Index

Page numbers in italics refer to Figures; page numbers in bold refer to Tables.

Abor volcanics 72 Dalian Lake 198, 214 age constraints 86–88 Damxung shear zone previous 73, 75 dating 150, 151, 154 Alashan Plateau 222, 223 kinematics 157 Ama Dablam massif, landslides 246 Danba amplitude analysis, low-velocity zone imaging 102, 104 de´collement zone 11, 14 Anyemaquen suture 11, 12 Tertiary exhumation 20, 21 Arunachal Pradesh see Himalaya, Arunachal metamorphic terrane 14–15, 17 Asian Lithospheric Mantle 117, 118 Daocheng granite 21 attenuation, S-waves 117 Dawa Co graben, low-velocity zones 101, 103 deformation Bailong Jiang fault 168, 169, 184 channel flow model 100–101 Bailong Jiang river 166, 167 neotectonic 128–161 bajada, Shuang Hu graben 131, 136 age 149–161 Banggong-Nujiang suture 3, 28, 116, 120 kinematics 157–161 strike–slip belt 128, 157 Muga Purou rift 128–140 velocity anomaly 118 Tertiary, Songpan-Garzeˆ prism 20 Zagaya section, sinistral strike–slip faults 143–149 Tethyan Himalayan Sequence 47, 49 basins Dogai Coring fold-thrust belt 139–140 pull-apart 137 drainage systems, Tibetan Plateau 4 Gaxun Nur Basin 227, 229, 231 Duba, Lower Cretaceous sediments 29, 32–38 sedimentation 4, 10, 221–231 Dudh Kosi River, relief and hillslope Bayan Har terrane 9, 10 gradient 236, 239, 241, 242 Bombdila Group 73, 74 Duolonggou Lake 198, 214 Duoni Formation 29, 31, 32, 34, 35–37, 41 carbonates dykes Longmen Shan 167 neotectonic dating 149, 150 Selin Co Basin 32, 34, 35, 40 Tethyan flysch 47, 49, 61–62, 65 Cenozoic, exhumation, eastern Tibet 169–171, 181, 182 earthquakes Chaka Lake 198, 214 broadband seismometers 110–112 channel flow model 100–101, 105–106 and faulting 140–141 channel systems, eastern Tibet focal mechanisms 141–143 dynamic width adjustment 174–177 focal depth, and crustal structure 116, 120 profile analysis 171–172 see also Wenchuan earthquake role of lithology 178, 179–180 erosion steepness patterns 172–174 Late Pleistocene, channel systems, eastern Tibet and erosion rate 177–179, 181 171–182 Chumulong Formation 41 and lithology 245–246 climate and topographical relief 235–237, 239–241 and river terrace formation 214 erosion index 237, 239, 240, 241, 245 see also palaeoclimate Eshaerbu Formation 29–30, 31, 32, 34, 35–37, 39, 41 Cona Graben 48,49 exhumation conductivity, electrical, southern Tibetan Cenozoic, eastern Tibet 169–171, 181, 182 crust 100 Late Tertiary, Songpan-Garzeˆ prism 20–22 Cretaceous Selin Co basin, foreland basin evolution 27–42 fans Songpan–Garzeˆ belt 15, 17–18, 19 alluvial crust Gaxun Nur Basin 224, 231 channel flow model 1–2, 4, 100–101, 105–106 Jingzhushan Formation 35, 40 seismic studies 109 Shuang Hu graben 131, 136 Lhasa–Golmud transect 112, 114, 115 Songpan-Garzeˆ Basin 10 synoptic cross-section 119–122 submarine, Selin Co Basin 31–32, 39 thickening 1–2, 3, 11–12, 27 faults Qinling belt 184 brittle 151 thickness 121 ductile 151 upper–lower boundary 120–121 Longmen Shan belt 167, 168, 169 see also Indian lower crust; Indian upper crust Muga Purou rift, kinematics 140–143, 156 252 INDEX faults (Continued) Guanxian-Anxian fault see Pengguan fault normal Guide Basin 198 central Tibet 156 palaeo-lake 214, 215 Qiagam system 137 Gurinai depression 224, 225, 227 Shuang Hu graben 129, 136–137 Gurla Mandata detachment, kinematics 157 strike–slip 3–4 Gyangze dyke 149, 152, 153 Muga Purou rift 128–137 Gyaring Co fault 128 dextral 151 Gyrong-Kangmar thrust 47 sinistral 131, 137, 139, 143–149, 150–151 northern Tibet 156 heat flow, Tibetan crust 99, 100 Shuang Hu graben 136 Hei River 223, 224 west of Shuang Hu graben 137–138 Hei Shui He river 166, 167 Fergana basin 4 channel systems fluid, free aqueous, Tibetan crust 105 steepness 173, 174 flysch width 174, 175, 176 Songpan–Garzeˆ sequence 9, 10, 167, 168 Hi-CLIMB project 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 112, 115 Tethyan Himalayan Sequence 45–66 High Himalayan Crystalline rocks 119 folding, Tethyan Himalayan Sequence 47 lithology and relief 239, 241, 243, 244, 246, Fu Jiang river 166, 167 247, 248 channel systems hillslopes, threshold 236 steepness 173, 174, 179 gradient 237, 239–241 width 174, 175 topographical relief and lithology 241–248 Himalaya, Arunachal Gaize-Selin Co thrust system 28, 29, 39, 40, 41 geological setting 72–73 Gangdese magmatic arc 3, 27, 28, 29, 38, 41 Siang window 73–94 foreland basin 30,40–41 Himalaya Frontal Thrust 46 Garzeˆ granite pluton 21 Himalayan Range 45, 46 Garzeˆ-Litang Basin see Yidun Basin geological background 46 Gaxun Nur Basin 222–223 relief, lithology and slope gradient 239–248 tectonic structures see also Tethyan Himalayan Sequence satellite imagery HIMNT experiment 112 eastern basin 224–225 Hoh Xil basin 4 northwestern basin 227–230 Huya fault 167, 168, 169, 183 southeastern basin 225–227 spatio-temporal distribution 230–232 imbrication 1, 47 Gaxun Nur Lake 223, 227, 228, 229, 231 INDEPTH project 99, 109, 112, 115 geomorphology, eastern Tibet 165–184 phase I 110 Geren Co, Lower Cretaceous sediments 29, 32–38, phase II 99, 100, 101–102, 104, 105, 110 40–41 phase III 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 118, 141–143 Geren Co-Jiali thrust system 28, 29, 41 phase IV 112, 114 Gobi-Tienshan Mountains 222, 223 India–Asia collision 1–4, 11, 14, 27, 71 Gonghe Basin 190, 194, 198 Tethyan Himalayan Sequence 47 geology and geomorphology 191–192 Indian Lithospheric Mantle, subduction 2, 117, 118–119, palaeo-lake 214, 215 120, 121 Yellow River terraces 192–198, 199, 200 Indian lower crust 114, 115, 120, 121 age modelling 209–212 Indian upper crust 119 and climatic fluctuation 214 Indus–Yarling suture 28, 29, 46 cosmogenic nuclide dating 201–212 seismic studies 109, 110, 115, 117, 120 incision age 212–213 inversion, waveform, low-velocity zone imaging incision rate 213–214 102–103, 104, 106–107 lakes 193, 198, 214, 215 grabens Jian Jiang river, channel systems low-velocity zones 101, 103, 105–106 steepness 173, 174, 179 Muga Purou rift 128, 129, 130–131 width 174, 175, 176 granitoids Jingzhushan Formation 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 40 Songpan–Garzeˆ 12–13 Jinsha subduction zone 9, 10 pre-Tertiary cooling 14–20 Jinsha suture 3, 11, 12 gravels, Gaxun Nur Basin 224–229 crustal thickness 112, 116 Great Counter Thrust 46, 66 Junbesi Paragneiss 241, 243 Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex 72–73, 74 Junggar basin 4 Greater Himalayan Sequence 45, 46 Jurassic, Songpan–Garzeˆ belt 15,17–18 Greater Indian lower crust 120 Juyanze palaeolake 223, 224–225, 231 greenschist facies, Tethyan Himalayan Sequence 49, Juyanze sub-basin, tectonic 61–62, 63, 65 structures 224–225, 227 INDEX 253

Kali Gandaki River, relief and hillslope Longriba fault 168, 169 gradient 236, 239, 240, 242 Longyang gorge 191, 192, 196 Kangtog Formation 136 Longyangxia Reservoir 191, 197 Kanjenchunga massif, landslides 246 low-velocity zones Karakorum–Jiali fault southern Tibet 99–107 strike–slip faults 151, 156 channel flow model 100–101, 105–106 dating 150 spatial extent 103–105 Kari-La granite, geochronology 152, 153 Lunggar rift detachment, dating 150, 151 Khare Phyllites 241, 243 Khula Kangri granite 48,49 magmatism Khumbu Himalaya, hillslope gradients 245, 246, 247 mafic, Tethyan flysch sequence 47 Khumjung landslide 246 Tibetan Plateau 2–3, 41 Kokoxili granite 16, 18, 21 magnetization Konga Shan granite 14 natural remanent, Zagaya section 145, 146, shearing 20 147–148 Ku¨bler index, illite crystallinity 49, 51, 52–53, Siang window 76, 77–80, 91 54–55, 56,62 see also palaeomagnetization Kunlun Block 3 Main Boundary Thrust 46, 72–73 granite 9, 16, 17–18, 19, 21 Main Central Thrust 46, 66, 72–73 Kunlun fault 169, 190, 191 hillslope gradient 239, 241, 243, 244, 248 Kunlun-Anyemaqen subduction zone 9, 10 Main Frontal Thrust 239 Main Himlayan Thrust 114, 115, 119 landsliding, threshold hillslopes 236, 237–239, 244, Manai granite 14, 15, 16, 18, 19 246, 247, 248 mantle, structure 117–122 Langshan Formation 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 40, 41 transition zone boundaries 119, 121 Langtang massif, landslides 246 Maoergai granite 14, 15, 16 Lesser Himalayan Sequence 46, 72–73, 241, 243, 245 Markam granite 14, 15, 16, 18, 19 leucogranite, High Himalayan Crystalline, landslides 239, Mayue, Lower Cretaceous sediments 29, 32, 241, 243, 246, 247, 248 35, 38–39 Lhasa Block metamorphism low-velocity zones 103, 105, 120 Barrovian-type 12, 14–15 rifts 128 Tethyan Himalayan Sequence flysch 61–63 Lhasa terrane 3, 27–42, 28 metapelites, Tethyan flysch 48, 49–60, 62–63 geological background 29 mica, white, metamorphism, Tethyan seismic velocity 114–115, 116 flysch 58, 61–62, 64 Selin Co, retroarc foreland basin migration, low-velocity zone imaging 102 evolution 30,41–42 Min Jiang fault 168, 169 Lhasa–Golmud transect, seismic studies Min Jiang river 166, 167 crustal structure 112, 114, 115 channel systems mantle structure 117–119, 120 lithology 178, 180 Lhunze fault 47, 48 steepness 173 Lingga Co 138 width 174, 176 Linzhou basin 41 Min Shan 166 Linzizong Group 28,29 active faults 183–184 Litang Basin 10 Cenozoic exhumation 169–171 Litang–Batang block see Yidun block channel systems lithology lithology 180 and channel steepness index 178, 179–180 Pleistocene erosion 172–180 and hillslope gradient 245–246 steepness 174 lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary 117, 118, 121 width 174–177 loess 214 geology 167 Longmen Shan belt 11, 12,14 thrust fault 21 Cenozoic exhumation 169–171 Miri Formation 73, 74 channel systems age constraints 86, 88 Pleistocene erosion 172–180 Moho, Tibetan Plateau 112 steepness 173, 174 Muga Purou rift 128–140, 129 and erosion rate 177–179 neotectonic deformation width 174–177 dating 149 deformation 165 geometry 150, 156–157 faults 167, 168, 169 northern 138–140 geology 167 southern 128, 130–131 Moho depth 167 Shuang Hu graben, fault system 129, 131–137 rock uplift 180–184 west of Shuang Hu graben 137–138 Tertiary exhumation 20–22 western and eastern grabens 130, 131 254 INDEX

Namche Barwa Syntaxis, tectonic rotation 71–72, 88, rotation, tectonic 90–94, 160 Namche Barwa Syntaxis 71–72, 90–94 Neotethys, subduction 29, 41 Zagaya section 160 Ngamring Formation 38 models 148–149 Nianbaoyeche granite 13 spatial distribution 147–148 Nima basin 4, 41 Niubao Formation 145 Se La Group 73, 74 North Himalayan gneiss domes 46, 48 sediment 4, 10 North Pasighat Thrust 73 fluvial, Gaxun Nur Basin 224–225, 228 nuclides, cosmogenic, dating method 201–212 lacustrine, Gaxun Nur Basin 221–222, 225, Nuptse, landslides 247 229–231 Nyainqentaghla detachment Lower Cretaceous, Selin Co Basin 29–42 age of deformation 150, 151, 152 seismic studies kinematics 157 controlled source studies 109, 110 earthquake focal depth 116 ophiolites, Tethyan Himalayan Sequence 47, 48 Lhasa–Golmud transect crustal structure 112, 114, 115–117, 119–122 palaeoclimate research, lake sediments, Tibetan mantle structure 117–122 Plateau 221 low-velocity zones, southern Tibet 99–107 palaeomagnetism passive source studies 110–112 eastern Tibetan Plateau 91 shear wave attenuation 117 Siang window 80–85, 90–92 Selin Co basin 27–42 Siling Co, strike–slip faults 145–148 geology 31 palaeosol 214 palaeogeography 39–40 Palaeotethys, closure 9, 10, 11 petrographic analysis 35, 36 Pamir–Tibet–Himalaya orogenic system 1–4, 2 retroarc foreland basin 41–42 Panxi Rift 10 sediment provenance 38–40 particle flow 4, 160–161 stratigraphy 29–35 Pengguan fault 167, 168, 169, 180–181 tectonic setting and basin evolution 40–41 Pengguan massif, lithology and erosion rate 178, 179 U–Pb geochronology 35–38 Pleistocene, Late, erosion, eastern Tibet 171–182 shear wave splitting 117, 118 precipitation, and topographical relief 243, 245 shear zones, dating 149–150 Pung Co rift, faulting 158, 160, 161 Shiquanhe–Gaize–Amdo thrust system 3, 28,29 Shuang Hu anticlinorium 3 Qaidam basin 4 Shuang Hu graben crustal thickness 121 neotectonic dating 149, 151 seismic studies 109, 110, 111–112, 116, 118 normal fault system 129, 131–133, 136–137, 143 crustal depth 114, 120 Siang window 72, 74 Qiagam normal fault system 137 K–Ar geochronology 76–77, 85, 86 Qiangtang Block 3, 9, 10, 30 magnetic mineralogy 76, 77–80 Qiangtang terrane palaeomagnetism 80–85, 88, 90–91, 92 crustal thickness 121 previous age constraints 73, 75 seismic velocity 114–116, 117, 120 tectonostratigraphy 73 Qingchuan fault 183 (U–Th)/He thermochronology 76, 86, 87, 88, 89 Qinghai Lake basin 193, 194, 195, 198 Sichuan Basin 166, 167 palaeo-lake 214, 215 active faults 183 Qinling belt 1, 10, 167 Cenozoic exhumation 169–171, 181 crustal thickening 184 channel systems, Pleistocene erosion 172–180 see also West Qinling orogen deformation 165 Qionglai Shan, topography 167 Moho depth 167 rock uplift 182–183 receiver function studies 102, 106, 112, 113, 119, Siling Co 144 120, 121 strike–slip faults relief, topographical palaeomagnetic analysis 145–148 lithology and hillslope gradient 241–248 remanence measurement 145–148 measurement 236–239 rock magnetic properties 145, 146 rifting 128–140 Sino-American Tibetan Plateau broadband experiment Rila Formation 29, 31, 32,41 110, 111 Rilonguan granite 15, 16, 18, 19 Sino-French seismic studies 109, 110, Ringbung graben 111–112, 118 faulting, brittle 150, 151 Siwalik Group 72–73, 74 leucogranite, geochronology 152, 153, 155, 156 lithology and relief 239, 245 rock type see lithology slopes see hillslopes Rolwaling-Khumbu-Makalu Unit 241, 243 Sogo Nur Lake 223, 227, 231 INDEX 255

Somang Qu river 166, 167 erosion 235 channel systems magmatic belts 2–3, 41 steepness 173, 174 northeastern, evolution 9–23 width 174, 175 southern margin, relief, lithology and slope gradient Songpan Ocean 9–11 235, 236, 239–248 Songpan-Garzeˆ basin 10 strike–slip faults 3–4 Songpan-Garzeˆ flysch sequence 167, 168 synoptic cross-section 119–122 Songpan-Garzeˆ fold belt 9, 10, 12, 13, 22 Tongde Basin 190, 191, 213 accretionary prism 10 Triassic, cooling, Songpan-Garzeˆ granites 14–20 Late Tertiary exhumation 20–22 pre-Tertiary cooling 14–20, 21 vitrinite reflectance 51, 53, 56, 58,63 crustal structure 116 pre-Tertiary cooling 14–20, 21 Waligong Shan 191–192, 194, 196, 197 numerical modelling 17–18 uplift 212 South Tibetan Detachment System 46–47, 49, 66, 72, 119 Yellow River terraces 203, 206, 208, 209 subduction age modelling 211–212 Indian and Asian lithosphere 1, 2, 3, 118–119, 120, incision rate 213 121 waveform inversion, low-velocity zone imaging 102–103, north Tibet 10–11 104, 106–107 Sutlej River 236 Wenchuan earthquake 165, 167, 169 relief and hillslope gradient 236, 239, 240, 242 spatial variations in slip 180–182 Wenchuan–Maowen fault 168, 169, 179, 183 Tajik basin 4 West Qinling orogen 166, 167, 169, 184 Tak Kyel Co graben, low-velocity zones 101, 103 Takena Formation 41 Xianshui He fault 13, 14, 20, 21 Tangra Yum Co, deformation 150, 151 Xidatan orthogneiss 16, 17, 18, 21 Tarim basin 1, 4 Xigaze forearc basin 38 Tazang fault 168, 169, 184 Tertiary, Songpan-Garzeˆ prism, exhumation 20–22 Yadong-Gulu rift 49 Tethyan Belt seismic basement 119 INDEPTH II data 99, 100, 101–102 Tethyan Himalayan Sequence 45, 46, 47 Yala Xiangbo dome 61, 62, 63, 65 deformation 47, 49 Yang Sang Chu Formation 74 flysch 47, 50 Yanggon granite 14, 15, 16 K–Ar geochronology 51–52, 53, 54–55, 56, Yarlung-Tsangpo Reflection 114, 115 57,62 Yarlung-Tsangpo Suture 100, 105, 161 Ku¨bler index 49, 51, 52–53, 54–55, 56,62 Yellow River 189, 190, 191 metamorphism geology and geomorphology 191–192, 194, 195 basic dykes 61–62 terraces greenschist facies 61–62, 63, 65 Gonghe Basin 192–198, 199, 200 low-grade, metapelites 62–63 age modelling 209–212 maximum temperature 63 and climatic fluctuation 214 post-sedimentary evolution 63–66 cosmogenic nuclide dating 201–212 thermobarometry 51, 53, 57–58, 60 incision age 212–213 (U–Th)/He thermochronology 52, 56, 58, 59 incision rate 213–214 vitrinite reflectance 51, 53, 56, 58,63 lakes 193, 198, 214, 215 structural setting 47–49 T5 202, 206, 207, 209 Thakkhola graben, age 150, 151 T7 196, 199, 200, 202–203, 204–206 thermobarometry, Tethyan flysch 51, 53, 57–58, 60 Yibug Caka rift 128, 151 thermochronology neotectonic deformation, geometry 156 Siang window 76, 86, 87, 88, 89 Yidun basin 10 Tethyan flysch 52, 54, 56,58 Yidun block 9, 10 thrust-fold belts 1, 3 granite 9, 10, 16, 17, 20 Tibetan Lithospheric Mantle 119 Tertiary exhumation 20 Tibetan Plateau Yingxiu–Beichuan fault 167, 168, 180–181, 182 crustal shortening 3, 11–12, 27 Yinkiong Formation 73, 75 crustal thickness 121 age constraints 85–88 drainage systems 4 Yushu granites 10 eastern margin 166 Yushu-Batang subduction zone 9, 10 Cenozoic exhumation 169–171, 181, 182 differential rock uplift 180–182 Zagaya River 144, 145 geomorphology 165–184 Zagaya section, sinistral strike–slip faults 143–149 Late Pleistocene erosion 171–182 Zenong Group 28, 29, 31,41 topography 166–167 Zoige Basin 190, 191