Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Zyryanka Basin Province, 2008
Chapter X of The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal
Professional Paper 1824
U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. Eocene strata along the north side of Van Keulenfjorden, Svalbard, include basin-floor fan, marine slope, and deltaic to fluvial depositional facies. The age and facies of these strata are similar to Tertiary strata beneath the continental shelves of Arctic Eurasia, thus providing an analog for evaluating elements of those petroleum systems. Relief from sea level to top of upper bluff is approximately 1,500 feet. Photograph by David Houseknecht. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Zyryanka Basin Province, 2008
By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman
Chapter X of The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal Edited by T.E. Moore and D.L. Gautier
Professional Paper 1824
U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior RYAN K. ZINKE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey William H. Werkheiser, Acting Director
U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2017
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Suggested citation: Klett, T.R., and Pitman, J.K., 2017, Geology and assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Zyryanka Basin Province, 2008, chap. X of Moore, T.E., and Gautier, D.L., eds., The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1824, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1824X.
ISSN 2330-7102 (online) iii
The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal
Chapters
A. Introduction to the 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal (CARA) Professional Paper By Donald L. Gautier and Thomas E. Moore
B. Methodology for Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources for the 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal By Ronald R. Charpentier
North America
C. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Chukchi Borderland Province, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird and David W. Houseknecht
D. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Hope Basin Province, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird, David W. Houseknecht, and Janet K. Pitman
E. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province, 2008 By David W. Houseknecht, Kenneth J. Bird, and Christopher P. Garrity
F. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yukon Flats Basin Province, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird and Richard G. Stanley
G. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Northwest Canada Interior Basins Province, Arctic Canada, 2008 By Marilyn E. Tennyson and Janet K. Pitman
H. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Franklinian Shelf Province, Arctic Canada and North Greenland, 2008 By Marilyn E. Tennyson and Janet K. Pitman
I. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Sverdrup Basin Province, Arctic Canada, 2008 By Marilyn E. Tennyson and Janet K. Pitman
Greenland
J. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the West Greenland- East Canada Province, 2008 By Christopher J. Schenk iv
K. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Greenland Rift Basins Province, 2008 By Donald L. Gautier
North Atlantic Ocean
L. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Jan Mayen Microcontinent Province, 2008 By Thomas E. Moore and Janet K. Pitman
Eurasia
M. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Mezen’ Basin Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman
N. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Timan-Pechora Basin Province, Russia, 2008 By Christopher J. Schenk
O. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Barents Basins Province and the Novaya Zemlya Basins and Admiralty Arch Province By Timothy R. Klett
P. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the North Kara Basins and Platforms Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman
Q. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Northern West Siberian Mesozoic Composite Total Petroleum System of the West Siberian Basin Province, Russia, 2008 By Christopher J. Schenk
R. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman
S. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Northwest Laptev Sea Shelf Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman
T. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Lena-Anabar Basin Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman v
U. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Tunguska Basin Province, 2008 By Christopher J. Wandrey and Timothy R. Klett
V. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Lena-Vilyui Basin Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman
W. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Laptev Sea Shelf Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman
X. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Zyryanka Basin Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman
Y. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Siberian Sea Basin Province, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird, David W. Houseknecht, and Janet K. Pitman
Z. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Vilkitskii Basin Province, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird, David W. Houseknecht, and Janet K. Pitman
AA. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Long Strait Province, Russian High Arctic, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird, David W. Houseknecht, and Janet K. Pitman
Arctic Ocean
BB. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Amerasia Basin Petroleum Province, 2008 By David W. Houseknecht, Kenneth J. Bird, and Christopher P. Garrity
CC. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Lomonosov- Makarov Province, Central Arctic Ocean, 2008 By Thomas E. Moore, Kenneth J. Bird, and Janet K. Pitman
DD. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Eurasia Basin Province, Eastern Arctic Ocean, 2008 By Thomas E. Moore and Janet K. Pitman vi
Contents
Abstract...... 1 Zyryanka Basin Province...... 1 Province Boundary Definition...... 1 Petroleum Occurrence...... 1 Tectono-Stratigraphic Evolution...... 1 Petroleum-System Elements...... 1 Assessment Unit...... 8 Zyryanka Basin Assessment Unit...... 8 Geological Analysis of Assessment-Unit Probability...... 8 Geologic Analogs for Assessment...... 8 Assessment Results...... 9 Acknowledgments...... 9 References Cited...... 10
Appendix [Available for download at https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1824X]
1. Input Data for the Zyryanka Basin Assessment Unit
Figures
1. Map of Zyryanka Basin Province, showing location of assessment unit...... 2 2. Structural map of the Zyryanka Basin Province, showing major structural features and approximate depth to economic basement...... 3 3. Regional geologic cross section through the Zyryanka Basin Province...... 3 4. Lithostratigraphic column and total-petroleum-system events chart for the Zyryanka Basin Assessment Unit...... 4 5. Petroleum-system burial-history models for pseudowells in the Zyryanka Basin showing degree of thermal maturity...... 6
Table
1. Assessment results for conventional undiscovered petroleum resources in the Zyryanka Basin Province...... 9 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal Edited by T.E. Moore and D.L. Gautier U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1824
Chapter X Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Zyryanka Basin Province, 2008
By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman
Abstract Tectono-Stratigraphic Evolution
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) recently assessed the The Zyryanka Basin Province is a Late Cretaceous potential for undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Zyryanka and Cenozoic foreland basin that overlies Jurassic to Lower Basin Province as part of the 2008 USGS Circum-Arctic Resource Cretaceous backarc basin deposits formed during Jurassic Appraisal program. The province is in the Russian Federation and and Cretaceous accretion and deformation of the Kolyma is situated on the Omolon superterrane of the Kolyma block. The block (Parfenov, 1992). The basin (and AU) is bounded by one assessment unit (AU) that was defined for this study, called extensively deformed sedimentary rocks derived from Jurassic the Zyryanka Basin AU, which coincides with the province, was oceanic island-arc terranes (Parfenov, 1992; Parfenov and others, 1993). Major structural features of the province and assessed for undiscovered, technically recoverable, conventional approximate depth to economic basement are mapped in resources. The estimated mean volumes of undiscovered resources figure 2, and a geologic cross section is shown in figure 3. in the Zyryanka Basin Province are ~72 million barrels of crude oil, 2,282 billion cubic feet of natural gas, and 61 million barrels of natural-gas liquids. About 66 percent of the study area and undiscovered petroleum resources are north of the Arctic Circle. Petroleum-System Elements
A single Mesozoic and Cenozoic composite total petroleum system (TPS) was identified for the Zyryanka Zyryanka Basin Province province. Lithostratigraphic columns and a TPS events chart showing individual petroleum-system elements are shown in Province Boundary Definition figures 4A and 4B, respectively. The most likely petroleum-source rocks are the Cenozoic The Zyryanka Basin Province encompasses the Zyryanka El’gandin Formation, with ~3.7 weight percent total organic sedimentary basin of eastern Siberia (fig. 1). The geologic carbon (TOC) content; and the Darkylakh Formation, with province is situated within the Kolyma block and the Omolon ~2.3 weight percent TOC content (Ulmishek, 1984; Ivanov, superterrane. The province crosses the Arctic Circle. 1987; Syundyukov and Gaiduk, 1996). Other probable source rocks include carbonaceous continental and shallow-marine Lower Cretaceous mudstone, with ~1 weight percent TOC content (Ulmishek, 1984), and Upper Jurassic continental Petroleum Occurrence slope and basin marine mudstones (flysch), with ~1 to 3 weight percent TOC content (Ulmishek, 1984; Ivanov, Surface shows of natural gas have been observed in 1987; Syundyukov and Gaiduk, 1996). Petroleum source 10 places within the Zyryanka Basin. The natural gas contained rocks might also exist in the Paleozoic section, including 70 to 98 volume percent methane (Ulmishek, 1984; Kim, 1990) Silurian graptolitic mudstone; Devonian organic-rich (slightly and as much as 0.11 volume percent heavier hydrocarbons bituminous) mudstone, with as much as 9 weight percent TOC (Ulmishek, 1984). content; and Carboniferous organic-rich tuffaceous mudstone, 2 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal
ld o F a 1 0 E 80 M LES 120 K L METERS 100 0 80 40 0 Basin 40 20 20 Lower Kolyma 0 0 1 0 E Basin Zyryanka (except assessed) EXPLANATION Assessed Arctic province Assessment units Other Arctic province
Arctic Circle
Moma River Basin Province Zyryanka 140 E Map of Zyryanka Basin Province, showing location assessment unit. Modified from Persits and Ulmishek (2003).
Figure 1. Base map from Esri, 2007, used herein under license. Clarke 18 Stereographic orth Pole Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Zyryanka Basin Province, 2008 3
140 E 1 0 E
Alazey Monocline 1.0 km 2.0 km 3.0 km 4.0 272-03 I' km 272-01 B Indigirka Trough272-02 Alazey Uplift 272-0
I A Ilintas Monocline Arctic Circle Prikolyma Monocline
Argatis Moma Range Monocline
3.0 km 2.0 km 1.0 km
4.0 km
Zyryanka Trough
Base map from Esri, 2007, used herein under license. 0 2 0 100 M LES Clarke 18 Stereographic orth Pole EXPLANATION 0 2 0 100 K L METERS Monocline A Pseudowell location of petroleum model Depth to basement Location of cross section Less than 3 kilometers Ma or fault 3 to 6 kilometers Stratigraphic-test well location Greater than 6 kilometers Figure 2. Structural map of the Zyryanka Basin Province, showing major structural features and approximate depth to economic basement. Modified from Ulmishek (1984) and Syundyukov and Gaiduk (1997).
I I'
S UT EST RT EAST Upper Cretaceous volcanics Moma Range Lower to Upper Cretaceous Ala eya Uplift 272-01 272-02 Pseudowell A, Projected Pseudowell B, Projected 0 eogene 2 Paleogene to eogene Lower Cretaceous 4 6 Upper Jurassic 8 Pre-Jurassic Depth, in kilometers 0 M LES 0 Upper Jurassic volcanic clastics
Figure 3. Regional geologic cross section through the Zyryanka Basin Province. Vertical red lines, wells or pseudowells used for petroleum-generation models. Modified from Parfenov (1991). 4 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal
A Earth system Petroleum system Comments
Sea level Geologic time scale curve, in meters Source rocks Average global Average temperature, in degrees Celsius 1 20 200 100 0 Stage Eonotherm Eratherm System Series Ma Source rock Reservoir rock Seals Traps Maturation and migration Petroleum loss
M Pleistocene E Gelasian Piacenzian Pliocene Zanclean 10 methane surface shows Messinian Kyllakh Group Tortonian Serravallian Miocene Langhian eogene Burdigalian 12.5 20 A uitanian Darkylakh Fm. Chattian ligocene Rupelian Priabonian Ceno oic Bartonian 40 Elgandya Eocene Lutetian T C: 3.7 (El’gabdin) Fm.
Paleogene presian
Thanetian Paleocene Selandian 60 2.8 Danian Sakanya Group Maastrichtian
Campanian 80 Late Santonian At least 3. km eroded at Coniacian Turonian inner thrust zone Cenomanian 100 T C: 0.7-0. 29.0 Albian Buorkemyus Fm. Cretaceous
Aptian Silyap Fm. 120 Early
Barremian 2.6 Hauterivian zhogin Fm. Valanginian 140 Berriasian Tithonian Bastakh Series T C: 0. 4-1.18 Meso oic Late orthwest Section 25.0 Kimmeridgian Ilin’tas Fm. xfordian 160 Callovian Bathonian Middle Bajocian Aalenian Jurassic
Toarcian 180
Pliensbachian Early Sinemurian Hettangian 200 Rhaetian
orian 1.2 Late 220 Carnian Triassic Ladinian Middle Anisian 240
Early lenekian Induan Changhsingian Lopingian Wuchiapingian Phanero oic 260 Capitanian Guadalupian Wordian Roadian Kungurian
Permian Artinskian 280 Cisuralian
Sakmarian 8.0 Asselian 300 Gzhelian Late Kasimovian EXPLANATION Middle Moscovian
Early Bashkirian
Pennsylvanian Continental clastic rocks 320 Late Serpukhovian Nearshore clastic rocks 0.4 Offshore clastic rocks Carboniferous Middle Visean 340 Organic-rich mudstone
Mississippian olcanic and volcaniclastic rocks Tournaisian Early Carbonate rocks 360 Ocean anoxic event 8.0 Famennian Late
Frasnian 380 Southeast Section
Givetian
Devonian Middle Eifelian 0.3 400
Paleo oic Emsian Early Pragian Lochkovian Pridoli Ludfordian 420 Ludlow Gorstian Wenlock Homerian 9.0 Sheinwoodian Telychian Silurian Llandovery Aeronian Figure 4. Lithostratigraphic column (A) Rhuddanian 440 Hirnantian and total-petroleum-system events chart Upper
460 (B) for the Zyryanka Basin Assessment Darriwilian Middle
rdovician Unit. Source rocks column shows the
Lower 480 Tremadocian percent of the world’s total petroleum
1.0 Furongian reserves generated by source (modified Paibian 500
Middle from Ulmishek and Klemme, 1990). Average global temperature data is from Frakes and
Cambrian 520 Lower others (1992) and Barrett (2003). Sea level
540 curve is from Golonka and Kiessling (2002) and Hardenbol and others (1998). Geologic 560 time scale is that of Gradstein and others 0.2 (2004). Data from Ulmishek (1984), Kim (1990), Ediacaran
Protero oic 580 Neoprotero oic Syundyukov and Gayduk (1996), and Paech and others (2000). Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Zyryanka Basin Province, 2008 5
B Approximate depth, in kilometers uaternary (200 m) 0 Clastics (sand and conglomerate), Kyllakh Group eogene continental conditions 1.0 Paleogene- eogene Elgandya (El’gabdin) Fm. 2.0 Clastics (mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, Eocene Darkylakh Fm. lignite coal beds), continental conditions 3.0 Sakanya Group U. Cretaceous-Paleocene Buorkemyus Fm. Clastics (siltstone, mudstone, sandstone, (300-400 m) Albian (600 m) 4.0 coal beds), continental conditions
Silyap Fm. Clastics (sandstone, siltstone, Aptian .0 coal beds, and lenses of pelitic (1,100-1,400 m) limestone), freshwater, shallow
(2, 00-3,000 m) 6.0 Lower Cretaceous
zhogin Fm. activity Volcanic 0.21 to 0.23 mm yr Clastics (sandy-silty with Deposition rate of eocomian coal beds), shallow marine (400-1,400 m) 7.0
Argatas Fm. 8.0 Volgian Clastics (silty-muddy (up to 2,000 m) with plant fragments) 9.0
eysat Fm. 10.0 Volgian Clastics (sandy-silty)
Up to 1 km thick J-K section (up to 2,000 m) 11.0
Ust’-Agandzhin Fm.
(1, 00-8,000 m) 12.0 Bastakh Series Volgian Clastics (clayey and sandy-clayey) (up to 1, 00 m)
Upper Jurassic marine flysch 13.0 Lamutkin Fm. Volgian 14.0 Clastics (mostly clayey, some sandy areas) (2,000-3,000 m) Deposition rate of 0.9 to 1.7 mm yr
1 .0
16.0 Ilin’tas Fm. xfordian-Kimmeridgian Clastics (shallow, warm, marine) ( 00-1,000 m and volcanics up to 2,800 m)
Middle-Upper Triassic (400-6 0 m) Carbonates, clastics, tuffs Permian (400-600 m) Lower-Middle Carboniferous Clastics (mudstone, volcaniclastics) (800-1,000 m) and carbonates
Carbonates (including reefs) and mudstone Devonian (1,300-1,800 m) (some slightly bituminous), overlain by black pteropod-tentaculitic mudstone
Silurian (800-1,000 m) Carbonates and graptolitic mudstone
rdovician (1, 00-1,800 m)
Precambrian Metamorphic rocks Figure 4.—Continued 6 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal with 3 to 4 weight percent TOC content (Ivanov, 1987; oil-maturation window in Neogene time and remained there until Syundyukov and Gaiduk, 1996). Because of presumed mixing recently. Some petroleum may have been dispersed by Cenozoic of petroleum, a single Paleozoic and Mesozoic composite TPS uplift and erosion of as much as 3.5 km in the fold and thrust was defined. belt. Cenozoic source rocks are immature. Petroleum could have On the basis of petroleum-generation modeling, Paleozoic migrated vertically along faults or by short lateral migration into source rocks are thermally overmature, and so any petroleum reservoirs juxtaposed to source rocks by fault displacements. generation from these rocks most likely occurred before Main reservoir rocks and seals would be the Lower Cretaceous deformation and trap formation (fig. 5). Upper Jurassic Cretaceous Buorkemyus and Silyap Formations and the source rocks are thermally mature to overmature with respect Paleogene El’gandin Formation, respectively (fig. B4 ). The to gas generation. Lower Cretaceous source rocks entered the sandstones have a fair reservoir quality (12–14 percent porosity
A
Age, in millions of years before present 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 MES Z IC CE Z IC 0 CRETACE US PALE GE E E GE E
Darkylakh 2,000 Elgabdin Source and reservoir Source and seal Buorkemyus 4,000 Reservoir
Silyap Reservoir
6,000 zhogin Burial depth, in meters 8,000 EXPLANATION Bastakh Source Immature (less than 0.6 Ro) il zone (0.6 1.3% Ro) 10,000 Gas zone (1.3 2.0% Ro) Overmature (greater than 2.0 Ro) Backarc basin Foreland basin 12,000
Age, in millions of years before present Easy Ro (%) 200 1 0 100 0 0 Temperature, in degrees Celsius (Sweeney and Burnham, 1990) CE Z IC 0 0 100 1 0 200 2 0 0.10 1.00 10.00 MES Z IC 0 JURASSIC CRETACE US Pg. g. -200 Paleowater depth 1,000 Darkylakh ver-mature 0 Meters 2,000 200 Elgabdin 40 Sediment-water interface temperature 3,000 (Wygrala, 1989) Buorkemyus Immature il Gas 20 4,000
Degrees Celsius 0 120 Burial depth, in meters ,000 Silyap Heat flow
Volcanic 80 6,000 activity zhogin s uare meter Milliwatts per Backarc basin Foreland basin 40 7,000
Figure 5. Petroleum-system burial-history models for pseudowells (A, B) in the Zyryanka Basin showing degree of thermal maturity. See figure 1
for locations of wells. Ro, vitrinite reflectance, in percent (%). Data from Duchkov and others (1982), Fujita and others (1990), and Syundyukob and Gayduk (1996). Petromod references: Wygrala (1989), Sweeney and Burnham (1990), and Integrated Exploration Systems (2008). Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Zyryanka Basin Province, 2008 7 and 7 millidarcies of permeability, and 18 percent porosity, Additionally, seals are poor, with thick mudstone present only respectively (Ulmishek, 1984; Ivanov, 1987; Syundyukov and in the lower part of the interval (Ulmishek, 1984; Ivanov, 1987; Gaiduk, 1996). Overlying alternating siltstone and mudstone of Syundyukov and Gaiduk, 1996). the upper Buorkemyus Formation (600 m thick) and mudstone Other Paleozoic and Triassic intervals lack adequate of the upper El’gandin and Darkylakh Formations (total, 90 m reservoir quality and seals. Clastic rocks are subordinate and thick) would provide adequate seals (Ulmishek, 1984; Ivanov, have little intergranular porosity. In addition, the presence and 1987; Syundyukov and Gaiduk, 1996). extent of seals are unknown, although Devonian anhydrite Sandstones of the Upper Jurassic Bastakh Series and Lower might serve as a seal in places (Ulmishek, 1984). Cretaceous Ozhogin Formation have poor reservoir quality Traps formed during Cretaceous deformation (Ulmishek, (<6 percent porosity and <0.1 millidarcies of permeability). 1984; Ivanov, 1987; Syundyukov and Gaiduk, 1996). Uplifted
B
Age, in millions of years before present 1 0 12 100 7 0 2 0
MES Z IC CE Z IC Jur. CRETACE US PALE GE E E GE E 0 uaternary
1,000 Darkylakh
2,000 Source and reservoir Elgabdin Source and seal Buorkemyus 3,000 Reservoir
Silyap Reservoir 4,000 zhogin Burial depth, in meters EXPLANATION ,000 Immature (less than 0.6 Ro) il zone (0.6 1.3% Ro) Gas zone (1.3 2.0% R ) 6,000 o Bastak Source Overmature (greater than 2.0 Ro) Backarc basin Foreland basin 7,000
Boundary parameters Age, in millions of years before present Easy Ro (%) Temperature, in degrees Celsius (Sweeney and Burnham, 1990) 200 1 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 1 0 200 0.10 1.00 10.00 MES Z IC CE Z IC 0 JURASSIC CRETACE US Pg. g. uaternary -200 Paleowater depth 1,000 Darkylakh 0 Meters 2,000 200 Elgabdin 40 Sediment-water interface temperature 3,000 Buorkemyus (Wygrala,1989) ver-mature 20 Silyap Immature il Gas 4,000 zhogin
Degrees Celsius 0 Burial depth, in meters 120 Heat flow ,000
80 Volcanic 6,000 Bastak activity s uare meter Milliwatts per Backarc basin Foreland basin 40 7,000
Figure 5.—Continued 8 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal basement blocks formed local highs and steps expressed in alternating siltstone and mudstone of the upper part of the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous units, and pinchouts of Buorkemyus Formation (600 m thick) and mudstone of the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous units may be present upper parts of the El’gandin and Darkylakh Formations (total, along the Alazey monocline to the north and east. Frontal 90 m thick) would provide adequate seals; other Paleozoic and unbreached anticlines of early Miocene and Pliocene age may Mesozoic intervals lack adequate reservoir quality and seals. Traps provide trap configurations along the thrust belt. formed during Cretaceous deformation. Uplifted basement blocks, The most probable occurrence for petroleum resulting in local highs and steps expressed in Upper Jurassic and accumulations in the Zyryanka Basin Province is in Upper Lower Cretaceous units, as well as pinchouts of Upper Jurassic Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous reservoirs, which would be and Lower Cretaceous intervals, may be present along the Alazey charged by gas-prone Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous monocline to the north and east (fig. 2). Frontal unbreached source rocks. However, Cenozoic uplift and erosion of at least anticlines of early Miocene and Pliocene age may provide trap 3.5 km may have dispersed some petroleum accumulations. configurations along the thrust belt. Paleozoic and Triassic strata contain few reservoir and Timing and Preservation Probability.—Timing and seal rocks, and petroleum-source rocks are absent in the northeastern part of the province. Source rocks are overmature preservation probability was estimated at 0.70 because elsewhere. Petroleum generation probably occurred before the maturation of potential source rocks would have occurred Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous collision, and so petroleum after Late Mesozoic deformation but before Neogene uplift. accumulations may not be preserved. Paleozoic and Upper Jurassic mudstone units are overmature, so any petroleum generation from these source rocks most likely occurred before Cretaceous deformation and trap formation. Lower Cretaceous source rocks entered the oil- Assessment Unit maturation window in Neogene time and has remained there until recently. Some petroleum may have been dispersed by Cenozoic uplift and erosion in the fold and thrust belt. Zyryanka Basin Assessment Unit Cenozoic source rocks are immature. Petroleum could have migrated vertically along faults or by short lateral One AU is defined, the Zyryanka Basin (12520101), migration into reservoirs juxtaposed to source rocks by fault which encompasses the whole province. Stratigraphically, the displacements. AU includes the entire Paleozoic and Mesozoic section. At least four stratigraphic test wells were drilled. Geologic Analogs for Assessment Geological Analysis of Assessment-Unit The Zyryanka Basin AU area is ~56,000 km2, with no Probability offshore portion; ~66 percent of the AU is north of the Arctic Circle. One analog dataset of 24 AUs from within the USGS The overall probability that the Zyryanka Basin AU Analog Database (Charpentier and others, 2008), representing contains at least one petroleum accumulation equal to or foreland architecture, clastic depositional systems, and greater than the minimum field size of 50 million barrels of oil compressional-trap systems without salt-related traps and equivalent (MMBOE) is considered to be ~50 percent (0.504). with discovered fields of at least 50 MMBOE, was used to Charge Probability.—Charge probability was estimated estimate the number and sizes of undiscovered petroleum at 0.80 because potential source rocks have been identified and accumulations. several natural gas seeps have been located, but economic petro- Number of Undiscovered Accumulations.—The number of leum accumulations are unknown. Potential source rocks include undiscovered accumulations was estimated by comparing field carbonaceous continental and shallow-marine Lower Cretaceous densities (estimated number of undiscovered accumulations plus and possible Paleogene and Neogene clastic sedimentary rocks. number of discovered accumulations exceeding 50 MMBOE per Other possible source rocks could include Upper Jurassic (Volgian 1,000 km2) of the analog dataset. The density of only discovered or Tithonian) continental slope and basin marine mudstone (flysch, accumulations, which is generally smaller, was used to calibrate turbidites, and gravity flows) and, remotely, Silurian and Devonian the actual densities used for the Zyryanka Basin AU. Densities of and Carboniferous organic-rich mudstone. 0, 0.2, and 1.0 (minimum, median, and maximum, respectively) Rock Probability.—Rock probability was estimated at 0.90 were used for this AU. The median and maximum densities are because reservoir quality and seal integrity are known from less than those of the analog dataset because Late Mesozoic and outcrop studies. Main reservoir rocks and seals would be the Neogene tectonic events might have destroyed larger petroleum Lower Cretaceous Buorkemyus and Silyap Formations and the accumulations that could have formed previously. An oil/gas Paleogene El’gandin Formation. Sandstones in these units have mixture of 0.05 (0.0–0.15) was assumed (see appendix). Natural- a fair reservoir quality (12–14 percent porosity, 7 millidarcies gas accumulations are probably present, with only minor amounts permeability, and 18 percent porosity, respectively). Overlying of crude oil. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Zyryanka Basin Province, 2008 9
Sizes of Undiscovered Accumulations.—The minimum 95-percent probability (F95) of 0 MMB, a 50-percent accumulation size is the CARA-defined 50 MMBOE. The median probability (F50) of 0 MMB, and a 5-percent probability size of crude-oil and natural-gas accumulations (100 MMBOE) (F5) of 286 MMB (table 1). The AU probability is 0.504 (see was estimated (see appendix) to be slightly less than the mean appendix). The mean volume of undiscovered nonassociated and median of the median size of the analog dataset because of a natural-gas resource is 2,176 BCF, with an F95 of 0 BCF, an potential lack of preservation of larger accumulations. The low- F50 of 942 BCF, and an F5 of 7,746 BCF. The largest expected probability maximum crude-oil-accumulation size (800 MMBOE) size of an undiscovered oil field is ~132 MMB, and the largest approximately equals the median of the largest discovered field expected size of an undiscovered gas field is ~1,296 BCF (not size of the analog dataset. reported in appendix). Expected Size of Maximum Undiscovered Accumulation.— The total estimated mean undiscovered petroleum The expected maximum sizes of undiscovered crude-oil and resources in the Zyryanka Basin Province north of the Arctic natural-gas accumulations (both 250 MMBOE) are based on the Circle are 72 MMB of crude oil, 2,282 BCF of associated and distribution of the sizes of discovered fields in the analog dataset nonassociated natural gas, and 61 MMB of natural-gas liquid (particularly the median of the maximum discovered field sizes), (NGL) (table 1). Additional statistics are listed in table 1. excluding outlying values that do not represent this AU. The geologic probabilities of the Zyryanka Basin AU were Petroleum Composition and Properties of Undiscovered determined on the basis of a consideration of the geology of this Accumulations.—Coproducts and petroleum-quality properties province but also on the geologic probabilities assigned to AUs were estimated from global statistics. during the assessment of all Arctic basins. Thus, the geologic probabilities were consistently applied throughout the Arctic in this assessment. Assessment Results
The assessment results for the Zyryanka Basin Province Acknowledgments are summarized in table 1, which represents the assessment of the full geographic extent of the AU (fig. 1). Estimates We are extremely grateful to the USGS Library staff for their represent undiscovered, technically recoverable, conventional help in obtaining rare, hard-to-find geological articles from the petroleum resources. Russian scientific literature. We also thank Feliks Persits for Geo- The mean undiscovered crude-oil resource in the graphic Information System (GIS) support, and Donald L. Gautier Zyryanka Basin AU (and Province) is 72 MMB, with a and Gregory F. Ulmishek for their reviews of the manuscript.
Table 1. Assessment results for conventional undiscovered petroleum resources in the Zyryanka Basin Province.
[All data are fully risked estimates. AU, assessment unit; BCF, billion cubic feet; MMB, million barrels; NGL, natural-gas liquid; TPS, total petroleum system. F95, 95-percent probability and so on; fractiles are additive under an assumption of perfect positive correlation. For gas fields, all liquids are included under NGL category. N/A, not applicable]
Total petroleum Oil (MMB) Gas (BCF) NGL (MMB) AU prob- Field systems and ability type assessment units F95 F50 F5 Mean F95 F50 F5 Mean F95 F50 F5 Mean Zyryanka Basin Province Paleozoic-Mesozoic composite total petroleum system Zyryanka Basin AU 0.504 Oil 0 286 72 0 0 496 296 0 13 3 Gas N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 942 7,746 1,039 0 22 209 58 Total undiscovered 0 286 72 0 942 8,282 1,335 02 2 222 61 petroleum resources, Zyryanka Basin Province 10 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal
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Appendix. Input Data for the Zyryanka Basin Assessment Unit
Appendix file is available online only, and may be accessed athttps://doi.org/10.3133/pp1824X . Klett and Pitman—Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Zyryanka Basin Province, 2008—Professional Paper 1824 ISSN 2330-7102 (online) https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1824X