Water Resources of the Louisville Area Kentucky and Indiana
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 276 WATER RESOURCES OF THE LOUISVILLE AREA KENTUCKY AND INDIANA N0\1 ~5 1953 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Douglas McKay, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 276 WATER RESOURCES OF THE LOUISVILLE AREA, KENTUCKY AND INDIANA By M. I. Rorabaugh, F. F. Schrader, and L. B. Laird Washington, D. C., 1953 Free on application to the Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. PREFACE This report is one of a series on the water resources Many persons and organizations contributed informa of selected industrial areas of national importance. tion used in this report. The authors wish to acknowl These reports are prepared in the Water Resources edge the courtesy and cooperation of the following Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, and provide agencies: Louisville Chamber of Commerce, Louis valuable information for national defense and for order ville and Jefferson County Planning and Zoning Com ly planning of municipal and industrial expansion. The mission; Louisville and Jefferson County Metropolitan Water Utilization Section of the Technical Coordination Sewer District; Louisville Water Company; Louisville Branch provides technical guidance in the preparation Department of Works (city engineer); Indiana Gas and of these reports. This report was prepared under the Water Company; Louisville Extension Water District; direct supervision of the following persons: W. L. Kentucky Department of Mines and Minerals; Kentucky Lamar, district chemist (Quality of \Vater); M. I. Geological Survey; Kentucky agricultural and Indus Rorabaugh, district engineer (Ground Water); and trial Development Board; Kentucky Flood Control and F. F. Schrader, district engineer (Surface Water). Water Usage Board; Kentucky Department of Highways; The authors express appreciation for the able assist Kentucky State Department of Health; U. S. Army, ance of E. A. Bell, (Ground \Vater), and L. E. Carreon, Corps of Engineers; and U. S. Department of Com (Surface Water), merce, Weather Bureau. Many of the data summarized in the report were In addition, thanks are due many individuals, well collected by the Geological Survey in cooperation with drillers, and industries for furnishing information pertinent agencies of the city of Louisville, Ky.; from their files and for granting permission to the Jefferson County, Ky.; the Commonwealth of Kentucky; Geological Survey for the collection of field data at and the State of Indiana, Chemical examinations were their installations. made by the Geological Survey, except as otherwise indicated. II CONTENTS Page Page Summary••••••••..•••••••.•••••••••••.•••••••••••••..•••• 1 Ground water-continued Introduction••.••••••••••.•••.•••••••.•••••.•••••••••••••. Fluctuations of water levels-continued Description of area••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••.••• ~ Distillery area.................................... 31 Topography .••.•••••••••••••..••..••.•••••.•••••.•.••• Jeffersonville..................................... 31 Geology •••••.••••••..••..••••.••••••.•••••••••.••••.••• 2 Quality ,.;: ground water........................... 34 Climate ••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••.•••••••• 2 \Vater from the limestones.................... 34 Natural resources .••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••.. 2 Water from the sand and gravel.............. 37 History•.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••.•.••••••••.•• 2 Effects of river-water infiltration........... 37 Population••.••.•••.•••••••••••••••.•••.•••••••••••.•• 5 Variations in quality ...... •••••••••••••••••••••••• 37 Transportation••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••• 5 Temperature of ground water . •••••••••••••••••• 38 Industrial development •.•••.•••••••••••••••••••••• 5 Public water supplies................................. 38 Datum planes •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•• 5 City of Louisville............ .•• •••••••• •••.••••••• 38 Occurrence of water •••••••..•••••••••••.•••••••••••• 6 New Albany, Indiana . • • • • •• • ••• • • ••• • • • •• • • • . •• . • • • 40 Surface water •••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••. 7 Jeffersonville, Indiana............................ 40 The Ohio River •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.• 7 Louisville extension water district..... ..... •• 41 Navigation•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. 7 Present use of water.................................. 41 Discharge •••••••••••••••••••••••.•.•.•.••••••••••.•. 8 Public supplies... •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 41 Floods ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••.•.••...••• 10 Private industrial use............................. 43 Quality•••.••••••••••.•••••••••••••••.••••••••••••.. 13 Surface water.......... .••••••••••••••••••••••••• 43 Small streams •••••.••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••• 18 Ground water...................................... 43 Harrods Creek ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 18 Irrigation and rural supplies.................. 43 Beargrass Creek•••••••••••••.•••••••••.•••••••• 19 Fluctuation of water use.......................... 45 Silver Creek •••••••••••••••.•••••••.•••••••••••••• 19 Summary of use..................................... 46 Floyds Fork•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 Potential supply......................... •• •••• ••••••••• 46 Por:d Creek••••••••.•••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••. 21 Surface water........................................ 46 Ground water ......................................... 21 Ground water......................................... 47 Occurrence •••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••• 21 Water laws.............................................. 47 Consolidated formations ••••••••••••••.•••••••. 22 Federal laws ••••••••••..••••••••••• ••••••o: •••••• •• 47 Ohio River valley alluvium ••••••••••••••••••••• 22 Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Recharge and ground-water movement .•••••. 28 Commission............................... ~····· 47 Fluctuations of water levels ................. .. 28 Kentucky law....................................... 47 Downtown area of Louisville .•.•••.•••••••••• 29 Indiana law ••••••.••••••••••.••. ••••••••••••••••••••• 47 West-central area .••••••••••••••.••.••••••••••• 29 References.............................................. 48 "Rubbertown" area............................. 29 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Plate 1. Map of the Louisville area, Kentucky and Indiana, showing the availability of ground water •• In pocket 2. Map of the Louisville area, Kentucky and Indiana, showing where hydrologic and geologic data have been collected............................................ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••• In pocket Figure 1. Precipitation at Louisville.......................................................................................... 3 2. Climatological data for Louisville................................................................................. 4 3. Population growth - Louisville metropolitan area ....................,..... .... ••••. ••• • .. ................. •••• 5 4. Localized hydrologic cycle -Louisville metropolitan area •••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 5. Minimum daily and monthly discharge, Ohio River at Louisville, 1928-52........................... 8 6. Duration curve of daily flows, Ohio River at Louisville, 1928-52 ••••••.•• ..,........................... 9 7. Drought frequencies, Ohio River at Louisville, 1928-52........ •••••••. .................................... 9 8. Maximum annual elevations of Ohio River at Louisville, 1832-1952 (only major floods prior to 1872)................................................................................................................ 10 9. Stage hydrographs of Ohio River at Louisville, 1937 and 1945 floods.................................. 11 10. Flood-stage frequencies, Ohio River at Louisville, 1832-1952.......................................... 11 11. Water-surface profile of 1937 flood on the Ohio River at Louisville, mile 592 to mile 627 ..... 12 12. Frequency of floods by months, Ohio River at Louisville, 1875-1952................................. 13 13. Location of flood walls and areas flooded in 1937............................................................ 14 14. Cumulative frequency curve of hardness of Ohio River water at Louisville, 1950-52............. 15 III Figure 15. Temperatures of Ohio River water and of air at Louisville, 1946-52.................................. 15 16. Durati<:>n curve of daily flows, Harrods and Beargrass Creeks, 1944-52............................. 18 17. Chemical character of waters from small streams in Louisville area ......................... ~....... 19 18. Duration curve of daily flow; Silver Creek, Floyds Fork, and Pond Creek, 1944-52............. 20 19. Longitudinal section of Ohio River valley at Louisville..................................................... 24 20. Cross-sections of the Ohio River flood plain at Louisville............... ................................. 25 21. Cross-sections of the Ohio River flood plain southwest of Louisville.................................. 26 22. Map of alluvium in Louisville area showing water-level contours in December 1952.~........... 27 23. Artificial recharge in the Louisville area, 1944-52......................................................... 29 24. Precipitation, river level, and water-table elevation in downtown Louisville, 1937-52.......... 30 25. Pumpage, precipitation, and water-table elevation, in the west-central area of Louisville, 1943-52...............................................................................................................