapotranspiration actual The C. 1 , 96 ∗ Posted on Authorea 17 Jun 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159242018.81997728 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. alsadijce ihTisi isi hl n/ritue yJrsi/rtcosmgaie (Fedan Anticline magmatites Jurassic/Cretaceous by NE. by affected the intruded often to and/or is largely shale 2018). carbonates, Liassic Liassic Hassani, occur by - El outcrops represented Triassic & Neogene generally with anticlines, while injected occupied, narrow depressions and meridian, are of to faults Boulemane confined hinge depressions are The the syncline Paleogene composed of form. the the is ridges W and NE-SW, is Cretaceous the ridges. oriented and The It to anticlinal Atlas, (northern material. situated narrow Middle sections Dogger Liassic. by is two and folded Toarcian middle Atlas delimited of The by depressions essentially, Middle and consists Fault. lower and syncline tabular n’Tretten structures large the The Tizi two block of of the These tilted lineament. by carbonates reflecting Atlas. major separated neritic plateau Middle a southern), tiered of folded Central as a the mainly of Fault into and massif composed Atlas organized 1936) Paleozoic structural Termier, North-Middle structure, the two ; the sub-horizontal of by Causse” juxtaposition by W a Atlas Guercif the the separated the ”Middle of to by are composed the NE and is units (or the depressions, It to tabular Moulouya front-thrust, Meseta). the the Rif Moroccan by Western the units: and the SE plain to the Sais (belonging and the Morocco E by Orogeny. North the Alpine/Atlasic that the to the to formations Basin, limited during Cenozoic is Belt and Atlas Thrust Mesozoic Middle Tell-Rif The of the consist 1). of adjacent and (figure foreland with belt Atlas Faults, the intracratonic High Atlas in an and North accumulated represent and Middle Mountains South in Atlas called Morocco lineaments, The Tunisia within and major subdivided West by the is bound in and, margin is depressions Atlantic system Moroccan subatlasic This the between East. km the 2000 in some over extends system Atlas The aspects geological and Geographic settings better and Geological follow and to Geographic us allows parameters different of its crossing set Watershed. towards corridor the certain Sefrou southern of a of Rif behavior with hydrodynamic city the method the of the characterization understand level through l’Abd, physical the of a area Jbel at perimeter Using tabular Abed, environments. a exists bioclimatic Atlas el with which different J Middle km2 and Sebou (Benima, the areas, 405 Oued springs geographical drains to the mountainous close and with from area connection originates an ) . watercourse over . . main spreads Chaabat-Mbarek The part, downstream the km. its to (Bsabis, Atlas 127.42 in like Middle buttonholes watershed several tabular Sefrou in day. the there The ). present outcrops separates . Paleozoic . which the Mellala. The ”, Beni SE. to structural Tazekka, the NMAF two Paleozoic Menzel, to into ” Atlas the El Middle subdivided faults from folded longitudinally tectonic the chain is buildings from major chain Atlasic NW structural a this the and by direction, mountainous outcrops of separated NE-SW geological whose part the domains the chain in this intracontinental of essentially quality geological an of elongated The its constitutes history are fact, which region. the of Atlas, the matter read Middle of a development The to As local easy the landscapes. it for diverse asset makes hugely structural considerable its plates by a different characterized is European its is wealth the seeing region geology Atlas and Middle Moroccan African The of the complexity with and precisely variety richness, Africa domains. great North a in enforces situated which is Morocco Geographically, Introduction 2 Posted on Authorea 17 Jun 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159242018.81997728 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. hc ae hsmnhtewteto l h ttos hl uyi h ret iha vrg ano 3.86 of rain average an December, with in driest. the mm is 54.92 flows. July of runoff while 4) the stations, (figure influence the rain directly all monthly will of average this wettest maximum mm, the a month this was makes there which watershed, Sefrou 2009/10. the and that In 1957/58 deduced between be period can precipitation the it in stations, for monthly mm 5 mm, Average 396.2 the 417.8 by Azzaba, for explained is in obtained studied be mm results can sector 361 This the the is mm). average from for annual Thus, (335.3 rainfall The dam Timedrine. average Fassi mm, ridges. Ain the 504 El high in of Allal of mm average of sequences an 407.4 that the Fez, has and of It mm), effect located. is (517.2 orographic Anoceur Sefrou the of of station that the than where lower SE the towards decreases Precipitation precipitation Annual watershed the of context upper to Climate terraces). (middle and Sais glacis the alluviums, of crusts, (travertines, limestones Formations lacustrine Quaternary by the unconformity, finally an and after Pliocene) close, series stratigraphic The its and plain top: Sais to the base (in from shows Sefrou that of 3) north (fig. outcrop basin the series, filling Jurassic that the formations above marly unconformity, borders) major a After (gyp- series Devonian clay-evaporite Triassic complete 2020). upper basalts); a al., the mixed et particular with and Aboussalam argillites starts in (see siferous generally series, marls sedimentation were carbonate Carboniferous cover and Post-Paleozoic the limestones reef into to limestones, Atlas Ordovician conglomerates, Middle of tabular with sequences the basement, 1988; of Fedan, part Paleozoic ; this 1992 A of and Charri`ere, series 1984 ; stratigraphic 3): 1987 the Cirac, (figure ; subdivide groups 1987 to four Benshili, us ; allows 100.000 1981 1987) Martin 1: Ahmamou ; Sefrou 1940 Dubar, of & map Termier geological the Reading description Geological • • • • • • • • • • n nly h e bu al”Frainwihi ihi lntncforaminifera. planktonic in rich is which Formation marls” “blue dutertrei; Fez Globorotalia the with finally, silts and ocher conglomerates); of and Formation constructions Sefrou reef (biocalcarenites, Formation a Bhalil microfauna. then with wadi), intercalations formations: Zra silt-sandstone Messinian conglomerates of showing three and marl area The sandstones rose channeled the limestones; finally (in lacustrine facies); flows and (fluvio-deltaic marls volcanic clays, and of levels composed formation volcano-sedimentary with formations Red dolomitization. frequent shows which reefs con- with reef limestones by oolite Fuciniceras); finally, overcome and And is celebratum which (protogrammoceras levels); limestone base, epi-reef Ammonite the and at limestones im- (Tropidoceras) (lumachel and structions ammonites Terebratula with Gastropods, limestones Oncolites, with Flint-bedded dolomitized; dolomites; limestones locally Liasic bedded massive foraminifera, and lower with perforate sands continues of dolomitic (Charri`ere, series 1992) dolomites, environment Liasic brecciated The Sebkha’s Then of deposits. Formation dolomitic age Dolomitic Kandar by followed th Car`r 99:fiue2 n eaiedcmns(i.e. documents relative and 2) figure : (Charri`ere 1989 3 Posted on Authorea 17 Jun 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159242018.81997728 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. h td rai oae nteSfo aese ewe h aall (33.41 parallels Beima. the Jbel between and watershed Mbark Sefrou Chaabat the in located (4.43 is area study The watershed a Sefrou with of 31% Characteristics 14, reaching Physiographic latter the infiltration, underground of of m 85.69% amount m million represents million 161.28 the 22.68 loss to the and of close of of drained value volume average percentage water a the The having of from 454.22mm. system volume calculated of water whose value the is watershed, from entire a it the inflows sanitary represents important, for mm and precipitation very 389.22 physiological average is is real 1955) annual evapotranspiration Turc, of Coutagne,1954; actual 1948; stage (Thornthwaite, the a methods available. three that at water plants plants out by the and account the turns into soil and It the taking humidity by and specific evaporated conditions current water real its of under at quantities development is the soil of sum the the when is (ETR) evapotranspiration Actual (ETR) Evapotranspiration Real deficit flow and Evapotranspiration Evaporation, them. between average an calculate to the recommended quantify 96 is to 183, it and = 1), basin, m V (table (in the water method on each precipitated fallen by of water found volume of values Annual blade different methods three the three the of between the volume reconcile by causes to calculated which order slide updrafts In water to the rise gives of sometimes mean which Estimated ground the thunderstorms. on local precipitation. of insolation stormy frequency summer of strong the some formation the to that linked the to note mainly We due rain altitudes. of are high predominance These at the located by 6). stations characterized (figure the are increases months altitudes at gradient significant high rainfall precipi- becomes of the progressive precipitation direction that a Thus, the notice is in we there figure, South that this to shows From North isohyets stations. from of different map the the between gradient easier, tation precipitation of interpretation make To neighboring two connecting method segments Isohyet map. the topographic of or bisectors geographic obtained perpendicular a are the on polygons the of These stations, plotting area out factor. rainfall influence by weighting carrying The the 5), watershed. to is the (figure precipitation. amounts polygon” of Thiessen spatial which graphically stations the estimate rainfall method, “called the to measurement statistical in station possible a measured each data it precipitation as point the makes into methodology, of integrate which applied average to result, weighted the possible surface it is a making polygon’ methods, stations, ‘Thiessen several different by watershed the estimated to be the can relating on water of fallen layer fallen water The of blade the of Assessment ° ;4.56 W; . 10 ° ) ti iie oteNrhb h la lFsidmadt h ot usra at by part) (upstream South the to and dam Fassi El Allal the by North the to limited is It W). 6 m 3 /year 3 /year. 3 ,frteSfo aese,cnb siae sfollows: as estimated be can watershed, Sefrou the for ), 4 3 hl h etwl ersn the represent will rest the while , ° ;34 N; ° )adtemeridians the and N) Posted on Authorea 17 Jun 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159242018.81997728 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. hsipisa lnae hp ftecthetarea. catchment the of shape elongated an implies This =29.76km L and lm=13.56km have: we K watershed, our of level the At (La). level watershed at length With: axial the and (lm) width average Kf= the between ratio the is It elongated. is watershed the that Coefficient confirms Shape this low very is value Kh the As Km 0.0065 = Kh area: catchment our In With: area: same the Where: having circle the of There perimeter latter. the K the Index Compactness of The shape Gravelius the compare of on to Index also depends Compactness but watershed environment, the the characterize of to outlet allow which the basins. indices different at morphological hydrograph different thus, the are, of shape The characteristic rainfall. any Shape to vulnerable Km it 405 make of that area sizes an covers small watershed are Sefrou These the digitalization, to According Characteristics Morphometric h otnCmatesIdx(otn 92 scluae stertoo h vrg width average the of ratio relationship: the following = as the Kh= calculated by L is mainstream 1932) the (Horton, outlet. of the Index length to Compactness delivery Horton water of The delay the to Index due Compactness flows Horton flood peak low rainfall, same the for favors, K of value the From K case: our In f =0.45 • • • • • • • La lm m h vrg it ftewtrhd(km); (km). watershed length the axial of La: width average the lm: L lm [km area catchment the of area surface A: K :wtrhdprmtr[km]. perimeter watershed P: KG G h egho h anwtrore(km). watercourse main the of length the : lm L h vrg it ftewtrhd(km). watershed the of width average the : steidxo opcns fGravelius, of compactness of index the is = G 2 √ P =1,77 π (-1) .A G ≈ tcnb ocue httewtrhdi lnae ihpoal iereoin this erosion, linear probable with elongated is watershed the that concluded be can it 0 lm . 28 1.6mand =13.56km G . √ P fGaeis(94,dfie stertoo h eiee ftewtrhdto watershed the of perimeter the of ratio the as defined (1914), Gravelius of A L =45.76km 2 ], 5 ² . ² n eiee f174 Km. 127.42 of perimeter a and lm othe to Posted on Authorea 17 Jun 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159242018.81997728 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. h qiaetrcagei lnae,tels twl ri.Tedmnin fteeuvln etnl are rectangle equivalent the of dimensions longer The The L drain. contours. will hypsometric between Climatology, it formula: same rectangle. unchanged less following equivalent the the remain the the by therefore elongated, density of determined and is side drainage compare the rectangle index, and to equivalent to compactness cover the parallel is with vegetation same become rectangle interest contours a distribution, the its the to soil area, (1963), watershed case, the this surface Roche assimilates In by and notion distribution. introduced This perimeter flow. first same on was characteristics the watershed rectangle of equivalent influence the the a of reached concept yet not The has watershed the rectangle equivalent that The mean may which value, age. low old relatively in phase a mature shows coefficient E The lm o hsproe ti sue htec ako h anwtrorei siiae yatinl fthe of With: triangle a angle by the assimilated of Calculation is watercourse main bank: the right of the For bank each bank. that the line by as assumed watershed designated area is the same be it therefore must and purpose, line watercourse this ), corner watershed. main For (1988 the the the P.Verdeil of of represents by side banks and time two whose side first the triangles adjacent the between right-angled an two for constitutes of developed which sum representation L the of to model corresponds a it is representation trihedral The elongated relatively representation a have Trihedral we that deduce to us allow watershed the of 7) watershed. (figure dimensions the of values The =7,18km l and L=56,43km With: the to area = catchment Lmx the With: as area same the having circle E= a of area: diameter catchment the the of of ratio length the maximum from 1956) calculated (Shumm, is (E) It Shumm of elongation of Coefficient = 298 = • • • • • • • • • √ 2 Kg Lmx m:mxmmlnt fwtrore ntewtrhdLx 74.55; Lmx= rivers. watershed of the length in average watercourses lm: of length 4; maximum = Lmx: order km of in number watershed n: the of Area A: o u olw aetefloigcharacteristics. following the have we (Km); pool rectangle our equivalent For the (Km); of rectangle width equivalent l: the of length L: (Km); area catchment compactness. S: of index Gravelius Kg: 1 A/π , √ 12 A , 207 ∗ 1+ (1 P km 1 4 q o E=0,16 So: , Lm n 1 − P ( 1 4 α 1 Kg Lm , 1= 12 n ) Arctg 2 wt l= )with ( 2 L Ai 2 ² =0 km A=405 , ) Kg 1 , √ 12 A ∗ (1 − ² ; q 6 1 − ( 1 Kg , 12 ) 2 ) Posted on Authorea 17 Jun 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159242018.81997728 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. o h eruwtrhd h vrg liuei:H 928.36m = Hm is: altitude average the watershed, Sefrou the For With: watershed. formula: following steep the a to characterizing Hm= according altitude, . calculated . in altitude. of is change area median altitude the small altitude, average to relatively average the watershed: the relation the despite in enormously of small varies altitudes is altitude characteristic to area the The allows the that and and concluded area watershed be study the can hypso- the it a within curve, determined altitudes this we From of 10), distribution (figure the altitudes. watershed translate characteristic Sefrou to the us the determine allowed within which altitudes curve in metric variations the understand To ( the Atlas” that Moyen see “Causse curve can the ( we Hypsometric within part 9), watershed downstream (figure the the the of below of towards part map north ranges southern this further altitude the to however delimiting towards (precipitation, 1500m), According by located factors curves. obtained are hydro-climatic level is altitudes equidistance all map high m influences Hypsometric 200 The directly by .). relief phenomena . watershed . meteorological the . characte- with relief flow as interactions the vegetation, and its of temperatures, watershed, study behavior, The the hydrological curve. of its and morphology map and the hypsometric determine a by to characterized allows is ristics watershed the of relief The Sefrou Map the Hypsometric of sides both bank, on are left Characteristics heterogeneously banks the Altitude distributed two than is developed the drainage more that the is see that bank believe can right to we the watershed. us 8), river, lead main watershed(figure can the the which to of compared representation asymmetrical trihedral relatively the to According α α With: angle the of Calculation bank: left the For α α 9.81 triangle = bank 2 right the of angle the 1: 12.077 triangle = bank 1 right the of angle the 1: • • • • • • • :telnt ftemi aecus;L=45.76km = L 033km watercourse; 224, main = the A of bank; length right the the L: of area the A: :Ttlae ftewtrhd(km watershed the (m) of lines area (Km contour Total lines two A: contour between two altitude between Average area hi: the is this Ai: 45.76km = L 97km watercourse; 180, main = the A of bank; length left the the L: of area the A: P 1 i Aihi ° A ° . α 2= Arctg ( 2 L Ai 2 ) ² ) ² ; ² 7 ; ² ) ² ² . . < 300m). > Posted on Authorea 17 Jun 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159242018.81997728 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. codn otetbeo srmtevleo galw st eueta h eifo h aese squite is watershed the of relief the that deduce to us allows Ig of value the Ostrom of strong. table the to According index km Ig / This m in rectangle. index equivalent slope defined the overall is of Ig: formula: It With (L) following basin. the length the by on the given relief is and the It (Du) Ig= of pelvis. drop importance the the useful of assess relief the to the between possible characterizes ratio it makes the Ig as index slope global than The more is values value reach indexes average can slope which whose overall values and The faults slope major moderate of of level abundance the an at notice rapidly increases can the 40%. 11): slope we with of figure map, degree and ( slope The downpour obtained the the 19%. is same the of because map the level establish following to the for classification the At order runoff their watershed in and Sefrou define watershed infiltration the the to the In of characteristics permeability. influences characterization same and hydrological directly the It indices in balance. slope’s role hydrological the important an study plays to slope classify is to objective possible Our it makes time. which concentration watershed, short study Sefrou relatively Slope the a have at that time watersheds concentration the the among watershed of the value the on Based 6h11min = Tc watershed: our For formula Giandotti With: the Using Morocco. its in For network. use reach Tc= of hydrographic common will surface quote: the outlet in will the of the we are density on the 1937) from Some depends and M. furthest formulas. essentially length, (Giandotti several area which the are the watershed slopes, there in rainfall, the falling calculation, the of lithology, water characteristic the of basin, a particle the is the concentration-time which The after it. time the as curve:Defined hypsometric the the on watershed of the time classification of Concentration a surface total to the according of 50% ArcGis at 905m the read = value by Hmed the given is value altitude same median The the to equal almost 926.52m. is DTM: this that Note • • • • • • • • • • Leq Du 4 0 ∗ g=0.02 = 56.43km km Ig = / L 20m (km), = 1080m in Ig = length Du rectangle surface H95%, equivalent cumulative - L: of H5% 95% difference surface to cumulative Height corresponds From: of which 5% altitude to the corresponds H95% which altitude the H5% 45.68km. = 928.36m. L = (km); Hm in (m); watercourse altitude Thalweg average main Hm: the km of in length watershed The the of area A: (hours); time concentration Tc , √ 8 √ = A Hmoy +1 H , 5% 5 L Leq − H 95% ² 405km = A ; ² ; 8 Posted on Authorea 17 Jun 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159242018.81997728 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. hscecetcniestefeunyo lmnaytawg o o re,gnrlyo re )b the by 1) order of relation: generally following order, the Dd.F1 low by = given (of Ct is thalwegs value elementary the of drainage, frequency of density the considers coefficient This dense. is watershed the of coefficient network Torrentiality hydrographic the that idea an us gives value This km2. 405 = 0.73km A = and Dd 298.207km Hence = [?]Li watershed: Sefrou the For given is It watershed. With: the of area the over the network between Dd= hydrographic ratio a the for as formula: lines defined following current is the the which of by density, lengths drainage the a of by sum characterized is network hydrographic Each watersheds of density Sefrou length the Drainage the of calculate direction flow to a able with were extension altitudes we North. small high ArcGis, and of to thalwegs upstream at South for from function from even km ArcHydro and 45.68 watercourse stretches the river main surface to main the or According the rocks 12), outlet. the (figure the watershed slopes, towards our steeper of the level the wetter, the basin, is At the climate of the size when main the permeable. increases with the less system etc.) river to formations 5, the 1952), drainage. 4, of the Strahler, the 3, density of - of orders The hydrographic density Horton 2, ramifications the the (order of original and increases classification of the tributaries, one the hierarchy from this of in of number The elements, surface 1 number its region. provide order order of given The that (called collector. importance a tributaries channels increasing of or of devoid the watershed set upstream by a structured manifested of is and temporary, network hierarchical or a permanent designates drainage, area network catchment hydrographic the The of network level hydrological the the at of Ds of Characteristics value the strong. 2), relatively (table is Ostrom which the relief of a shows classification the to According 402.24m = Ds allows index formula: following This the Ig. by With: index defined slope is global and the other =Ig and each Ds watershed with the basins the of compare area to the us considers elevation specific The Ds drop Specific • • • • P :Ae ftewtrhdi km Km. in in watershed temporary) the and of (permanent Area thalwegs A: of length Accumulated Li: km / km 20m in = area Ig A: index slope global Ig: A √ Li A ² -1 0 km 405 = A ² ² . 9 Posted on Authorea 17 Jun 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159242018.81997728 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. oesr aacniut,tevle o hs ieyashv enetmtd olwn h hp fthe of shape the and following problem estimated, this been resolve have to years absent, are nine methods. period these correlation 1970/79 for statistical the values by of for curve the data period flow continuity, converting a data the 2005, ensure to that the to 1979 by noted provided from be geo- flows and should following the 1970 It of to the values 1968 monthly with from the area runs 15), of catchment period years. (figure basis the The 29 the station of Agency. on downstream Watershed Louali obtained located Hydraulic were Ain m), Sebou data the 245 these outlet, Z= of the 377,000m; those towards Y= are (X=555,650m; flows coordinates annual graphical mean available The collection Data two the bank, left characterization the Hydrological representation. on trihedral than the bank and right surfaces the their of to average level according Relatively the symmetrical area). at almost study denser remain the relatively banks of is frequented. part network which most hydrographic (northern relief the The pelvis a are shows the m) small, curve of 900 relatively hypsometric table outlet to is The the the L (500 average. towards As altitudes in relatively moves is area. summarized it downpour catchment are as characteristic elongated decreases watershed a an for show Sefrou value relief the Tc the the of characterizing parameters 3) The (table below. characteristics physiographic tributaries different main The The the facies. at in we erosion changes then indicating Conclusion to and breaks due slope density. slope generally average appreciable several the are an are estimate with ruptures to bank there These right us that the section. allows note occupy 14) breaking We (figure the river Tc. of main characteristic level the the along calculate profile can the which of 4 use is The watershed watershed Sefrou the the of of and profile order (1966) 1952). on total Longitudinal (Strehler, flow Scheidegger the from the network. by that order of flow shows the method branched importance clearly + is this and the watershed 13) n developed with to a (figure order fairly order made of map of a Strehler order The been implies drain the Strahler have a match drain. The Improvements to main method: n. and the Then, following order outlet. (2012) the 1. Schriver-Mazzuoli of the of to value by drains ramifications to the according developed two of assigned drain done of set is confluence is main tributary the the drain the no on of each has derived classification of which is a value drain 1 by the any proceed of classification, we calculation Strahler complex, the the is In network network. the the etc.) of precipitation, ramification basin, the the As of area network slope, the (Tc relief, time the of concentration of Hierarchy the nature on the directly to depends related coefficient is torrentiality value the (this since 6h11min), low = relatively is value The 0.16 = Ct With: • • • 1 eintstefeunyo lmnaytawg 1=N ;F 0.21 = F1 A; / 1. N1 order = of F1 streams thalwegs of elementary number of N1: frequency km the 0.73 designates = F1: Dd density, drainage Dd: 1 - 10 Posted on Authorea 17 Jun 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159242018.81997728 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. elit h aese 442 mya) h / uo offiin 2.3/442)i 0.061. is 454.22) that / water (27.73 of coefficient volume average runoff the H/P of The 6% mm/year). approximately following or (454.22 the mm/year, watershed in 27.73 the given is are into flown flow fell water water of of volume flow total the The of height the and 4): rate flow (table specific table the of values monthly (Parade, The rate flow specific the is which q of function a as given is mm in water of flow 1974): the of height The 2003/04. to 68/69 from S period / the Q for = l/s/Km2 q in flows streams. specific or formula: stations the flow different here specific of give regimes The to hydrological advantageous the therefore comparing is should on waterIt It focus flows. of often monthly flows. studies flow average of hydrological with the quantity Many work of minimum we height the since at from and approximate arrive begins flows are recession to Specific times the months recession of five and time of The flood period the l/s. its a 390 that reach August, of noted to value to March be a March to with of September March from end in months, the in is peak seven flows the flow requires represents monthly concentration minimum which water average the maximum the the that hand of shows other variation figure the the This shows on hydrogram l/s), 17): following (figure (390 the Louali March l/s), Ain in (325 August appears in flow observed average monthly maximum The recorded l/s 300 is flows lowest monthly the Average while 1969/1970, in floods 2002/2003. recorded in l/s during and 1000 Qsp 1993/1994 is peak flow in the interannual average general, highest In The 1 = floods. Qsp during : flows increases. flow watershed peak Specific the express of to size used the also when the decreases is of flow kilometer specific square The per A It second m / area. or every Q catchment (L/s average = river Q Qsp on a flow flows within the that of precipitation water value of of the flow (km is liters average following this the of The Formulation: of number measure basin. the l/s. a as 454 16): is defined around considered(figure Qsp is is period or flow the flow annual during specific average flows The the annual of that evolution shows the taken shows thus figure observations of series The flow annual Average rate flow the of Study • • • • • • • 2 ): ,7 o ot f3 days. 31 of month days. a 30 for of q month x days. a 2,678 28 for = of q H month x a 2,592 for = q H year. x one 2,419 for = q H x 31.536 = H Km2. in area catchment the of area l/s. S: in flow average l/s/Km2. Q: in flow specific q: . 12 l/s/km 2 11 3 s eaiet h ufc ftewatershed the of A surface the to relative /s) Posted on Authorea 17 Jun 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159242018.81997728 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. h nescinwt h aosOe eo,o 0.9K2wt eiee f174 m hti %of 1% is that to Km; up 127.42 area, of total perimeter a a over with extended Km2 is 404.89 It of watershed. Sebou, watershed. Sebou Oued Sebou the famous the of the part with SW intersection the the occupies watershed Sefrou The region. the the Despite in Conclusion Sefrou. projects development of of city human establishment causing the the floods of by winter habitats by solved represented inhab- the is risks the which for causing for damage, specifically were water material they more drinking and capacities, and of important supply regions these the of Atlas ensures usefulness Middle thus the and infiltra- of resources for water itants As real provides precipitation. watershed total Sefrou is of precipitation. the 6.06% runoff area of represents the between 6.23% 0.061. catchment estimation of represents is delay runoff height Sefrou it which the the small tion, the and coefficient that flows showed a runoff that balance specific the with water show the estimate evolution The of to coefficients study similar possible the flow it a part, monthly made its is For level the water there regime. and l/s. irregular that flows 454 an shows by is the characterized flow flows of annual monthly mean values the The relationship maximum ”precipitation-flow” of regime. the rainfall study been determining a The of moreover, define method to has, the possible which using it rates. Mediterranean years, regime made flow that hydrological the 30 has interannual the deduce average previous to of to the the study witness obvious in The during therefore differences bear marked is of area It method well catchment the been pronounced. by Sefrou paragraph. strongly has confirmed this the is drought under season of hydrological out dry hydrology the carried the study the where in the character to vegetation concerning hydrological the points relating fundamental of aspects the evolution underline The be the to by can important which and is (87.67%), It period evapotranspiration dry of the that during is area. values percentage the high-temperature maximum the the by to (6), explained table concerned, the region assessment to balance the water of According watershed of management Sefrou integrated balance the guarantee of water to results as the the 6): well summarizes estimate (table table as following reserves, to The water is local resources. study these to corresponding hydrological database any a hydrological of establish a purpose from main outflow The the of estimate components balance important water most Final the of one is precipitation. runoff by fed of regime flow the general, In way: same two the the in Indeed, and meaning precipitation. precipitation same monthly monthly the and in average evolve flows of roughly between that period synchronism same a with the is flows 2004/2005: for there to monthly plotted 68/69 that thus average period curves see of the we hydrograph for 18), precipitation the (figure and compare flows monthly we the When shows 5) (table table following The relationship Rainfall-discharge • • tto hc slctdna h ulto h aese.Ti iceac a eepandb the by explained be can discrepancy This morphology. its watershed. by in the measurement or the flow of watershed to maximum outlet inputs the significant a the of of arrival by nature near the lithological followed located for January required is time and which summer month; one the station December of around in delay recorded a values with inflow precipitation March, decrease maximum late are a by These accompanied is inputs months. rainfall in decrease The 12 Posted on Authorea 17 Jun 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159242018.81997728 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. oy o.1 ies nGra,p:2528.G 265-278). pp: German, in Rivers, Gew 1: gesamten vol. der p. logy, Grundriss 107 (1914) Firenze, Atlas H. Ed., Gravelius Moyen Barbera le Idrologia. p. : d´ecrochements : 338 (1937) sur Rabat, M. 10th intraplaque de Giandotti bassin V Guidebook c´enozo¨ıque. : Mohammed g´eodynamique d’un Field Meso- pp Univ. Evolution Th`ese le ; (Morocco). Sciences, durant 110 Domain : (Maroc) , Atlas (1988) Palaont. the B. Geol. d´eficit of Forsch. Fedan Jurassic Munster. le . The Past” : l’atmosphere, and Present (2018) 119-144. de – A. ´evaporant “Cephalopods Hassani Symposium pouvoir El International & le B. Bassin Fedan sur 360-369. dynamique consid´erations Blanche, geol. Houille la Quelques d´eficit La d’´ecoulement le de maximum. Inst. N´eog`ene (1954). et d’´ecoulement Evolution effectif sup´erieur. au Mem. A. - occidental Coutagne, comblement. sud-rifain de bassin phase n d’une Bordeaux Le pal´eog´eographied’Aquitaine, cours la au central : de 1127-1136. Atlas s´edimentaire et (1987) pp. Moyen 6, P. le XXVI, dans (T), Cirac marins Fr. et geol. continentaux Soc. n´eog`ene BuU. bassins Evolution (Maroc). de : n Maroc, (1984) Charri`ere geol. A., M´em. m´editerran´een. Serv. relation et & atlantique en Notes domaines (Maroc) pal´eog´eographique les M´em. Serv. Atlas Evolution avec m´eso-c´enozoique & Moyen : 1:100.000`eme. Notes du (1992) au Charri`ere Sefrou A. de feuille p. 285 Maroc, g´eologique N du 106: G´eol. Carte Maroc, Lyon, : de Geologie (1989) evolution de Charri`ere A. et Laboratoires biostratigraphie Sedimentologie, des p. Documents (Maroc). 175 plisse – Atlas ; Moyen paleogeographique. du III Lias-Dogger bassin Aix-Marseille (1989): du Univ. K. (Plio-Quaternaire) Benshili cycle, saissiens 3e lacustres Technology. These calcaires des and (Maroc). sedimentologique Fes-Meknes Science Etude de of : Academy (1987) II M. 127-175. Ahmamou Hassan of : pp Journal development. De- Ndeg1 Scientific unique facies 10 The and Engineering, Vol. : faunas, and biostratigraphy, (2020) S. Science – Eichholt basement) in & Atlas Frontiers A., Hassani (Middle El Immouzer-du-Kandar S., of Hartenfels vonian J., Richter R.T., Becker Z.S., Aboussalam References is precipitation different monthly the between and fluctuations annual by mean characterized The is high cycles. 1970/2011 by hydrological during a characterized stations and conditioning is the stations thus in which can collected system “cause”) area. they rainfall catchment karstic Atlas area, The the Middle catchment developed of Sefrou (the highly part the sector this a in southern in constituting outcrop permeability the formations that units formations carbonate large and lithological two essentially bank, the into western of specific grouped the diversity the on be cover. and the than vegetation index of the bank slope spite and most global eastern In the lithology occupy the to the 900m on according to and important northern strong related 500m very the relatively is between is is to this network altitudes relief South hydrographic the The curve, The the basin. hypsometric from the gradient. the of Km). decrease to surface 7.18 progressively According the l= that of and basin. Km altitudes the (L=56.43 by of elongated characterized part is watershed is Sefrou hypsometry the The that show parameters morphometric The ° 354. ° 7 8 p. 287 27, shn eln Germany. Berlin, ¨ oschen, sekne ad1 ls k Fluss 1: Band ¨ asserkunde, 13 ne(opnimo Hydro- of (Compendium unde ¨ ° 6,p.189-203. pp. 366, Posted on Authorea 17 Jun 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159242018.81997728 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. tabular-middle-atlas-morocco characteristics-and-their-influences-on-water-dynamics-in-the-sefrou-watershed-northern- table.docx file Hosted tabular-middle-atlas-morocco characteristics-and-their-influences-on-water-dynamics-in-the-sefrou-watershed-northern- figure.docx abaque. 01 (R´egions semi-arides), l’ecoulement, l’ETR et de file l’evaporation calcul Hosted de precipitations, Abaque les : entre (1988) Relations P. 55-89. sols. VERDEIL 38, des Rev., l’aue pp. Geogr. de 252 climate. Paris, bilan of INRA, Le classification rational 1955: Review.). a L., George towards Turc, climate. approach of An classification 1948: rational W., a C. toward Thornwaite, approach p182. An Rev, : weather (1948) Monthly C.W., areas. Thornthwaite Foe-large showers N Precipitation Maroc, (1911): g´eologique du A.H., Carte p. Thiessen la 74 de bis, et 24 Mines Maroc, septen- des Atlas Service geol. Moyen Serv. : du g´eologique M. (1936) provisoire carte H. et la Termier Notes de - explicative 000. of Notice 1/200 : Society au (1940) Geological trional G. topology”, Dubar erosional & H. of Termier :1117–1142. analysis pp (area-altitude) Jersey. (11), Hypsometric New 63 Amboy, : Bulletin Perth America (1952) at N. badlands A. in 597–646. Strahler, Dunod, 67, slopes Bulletin, and Organisation, America 6 systems Qualit´e - of p. drainage - [archive]), Society of Ressources Geological ligne Evolution en : (1956). lire l’eau S.A. 2-10-058050-7, Schumm, de et 978-2-10-058050-7 durable (ISBN gestion Resources p. Water La 250 orders”, : 2012, stream (2012) of law L. the Schriver-Mazzuoli, and fig. processes 204 n branching p. 2, Stochastic vol. 430 : Researches, Paris (1966) Gauthier-Villars, E. Ed. A. surface, Scheidegger, de Hydrologie : 258. (1963) g´eol. M´em.Maroc, ´etude E. g´eomorphologique.NotesServ. central, & Roche Atlas Moyen approach 275-370. Le hydro-physical pp. 1981. basins: 56, J. drainage Bull., Martin their America and pp: Soc. streams Geol. of 13, morphology. development tquantitative Union Erosional : to Geophysical (1945) American E. R. Transactions, Horton, characteristics. basin Drainage : 350-361. (1932) R.E. Horton vial at available vial at available tdsgelgqe u eMrccnrle eMynAlsspetinl oe tM´em. et Notes septentrional. Moyen-Atlas le et central Maroc le g´eologiques sur Etudes ° ´ ,199-203. 2, https://authorea.com/users/334365/articles/460356-physical- https://authorea.com/users/334365/articles/460356-physical- 14 ° 3 oe,56p. tomes,1566 3 33,