\ North Carolina
Department op Conservation and Development
William P. Saunders, Director
Division of Mineral Resources
Jasper L. Stuckey, State Geologist
Bulletin Number 73
GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES
IN THE GREENVILLE AREA, NORTH CAROLINA
By
Philip M. Brown Geologist, Geological Survey United States Department of the Interior
Prepared Cooperatively by the Geological Survey United States Department op the Interior
1959 Members of the Board of Conservation and Development
Governor Luther H. Hodges, Chairman Raleigh
Miles J. Smith, First Vice Chairman Salisbury
Walter J. Damtopt, Second Vice Chairman Asheville
Charles S. Allen Durham
W. B. Austin Jefferson
F. J. Boling Siler City
H. C. Buchan, Jr North Wilkesboro
Scroop W. Enloe, Jr Spruce Pine
VoiT Gilmore _;;::;:.__ Southern Pines
R. M. Hanes* Winston-Salem
Leo H. Harvey* Kinston
Amos R. Kearns . High Point
H. C. Kennett Durham
R. W. Martin Raleigh
Lorimer W. Midgett Elizabeth City
Cecil Morris Atlantic
Hugh M. Morton _ . Wilmington
W. Eugene Simmons Tarboro
T. Max Watson Spindale
♦Deceased
]i 1 •I if- I
Letter of Transmittal
To His Excellency, Honorable Luther H. Hodges Governor of North Carolina
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith manuscript for publica tion Bulletin No. 73, "Geology and Ground-Water Resources in the Greenville Area, North Carolina", by Philip M. Brown.
This is another in the series of reports being prepared on ground water and geology in North Carolina by the Department of Conservation and Development in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey. In most parts of North Carolina, ground water is becoming increasingly important as a source of supply for industries, municipalities and schools. It is believed that this report will be of value to those interested in the geology and ground-water resources of the Greenville area.
Respectfully submitted,
William P. Saunders Director
in Table of Contents
Page fipstract 1 introduction : 3 J Location of area 3 Cooperation and direction . 3 Previous work - 3 Acknowledgments 3 Geography . 3 Area and population 3
2p^ Physiography 3 Climate „. 5 Agriculture _• 5 Industry 5 Transportation 12L-1 . 5 General geology = 5 Geologic formations in the Greenville area 10 Cretaceous system 10 Lower Cretaceous series 10
Unnamed unit 10
Upper Cretaceous series 10
Tuscaloosa formation 10
Black Creek formation 10
Peedee formation 11
Tertiary system 12
Paleocene series 12
Beaufort formation 12
Eocene series 13
Castle Hayne limestone 13
Miocene series 14
Middle (?) Miocene deposits 14
Yorktown formation 15
Quaternary system 15
Pleistocene and Recent series 15
iv Surficial sands » . 15 Ground-water hydrology 16 Hydrologic cycle 1 ■ *" Source of ground water '— ^ Occurrence of ground water., ^ Water-bearing properties of rocks '• 1' Recharge and discharge 17 Recovery of water *8 General features 18 Dug wells 18 Bored wells *8 Driven wells *8 Drilled wells " 18 Hydrologic principles affecting recovery I9 Quality of water 19 Mineral composition of ground waters I9 Silica (SiO2) 2* Iron (Fe) - 21 Calcium and magnesium (Ca and Mg) 21 Sodium and potassium (Na and K) 2* Bicarbonate and carbonate (HCO3 and C03) 22 Sulfate (So4) 22 Chloride (Cl) 22 Fluoride (F) 23 Nitrate (NO3) 2S Phosphate (PO4) 23 Dissolved solids 23 Hardness 23 Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH) 23 Principal formations and their hydrologic characteristics 24 Strata of Early Cretaceous age : 24 Tuscaloosa formation 24 Black Creek formation 24 Peedee formation 2^ Beaufort formation 2^
v Castle Hayne limestone - 25
Yorktown formation 26
Surficial sands 26
Quantitative measurements of ground water - 27
County descriptions 27
Beaufort County 27
Bertie County j. 36
Chowan County 43
Gates County 49
Greene County ^ . 56
Hertford County 62
Martin County 70
Pitt County 78
Selected bibliography 86
VI Illustrations
Figure 1. Index map of North Carolina showing areas covered by major ground-water investigations 2
2. Distribution of major streams in the Greenville area 4
3. Climatic summary for Edenton, Chowan County— 6
4. Diagram showing wells in water-table and artesian aquifers 20
5. Map of Beaufort County showing the location of water supplies 31
6. Map of Bertie County showing the location of water supplies 39
7. Map of Chowan County showing the location of water supplies _: 46
8. Map of Gates County showing the location of water supplies 53
9. Map of Greene County showing the location of water supplies 59
10. Map of Hertford County showing the location of water supplies . 66
11. Map of Martin County showing the location of water supplies 74
12. Map of Pitt County showing the location of water supplies. 82
Table 1. Geologic units and their water-bearing characteristics in the Greenville area 8-9
2. Records of wells in Beaufort County 32, 33, 34
3. Chemical analyses of ground water from Beaufort County 34, 35
4. Records of wells in Bertie County 40,41
5. Chemical analyses of ground water from Bertie County 41, 42
6. Records of wells in Chowan County 47, 48
7. Chemical analyses of ground water from Chowan County 48
8. Records of wells in Gates County 54
9. Chemical analyses of ground water from Gates County 55
10. Records of wells in Greene County 60
11. Chemical analyses of ground water from Greene County.. 61 12. Records of wells in Hertford County 67, 68
13. Chemical analyses of ground water from Hertford County 68, 69
14. Records of wells in Martin County 75, 76 15. Chemical analyses of ground water from Martin County. 76, 77 16. Records of wells in Pitt County 83,84 17. Chemical analyses of ground water from Pitt County 84, 85
vn h* >■/-■■
GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES
in the GREENVILLE AREA, NORTH CAROLINA
By
Philip M. Brown
nary age. Ground water in the area is largely un ABSTRACT developed in terms of the ultimate potential supply. The area described in this report, the Greenville Generally speaking, no one section in the area is area, includes the following counties: Beaufort, Ber presently using more than one-fourth or one-fifth of tie, Chowan, Gates, Greene, Hertford, Martin, and the available and replenishable supply of ground wa Pitt. These counties lie in the north-central Carolina ter. There are sections where little of the large Coastal Plain and extend in a north-south direction potential supply available is being used. from the Virginia State line south to the Neuse The majority of wells throughout the area are River. shallow dug or driven wells that yield from several The area is underlain by a group of sedimentary to 20 gpm. Drilled municipal and industrial wells formations that thicken in a southeast direction and may yield from 200 to 1,000 gpm, according to their slope toward the southeast at a rate of 15 to 30 feet location and depth. per mile, forming a simple monocline. The strati- The water obtained from most wells is generally graphic relationships are more complex; the oldest of adequate quality. It ranges from the relatively sediments, exposed at the surface in the southwest hard calcium bicarbonate waters emanating from and central sections of the area, are transgressively shallow marls and limestones to the soft sodium bi buried by younger sediments in a northeast direc carbonate waters in the deeper "greensands."- Saline tion along the prevailing strike. waters occur progressively nearer the land* surface The hydrology of the area is controlled by sedi toward the present coastline. Waters having high ments of Mesozoic and Cenozoic age: sands, clays, concentrations of fluoride occur in some areas of marls, and limestones of Early Cretaceous, Late Bertie, Gates, Hertford, and Martin Counties. Cretaceous. Paleocene, Eocene, Miocene, and Quater a. Halifax area, Bulletin 51 b. Greensboro area, Bulletin 55
c. Charlotte area, Bulletin^€x3 d. Statesville area, Bulletin 68 e. Greenville area, Described in this report
f. Wilmington area, Report in preparation g. Fayetteville area, Report in preparation
Index map of North Carolina showing areas covered by major ground-water investigations
Figure 1. INTRODUCTION North Carolina" (Clark, Miller, Stephenson, Johnson, The purpose of the investigation on which this and Parker, 1912). report is based was to determine the lithic character, 'Information relative to the subsurface geology of areal extent, thickness, and water-bearing properties the Greenville area is taken largely from Bulletin of the stratified rocks underlying the eight counties 71 of the North Carolina Division of Mineral Re in the Greenville area, the potentiality for the de sources, entitled "Well Logs from the Coastal Plain velopment of additional water supplies from those of North Carolina", which was prepared by the writ rocks, and the chemical quality of the water they er in 1954-55 and published in 1958. contain. This.information was obtained by review Acknowledgments ing the available geologic and hydrologic literature on the area, by examining wells and recording perti Many well drillers and town officials cooperated in nent data,' by making chemical analyses of water making well data available during the course of the samples from representative wells, and by confer investigation. Officials and employees of the Heater ring with well owners, well drillers, and town of Well Drilling Co., the Carolina Drilling and Equip ficials in regard to ground-water conditions in the ment Co., the Layne Atlantic Co., and the Magette area. The information was synthesized and arranged Well Drilling Co. were especially cooperative. by counties in a report describing the entire area. GEOGRAPHY
Location of Area Area and Population
The Greenville area is in the northeastern section The area described in this report totals 3,589 of the State (see fig. 1), a section that is predomi square miles. Roughly classified, this total area con nantly rural. The report takes its name from the sists of 1,319 square miles of cleared land and 2,270 city of Greenville in Pitt County, the largest city in square miles that is forested. the area of investigation. It includes the following Total population in the eight counties of the area, counties: Beaufort, Bertie, Chowan, Gates, Greene, according to the 1950 census, was 216,872, an aver Hertford, Martin, and Pitt. age of 60.4 people per square mile. Urban population is centered in seven cities or towns that have a Cooperation and Direction population in excess of 2,500. Total urban popula The investigation was made by the Ground Water tion is 44,914, or about 20 percent of the total popu Branch, U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with lation for the area. The remaining 80 percent of the the Division of Mineral Resources, North Carolina total population is rural and is centered in and Department of Conservation and Development. The around some 40 incorporated and unincorporated report was prepared under the general supervision of towns and villages in the area. Population it! the A. N. Sayre and P. E. LaMoreaux, former and pres- area has remained relatively static during the past sent Chiefs, Ground Water Branch, U. S. Geological decade. Six of the counties have gained slightly in Survey, and J. L. Stuckey, State Geologist. Field in population and two have lost. vestigations and preparation of the report were un der the supervision of H. E. LeGrand, former Dis Physiography trict Geologist, Ground Water Branch, U. S. Geologi The Greenville area lies entirely within the At- cal Survey. lntic Coastal Plain province, which in North Carolina is characterized by a broad, flat surface that slopes Previous Work gently toward the southeast. This surface represents This report is the fifth in a series of areal reports an emerged ocean floor, a landward extension of the (fig. 1) that are designed to give a preliminary or present ocean floor which forms the surface of the reconnaissance appraisal of ground-water conditions continental shelf. Marked topographic variations are in the entire State. Emphasis has been placed on lacking on the emerged surface; broad, flat inter- ground-water appraisals in areas of immediate eco stream areas are the dominant topographic features; nomic interest. Previous information concerning the moderately dissected portions of the surface are con ground-water resources of the Greenville area is in fined to narrow belts bordering the major streams. cluded in volume III of the North Carolina Geological Elevations in the area of investigation range from and Economic Survey, entitled, 'The Coastal Plain of about 135 feet along the western border to sea level
'References are on p. 197-200. along Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds. WASHINGTON / TYRRELL
DISTRIBUTIONOF MAJOR STREAMS
IN THE
GREENVILLEAREA
FlGUltK2. The major rivers that drain the area all rise or cessing are major industries in several communities flow through the Piedmont province, ^which lies to bordering on Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds. Small the west. These rivers—the Chowan, the Roanoke, lumbering operations and sawmills are common the Tar, and the Neuse—follow subparallel courses throughout the area, there being one large pulp mill and flow in a southeasterly direction down the pre in Martin County, Greenville, the largest population vailing slope of the Coastal Plain, debouching into center in the area, has the largest and most diversi either Albemarle or Pamlico Sound (fig. 2). The fied group of industries. river valleys in the area are all first-cycle valleys, and the rivers have not, as yet, become deeply incised in Transportation the flat plain or established significant delta systems. The area is served by three principal railroads, the Broad, featureless flood plains and poorly drained Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, the Seaboard Air Line swamps bordering large estuaries are characteristic Railroad, and the Norfolk and Southern Railroad. of the area. The most extensive of these swamps is All counties are traversed by at least one main or the Dismal Swamp, whose western boundary lies in branch line. Gates County, and the East Dismal Swamp, which Several of the major rivers are important avenues extends into Martin and Beaufort Counties. for commercial transportation within the practicable limits of navigation as controlled by depth of chan Climate nel and fluctuating water levels. In the past, the Comparison of records from four stations of the Chowan. Roanoke, Tar, and Neuse Rivers were all U. S. Weather Bureau located at Edenton, Green open to commercial navigation. At present, the ville, Washington, and Williamston show that the Chowan and Roanoke Rivers are maintained for com- average yearly precipitation ranges from a maxi merical navigation throughout their extent in the mum of 50 inches, at Edenton in Chowan County to a Greenville area. minimum of 47 inches at Williamston in Martin An adequate network of State and Federal roads County. Monthly distribution of precipitation at the is maintained in the area. However, some difficulty Edenton station is plotted in figure 3. This is the is experienced in crossing the broad estuaries and only official station in the area for which a current sounds, where bridge and ferry service is limited. 10-year record is available. The average annual temperature at the same four GENERAL GEOLOGY recording stations varies slightly and averages 61.0°F. Average, maximum, and minimum monthly For a clear concept of the occurrence, availability, temperatures at the Edenton station are plotted in and chemical quality of the ground water in the figure 3. Greenville area, one first must gain an understanding of the processes by which the rocks are formed and Agriculture then in part destroyed, of the composition of the rocks, and of those physical properties of the rocks All eight counties in the area are predominantly that govern their ability to store and transmit water. rural. The agricultural products that provide the Except where granite is exposed at Fountain, in main source of income are tobacco, corn, peanuts, Pitt County, the entire Greenville area is underlain cotton, soy beans, sweet potatoes, and livestock. An by an eastward-thickening succession of sand, silt, nual cash value of these products ranges from about and clay beds that were deposited, for the most $4,000,000 in Gates County to more than $30,000,000 part, in sea water. The sources of these sediments in Pitt County. Total annual cash income from agri were the crystalline rocks in the areas now known as cultural products is slightly in excess of $130,000,000 the Blue Ridge and Piedmont provinces. The crystal in the eight-county area. line rocks were fragmented through the processes of weathering and were transported to the sea by Industry streams, there to be sorted by wave action and cur The larger towns are marketing and processing- rents, mixed with seashells and with-chemical pre- centers for the agricultural products grown on ^ear- cipitants, and eventually buried beneath later sedi by farms. Except in Greenville, industrial develop ments. From time to time the sea retreated, each ment consists mainly of small, locally owned opera time exposing the latest sediments laid down on its tions engaged in the packaging and processing of floor. Streams extended their courses across the ex farm products. Commercial fishing and seafood pro posed area and deposited, in times of flood, layers of Temperature(°F.) Precipitation(inches)
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MINIMUM^
MAXIMUM sediment on their flood plains, and when the sea at Greenville in Pitt County. The extent of these again encroached on the land the stream-deposited Lower Cretaceous sediments is unknown; they are sediments became buried beneath and mixed with confined to the subsurface and may extend over a new accumulations on the sea floor. Thus the compo broad area. Unconformably overlying the basement sition and distribution of the rock units that underlie rocks in parts of the Greenville area are sediments of the Greenville area are the end result of all the geo Late Cretaceous age. the Tuscaloosa formation. logic processes to which the area has been subjected Unconformably overlying the Tuscaloosa forma since the beginning of time. tion are strata that compose the Black Creek forma The stratified rocks have been subdivided into for tion. The unconformity separating the two forma mations, or other units, that can be identified from tions may be observed along Contentnea Creek in their position in the sequence of sediments, their lith- ic composition, and their contained fossils; each strat- Greene County and along the Tar River in Pitt Coun ty. The Black Creek formation, consisting of an igraphic unit consists of deposits laid down during a unnamed lower member and an upper member (the unit of geologic time. The planes separating strati- graphic units from each other are referred to as con Snow Hill marl) is overlain by the Peedee forma tacts. If there was no significant lapse of time be tion, which is the youngest Cretaceous formation in tween the deposition of two units, their contact with the Greenville area. The Peedee formation is con formable with the upper member of the Black Creek each other is said to be conformable; if there was a significant lapse of time, their plane of contact is formation in some parts of the area; where the upper member is absent the Peedee lies unconformably on said to represent an unconformity. An unconformity the lower member of the Black Creek formation. represents a period of either erosion or nondeposition and in profile view generally is an undulating line. At the close of ihe Cretaceous period a partial If the bedding in a stratigraphic unit above an un withdrawal of the sea toward the southeast was fol conformity is parallel to that in the unit below, the lowed by extensive erosion of the exposed land sur contact is termed a disconformity, whereas if the face. During the Paleocene epoch which followed, bedding in the two units is not parallel, the contact the sea again encroached upon the land and deposited is termed a nonconformity. That each type of for- sediments, which in this report are named and de mational contact is present in the Greenville area fined (p. 26) as the Beaufort formation. The Beau will be shown in the discussion that follows. fort formation lies unconformably on the Peedee for The geologic history of the Greenville area, prior mation and exhibits a pseudo-offlap relationship to to the deposition of the sediments, is largely .un that formation. The Paleocene sediments have riot known. The basement rocks, presumed to be of Pre- been recognized at the surface, but are widesptfeacl cambrian or early Paleozoic age and to be analogous in the subsurface. to similar types of rock in the Piedmont province to The withdrawal of the Paleocene sea was followed the west, underlie the sedimentary units and slope again by an extensive period of erosion prior to de toward the southeast. That the slope increases be position of the Casde Hayne limestone, a limestone yond a point near the present coast and that the base that includes both middle and upper Eocene sedi ment floor is very uneven are inferred from geo ments (LeGrand and Brown, 1955, p. 9). The Castle physical data in the Greenville area and from the Hayne limestone lies unconformably on rocks of both logs of wells in the area that have fully penetrated Cretaceous and Paleocene age in the Greenville area. the sedimentary cover. Further evidence of the un After deposition of the Castle Hayne limestone the even nature of the basement floor is the presence of a sea again withdrew from the area and was absent granite monadnock surrounded by more than 400 during all of Oligocsne and early Miocene time. Iso feet of sediments at Fountain in Pitt County (Mun- lated remnants of the Castle Hayne limestone that dorff, 1947, p. 103). Well cuttings, representative of occur at a distance of 50 or 60 miles inland from the the basement floor beneath the sediments, generally main body attest to the great quantity of limestone consist of weathered granite, gneiss, schist, and that was removed from the exposed surface during slate. this period. Unconformably overlying the basement rocks are Later in Miocene time the sea again encroached sediments of both Early Cretaceous and Late Creta upon the land, and phosphorites, referred to in this ceous age. The presence of Lower Cretaceous sedi report as middle (?) Miocene in age, were deposited ments in the Greenville area was established only in a shallow, partially restricted, marine basin. The recently by examination of cuttings from a deep-well phosphorites are largely confined to Beaufort Coun- 00
Table 1. Geologic units and their water-bearing characteristics in the Greenville area. 1 and members Formations correlation System Scries Indicated 1 Surficial deposits Recent Quaternary Pleistocene and beds shell sandy Light-colored formation Yorktown Lower in marls andpart. upper marls of consists blue-gray part interbedded massive and beds shell marine clays. Upper Miocene chocolate-colored tophos- Brown silt and age Sand sandy con silts and sunds sandy phatic of (?) with and quartz collophane taining basin the of trolledbypH largely intercalations. shell-limestone waters. Rocks Middle Calvert(?) de open-water Marine—shallow, marl and sand to White gray limestone Castle Hayne of sedentary Remains calcitic position. Sandy fucies predominant. lo marine predominate organisms limestones shell dolomitic and and Tertiary age of and cally. Glauconite, pyrite, prominent. late ac as occur prominent phosphate cessories. Middle Eocene and Rocks Jackson Claiborne moder a in Marine—deposition rang in composition, Variable distri subsurface formation Beaufort Extensive face. l»y eharacterisied basin sands ately deep glauconite from green ing Martin. Gates, in butionUeaufort, oxi were that bottom conditions glauco percent containing ±90 Chowan and Hertford, Bertie. is authigenic. sands Pyrite dizing. argillaceous to nite age gray in of distribution Limited Counties. glauconite. percent containing ±5 Thickness Pitt County. eastern intercal shell-limestone Indurated feet several from ranges generally oc Euhedral pyrite common. ations feet. 400 to accessory. Rocks a as common curs Paleocene Midway Exposedalongmajorstreams Sandbedsintheformationare Dark-graycoarse-grainedglau- Marine— shallowshelf-typede Pedeeformation inPittandGreeneCounties.Ex verygoodaquifersandsupplywa conitesandsinupperpart.Drab-position.Deltaicdepositsthatare tensivesubsurfacedistributionterformunicipal,industrial,do blackmassivemarineclaysinlow not fossiliferousare correlated throughoutthe Greenvillearea.mestic,andfarmuse.Water,gen er part.Induratedshellbeds withthe Peedeeformationin Thicknessrangesfrom300to500 erallyof goodquality,may be HertfordandBertieCounties. throughoutsection. feetor more. moderatelyhardatshallowdepths.
Exposedalongmajorstreamsin Marlsandinduratedshellbeds Blacktograyinterbeddedclays SnowHillmarlmember partsofPittandGreeneCounties.supplyfairmoderate to amounts andmarls.Marlsarelocallyindu Marine—shallowwaterdeposi In-theminsurfacenotadequatelyof waterto domcHticand farm ratedto formimpureshell-lime-tion. delimitedfromtheunnamedmem wells. stoneu. beroftheBlackCreekformation.
.6*
Sandbedsintheformationyield Near-shoremarineand conti Exposedalongmajorstreamsin 1 Unnamedmember Graytoblackmicaceoussands partsofPittandGreeneCounties.largesuppliestoindustrial,munic nentaldeposition.Originismask and clays,thinlybeddedto mas Subsurfacedistributionwidespreadipal,domestic,andfarmwellsin edbytransgressiveandregressive sive;variableamountsoflignite, throughoutthe Greenvillearea.Greene,Pitt,Martin,Hertford, marcasite,and glauconite.Cross-movementsofthesearesultingin andBertieCounties.Containssa andpaludalde Thicknessrangesfrom300to400 beddingprominent.Sandandclaylittoral,sublittoral, watersinGates,Chowan,and feetor more. line componentspredominantlylentiposition. BeaufortCounties. cular.
A verygoodaquifer;supplies Marineand nonmarineorigin.Exposedalongmajorstreamsin Tan,red,andgrayarkosicsands £ * Tuscaloosaformation Greene,andBertieCounties.largeamountsofwatertoindus Marinefaciesindicatenear-shorePitt, and interbeddedclays.Hematite 'S'P trialandmunicipalwellsinPitt, deposition.Continentalfaciesin Liesunconformablyon crystalline isa common accessorymineral, So1 Greene,Martin,Bertie,andHert dicatedepositionalongtheinnerrocksinthewesternpartofthe sideritebeinglesscommon.Mas Greenvillearea.SubsurfacedistrifordCounties.Probablycontains marginsof baysand estuaries. siveto lenticularaspectin all butionwidespread.Thickenspro salinewatersin Gates,Chowan, Coarselygradedfossilstreamde sections. gressivelycoastward. and BeaufortCounties.Wateris positsare common. generallyofgoodquality.
Accordingto presentinforma Containssalinewatersin cen Marine— shallow-waterdeposi Sandandclay(subsurfaceonly) Greenclayandtansand.Mica tiontheformationhaslimitedsub tralPittCounty.May contain isa commonaccessorymineral.tion. surfaceoccurrencein Pittand potablewatersin the western MartinCountiesbutmay extendpartsofPittandMartinCounties. overbroadareasthroughoutsub
surfaceoftheGreenvillearea. ty where they lie unconformably on the Castle Hayne ceous equivalents in North Carolina by Cooke (1936, limestone. p. 19). Lying unconformably above the phosphorites are The Tuscaloosa formation in the Greenville area is sediments of late Miocene age, the Yorktown forma variable lithologically, but over large areas it is com tion, which were deposited in a transgressive sea posed predominantly of interbedded lenses of pink that extended to cover crystalline rocks west of the ish to drab-gray micaceous sand and clay. Coarse to Greenville area. No sediments of Pliocene age were medium-grained sand and gravel occur at all horizons recognized in the area of investigation. but are generally more prevalent below the upper Unconformably overlying the Yorktown formation most 150 feet of the formation at any one locality. are thin deposits of Quaternary age. These deposits The uppermost 150 feet of the formation invariably may correspond in part to the so-called marine ter is composed of layers of compact lenticular clay. race deposits of Pleistocene age and in part, may The Tuscaloosa formation in outcrop is confined to represent fluviatile deposits. narrow bands along several of the major streams in The sequence of events which took place during Greene, Pitt, and Bertie Counties. Outcropping sec the deposition of the sedimentary rocks in the Green tions of the formation can be observed in Greene ville area, and which have been only briefly outlined County along Contentnea Creek from a point above in this section of the report, is not evident in every Contentnea to the Greene-Wilson County line, in Pitt part of the area. As shown in the majority of the County along the Tar River above Bruce, and in Ber well sections included with the county descriptions, tie County along the Roanoke River above Lewiston. one or more of the stratigraphic units in the deposi- The strike of the formation is northeast and tional sequence are missing. roughly parallel to the outcrop belt. The dip of the formation cannot be accurately determined at the surface. However, subsurface information indicates GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS IN THE a dip slightly greater than 20 feet per mile toward GREENVILLE AREA the southeast. Cretaceous System In the western part of the Greenville area the Tuscaloosa formation lies unconformably on crystal Lower Cretaceous Series line rocks of Precambrian or early Paleozoic age Unnamed Unit and, at least in the vicinity of Greenville, on sedi The presence of sediments of Early Cretaceous age ments of Early Cretaceous age. was recently established in a well at Greenville, Pitt In the Greenville area the formation contained no County. On the basis of a well-preserved ostracode fossils and correlation is based on lithology and strat fauna the sediments were determined to be roughly igraphic position. equivalent to sediments of Trinity age and older as recognized in the Gulf Coast Province. Black Creek formation The sediments consist principally of chocolate- The Black Creek formation consists of a lower un colored argillaceous quartz sand and green calcareous named member and an upper member, the Snow. Hill clay. Common accessory minerals include hematite marl. The term Black Creek was used by Sloan . and mica, siderite and pyrite occurring less common (1907, p. 12, 13, 14) for typical exposures of black ly. Data are insufficient to determine the strike or laminated sand and clay along Black Creek in Dar dip of this unit, but the faunal evidence indicates lington and Florence Counties, S. C. Stephenson that the unit, though roughly contemporaneous with (1923, p. 10) proposed the name Snow Hill marl Lower Cretaceous sediments in several of the deeper member for the upper 100 to 200 feet of ' the forma oil tests to the southeast of the Greenville area, is tion, which consists of calcareous layers and inter not a traceable updip extension of those Lower Creta bedded glauconitic and micaceous sand and clay. The ceous sediments. type locality for the Snow Hill marl is along Content Upper Cretaceous series nea Creek near Snow Hill, Greene County, N. C. At this locality the Snow Hill, marl member consists of Tuscaloosa formation "drab-black arenaceous and micaceous clays contain The name Tuscaloosa was proposed by Smith and ing an abundant but fragile assemblage of mega- Johnson (1887, p. 95-116) for sediments of Creta fossils" (LeGrand and Brown, 1955, p. 24). ceous age exposed at Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa County, The Black Creek formation is exposed along, Ala. The name Tuscaloosa was applied first to Creta- streams in the northern part of Greene and Pitt Coun- 10 ties, particularly along Contentnea Creek, Little Con- Brachycythere ledaforma (Israelsky) tentnea Creek, and the Tar River. North and east of Brachycythere sphe?wides (Reuss) Pitt County the formation has been recognized only Brachycythere nausiformis Swain in the subsurface. The formation strikes north-north Cytheridea (Haplocytheridea) monmouthensis east in the outcrop area, whereas subsurface infor Berry mation from Martin, Bertie, and Hertford Counties Cytherella bullata Alexander indicates that the strike of the formation is east- Cytheropteron (Eocytheropteron) striatum northeast in that area. Brown The dip of the formation cannot be determined Cythencra glossensis Brown with any degree of accuracy, because of the flat-lying Orthonotacythere sulcata Brown Orthonotacythere hannai (Israelsky) nature of the beds, the lenticular and thinly-lami Orthonotacy there tarensis Brown nated nature of the sediments, and the lack of topo Protocythere paratriplicata Swain graphic expression in the outcrop area. Subsurface Trachyleberis gapensis (Alexander) formational contacts in water wells establish an av erage dip of about 15 feet per mile for the formation Pedee formation in Pitt and Greene Counties. When a dip of 15 feet The name Peedee was proposed by Ruffin (1843, p. per mile is transposed to the outcrop areas the thick 6-7) for a sedimentary unit of Cretaceous age in ness of the formation exposed along the Tar River Florence and Horry Counties, South Carolina. Ste is about 150 feet, the thickness along Little Content phenson (in Clark and others, 1912, p. 45) used the nea Creek about 75 feet, and the thickness along Con name Peedee for equivalent sediments in North tentnea Creek about 135 feet. The fossiliferous Snow Carolina that he previously (1907, p. 93-99) had re Hill marl member is exposed for a distance of about ferred to the Ripley formation. 2 miles, normal to the strike, in the Snow Hill area. In the Greenville area the Peedee formation, at the The Snow Hill member, therefore, is about 30 feet surface, is confined to small segments of Greene and thick in the type area. Pitt Counties, where it is characteristically exposed The Black Creek formation lies unconformably on along some of the streams, especially along Content the Tuscaloosa formation, exhibiting a transgres- nea and Little Contentnea Creeks. To the north and sive offlap relationship to that formation. east of Pitt County the formation is transgressively According to Stephenson (1923, p. 10) "Paleonto- overlapped by younger sediments and is known to logically the Snow Hill marl member belongs to the extend in the subsurface to the North Carolina-Vir upper part of the zone of Exogyra ponderosa of the ginia State line (LeGrand and Brown, 1955, fig. 2). Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain". The indicated cor The lithologic character of the Peedee formation relation, therefore, is with the Taylor group of the is not uniform either laterally or vertically through Gulf Coastal Plain and with the Matawan group (or out the Greenville area. In the upper part, green to formation) of the Atlantic Coastal Plain (Stephen- light-gray glauconitic sands predominate, with minor son, 1923, pi. VIII). No faunal evidence for the age occurrences of gray interbedded and lenticular mica of the lower unnamed member of the Black Creek ceous clays, whereas in the lower part of the forma has been recognized in outcropping sections in the tion black massive marine clays predominate, with Greenville area. However, subsurface evidence based minor occurrences of glauconitic sands. Coarse to on Ostracoda and Foraminifera indicates that the medium-grained calcareous and indurated sands, to lower member is pre-Taylor in age and should be gether with indurated shell beds, occur at all horizons correlated with Austin equivalents of the Gulf Coast within the formation, but owing to their lenticular al Plain and with the Magothy formation of the At nature they cannot be traced or assigned to any lantic Coastal Plain. particular horizon over large areas. The paleontologic hiatus between the upper and The strike of the Peedee formation is in a general lower members of the formation is not sharp in sub northeast direction. The dip of the formation, like surface sections and is characterized mainly by the that of the underlying Black Creek formation, is dif relative abundance of diagnostic species in the upper ficult to determine at surface exposures. However, member in contrast with their scarcity in the lower subsurface formational contacts in water wells indi member. cate that the Peedee formation in Greene and Pitt The following ostracodes have been identified in Counties slopes toward the coast at a rate of about samples of the Black Creek formation from water 15 feet per mile. This dip when transposed to the wells in the Greenville area: outcrop area indicates that the formation, as exposed
11 f along Contentnea Creek, is about 130 feet thick, and Brachycythere rhomboidalis (Berry) as exposed along Little Contentnea Creek, slightly Brachycythere plena Alexander in excess of 100 feet thick. Southeast of Greene and Cytheridea (Haplocytheridea) monmouthensis Pitt Counties, toward the coast, the formation thick Berry ens considerably; more than 500 feet of the forma Cytheridea (Haplocytheridea) ulrichi (Berry) tion was recognized in a well at Richlands, Onslow Cytheridea (Haplocytheridea) fabaformis County. (Berry) Cytheridea (Haplocytheridea) councilli Brown The Peedee formation throughout much of the Cytheridea (Haplocytheridea) plummeri Greenville area lies conformably on the upper Snow Alexander Hill marl member of the Black Creek formation or, Cytheridea (Haplocytheridea) wilmingtonensis where that unit is absent, unconformably on the Brown lower unnamed member of the Black Creek forma Cytherella tuberculifera Alexander tion. In parts of Bertie, Hertford, and Gates Coun Cytherella herricki Brown ties there is some evidence, as inferred from lithol- Cytherelloidea sicaini Brown ogy and stratigraphic position, that nonfossiliferous Cytherelloidea sohni Brown material of deltaic origin may be contemporaneous Cytherelloidea inflata Brown with definitely recognizable sediments of the Peedee Cythentra glossensis Brown that lie downdip and to the east (LeGrand and Eucytherura curia (Jennings) Brown, 1955, fig. 2). These deltaic sediments lie un Loxoconcha neusensis Brown conformably on the Tuscaloosa formation. Uncon Loxoconcha sera/phae Brown formably overlying the Peedee formation are sedi Monoceratvrua biloba Schmidt ments of Tertiary age. Subsurface contacts estab Orthonotacythere hannai (Israelsky) lished from well cuttings have shown the formation Platycythereis costatana angula (Schmidt) to be overlain by transgressive deposits of Paleo- Trachyleberis bassleri (Ulrich) cene, middle and late Eocene, and late Miocene age. Trachyleberis communis (Israelsky) The contact relationships of the Peedee formation Trachyleberis gapensis (Alexander) with these younger Tertiary units are discussed in Trachyleberis pidgeoni (Berry) the sections dealing with the geology of the individ Velarocythere arachoides (Berry) ual counties. Velarocythere cacumenata Brown Stephenson (1943, p. 13) states that "Paleonto- Velarocythere eikonata Brown logically the Peedee formation falls within the zone of Velarocythere scuffeltonensis Brown Exogyra costata of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, though probably the uppermost part of the zone is not repre Tertiary System sented. Approximately the lower half of the forma Paleocene series tion is embraced within the Exogyra cancellata sub- Beaufort formation zone." Stephenson (1923, p. 48-58) discusses in de tail the correlation of the Peedee formation, which The existence of strata of Paleocene age in the is equivalent in part to the Navarro group of the North Carolina Coastal Plain was first postulated by" Gulf Coastal Province and in part to the Monmouth Spangler (1950,,p. 131), who stated that "Tentative group of the Atlantic Coastal Province. Recent ly faunas from the Eocene beds in Hatteras Light studies by Brown (1957, p. 1-24) of the Ostracoda in No. 1 (well) have been identified as indicating Mid the Peedee formation substantiate Stephenson's cor way, Wilcox, Claiborne, and Jackson ages." Presum ably, Spangler based his statement on examinations relation. of the Foraminifera. McLean (1951, p. 22) stated The following ostracodes have been identified in that "Two wells were drilled in the Washington, well cuttings from the Peedee formation in the North Carolina area, both of which contain a definite Greenville area: Paleocene fauna." McLean's statement was based on Alatacythere alqta atlantica (Schmidt) an examination of the Foraminifera. Swain (1952, Bairdia pittensis Brown p. 5) states, concerning well samples from North Bairdoppilata pondera Jennings Carolina tentatively identified as representing Paleo Bairdoppilata postextensa (Swain) cene strata, that "The assignment to the Paleo Brachycythere raleighensis Brown cene (?) is based on lithologic similarity to the Clay Brachycythere ledaforma (Israelskyj ton formation of Georgia (Cooke, 1943, p. 39-47)
12 and not on paleontologic evidence." The writer Dentalina naheolensis Cushman and Todd (Brown, 1958, p. 6), in describing well samples- from Dentalina pseudo-obliquestriata (Plummer) the North Carolina Coastal Plain, called attention to Citharina q)lum7noides (Plummer) the existence of Paleocene strata and stated: "Strata Nodosaria affinis Reuss of Paleocene and early Eocene age, not known to oc Vaginulina gracilis Plummer cur in surface exposures, can be differentiated both Rectoglandulina tenuistriata (Franke) faunally and lithologically in the subsurface." In Siphogenennoides elongata (Plummer) Brown's report lithologic intervals were described Bulimina virginiana Cushman and Ostracoda were listed from many water wells. Bulimina cacumenata Cushman and Parker Correlation with the Midway group (Paleocene) was Pseudovalvidineria midtvayensis (Plummer) based on the Ostracoda. J • Pseudovalvulineria umbonifera (Schwager) The name Beaufort formation is here proposjed for Eponides lotus (Schwager) sediments of Paleocene age that occur in the (jJreen- Gyroidinoides octocavierata ville area. The name is derived from Beaufort iCoun- (Cushman and Hanna) ty, where extensive deposits of Paleocene age; occur Alabamina midwayensis Brotzen Globigerina triloculinoides Plummer in the subsurface. The formation has been i*ecog- Globigerina compressa Plummer nized also in wells in Martin, Bertie, Hertford, Gates, Globigerina pseudobbidloides Plummer and Chowan Counties. The formation has not been Globigerinoides daubjergensis (Broniman) recognized at the surface; therefore, the selected Anomalinoides vvlgaris (Plummer) type locality is a well 215 feet deep, drilled in 1952 Anomalinoides wnbonata (Cushman) for the Nelson Motel at Chocowinity, Beaufort Coun Cibicides irenae Van Bellen ty, North Carolina. The land-surface elevation of the well is 44 feet above sea level, and the well pene Eocene series trated 65 feet of Paleocene strata between the depths of 150 and 215 feet. The type lithology for the Beau Castle Hayne limestone fort formation is designated as that described by the The name Castle Hayne limestone was proposed writer (1958, p. 7) for the aforementioned well be by Miller (Clark, and others, 1912, p. 185) for de tween the depths of 150 and 215 feet (p. 7). Ostra posits of late Eocene age typically exposed near the coda identified by the writer from the type section town of Castle Hayne, New Hanover County, North are as follows: Carolina. Surface exposures of this limestone unit in the Bairdia magna Alexander Greenville area are limited to the southeastern part Brachycythere interrasilis Alexander of Pitt County. The surface exposures are generally Brachycythere plena Alexander characterized by light-colored, iron-stained shell- Brachycy there verrucosa Harris and Jobe limestones or cream to green-colored calcareous Trachyleberis midioayensis (Alexander) sands and clays reflecting different degrees of de Trachyleberis prestiuichiana composition and induration. The limestone unit has (Jones and Sherborn) a widespread occurrence in the subsurface in the Trachyleberis bassleri (Ulrich) Greenville area, especially in Beaufort and Martin Trachyleberis spiniferrima (Jones and Sherborn) Cytheridea (Haplocytheridea) ruginosa Counties. Typical subsurface sections have a lith Alexander ology as follows: gray to white shell-limestones and Cytheromorpha scrobiculata Alexander dolomitic shell-limestones interbedded with and un Loxoconcha comtgata Alexander derlain by fine to medium-grained calcareous sands Orthonotacythere cristata Alexander and clays. The thickness of the formation as determined from Mr. Richard Page of the U. S. National Museum the examination of well cuttings ranges from about kindly identified the following Foraminifera from 20 feet to as much as several hundred feet, the thick the 150-215-foot interval of the type well: est sections of the formation occurring in wells in Spiroplectammina wilcoxensis eastern Beaufort County. In the Greenville area the Cushman and Ponton formation strikes east-northeast and dips toward the Robuhcs midioayensis (Plummer) coast at the rate of 10 to 30 feet per mile, the dip Dentalina virginiana Cushman progressively increasing in a southeast direction. Dentalina wilcoxensis Cushman Cooke (1916), Canu and Bassler (1920), Kellum
13 (1926), and Richards (1950) have cited evidence sub Loxoconcha claibornensis Murray stantiating the late Eocene age of the.Castle Hayne Cytheromorpha eocenica Stephenson limestone. Cooke and MacNeil (1952, p. 25), follow Cytheretta alexanderi Howe and Chambers ing a study of Tertiary deposits in South Carolina Monoceratina alexanden Howe and Chambers restricted the Castle Hayne limestone to the middle Buntonia howei (Stephenson) Eocene. LeGrand and Brown (1955, p. 9) and Brown (1958, p. 7) recognize both upper and middle Miocene series Eocene biofacies in the Castle Hayne limestone and Middle (?) Miocene deposits consider the formation in North Carolina to have Phosphorite deposits that contain substantial been deposited during both middle and late Eocene amounts of the mineral collophane (probably carbo- time. The Castle Hayne limestone throughout much of nate-fluorapatite) occur mainly in eastern and cen the Greenville area lies unconformably on the Beau tral Beaufort County with minor occurrence in Gates fort formation of Paleocene age or, where that unit and Chowan County. In Beaufort County the depos is absent, unconformably on the Peedee formation its lie unconformably on the Castle Hayne limestone, and are unconformably overlain by late Miocene of late Cretaceous age. marl. Questionable designation of the phosphorites The Castle Hayne limestone as it occurs in the sub as middle Miocene is based on the identification of surface throughout the Greenville area is predomi foraminifers that occur in the top few feet of the nantly of middle Eocene age, and correlation, based material as encountered in water wells. The follow on Ostracoda and Foraminifera, shows it to be gen ing list is reproduced from a paper by the writer erally equivalent to sediments of middle Eocene age (Brown, 1958, p. 90). in the Gulf Coast Province. No attempt was made to correlate the Castle Hayne limestone with recognized Siphogenerina lamellaia Cushman Eocene sediments north of North Carolina. Siphogenerina spinosa Bagg The following ostracodes have been identified in Cibicides concentricu-s (Cushman) well samples from the Castle Hayne limestone in the Discorbis cavernata Dorsey Greenville area: Nonion pizzarense W. Berry Nonion grateloupi (d'Orbigny) Pdracypris franquesi Howe and Chambers Cassidulina crassa d'Orbigny Cytheridea (H.) montgomeryensis TJvigerina kernensis Barbat and von Estoroff Howe and Chambers Bolivina, calvertensis Cushman Cytheridea (C.) virginica (Schmidt) Ellipsonodosaria calvertensis Cushman Cytheridea (C.) caldwellensis Howe and Chambers The phosphorite section consists of layers of phos- Paracytheridea belhavenensis phatic sand and thin intercalated shell-limestone. The Howe and Chambers overall section ranges from several feet to more.than Cytherura %oashburni Stephenson 90 feet in thickness. Average thickness, throughout _ Brachycythere toatervalleyensis an area approximating 450 square miles, is estimated Howe and Chambers to be 30 feet. Brachycythere martini Murray and Hussey The lithology of the phosphorites is surprisingly Brachycythere bernardi Murray and Hussey consistent over long distances. The deposits consist Alatacythere ivani Howe of a variable mixture of quartz sand and collophane. Trachyleberis rukasi (Gooch) The collophane occurs in the form of brown spherules Trachyleberis montgomeryensis showing oolitic or banded structure; less commonly (Howe and Chambers) the collophane occurs as shards. Trachyleberis broussardi (Howe and Chambers) Evaluation of available subsurface data suggest Trachyleberis pellucinoda (Swain) that the phosphatic sands do not represent a facies Trachyleberis bassleri (Ulrich) that grades laterally into adjacent material of com Pterygocythereis luashingtonensis Swain Actinocythereis davidiuhitei (Stadnichenko) parable age. The origin of the deposits (Brown, 1958, p. 96) is attributed to chemical precipitation and Actinocythereis stenzeli (Stephenson) Actinocythereis hilgardi (Howe and Garrett) in situ replacement in a restricted basin, where the Loxoconcha creolensis Howe and Chambers pH of the basin's waters acted as the controlling de- Loxoconcha jacksonensis Howe and Chambers positional factor.
14 Yorktown formation in part, is equivalent to the Cancellaria zone of the The name Yorktown was first used irnNorth Caro Choctawhatchee formation of former usage in lina for deposits of late Miocene age by Miller (Clark, Florida. and others, 1912, p. 229). Miller stated that "The The following ostracodes have been identified in formation with few changes does extend from; Vir well cuttings from the Yorktown formation in the ginia southward into the State of North Carolina." Greenville area: Gardner (1943) defined certain faunal zones in the Cytheridea (H.) probocsidiala Edwards Yorktown formation as it occurred north or the Paracytheridea vandenboldi Puri Neuse River in North Carolina. These zones .form ParacytheHdea cf. P. xo ether elli (Jones) the basis for the correlation of late Miocene deposits Cytherura elongata Edwards in the Greenville area. Cytheropteron subreticulatum van den Bold The lithology of the formation in the Greenville Leguminocythereis whitei Swain area consists chiefly of gray-colored shell marls, in Puriana rugipunctata (Ulrich and Bassler) durated or unconsolidated shell beds, and massive Actinocythereis exanthemata marine clays with interbedded sands. The predomi (Ulrich and Bassler) nant lenticular character of the strata in any given Actinocythereis mundorffi (Swain) locality obviates the possibility of uniform hydrologic Echinocythereis evax (Ulrich and Bassler) characteristics even in small localized areas. Echinocythereis garretti (Howe and McGuirt) The formation strikes northeast and dips toward Echinocythereis planibasilis (Ulrich and Bassler) the southeast. The dip is generally less than 15 feet Murrayina martini (Ulrich and Bassler) per mile in the outcrop area and rarely more than 25 Orionina vaughani (Ulrich and Bassler) feet per mile in the subsurface. At the surface the Hemicythere conradi Howe and McGuirt exposed thickness of the formation, as observed by Hemicythere confragosa Edwards the writer at any one place, is everywhere less.than Hemicythere laevicula Edwards 60 feet. In Greene, Pitt, Hertford, and Martin Coun Hemicythere schmidtae Malkin Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea Edwards ties the subsurface, thickness rarely exceeds 90 feet, Loxoconcha reticularis Edwards although to the east in Beaufort, Bertie, Gates, Cytheromorpha ivameri Howe and Spurgeon Chowan, and Martin Counties the formation mdy in Cytheretta reticulata Edwards crease in thickness to as much as 250 feet. At Eden- Basslerites giganticus Edwards ton, Chowan County, the Yorktown formation, as Cushmanidea ashermani (Ulrich and Bassler) shown by examination of well cuttings, attains a thickness of 195 feet and lies unconformably on Quaternary system phosphatic sands of middle (?) Miocene age. Pleistocene and Recent Series From east to west, the Yorktown formation over laps and lies unconformably on successively older de Surficial sands posits of the Coastal Plain sequence. Some previous Quaternary deposits include those underlying the evidence indicates that the Yorktown formation as three lowermost Pleistocene terraces designated by herein defined includes strata at its base that is Stephenson (Clark and others, 1912, p. 27) as the equivalent to the St. Marys formation of middle Mio Wicomico, Chowan, and Pamlico terraces of the cene age (Gardner, 1943, p. 11). This evidence is not Columbia group. In the Greenville area there is no substantiated by current studies of the microfaunal lithologic or faunal control that will permit the assembleges. separation into individual units of that material Deposits in the southern part of the State (south which is younger than late Miocene, the Yorktown of the Neuse River and outside of the Greenville formation. area) have been referred to the Duplin marl, which This undifferentiated material consists of sand, is considered to be equivalent to the uppermost sandy clay, clay, and scattered gravel units that show Yorktown as it occurs'north of the Neuse River little evidence of stratification other than local cross- (Gardner, 1943, p. 2). Edwards (1944, p. 505-528) bedding. The thickness of the material ranges from has described many species of Ostracodes from the a few feet to as much as 60 feet with no definite Duplin marl, nearly all of which have been recog thickness trend in any one compass direction. Dep nized by the writer in Yorktown material north of osition of the material as a thin, discontinuous, the Neuse River. In addition, Mansfield (1936, p. blanketing layer precludes the determination of a 173) has shown that stratigraphically the Yorktown, local or regional strike.
15 Inasmuch as the origin, definition, and delineation average permeability; topographic relief in the area of the terrace deposits throughout the Atlantic Coast ranges from 130 feet to sea level. al states have been the subject of continuous contro versy, it is not advisable to attempt any correlation Occurrence of Ground Water between the Quaternary deposits in North Carolina A rock formation that yields sufficient water to and similar deposits elsewhere without substantial serve as a source of supply for human consumption evidence. The absence of original lithologic contrast is called an aquifer. The term aquifer is relative and between so-called terrace formations, coupled with denotes no fixed volume of recoverable water. Thus the changes effected by subaerial erosion would make a rock formation of low yield may be considered an any attempted correlation discretionary and of limit aquifer in an area where other rock formations yield ed value. even less. The same rock formation would not neces Some of the material of Quaternary age in North sarily be considered an aquifer if it occurred in an Carolina probably is analogous to material included area where other rocks had relatively high yields. in the Pleistocene marine terraces elsewhere, al Basically, then, the designation of a rock formation though in the Greenville area the great bulk of the as an aquifer lies in its ability to store and transmit material represents nonmarine fluviatile deposition. usef ull quantities of water, in relation to other rock formations in its area of occurrence. GROUND-WATER HYDROLOGY The quantity of water that may be safely with drawn from any aquifer is dependent upon the trans- Hydrologic Cycle missibility, the storage capacity, and the amount of The earth has a fixed supply of water that is kept water available for recharge to the acquifer. If dis in unending circulation between the earth and the charge of water from an aquifer exceeds recharge atmosphere; the energy for this circulation is sup to it over a period of time, the ground-water level plied by the sun. The continuous circulation of wa or piezometric surface of the aquifer declines. ter in its various forms has been termed the hydro- The two major classes of aquifers are the water- logic cycle, and the study of the many complex and table aquifer and the artesian aquifer. interrelated phases of the hydrologic cycle is the A water-table aquifer is a rock containing an un- science of hydrology. confined zone of saturation. The surface of the zone Oceans are by far the largest storage components of saturation is the water table. However, the water of this circulatory water system, lesser amounts of table does not represent a flat table-like surface as water occurring in the atmosphere, on the land sur the name implies. If viewed in profile, its peaks and face, and beneath the land surface. Climatic forces, troughs would represent a subdued likeness to the oceans, and landforms exert modifying influences on overlying land configuration. the hydrologic cycle. This report describes some of The water table is not static but fluctuates in re the modifying physical and geologic influences that sponse to changes in the ratio of recharge to and govern the amount, availability, and quality of wa discharge from the zone of saturation. Natural .for ter in that limited part of the circulatory system ces causing fluctuations of the water table would in which occurs beneath the land surface in the Green clude variations in precipitation, transpiration, evap-"" ville area. oration, temperature, and atmospheric pressure. Artificial forces that cause variations in the water Source of Ground Water table would include withdrawal of water from the Ground water, the water occurring beneath the ground-water reservoir either by pumping or by arti land surface in the zone of saturation, is usable only ficial drainage through ditches and canals or other when it is brought to the surface by natural or arti man-made channels. ficial means. Ground water in the area of investiga A zone of saturation in which water is confined tion is derived from precipitation, either rain or under pressure is termed an artesian aquifer. Wa snow, that infiltrates the soil cover and percolates ter entering an artesian aquifer where it crops out downward to the zone of saturation. The proportion or is overlain by permeable material percolates down- of precipitation that reaches the zone of saturation dip by gravity, eventually passing a line beyond is controlled, in part, by the topographic relief of the which the aquifer is filled to capacity and is both land surface, and by the permeability of the soil overlain and underlain by relatively impermeable cover above the zone of saturation. Soil cover beds. Because the weight of the water updip in an throughout the Greenville area has about the same artesian aquifer exerts pressure on the water down-
16 dip in the same aquifer, the hydrostatic pressure in ponds laterally and into adjacent aquifers vertically. creases progressively in a downdip direction. Thus, Recharge to the water-table aquifer comes from pre the water level in a well that taps an artesian aquifer cipitation that infiltrates the zone of aeration and stands above the top of the aquifer and the weight reaches the zone of saturation. of the column of water in the well counterbalances Locally recharge may be effected by artifically in the hydrostatic pressure in the aquifer at the point duced infiltration of water from streams into an where entered by the well. The level at which the aquifer. This reversal of the normal ground-water water stands in the well coincides with an imaginary gradient is brought about by creation, through surface known as the piezometric, or pressure, sur pumping, of a cone of depression in the water table face of the aquifer and if that surface is above the that intersects a surface stream and results in the land surface water will flow from the well. In the establishment of an artificial hydraulic gradient from Greenville area wells that will flow can be drilled the stream to the aquifer. throughout most of the eastern third of Beaufort An artesian aquifer is recharged by precipitation County and elsewhere in the valleys of the major in areas where permeable beds crop out at the sur streams and their principal tributaries. face or by leakage of water through overlying and underlying confining beds in the subsurface. In the Water-Bearing Properties of Rocks southeastern section of the Greenville area, in Greene and Pitt Counties, there are extensive areas where In the zone of saturation all space not occupied by the Cretaceous aquifers (Tuscaloosa, Black Creek, solid material is occupied by water. The capacity of and Peedee formations) are at the surface or at shal a rock to store water is governed by its porosity, low depths beneath a thin mantle of predominantly which is the ratio of the volume of voids, or pore sandy soil. Precipitation in this area is about 47 spaces, to the volume of solid material. Porosity is inches yearly. a function of the size, shape, assortment, and cemen In that part of the Greenville area lying north of tation of the solid components of the rock. the Tar River, except near Lewiston and Bruce, geo The rate at which a rock will transmit water is logic factors preclude the possibility of the artesian determined by its permeability and the hydraulic aquifers being recharged by direct precipitation. gradient. Permeability is the rock's capacity for North of the Tar River, artesian aquifers of Creta transmitting fluids in response to variations in ceous, Paleocene, and Eocene age are buried beneath hydrostatic pressure or gravity, and is measured Miocene strata at depths of from 25 to 200 feet. The volumetrically as a function of time. In general, the Miocene strata, consisting of nearly impermeable permeability of a rock is determined by the size and sandy clays containing lenticular shell beds, are in shape of its pore spaces and the manner in which turn overlain by Quaternary strata, predominantly they are connected. Porosity and permeability are sands and sandy clays. The artesian aquifers^arS not necessarily proportional. A clay may have a high effectively sealed off insofar as direct recharge by porosity because of its large volume of pore space. However, because the individual pore spaces are precipitation is concerned. Recharge to these artes small only a little water is transmitted under the ian sand and limstone aquifers is believed to result hydraulic gradients that exist in nature. Specific in part from upward leakage from the basal Creta yield, a function of both porosity and permeability, ceous beds and in part by downward leakage from is the difference between the total amount of water and through overlying Miocene and Quaternary beds. in the voids of a saturated rock and the amount that The Tuscaloosa formation also crops out west of, is retained by tht rock after it is drained by gravity. and updip from, the Greenville area. The formation, composed of lenticular sands and clays, is an import ant source of ground-water supply in its outcrop Recharge and Discharge area. Downdip, chemical analyses of water from Ground waters generally move at rates varying this aquifer and st&tigraphically higher aquifers in from a few feet a day to a few feet a year as sug dicate that the Tuscaloosa formation is an important gested by Meinzer (1949, p. 449). The movement of source of recharge to the overlying aquifers of the ground water is along arcuate lines and results from Black Creek and Peedee formations. - differences in head between any two points in the Water levels in strata of late Miocene and Quater direction of movement. In the Greenville area, un nary age are generally within a few feet of the sur der natural conditions, the watertable aquifer dis face throughout the Greenville area. The land sur charges water by effluent seepage into streams and face is relatively fiat, resulting in a low hydraulic
17 gradient, and consequently the lateral movement of either manually or mechanically. Successive lengths water toward the streams, the natural discharge of pipe are attached as the driving continues until points, is very slow. This material is saturated with the desired depth is reached. The wells range from water at all times, but because of its low transmis- 1 to 3 inches in diameter and few are more than 40 sibility it is not generally tapped as an aquifer ex feet deep. These wells, commonly equipped with cept locally where small to copious supplies of water pitcher pumps, are common in the Greenville area are obtained from lenticular sand or shell beds of and generally yield 2 to 30 gpm. relatively high permeability. However, strata of low permeability, particularly those in the Yorktown Drilled Wells formation, assume major hydrologic importance as a Drilled wells are of three main types as follows: source of recharge to the underlying sand and lime the jetted well, the cable-tool well, and the rotary stone aquifers of Cretaceous, Paleocene, and Eocene well. In all three types, penetration of the rock is age. accomplished, in whole or in part, by the percussion or rotary action of a drill bit against rock. Recovery of Water Jetted wells.—Jetted wells are constructed by General Features forcing water down a drill stem, out through a drill Ground water may be recovered from wells, bit, and back up the hole to the surface. In uncon- springs, or seeps. So far as the writer knows all solidated material, the force of the water as it passes ground-water supplies in the Greenville area are ob out of the bit loosens material which is then carried tained from wells. Wells can be most conveniently by the water to the surface and deposited in a con classed according to their method of construction. veniently located sump. In drilling through consoli Such a classification would include dug wells, bored dated formations the bit is alternately raised and wells, driven wells, and drilled wells. dropped in the hole. The cutting action of the bit augments the jetting action of the water and the Dug Wells drill stem is "rocked" back and forth during the Dug wells are large-diameter holes that are deep drilling operation in order to insure a straight hole. enough to intersect the water table. The dug well Casing is sunk around the drill stem as the hole be is .excavated manually, and cribbing consisting of comes progressively deeper, or it may be sunk in wood, tile, brick, cement, or stone is placed to prevent one complete operation after drilling ceases. slumping of unstable material from the wells into Cable-tool wells.—In a well that is constructed by the hole. Curbing is installed at the top of the hole the cable-tool method a bit and a string of tools at to prevent the direct seepage into the well of surface tached to a cable is alternately raised and dropped water or the entry of foreign matter that might in the hole. The percussion action of the bit, moti otherwise pollute the ground-water supply. Dug vated by a walking beam, causes the rock to be brok wells in the Greenville area, usually 15 to 30 feet en and crushed in the hole. When sufficient cuttings deep, are generally constructed during the summer have accumulated in the hole the tools are withdrawn and fall months when seasonal ground-water levels and cuttings are removed by a bailer or sand pump. are at their lowest point. As drilling progresses casing is sunk until competent rock is reached and caving is no longer a danger. Bored Wells Bored wells are excavated by means of hand or Rotary wells.—In a well that is constructed by the power augers. The depth of such excavations is de rotary method a bit is attached to a length of drill pendent upon the nature of the material penetrated pipe which is then rotated in the hole. Drilling fluid and upon the depth to the water table. The larger is pumped down the drill pipe, out through the bit holes are lined with tile or stone, whereas the smaller and up to the surface alongside the drill stem. The holes are cased with a metal pipe that is perforated drilling fluid brings the cuttings to the surface and opposite the water-bearing formation. Bored wells because it contains clay, also serves to seal the sides are uncommon in the Greenville area, and few ex of the hole and to prevent caving during drilling. Casing may be sunk behind the bit as drilling pro ceed a depth of 45 feet. gresses or it may be installed in one complete opera Driven Wells tion after drilling ceases. In constructing a driven well, a screened well point A common type of rotary well in the Greenville attached to a length of pipe is driven into the ground area is referred to as a "gravel-wall" well. This well
18 is a standard rotary hole of a diameter greater than ground-water resources of the Greenville area. Such : the desired diameter of the casing. Sized gravel is information will be a strong influencing factor in the forced or fed by gravity into the hole and forms industrial development of the area, particularly in a gravel envelope around the casing. The advantage regard to locating those industries that, because of of this method is that it minimizes some of the er the nature of their processes, must be selective in ror involved in placing the screens and in determin their choice of a water supply. The satisfactory and ing the correct size of screen opening. Generally economic treatment of domestic, municipal, and in speaking, however, a well with screens advantage dustrial supplies for consumptive use also is depend ously placed and of correct magnitude will yield as ent on a knowledge of the chemical quality of ground much water as a gravel-wall well in the same loca waters. In addition, the chemical characteristics of tion. However, owing to the thin, lenticular nature ground waters are a valuable aid in mapping sub of the sediments in the Greenville area, difficulty is surface water-bearing formations. experienced in placing screens most advantageously, The best results are achieved in a ground-water and screened wells rarely yield as much water as appraisal when the recognized chemical characteris gravel-walled wells of comparable depth. tics of the ground waters are correlated with the available geologic information in the area. Other Hydrologic Principles Affecting Recovery wise, the observed chemical characteristics of ground waters have only local significance in application. The natural level of water in a well, prior to pump ing, is in equilibrium with the water level in the sur Mineral Composition of Ground Waters rounding aquifer and is called the static water level. The chemical quality of ground water is governed When pumping commences, the water level in the by the amount and type of dissolved solids and well drops, ceasing to be a static water level and be absorbed gases that it contains. Rain water absorbs coming a pumping water level. The distance between gases, mainly carbon dioxide and oxygen. Water the normal static water level and the pumping water containing these gases becomes a strong weathering level, at any one time, is a measurable distance called agent capable of reacting with mineral compounds the drawdown. The lowering of water in the well found in the soil and rocks of the earth's crust. The causes water to flow from the surrounding aquifer quantities of absorbed gases and dissolved solids into the well. This flow of water into the well causes that occur in a ground water at any one time are the ground-water levels in the aquifer to be drawn chiefly dependent upon such factors as the gases and down in the shape of an inverted cone whose apex is dissolved solids already in solution, the temperature at the wall. The cone is called the "cone of depres of the water, the hydrostatic and atmospheric pres sion" and the area within the perimeter of the cone sures present in the system, the chemical composition is termed the "area of influence". Both the extent and physical nature of the host rock or rocks, and the and the growth of the cone of depression and its cor duration of the contact between the water and the responding area of influence are directly proportional individual mineral grains in the host rock. to the amount of water being pumped from the well The salts of the common metals, which include and to the coefficient of transmissibility of the aqui fer. potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and iron, make up a large percentage of the dissolved solids in The capacity of a well may be defined as the ground waters. True salts are ionic in character; amount of water, measured in gallons per minute, that is they are composed of cations and anions. that a well will yield continuously over a period of Chemical analyses of ground water are a quantitative time. The specific capacity of a well is the amount measure of the individual cations and anions present of water measured in gallons per minute per foot of in the aqueous solution. The proportionate amounts drawdown that a well will produce. A numerical and chemical relationships of the anions and cations value for specific capacity is obtained by dividing present in the solution, in turn, determine such re the yield by the drawdown at any given time. ported factors as hardness, specific conductance, and Some of the features discussed for both water- hydrogen-ion concentration. table and artesian aquifers are illustrated in figure 4. In this report the chemical analyses of ground waters are expressed in parts per million (milligrams QUALITY OF WATER per kilogram). To classify waters according to their Information relative to the chemical quality of chemical character it is advisable to report the ionic ground waters is necessary in an appraisal of the constituents in chemical equivalent quantities
19 oto
q a n —
-*. o WATERTABLE AQUIFER
2.a a 3 3
O ^-
•a o
CO 3 > Q 3 a O U CD I a or o .c a a. (equivalents per million). Such expression, while circulating through the sediments dissolves calcium useful in comparing waters having wide ranges of from the limestones and calcareous sands and clays. dissolved solids, is not readily applicable to use by The calcium passes into solution as calcium bicarbo the layman, and is, therefore, omitted Ifrom this re nate which may be precipitated as calcium carbonate port. and then may pass again into solution as calcium The following discussion concerns the chemical bicarbonate. This reversible reaction is caused by constituents of ground water in the Greenville area, the changes in the carbon dioxide content of the wa as commonly reported in water analyses, in relation ter that result from changes in pressure and temper to their occurrence. ature within the aquifer. Ultimately, this contin Silica (SiO2).—Silica in ground water results from uing cycle would be expected to remove all the cal the weathering of silicate minerals that are abund cium from the sediments, final deposition occuring ant in nearly all rocks. It is generally believed that in the ocean. Because magnesium is similar to cal silica in natural waters is in the colloidal state and, cium in chemical reaction insofar as most water therefore, is not involved in the chemical equilibrium usage is concerned, the two ions generally are con between acids and bases. sidered together. The salts of calcium and magnes The concentration of silica in water samples from ium account for most of the hardness of ground wa the Greenville area ranges from about 3 to 65 ppm. ters and their effect is discussed in the paragraph Silica concentration was highest in water samples dealing with hardness. from dolomitic limestone, and commonly was less Sodium and potassium (Na and K).—Compounds than 15 ppm from other water-bearing material. containing sodium and potassium are present in near Iron (Fe).—Iron compounds are common in nearly ly all types of soil and rock. In the Greenville area all rocks and soils, and iron is readily taken into solu these constituents generally are present in waters in tion by ground water, particularly by water that is small to moderate amounts, not exceeding 50 ppm. acidic. Water containing as much as 0.3. ppm of iron However, samples of water from some of the deeper is acceptable for most domestic uses, whereas most aquifers contained as much as 650 ppm of these industrial uses require water that contains less than constituents. In general, high concentrations of 0.1 ppm. of iron. A common complaint in the Green sodium and potassium may reflect such conditions as ville area is that well water stains fixtures and uten follows: sils yellow, brown, or red. This condition is due to the 1. Contamination of fresh water by infiltration of presence of iron in the water when it came from the brackish water. well or the "pickup" of iron by corrosive "waters 2. The presence of connate (fossil) saline water. passing through iron pipes in the water—distribu 2. The presence of strata containing alkali salts. •:■ tion system. A water containing dissolved iron may 4. Intimate contact of the ground water with base- * look perfectly clear when it comes from a well, but exchange minerals. upon exposure to air the salt is oxidized and ferric hydroxide forms; the latter is responsible for the Some of the above listed conditions are probable staining condition. Ferric hydroxide can generally causes for excessive amounts of sodium and potas be removed by attachng one of several commercial sium in some of the water in the Greenville area. types of sand filters to the water system. Near the towns of Washington and Belhaven wells The occurrence of iron in the ground-water adjacent to bodies of brackish surface water yield samples from the Greenville area follows no general water that contains increasing amounts of sodium, ly predictable pattern, except that the amount of potassium, and chloride when they are pumped con iron present in waters from the surficial aquifers is tinuously over long periods of time. The increases in greater than that present in the deeper aquifers concentration are due largely to induced lateral in and, therefore, is roughly proportionate to the acidity filtration of the brackish surface water into the aqui of ground waters in the area. In places in the Green fer when the wells are pumped. Connate water is ville area where shallow ground water contains ob present at several localities in the area. An excellent jectionable amount of iron, water that is low in iron example is the occurrence of such water in a well at may be obtained from deeper aquifers. Sunbury, Gates County. Water containing a little more than 500 ppm of chloride and a little more than Calcium and magnesium (Ca and Mg).—Com 650 ppm of sodium and potassium is present between pounds of calcium and magnesium are common in the depths of 390 and 450 feet. Above and below the sediments of the Greenville area. Ground water this interval water generally contains less than 50 21 ppm of chloride and less than 300 ppm of sodium fate ions upon solution. The insoluble sulfides of iron and potassium. The presence and action of base- (pyrite and marcasite) are partially oxidized during exchange minerals in the water-bearing formations the normal weathering processes to soluble sulfates of the area are commonly recognized. Base-exchange and are a common source of the sulfates in the minerals such as the various clay minerals, the ground waters of the Greenville area. Reduction of micas, and glaiiconite have the capacity for exchang sulfates by bacterial action may produce hydrogen ing cations and anions in their crystal structure with sulfide (a weak acid) and (or) sulfur, which in turn cations and anions in an aqueous solution when they may be oxidized by bacteria to produce sulfates. are in intimate contact. Little is known of the anion- The occurrence of sulfates in ground waters in exchanging capacity of these minerals or of their the Greenville area follows no generally predictable capacity for regeneration under natural conditions. pattern. Water from the shallow water-bearing However, it is known that water containing the ca sands and limestones of intermediate depth general tions calcium and magnesium, when in contact with ly contain more sulfate than do waters from the base exchange minerals such as glauconite, are gen deeper greensands. Ground water containing a high erally enriched in sodium and potassium at the ex er than.normal concentration of chloride due to salt pense of their calcium and magnesium. In this man water contamination also contains a high concentra ner the relatively hard calcium and magnesium bicar tion of sulfate. Hydrogen sulfide generally is pres bonate waters are changed to the soft sodium bicar ent in water from the Castle Hayne limestone, where bonate waters under natural conditions. The natural it occurs below a depth of about 150 feet, and im softening of waters by base exchange is common in parts a noticeable taste and odor to the water. the water-bearing formations of Cretaceous and Paleocene age throughout the Greenville area. Wa Chloride (Cl).—Chloride, in small amounts, dis ter containing as much as 50 ppm of sodium and solved from rocks during the normal weathering potassium may be used for most domestic purposes. processes is responsible for some of the chloride not Water containing more than 50 ppm of sodium ed in ground waters of the Greenville area. Other and potassium may cause foaming in high-pressure possible sources are sewage, industrial waste, ferti boilers. Sodium and potassium do not impart a lizers used in predominantly agricultural areas, and noticeable taste to ground water unless their con salt spray blown inland during heavy storms along centration is greater than several hundred parts per the coast. Back-flooding of low coastal areas during million. the hurricanes of 1955 left a residual deposit high in chloride which made much of the land unfit for Bicarbonate and carbonate (HCO3 and CO3).— agricultural use until it had been treated with gyp Very few ground waters in the Greenville area con sum. A large part of this residual chloride will tain measureable amounts of carbonate. Generally eventually be dispersed through the ground water the water is of the bicarbonate type and contains as in the near coastal areas. the principal cations either calcium and magnesium However, the normal chloride content of ground or sodium and potassium. The bicarbonate content water from any of the above-mentioned sources in. of the water samples collected in the Greenville area the Greenville area is generally less than 25 ppm. ranges from less than 4 ppm to 812 ppm. Bicarbo A chloride concentration much in excess of this nate has little effect on either the domestic or indus figure indicate the presence of connate water, intru trial utilization of the water. The Castle Hayne lime sive brackish water, or strata containing saline salts stone in Beaufort and Martin Counties yield water through which the ground water had passed. Both that is high in calcium bicarbonate. When this hard connate and intrusive chloride waters are recognized water is heated, the carbon dioxide is driven off and in the area of investigation. At Sunbury, Gates a residue of-relatively insoluble calcium carbonate is County, connate water containing 500 to 600 ppm of formed. This residue coats cooking vessels and is chloride is encountered between the depths of 425 cause for common complaint by residents in those and 475 feet. Above and below this zone ground wa counties. The residue-producing hardness can be ter containing less than 100 ppm. is encountered. At relieved by the use of zeolite water softeners on the the towns of Belhaven and Washington wells tap water distribution system. ping porous limestone adjacent to brackish surface waters yield water high in chloride upon continual Sulfate (SO4).—Most sulfate minerals, such as pumping. This high chloride content is probably due gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O), are soluble and will yield sul- to lateral intrusion of the surface water into the 22 limestone. No evidence is available concerning the quality is not available dissolved solids of 1,000 ppm presence of beds containing saline salts^in the area may be permitted. However, comparatively few sup of investigation. plies having a dissolved-solids content in excess of 500 and 1,000 ppm are known in the Greenville area. Fluoride (F).—Fluoride in ground water is due to the solution of fluoride-bearing minerals such as the Hardness.—Hardness of water is usually recog apatites, the fluorapatites, the phosphates, the njiicas, nized by the increased amount of soap necessary to and the hornblendes, as well as organic matter'such form and maintain a lather. Hard water is objection as shells. Of these, the micas, the phosphates", and able not only because of its soap-consuming proper the organic matter are the most prevalent in the ties but also because it forms scale in boilers and, sediments of the Greenville area and are thought to to a lesser degree, encrustations in cooking utensils. account for most of the fluoride in the ground water. The principal chemical constituents that produce Fluoride in concentrations between 1.0 and 1.5 hardness in ground waters are compounds containing ppm in drinking water aids in reducing tooth decay calcium and magnesium. in children. Fluoride in concentrations in excess of To list the hardness tolerances acceptable to vari 1.5 ppm may cause permanent mottling of the teeth ous domestic and industrial users is not within the (dental fluorosis) when used by children (Dean, 1936, scope of this report. However, the U. S. Geological pp. 1269-1272). ; Survey classifies water with respect to hardness as The fluoride content of ground water in the Green follows: ville area generally is less than the acceptable Classification amount of 1.5 ppm. However, in parts of some coun Hardness as CaCO3 ties, especially in the vicinity of Gatesville and Sun- 0-60 Soft water bury in Gates County, water from the Cretaceous and 61-120 Moderately hard water Paleocene aquifers contains as much as 8.0 ppm of 121-200 Hard water fluoride. To minimize the effect in this high cqncen- 200+ Very hard water tration it would be necessary to dilute watery that are high in fluoride with waters containing little or Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH). — The hydro no fluoride. I gen-ion concentration, expressed as the pH, is a Nitrate (NO3).—Nitrate in ground water is gen measure of the degree of acidity or alkalinity of the erally considered to be the final oxidation product of water. The pH of a solution is represented by a nitrogenous (organic) waste. A nitrate concentra number which is the negative logarithm of the con tion in excess of 3.0 ppm generally would indicate a centration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter. nearby source of pollution. Shallow dug wells and Numerically the pH scale extends from 0 to 14./A" well points are most often subject to pollution from water having a pH value of 7 is assumed to be neu such influences as sewage, fertilizers, and polluted tral and the concentration of hydrogen ions is equal surface waters. Water from all types of wells that to the concentration of the hydroxyl ions. A water are adequately cased so as to exclude the surface with a pH value less than 7 is said to be acid (the sources of contamination will generally have a nit concentration of H+ ions is greater than the concen rate content of less than 3.0 ppm. tration of OH— ions), and the acidity increases as the numerical pH value decreases toward 0. A water Phosphate (PO4).—Phosphate of ground waters in with a pH value greater than 7 is said to be alkaline the Greenville area has been determined for only a (the concentration of OH— ions is greater than the few samples. No phosphate was recorded in excess concentration of H+ ions) and the alkalinity in of 0.3 ppm. creases as the numerical pH value increases toward Dissolved solids.—Dissolved solids are the residue 14. Inasmuch as the pH values are the numerical remaining after a given volume of water has evapo change to the logarithmic base, a water with a pH rated, and has been dried at some definite tempera of 3 is ten times as acid as a water with a pH of 4, ture (180°C by U. S. Geol. Survey). The calculation and conversely a water with a pH of 9 is ten times of the dissolved solids is approximately half the bi- as alkaline as a water with a pH of 8. carboante plus the sum of the other mineral con The pH values given for ground waters are im stituents." portant as an indication of their corrosive potential. In public water supplies dissolved solids prefer Generally speaking, acid waters have a much greater ably should not exceed 500 ppm, but if water of such corrosive potential than do the alkaline waters. 23- PRINCIPAL FORMATIONS AND THEIR there are no multiple-screened tubular wells that tap HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS the Tuscaloosa formation in the Greenville area. Water levels in this aquifer are variable, depend Strata of Early Cretaceous age ing upon the head in the various sand and gravel A formation of Early Cretaceous age was encount lenses at depth. The piezometric surface is generally ered at a depth of 608 feet at Greenville, Pitt County. constant in local areas in sand strata of similar An examination of the cuttings and the electric log depths. The pressure head generally increases with of this unnamed formation show it to consist of depth in any given area. In the valleys of the major interbedded sands and clays; the sands are capable streams and their main tributaries the piezometric of furnishing large amounts of water. However, in surface is above land surface, resulting in artesian the well in which the formation was encountered it flows. yielded brackish water that was unsuitable for fur In general the chemical quality of water from this ther development. Updip, this formation may con aquifer is adequate for most domestic and industrial tain water of suitable quality so as to serve as a uses. However, shallow wells in the outcrop area of source of ground water to deep wells in the area west the aquifer may yield water that contains a realtive- of Greenville and Williamston. ]y high concentration of iron. The water in this formation is under artesian head and recharge is probably in the form of downward Black Creek formation leakage from overlying beds. The formation lies un- The Black Creek formation is one of the most conformably on basement rocks and is thought to be productive aquifers in the Greenville area. Like the confined to the subsurface. underlying Tuscaloosa formation, its use is limited in No quantitative data regarding the storage capaci the outer coastal counties where it lies at great depth ty and water-yielding potential of this formation are and presumably contains saline water. The forma available. tion is developed as an aquifer in Bertie, Martin, Pitt, and Greene Counties. Tuscaloosa formation The lower part of the formation, the unnamed member, is predominantly composed of sands and Large quantities of ground water are stored in the clays. Except in shallow sands in the outcrop area, lenticular gravels, sands, and clays of the Tuscaloosa the contained water is under artesian pressure in formation. This formation is a major aquifer in lenticular, flat-lying beds confined between lenticular Hertford, Bertie, Martin, Pitt, and Greene Counties. beds of clay. There is a little uniformity to these To the east of these counties no water wells have sands. Where one well may penetrate one or two penetrated the Tuscaloosa formation and it is be of these lenticular sands, a well less than 2 miles lieved that the entire potential aquifer contains away and drilled to a comparable depth may pene saline waters in Beaufort, Chowan, and Gates Coun trate as many as five water-producing sands. The ties. upper part of the Black Creek formation, the Snow The water in the Tuscaloosa formation is normal Hill marl member, is composed of black clays.and ly under artesian head throughout the Greenville interbedded sands and sandy marls. Lenticular sands area, with the exception of limited segments of west are rarely as thick or as extensive as in the lower ern Greene and Pitt Counties where water-table con part of the formation. Drillers seeking large ditions exist in the outcrop area. Lenticular sands amounts of water generally bypass this member. and gravels occur at all horizons within the forma Locally, however, many small-diameter domestic tion but are more prevalent below the upper 150 wells obtain adequate supplies from thin strata of feet. Many of the wells that utilize the Tuscaloosa sand and sandy marl in the Snow Hill marl member. formation as a source of water are "gravel-wall" "Gravel-wall" wells that tap both the Black Creek wells that also obtain waters from the younger Cre and Tuscaloosa formations are capable of yielding as taceous formations. These gravel-walled wells yield much as 1,000 gpm. with specific capacities that from 500 to 1,000 gpm with specific capacities that range from 4 to 15 gpm. per foot of drawdown. range from 4 to 15 gpm per foot of drawdown. Single- Single-screen wells and open-end wells generally screen wells in the Tuscaloosa formation obtain wa yield 5 to 50 gpm. The water-yielding capacity of ter from beds of sand and produce from 10 to 300 the Black Creek formation increases to the east and gpm with specific capacities ranging from 1 to 5 gpm southeast because the formation becomes more per foot of drawdown. To the writer's knowledge sandy in a downdip direction. 24 Artesian or pressure head is farly constant in sand tion at depths in excess of 100 to 150 feet obtain wa beds at comparable depth over large areas. Artesian ters that are relatively soft (high in sodium and flows are common in wells penetrating the forma potassium). This difference in the chemical quality tion, some flows occurring from wells less than 40. of the water in the formation is largely due to base feet deep. These artesian flows are largely confined exchange (p.57). to the lower river terraces in the major stream val leys. Beaufort formation The chemical quality of water from this aquifer is The Beaufort formation is utilized as an aquifer in generally satisfactory for most purposes. However, parts of the following counties: Gates, Hertford, relatively hard waters can be expected from wells Bertie, Martin, Chowan, Pitt, and Beaufort. The for that obtain water from the calcareous beds in the mation, according to present observation, is confined Snow Hill marl member. to the subsurface and is composed of glauconitic sand, argillaceous sand, indurated shell, and impure Peedee formation limestone facies. Unlike the underlying Cretaceous The Peedee formation is one of the major aquifers formations it has not been found to contain any in Beaufort, Greene, Pitt, Martin, Bertie, Hertford, large number of lenticular clay beds. All strata with and Gates Counties. In Chowan County the forma in the formation are water bearing, the most import tion lies at a depth in excess.of 450 feet and presum ant being the glauconitic sands that lie beneath the ably contains saline water in all but the northern argillaceous sands and impure limestones. most part of the county adjacent to Gates County. However, the strata are lenticular and have not Water in the Peedee formation is under artesian been traced from well to well over long distances. pressure, except in local areas at or near the surface Water in the various sand layers is everywhere un in its area of outcrop. In common with the bolder der artesian head and the piezometric surface even Cretaceous formations, the Peedee formation has no in the interstream areas of greatest relief is rarely single water-bearing zone that can be traced; over more than 30 feet below the land surface. Artesian long distances. Permeable water-bearing sands that flows from this aquifer are common at low elevations are confined between relatively impermeable clays in and adjacent to the major stream valleys. occur at all horizons throughout the formation. In Most of the wells tapping the Beaufort formation addition, indurated layers composed largely of Shells are single-screen or open-end wells that yield from and shell fragments occur above and below the water 15 to 150 gpm. In addition, several gravel-walled bearing sands. wells obtain all or parr of their water from this The majority of wells tapping this formation are aquifer and yield as much as 750 gpm. ^ * .* single-screened or open-end wells that yield 5 to 50 The chemical quality of water from the Beaufort gpm. The open-end wells are constructed so that the formation is satisfactory for most purposes. Locally casing is firmly seated in an indurated layer. The the water may contain as much as 6 or 7 ppm of well is then drilled through this layer and a large fluoride and water derived from shell beds or im cavity is created by forcing compressed air down the pure limestones may be objectionably hard. Typical well and blowing out large quantities of sand. This water from the Beaufort formation is soft and of type of well construction probably is the most com the sodium bicarbonate type. mon in wells that tap the Peedee formation. In addi tion, gravel-wall wells in the area obtain a portion Castle Hayne limestone of their water from this formation. The Castle Hayne limestone of middle and late The piezometric surface remains nearly uniform in Eocene age is an important aquifer in Beaufort sands of comparable depth over most of the area, County and in parts of Martin County. The forma the deeper sands containing water under a greater tion is at or near the surface in the southeastern pressure head than the shallower sands. Artesian corner of Pitt County. Throughout the rest of the flows are common from wells that tap the Peedee Greenville area the formation is confined to the sub formation and that lie adjacent to or in the major surface, being buried progressively deeper in an east stream valleys. erly direction. The limstone normally contains fresh The chemical quality of waters from the Peedee water. However, in eastern Beaufort County it is formation- is not uniform. Water from wells less probable that the limestone in its lower parts con than 100 feet deep are relatively hard (high in cal tains saline waters unsuitable for development. cium and magnesium). Wells penetrating the forma The yield of wells penetrating the formation is 25 variable. Small-diameter (1 inch to 4 inch) wells large diameter drilled wells or "gravel-wall" wells yield from 5 to 150 gpm. Gravel-wall wells 10 to 12 obtain water from this formation, with the exception inches in diameter yield as much as 1,000 gpm with of the municipal wells at Edenton in Chowan County. specific capacities of 10 to 30 gpm per foot of draw The artesian head is uniform at comparable depths down. over most of the area of investigation and increases Water in the Castle Hayne limestone is under with depth at any given locality. The artesian head artesian pressure and the piezometric surface is gen in this formation is above the land surface in the erally within 20 feet of the land surface. Locally, major stream valleys and flowing wells may be ex this pressure surface may be as much as, 15 feet pected. The formation is recharged by direct precipi above the land surface, accounting for many strong tation in outcrop areas or by downward leakage from artesian flows, especially in eastern Beaufort County. thin overlying sands and clays of Quaternary age. Recharge to the Castle Hayne limstone occurs as both The chemical quality of the water is generally ade upward and downward leakage from underlying and quate for most domestic purposes. Where wells ob overlying confining beds. There is no direct recharge tain water from shell beds or impure limestones, from precipitation because the formation, covered the water may be noticeably hard. by younger material, does not crop out in most of the Hydrologically, the Yorktown formation is im area and is not near the surface- except in a small portant largely as a source of water to the underlying area in Pitt County. aquifers of Eocene, Paleocene, and Cretaceous age. The chemical quality of the water is adequate for Enormous quantities of water are stored in the clays most domestic purposes, although objectionably of the Yorktown formation. This water moves slow hard, and large amounts of hydrogen sulfide may ly as downward leakage into the more permeably give the waters an objectionable taste and odor in underlying formations and serves as their main . local areas. source of recharge. Locally, the aquifer has been contaminated by lateral infiltration of brackish surface waters from Surficial sands the sounds and estuaries bordering the eastern seg Surficial sands of Quaternary age blanket the in- ments of the Greenville area. terstream areas throughout the Greenville area. These sands furnish water to more individual wells Yorktown formation than any other water-bearing unit. Sands in this The Yorktown formation of late Miocene age unit, occurring between thin beds of clay, range from transgressively covers nearly all the Greenville area. coarse to fine-graned and well sorted to poorly sorted Individual wells in all the counties described in this sands of all sizes. Generally speaking, the sand-clay report obtain small to large supplies of water from ratio in any given section is about 2:3. the formation. The predominant lithology is that Water in these sands ocurs under water-table con of thick, massive marine clays interbedded with len ditions, and water levels show great variation in re ticular sands, shell beds, and indurated shell lime sponse to seasonal variations in rainfall and evapo- stones. These water-bearing beds occur at all hori transpiration. Wells that obtain water from this ma zons within the formation and cannot be traced from terial are shallow driven or dug wells that rarely ex well to well over long distances or predicted at any ceed 25 or 30 feet in depth. This type of well may given locality on the basis of present information. yield from 2 to 10 gpm, according to the amount of The water in the formation generally is under ar water desired. Such wells are commonly equipped tesian pressure, except at shallow depths at or near with hand-operated pitcher pumps or buckets. the outcrop area. Most of the wells that obtain wa Water-level records indicate that, although sea ter from this formation are jetted, driven, or dug sonal variations in the water table in this material wells. Both the jetted and driven wells obtain water are marked, over a period of years there has been from the sands and shell strata. Dug wells of large no long-term rise or decline in water levels. diameter obtain water from the clays in the form of The chemical quality of water from this unit is slow seepage and rarely penetrate to the sand or shell suitable for most domestic uses. The water is soft beds. Individual wells yield 5 to 300 gpm. No re but generally is corrosive and may contain consider liable information is available as to the specific able iron. capacities of these wells. General observations sug The surficial sands are the main source of water gest that specific capacities average less than 5 gpm for small tenant farms, but the present trend in the per foot of drawdown over most of the area. No Greenville area is toward abandonment of this 26 source of water in favor of deeper wells that obtain Geology—The entire county is mantled by surficial water of better quality, both chemically and bacter- sands and clays of Quaternary age. This surficial iologically, below the surficial sands. material is rarely more than 30 feet thick and in many places less than 10 feet thick. Underlying the QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS OF surficial deposits are beds of blue clay, marl, shells, GROUND WATER and impure shell limestone that constitute the York- town formation of late Miocene age. The Yorktown In the Greenville area few data are available upon formation ranges in thickness from about 40 feet in which to base an estimate of the amount of ground the extreme western part of the county to as much water that may be available in the aquifers in any as 200 feet in the extreme eastern part of the coun given section. The emphasis in a reconnaissance in- ty. In the central and eastern parts of the county vestigaton is to delineate and describe the physical the Yorktown formation is underlain by layers of characteristics of the water-bearing formations and phosphatic sand that are separated by one or more their contained water. indurated shell beds. This unit, which has been Current and previous measurements of ground- designated in this report as middle (?) Miocene, water levels in the area suggest that, in most places, ranges from a few feet to more than 90 feet in only a very small part of the available ground-water thickness. Individual beds of phosphatic sand are as supply is being utilized. Future ground-water in much as 20 feet thick. Underlying the upper and vestigations in the area should be directed toward se middle (?) Miocene deposits are shell limestones and . curing detailed data concerning the water-bearing interlayered calcareous sands of the Castle Hayne capacity of the ground-water reservoirs. Current limestone of late and middle Eocene age. This form statements regarding quantitative withdrawal of ation is about 60 feet thick near the western border ground water and the effects of this withdrawal on of the county and perhaps as much as 250 feet thick future supplies in the Greenville area are largely along the eastern border of the county. The Beau empirical. fort formation of Paleocene age, composed of argil laceous sand, glauconitic sand, and marl, underlies COUNTY DESCRIPTIONS the Castle Hayne limestone throughout most of the county. Few data are available concerning the thick Beaufort County ness of the Beaufort formation. Two miles north of (Area 831 square miles, population 37,134) Washington, the formation is 35 feet thick and, ac Beaufort County, the largest and easternmost cording to limited data, the formation thickens^rap county in the area of investigation, is roughly divid idly and is buried progressively deeper toward the ed in an east-west direction by the Pamlico River, east. Underlying the Beaufort formation are glau an inland extension of Pamlico Sound. The county conitic sands and micaceous clays of the Peedee is bounded to the north by Martin and Washington formation of Late Cretaceous age. No data regarding Counties, to the east by Hyde County and Pamlico the total thickness of this formation in Beaufort Sound, to the south by Pamlico and Craven Counties, County are available. One mile west of Washington and to the west by Pitt County. Washington, the the top of the Peedee was penetrated at a depth of county seat, is the second largest town in the Green 158 feet below sea level. In eastern Beaufort County ville area. Other population centers in the county extrapolated data indicate that the top of the Peedee include Aurora, Bath, Belhaven, Chocowinity, and formation lies about 700 to 800 feet below sea level. Pantego. Beneath the Peedee formation are older Cretaceous The county is drained by broad, slow-moving sediments that are believed to contain saline waters, creeks that flow into the Pungo and Pamlico River; and are not, therefore, discussed in this section. these in turn flow into Pamlico Sound. Large areas Ground water.—With the exception of the supply of the county consist of broad swamps, locally termed for the town of Washington, all public and private "pocosins". In the area north and west of the com water supplies in Beaufort County are obtained from munities of Terra Ceia and Swindell, large segments wells. Surficial sands of Quaternary-age and near- of swamp land have been reclaimed through con surface sand and shell beds of the Yorktown forma struction of deep drainage ditches. This reclaimed tion furnish water to shallow dug wells and driven land is among the most fertile in the State. Agricul wells that extend to a depth of 30 feet. A yield of ture and seafood processing are the main sources of 2 to 30 gpm can be expected from shallow wells in income in the county. this material. Such wells are commonplace through- .27 out the entire county. In central and eastern Beau the county is only a small amount of the total water fort County drilled wells obtain water from lenticular available. sands and shell beds in the Yorktown formation and The following well logs describe the physical from shell limestones and calcareous sands in the un characteristics of the principal aquifers in Beaufort derlying Castle Hayne limestone. These wells range County (see figure 5 for location). in depth from 100 to 300 feet and yield as much as 300 gpm. The depth of an individual well is largely Beaufort County determined by the area in which it is drilled, by the Number 32 quantity and quality of water desired, and by indi vidual driller's preference. Several wells in central Location: South shore of the Pungo River at Woodstock Point. 2.4 miles north of Winsteadville, North Carolina. Beaufort County obtain water from the Beaufort Owner: Walter Johnson formation. However, this aquifer is seldom utilized Date drilled: 1952 in the eastern and central sections of the county Driller: Truman Sawyer because of the abundance of water in overlying aqui Elevation of well: 6 feet above sea level fers. Water below a depth of 30-50 feet in this area is under artesian pressure and flowing wells are Hydrologic Information very common. Much of the land is only a few feet Diameter of well: 2 inches above sea level and the piezometric surface is gen Depth of well: 240 feet erally within 15 feet of land surface or higher. In Cased to: 230 feet Finish: open end western Beaufort County, water is obtained from the Static (nonpumping) water level: 5 feet above land surface Castle Hayne limestone, the Beaufort formation, and Temperature: 62°P less commonly from the Peedee formation. The rela Yield: 10 gallons per minute (flow, 1954) tive thinness of the Castle Hayne limestone in this Chemical analysis of water available Remarks: Very strong odor of hydrogen sulphide around the part of the county limits its value as an aquifer. well. Water tastes very strongly of hydrogen sul Where large quantities of water are desired, wells phide. must be of large diameter, if tapping the Castle Hayne limestone, or must tap the Beaufort and Pee Log of Well dee formations. Yields of several hundred gallons Depth per minute may be expected from deep wells in this (feet) 0-65 No sample. area. The chemical quality of ground water in Beaufort Miocene—Yorktown formation County is not uniform. Water from the surficial 65-75 Sand, white; 80 per cent fine-grained angular to sub- sands contains objectionable iron and is generally angular quartz sand. 15 percent light-gray to white corrosive. Water from the shell beds and impure calcareous clay matrix, loosely consolidated. 5 per cent broken shell and limestone fragments. Ostracoda limestone layers of the Yorktown formation is moder and Forarninifera abundant. ately hard. Water from the shell limestone layers 75-85 Sand, white; Same 65-75-foot interval. and calcareous sand layers of the Castle Hayne lime S5-95 Sand, white; 90 percent fine-grained subangular quartz stone is moderately hard to very hard and may con sand; grain surfaces predominantly etched and frost tain objectionable amount of hydrogen sulfide, par ed. 10 percent gray calcareous clay matrix, loosely ticularly in the eastern sections of the county. Most consolidated. Trace of broken abraded shell and lime of the water from the Beaufort and Peedee forma stone fragments. Abundant Ostracoda and Foramini- fera. tions is soft, but may be hard if the water is emanat 95-105 Sand, white; Same as 85-95-foot interval, with trace of ing from calcareous strata. At Washington and Bel- medium-grained black phosphate nodules. Abundant haven several wells yield waters relatively high in Ostracoda and Foraminifera. chloride. Available data indicate that the chloride 105-115 Sand, white; Same as 95-105-foot interval. probably results from a lateral infiltration of brack 115-125 Marl, white; 55 per cent fine-grained angular quartz ish surface water into the aquifer as the wells are sand. 35 percent cream-colored shell fragments. 10 pumped. Relocation of supply wells at a greater dis percent white to light-gray calcareous clay matrix, loosely consolidated. Trace of black phosphate no tance from brackish surface waters in these areas dules. Ostracoda and Foraminifera1 abundant. would result in a lower incidence of chloride content. 135-145 Marl, white; Same as 115-125-foot interval. Large supplies of ground water are available 145-165 Marl, gray; same as 115-125-foot interval with matrix throughout the county from aquifers of Mesozoic changing from white to gray in color. Ostracoda and and Cenozoic age. Present use of ground water in Foraminifera abundant. 28 Ostracoda from 65-3 65-feet include: j Upper Miocene—Yorktoion formation Cytheridea (Haplocythcridca) j)roboscidi\ila Ed 40-50 Marl, gray; 40 percent medium-grained subrounded wards \ i quartz sand. 30 percent blue-gray clay matrix, un Letjumvnocythcreis whitei Swain I consolidated. 30 percent broken shell fragments. Os Actinocythereis exanthemata (Ulrich and Bassler) tracoda and Foraminifera very rare. Echinocythereis garretti (Howe and McGuirt) 50-70 Clay, dark-gray; 20 percent very fine-grained angular M-urrayina martini (Ulrich and Bassler) quartz sand. 80 percent gray clay matrix, unconsoli Orionina vauyhani (Ulrich and Bassler) dated. Ostraccda and Foraminifera rare. Hcmicythere conradi Howe and McGuirt 70-80 Marl, light-gray; 40 percent medium-grained subround Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea Edwards ed quartz sand. 35 percent gray clay matrix, uncon Cush man idea ashermani (Ulrich and Bassler) solidated. 25 percent broken abraded shell fragments. Middle (?) Miocene—unnamed unit Ostracoda rare and Foraminifera common. 1GS-1SO Phosphatic sand, brown to gray; 50 percent fine-grain Ostracoda from 40-70-feet include: ed angular quartz sand. 30 percent fine-grained tan Pur tan a rugipunctata (Ulrich and Bassler) black cellophane spherules and shards. 20 percent Actinocythereis exanthemata (Ulrich and Bassler) brown Log of Test Hole Paleocene—Beaufort formation Depth 145-150 Glauconitic sand, "salt and pepper"; 40 percent coarse (feet) to medium-grained subrounded quartz sand. 30 per Quaternary—sand and clay cent dark-green medium-grained glauconite. 15 per 10-20 ' Sand and clay, tan; 60 percent fine to medium-grained cent green clay matrix, unconsolidated. 15 per angular to subangular quartz sand. 40 percent tan cent large broken shell fragments, primarily brachio- clay matrix, unconsolidated. No microfossils. pods. Nodosaria sp. prominent in hand specimen. No 20-30 Sand, tan; SO percent coarse to medium-grained sub- Ostracoda, Foraminifera common. rounded quartz sand. 20 percent tan clay matrix, 155-105 Sand, gray; 70 percent coarse to medium-grained sub unconsolidated. Limonitic staining of quartz grains angular to subrounded quartz sand. 20 percent gray predominate. No microfossils. clay and silt matrix, unconsolidated.. 10 percent dark- 30-40 Sand, tan; Same as 20-30-foot interval. No micro green medium-grained glauconite. Ostracoda and fossils. Foraminifera rare. 29 165-175 Sand, gray; Same as 155-165-foot interval with trace of 200-205 Sand, gray; 80 percent coarse to medium-grained sub- coarse broken shell fragments. Ostracoda and Foram- rounded to rounded quartz sand. 20 percent gray clay inifera common. matrix, unconsolidated. Trace of dark-green glauco nite. Ostracoda from 155-165-foot include: 205-210 Sand, gray; Same as 200-205-foot interval with addi Cytheridea (Haplocytheridea,) ruginosa Alexander tion of 5 percent authigenic euhedral feldspar cry Brachycythere interrasilis Alexander stals which generally show twinning and which are Trachyleberis spiniferrima (Jones and Sherborn) partially kaolinized. Ostracoda and Foraminifera Trachyleberis cf. T. prestwichiana (Jones and Sher common. born) 210-221 Sand, gray; Same as 200-205-foot interval. Ostracoda Trachyleberis midtcayensis (Alexander) and Foraminifera common. Trachyleberis bassleri (Ulrich) 221-225 Glauconitic sand; "salt and pepper"; 55 percent coarse No Osti*aeoda were obtained from samples between to medium-grained subrounded to subangular quartz 140 and 155 feet. The top of the Paleocene is placed sand. 30 percent dark-green medium-grained glau at 145 feet on the basis of lithology. The first Paleo conite. 15 percent silt and clay matrix, unconsolidat- cene Ostracoda occur in the 155-foot sample. . ed. Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. 230-235 Glauconitic sand, green; 20 percent medium-grained Upper Cretaceous—Peedee formation subangular quartz sand. 60 percent dark-green med 175-185 Sand, gray; 70 percent fine to medium-grained sub- ium-grained glauconite. 20 percent gray-green silt angular quartz. 30 percent gray silt and clay and clay matrix, unconsolidated. Ostracoda rare, matrix, unconsolidated. Light-green fine-grained Foraminifera common. glauconite prominent. Ostracoda and Foraminifera Ostracoda from 175-235-feet include: very abundant. Cytheridea (Haplocytheridea) ulrichi (Berry) Eucytherura curta (Jennings) 185-195 Sand, gray; Same as 175-185-foot interval. Ostracoda Brachycythere rhomboidalte (Berry) and Foraminifera abundant. Trachyleberis pidgeoni (Berry) 195-200 Sand, gray; Same as 175-185-foot interval. Ostracoda Trachyleberis communis (Israeisky) and Foraminifera abundant. Velarocythere arachoides (Berry) 30 Mop Of Beaufort County showing the location of water supplies scale of miles 0 12 3 4 5 CO Figure 5. TABLE 2. Rkcoiip of Wklls in Bkaufort County Depth Tyiic Diam of Water Draw Well Location Owner of Depth eter casing Water-bearing level Yield down Remarks no. Well (ft.) Cm.) (ft.) material (ft.) (gpm) (ft.) 1 6K» miles XNK of Pantcso J. Adams Open- end 231 2 i 220 Limestone . -- - Flows Analysis Temperature 62°F. •■> do D. Livcrman do 244 2 240 do +8.9 Water level measured, 1954 8 miles XXK of Pinetowu L. Sullivan do 140 2 140 do 4 2 miles X of Pinctown R. Boweu do 175 2 160 do 5 2}-> miles E of Pinetown G. Bowcn -do... 179 2 179 do —9.0 Water level reported by driller, 1952. Temperature 6l°F. 6 2 miles Xl£ of Terra Ceia ._ M. Rcspess -do... 225 2 220 ..do Analysis. 7 \li miles X of Terra Ccia J. Rcspess do 360 4-2 °85 S Terra Ceia M. Ratcliff . do .. 402 2 402 do Flows... Analysis. 9 ....do Dutch Reformed Church. ..do... 300 IK 300 Limestone 10 ....do do 300 IK i 250 do 11 \\o miles E of Terra Ceia L. Pilly .do .. 265 2 ; 265 do 12 U miles NW of Swindell A. Swindell -do... 190 2 : 165 Phosphatic sand Analysis. Temperature 6l°F. 13 IK miles SE of Swindell American Metals Co. do 200 Limestone 14 ....do Orville Jones ..do... 231 2 ! 220 do Analysis. Temperature 61°F" 15 2 miles S of Swindell . . Mrs L Harris Open- end 235 2 230 Limestone 16 2K miles S of Swindell M. Ratcliff.. ...do... 380 4 ' i 305 Greensaud 17 Pantego R. Y. Wilkinson ...do 250 6 250 Limestone 18 ..do..... T Dovle do 232 2 930 do 19 do Beaufort County Board of Education do 200 2 °45 do 20 ....do D. Lupton do 285 2 °85 do Flows 5 Water level measured, 1956. Analysis. Temperature 61°F. 21 \\i miles S of Pantego R. Hamilton —do— 275 2 260 do Flows 22 2 miles NW of Belhaven N. C. State Highway Dcpt ..do .. 230 2.5 210 do Flows 23 Belhaven Town of Belhaven do 410 8 265 ....do.... Flows Analysis. Public supply. 24 ..^.do do do 185 2 180 ....Marl Flows Abandoned. 25 ....do ...do Screen 101 8 97 do Analysis. Public supply. 26 ....do ..do Open- end 100 3 97 do Public supply. 27 do do do 100 3 SO do Public supply. 28 do do Screen 306 6 030 Limestone Flows 29 ....do do Open Analysis. Abandoned. end 225 3 do Flows Analysis. 30 3 miles SW of Belhaven J. L. Walls . do... 285 2 280 do Flows 31 ....do R. 0. Smith —do- 230 2 230 —do Flows Analysis. 32 iy* miles NE of Winstcadville— W. Johnston Open end 270 2 265 Limestone Flows Analysis. 33 ....do W.Taylor Point 30 IK 30 Sand 34 V/> miles NW of Winsteadville. W. Boshen Open end 213 213 35 1K miles NE of Winsteadville.. F. Winstead Point 30 IK 30 Sand 36 Winsteadville W F Winstead Open end 350 3-2 260 Limestone - ... Flows Temperature 62°F. 37 2 miles SW of Winsteadville R. C. Moore — do- 311 3 300 do 38 4H miles W of Winsteadville J. B. Brinn ...do- 180 2 180 .do Temperature 62°F. 39 3 miles SW of Winsteadville A. N. Roper Point 50 50 Marl 40 6 miles SE of Bath... St. Clair Church of Chris Open end 250 IK 180 Flows Analysis. 41 —do G. D. Ross do 250 IK ISO do Flows Water has very strong H2S odor and taste 42 do W R. White do 225 2 180 do . — Flows Water has very strong H2S odor and Taste. Tempera ture 62°F 43 —do B.Godley ...do 269 2 210 do Flows ....do 44 . do do do 2 190 do 45 do. do do 168 2 168 do 46 3 miles SE of Bath . B. Selby Screen 90 a 90 Marl 47 3 miles SE of Bath B. F. Bowers Point 20 ! 20 48 W> miles E of Bath T. A. Brooks Open end 200 200 Temperature 63°F. 40 do Harold Ormond .-do 145 130 Sand 50 Yeatsville J M Tankard do 185 185 51 2 miles W of Yeatsville J. Waters ...do 195 2 195 do Temperature 63°F. 52 3 miles SW of Yeatsville L P Harris do 2 190 do .. . Analysis. 53 Bath T. Brooks ...do.. 120 2 85 Sand . 54 Bath School ...do- 265 2 265 55 ....do T. A. Brooks Point 20 IK 20 Sand 32 TABLE 2. Recoki) of Wklls in Bkaufout County—Continued Depth Type Diam of Water Draw Well Location Owner of Depth eter casing Water-bearing level Yield down Remarks no. Well (ft.) (in.) (ft.) matciial (ft.) (gpm) (ft) 56 VA miles NW of Bath W.T.Wallace Open end 228 2 228 Analysis. 57 ....do American Metals Co... _ 130 130 do 58 —do W. WaUace. Jr Open end ,100 2 87 59 ....do R. Boweu Point 130 30 Marl 60 3H miles NW of Bath L. C. Jefferson . Open 1 end 150 2 145 61 —do T. Sawyer —do... 145 VA 140 do Anulvsis Temi)orattire fVoK 62 2}4 miles WXW of Bath H. Gurganus —do... jioi V4 S5 Sand 63 ....do B. Davis —do... no IK 90 ....do 64 4 miles WSW of Bath Camp Leech —do... 115 2 105 do 65 ....do ....do . do 93 2 90 do 66 2 miles E of Bunyan C. Sheppard —do... 200 IK 200 Limestone 67 1 mile E of Bunyan R. Warner Open end :95 IK 95 Sand Temperature 62°F. 68 —do J. Ward —do... 110 IK 105 do 69 2H miles NNE of Bunyan John Singleton —do... 340 2 300 Greensand ... Analysis 70 VA miles W of Bunyan H. Williamson Point 35 35 Sand 71 VA miles W of Bunyan .... Ethel Rhodes Open- end 180 4 180 —20.3 Analysis. Water level meas ured, 1956. 72 1 mile NE of Washington. Couuty Home —do 74 2 70 Marl 21 7 73 Washington Colonial Ice Co ...do 60 4 60 do 74 —do —do —do 65 4 60 do 75 ....do Dr. Pepper Bottling Co. do 142 140 76 ..-do ....do Screen 152 8 152 do —8.0 180 6 Water level measured, 1956. 77 —do F. Mayo & Co - do . 145 g 138 do 7S —do —do —do .. 152 6 145 do 79 —do C. F. Cowell —do... 4 115 ...do 80 —do —do ...do - J158 6 87 do Flows 81 —do Maola Ice Cream Co - do 150 g 99 do 82 —do Adams Wholesale Co —do . 147 o 91 do 83 —do R. Whisnant —do. . ; 74 4 70 do 1 84 ...-do A. Moore do 120 Q 70 do 85 Washington W. J. Edwards Screen !lO7 Q 99 Limestone 86 ....do Sullivan's Hatchery Open end " 60 IK 60 do 87 ....do S. M. Lee Open end 140 VA 140 ....do .X 88 ....do F. Caraway . do 108 IK 100 do 89 do Washington Light & ■■ Power Co -do— 160 g 160 do 90 ....do —do —do— 113 G 100 do 91 —do —do —do - 141 6 141 do 92 —do ....do —do 103 g 100 do 93 ....do City of Washington Gravel waU 273 12-8 273 Analysis. Public supply. 94 ....do do Open end 168 6 100 . do Analysis. Public supply. 95 —do —do do... 168 6 100 do Public supply. 96 ....do do Gravel wall 173 10-8 160 Sand Public supply. 97 1 mile N of Washington... .. A. T. Williams Open end 65 IK 65 Limestone ...... 98 VA mile N of Washington Airport Screen 215 8 210 do 99 ....do American Metals Co 245 Sand 100 11A miles NW of Washington.... —do 310 do 101 VA miles NW of Washington.... R. Harrison Open end 120 VA 120 Greensand Temperature 62°F. 102 7 miles NW of Washington N. Cherry —do... 170 2 170 ....do 103 VA miles NW of Washington.... W. Cherry —do- 130 2 130 . do „ Analysis. 104 VA miles NW of Washmgton.... K. B. Dixon Open end 135 2 55 Limestone 105 10 miles NW of Washington R. Leggett —do— 185 2 130 Greensand 106 3H miles NNW of Mineola J.J. Wynn —do— 179 2 179 ....do 107 3 miles NNW of Mineola W. Leggette —do— 112 2 90 Limestone Analvsis 108 2H miles NNW of Mineola R. Leggette —do 165 2 160 Greensand 109 Mineola - Old Ford School do 100 2 90 Sand 110 —do...: G. Wollard do 80 80 do r\ 111 Chocowinity Norfolk Southern Railroad -do— 125 4 125 do 112 —do P. A. Taylor ... do— 160 2 160 ....do Analysis. 113 —do Nelson Motel —do... 215 4 210 Greensand .._ 33 TABLE 2. Record of Wkm.s ix Bkai-fokt County—Continued Depth Type Diam of Water Draw Well Location Owner of Depth eter casing Water-bearing level Yield down Rbuarks no. Well (ft.) (in.) (ft) material (ft.) (gpm) (ft.) 114 Chocowinity G. B. Smith Poiut 30 IK 30 Sand 115 ....do T. H. Moore Open end 90 2 90 Marl 116 ..do J. 13. Winfield Open end 165 2H 160 Sand 117 5 miles SE of Chocowinitv do ...do... 165 165 do 118 9» -J miles SE or Chocowinity R. Mavne ...do... 190 2}4 180 do 119 10 miles SE of Chocowinity J. C. Cayton ...do... 100 IK 100 Limestone 120 12 miles SE of Chocowinitv N. C. State Highway ...do... 140 IK 98 ....do Dept. 121 Cors Cross Roads A. 0. Mason Open end 125 IK 125 Sand 122 Edward Bennett and Sawyer Point 50 IK 50 do 123 4? 4 miles SSE of Edward C.T.Allen Open end 209 2 209 Limestone 124 Idalia CM. Hardy Point 18 18 Sand 125 ....do Harvey Bros Open end 210 2 210 Limestone Flows 126 ...do B. Thompson ...do... 200 2 200 do 127 ....do A. Baker ...do... 215 2 205 do Fl 128 .._.do B. Thompson .. .- do 200 2 do Flows 129 Aurora Max Thompson . —do... 323 2 204 do Flows 130 ....do A. C. Lupton ...do... 235 2 200 ....do 131 ....do Town of Aurora ...do... 180 2 180 do 132 do Beaufort Co. Board of Education ...do... 200 2 190 do 133 ! Aurora „__ Atlantic Coast Line Screen 100 6 100 Marl Railroad 134 ... do Aurora Potato Co. Open end 200 4 190 Limestone TABLE 3. Chemical Analyses of Ground Water from Beaufort County (Numbers at heads of columns correspond to well numbers in table of well data) (Parts per million) 1 6 8 12 14 20 Silica (SiOa) 53 37 2.7 52 54 Iron (Fc), total 0.08 .35 .14 .01 1.1 .04 Iron (Fe), in solution .00 .01 .02 00 Calcium (Ca) 75 59 34 49 43 Magnesium (Mg) 21 29 10 28 29 Sodium and potassium (Na+K) 29 34 45 20 51 65 Bicarbonate (HCO3) 396 417 427 178 400 365 Sulfate(S04) .1 .1 21 .1 9 9 Chloride (Cl) 6.8 15 10 19 on Fluoride (F) .4 .4 .6 .6 .8 Nitrate (NOa) .5 1.0 .8 1.5 .2 Dissolved solids 395 411 243 395 412 Hardness as CaCO 3 212 275 268 138 240 226 pH 7.3 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.7 Water-bearing material . Limestone Limestone Greeiisand Phosphatic Limestone Limcstouc saud Date of collection 6-21-55 3-18-55 3-8-55 9-17-56 3-18-55 12-1-43 Analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch, U. 3. Geological Survey. 34 TABLE 3. Chemical Analyses of Ground Water from Bkaufort Covxty—Continued (Numbers at heads qf columns correspond to well numbers in table of well data) (Parts per million) . 23 25 29 31 32 40 Silica (SiO2) 40 46 39 26 Iron (Fe). total .09 .39 .14 .02 Iron (Fe), in solution .04 .00 .00 Calcium (Ca) 41 90 56 28 Magnesium (Mg) 30 11 29 31 Sodium and potassium (Na-j-K) 538 154 82 369 Bicarbonate (HCO3) 514 459 448 417 509 435 Sulfatc(S04) 80 29 4 2.1 39 1 Chloride (Cl) 655 138 98 65 382 50 Fluoride (F) 1.3 .5 1.2 .7 1.0 Nitrate (NO3) .1 1.6 .0 .0 Dissolved solids 1630 702 512 1150 Hardness as CaCO3 263 270 231 250 197 302 pH 7.5 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.2 Water-bearing material Limestono Marl Limestono Limestone Limestone Limestone Date of collection 2-26-51 11-10-47 1-6-42 4-21-54 4-21-54 4-21-54 Analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. 52 56 61 69 71 93 Silica (SiOz) 64 62 9.7 Iron (Fe), total .65 .39 .13 Iron (Fe), in solution .00 .01 .09 Calcium (Ca) 98 74 33 Magnesium (Mg) 10 17 15 Sodium and potassium (Na-f K) 18 10 154 Bicarbonate (HCO3) 430 384 327 442 234 378 Sulfate (SO4) 9 1.4 .1 1 1 17 Chloride (Ci) 13 5.8 5.4 52 4.2 no Fluoride (F) .5 .6 .8 .0 .7 Nitrate (NOs) .0 1.5 .9 Dissolved solids 399 347 545 Hardness as CaCO 3. „.. 331 286 255 234 181 144 pH 7.1 7.1 7.5 7.8 7.5 7.4 Water-bearing material Limestone Limestone Limestone Greensand Limestone Limestone Date of collection 4-21-54 3-31-54 3-18-55 3-30-54 3-30-54 10-19-56 Analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. 94 103 107 112 117 j Silica (SiO2) 15 Iron (Fe), total .38 Iron (Fe), in solution .01 Calcium (Ca) 73 71 Mamesium (Mg) 6.3 15 Sodium and potassium (Na+K) 50 Bicarbonate (HCO3) 200 277 317 199 252 Sulfate (S04) 29 1 1 1 2 Chloride (Cl) 88 4.8 4.8 4.2 5 Fluoride (F) .1 .5 .5 .5 0.2 Nitrate (NOs) 2.7 Dissolved solids 373 Hardness as CaCO3... 208 190 239 147 192 pH 7.4 7.7 7.5 7.8 Water-bearing material Limestone Greensand Limestone Sand Sand Date of collection. . . 10-19-56 3-30-54 3-31-54 3-29-54 12-4-43 Analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. 35 Bertie County 250 feet thick. There seems to be little change in the lateral continuity of this stratigraphic unit in (Area 691 square miles, population 26,440) Bertie County. Greensands predominate at any one Bertie, the second largest county in the area of locality, with impure shell limestones occurring at investigation, is bordered on three sides by rivers; several horizons. Chronologically, the Beaufort for the Chowan River to the east and the Roanoke River mation in Bertie County is represented by a younger to the south and west. Northampton and Hertford facies than in other parts of the Greenville area. Al Counties form the northern boundary. Windsor, the though containing a dominant Paleocene microfauna, county seat, is the largest town; other population in this area, it also contains faunal elements common centers in the county include Aulander, Colerain, to lower Eocene (Wilcox) sediments elsewhere, par Kelford, Lewiston, and Powellsville. ticularly to the microfauna of the Aquia formation The southern third of the county is drained by the of Virginia and Maryland. Roanoke River, the central third by the Cashie Underlying the Beaufort formation in central and River, and the northern third drains through Hert eastern Bertie County are formations of Late Cretac ford County into the Chowan River. Although the eous age, the Peedee, Black Creek, and Tuscaloosa Chowan River forms the eastern boundary of the formations. The Cretaceous sediments are composed county there is no direct drainage along the bound of lenticular clays and interbedded sands that have ary into the river; this eastern county boundary is little lateral continuity. Water-bearing beds in both characterized by prominent river bluffs along its the Peedee and Black Creek formations of this area entire extent. are generally composed of finer sands and more clay The sale of agricultural products provides the than in comparable water-bearing beds of the same major source of income in the county; tobacco is the age in Martin, Pitt, and Greene Counties. The Tus chief crop. Several small industries, such as lumber caloosa formation is the only Cretaceous formation and sawmill operations, are located mainly in and that is exposed in Bertie County. Intermittent ex near Windsor. posures of the arkosic sands and clays of this for Geology.—Surficial sand, clay, and gravel of Quat mation can be seen along the banks of the Roanoke ernary age form a mantling deposit over the county. River from a point opposite Lewiston to the Bertie- Northampton County line to the north. Both the Only where major streams and tributaries have cut down through this surficial material are older for Peedee and the Black Creek formations are overlap mations exposed. The light-colored surficial mater ped by the Yorktown formation and finally pinch out ials range in thickness from a few feet to as much between the overlying Yorktown formation and un as 40 feet and generally are thinnest in the inter- derlying Tuscaloosa formation. According to incom plete subsurface data the Beaufort, Peedee, and stream areas. Underlying the surficial material throughout most Black Creek formations, which consist of marine of the county are clays, sands, and marls of the York- facies in south-central Bertie County, interfinger town formation of late Miocene age. Individual beds with predominately deltaic facies of comparable age in the northwestern part of the county. The Peedee in this formation are lenticular and cannot be traced formation at Windsor is 82 feet thick and the under laterally for any great distance. Massive blue-gray lying Black Creek formation at least 179 feet thick. clays with subordinate occurrences of interbedded Sediments of Tuscaloosa age are presumed to under sands and marls are widespread in the central and lie the younger Cretaceous sediments in the eastern eastern sections of the county. The Yorktown at and central sections of the county. The writer be tains its maximum thickness in the eastern part of lieves that deep wells in the county will encounter the county and becomes thinner to the west. It is Lower Cretaceous sediments beneath the Tuscaloosa 48 feet thick in a well at Windsor and is 120 feet sediments, as was the case in Pitt County to the thick in a well near Mount Gould. Underlying the Yorktown formation in central and south. eastern Bertie County are greensands and impure Ground water.—Surficial sands and gravels of shell limestones of the Beaufort formation of Paleo- Quaternary age furnish more water to individual cene age. The thickness and subsurface extent of wells than any other aquifer in the county. Dug wells this formation west of Windsor are unknown, be and driven wells, ranging in depth from 10 to 40 feet, cause of the scarcity of well samples. At Windsor, in obtain from 2 to 15 gpm from this material in most a well drilled for the town, the formation was 78 feet parts of the county. thick. At Mount Gould the formation was more than Driven wells deeper than 40 feet and jetted wells 36 as deep as 120 feet obtain water from the sand and Owner: Town of Windsor marl beds in the Yorktown formation. Inasmuch as Date drilled: .1953 no single water-bearing horizon is recognized in this Driller: Layne Atlantic Co. Elevation of well: 46 feet above sea level formation, the depths of individual wells is quite variable. No adequate figure for the yield of wells Hydrologic Information tapping the Yorktown formation can be given. Indi vidual wells yield 5 to 50 gpm, and several times the Diameter of well: 10 inches maximum figure might be obtained at specific sites. Depth of well: 40 5 feet Many jetted and drilled wells up to 4 inches in Cased to: 405 feet Finish: Gravel-wall and screens diameter obtain water from the Beaufort formation Static water level: G.7 feet above sea level (1953) at depths as great as 450 feet; the depth depends Yield: 250 gallons a minute upon the location within the county. This formation is utilized as an aquifer in the central and eastern Log of Well sections of the county. West and northwest of Wind Depth sor jetted and drilled wells obtain the bulk of their (feet) water from the Cretaceous formations at depths as Quaternary—surficial sands great as 300 feet. Because no single water-bearing 0-22 Sand, tan; 75 percent fine-grained angular to sub- horizon is present in these formations, again the angular quartz sand. 15 percent tan clay matrix, un- consolidated. 10 percent coarse blocky grains of depths of individual wells cannot be determined in potash feldspar. Trace of coarse mica flakes. No advance of the drilling. microfossils. Several of the municipal wells at Windsor are gravel-walled wells that are 12 inches in diameter Upiicr Miocene—Yorktown formation and obtain water from the Beaufort, Peedee, and 22-42 Sand and clay, gray; 65 percent medium to fine grained subrounded to subangular quartz sand. 25 Black Creek formations. These wells, tapping mul percent blue-gray clay matrix, unconsolidated but tiple aquifers, have specific capacities ranging from tight. 10 percent fine broken shell fragments. Trace 4 to 8 gpm per foot of drawdown and generally yield of coarse mica flakes. Ostracoda and Foraminifera 300 gpm or more. common. 42-57 Sand and clay, gray; 55 percent fine to medium-grain The chemical quality of ground water in Bertie ed subanguiar quartz sand. 35 percent blue-gray clay County is adequate for most purposes. Water in matrix, unconsolidated. 10 percent fine broken shell shallow surficial sands, although soft, may be cor fragments. Trace of dark-green fine-grained glauco- rosive and have objectionable concentrations of iron. nite. Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. Water in shell beds of the Yorktown formation and 57-70 Sand and clay, gray; Same as 42-57-foot interval with slight increase in percentage of shell fragments* Os impure shell limestones of the Beaufort formation tracoda and Foraminifera abundant. ^ ••*■ may be hard but is otherwise of good quality. The Ostracoda from the. 22-57-foot intervals include: waters in any one area generally become more soft Puriana ntgipunctata (Ulrich and Bassler) with depth below a minimum of 100-125 feet. Brack Murray'ma martini (Ulrich and Bassler) Orionina vaugliani (Ulrich and Bassler) ish waters are commonly present in the deeper Cre Hemicythere schmidtae Malkin taceous aquifers in all parts of the county below an Hemicythere confragosa Edwards arbitrary depth of 500 feet. Fluoride in excess of the Hemicythere conracli Howe and McGuirt maximum concentration (1.5 ppm) recommended in Paleocene—Beaufort formation drinking water is present in waters from several 70-S3 Sand, gray; 70 percent coarse to medium-grained sub- acquifers below a depth of 300 feet, particularly in rounded quartz sand. 20 percent light-gray calcareous the vicinity of Windsor. clay matrix, indurated and moderately consolidated. The present rate of withdrawal of ground water 10 percent dark-green coarse-grained glauconite. Au- in the county is only a small fraction of the total thigenic pyrite and pyrite aggregates prominent. available supply. Trace of coarse broken abraded shell fragments. Os tracoda and Foraminifera common. The following well log describes the physical 83-9G Glauconitic sand, "salt and pepper"; 50 percent coarse characteristics of some of the principal acquifers in grained subrounded to subangular quartz sand. 25 Bertie County (see figure 6 for well location). percent dark-green coarse-grained glauconite. 25 per cent white calcareous clay matrix indurated and Bertie County moderately consolidated. Trace of coarse broken abraded shell fragments. Ostracoda and Foramini Well Number 64 fera common. Location: Windsor, North Carolina, Well at rear of water 96-134 Glauconitic sand, "salt and pepper"; 30 percent med treatment plant. ium-grained subrounded to subangular quartz sand. 37 50 percent dark-green medium-grained glauconite. 20 green glauconite. Ostracoda and Foraminifera very percent calcareous clay and silt matrix, unconsoli- rare. clated. Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. 246-266 Sand, tan; 80 percent medium to coarse-grained sub 134-144 Glauconitic sand, "salt and pepper"; 40 percent coarse rounded quartz sand. 15 percent tan clay matrix, grained subangular quartz sand. 25 percent dark- unconsolidated. 5 percent light-green fine-grained green coarse-grained glauconite. 35 percent calcar glauconite. Pyrite aggregates and coarse-grained pot eous clay matrix, indurated and well consolidated. ash feldspar prominent. Ostracoda and Foraminifera Ostracoda from the 70-134-foot intervals include: very rare. Cytheridea (Haplo cytheridea) ruginosa Alexander 266-2SS Sand, tan; Same as 246-266-foot interval with the addi Brachycythere interrasilis Alexander tion of hematite aggregates prominent. Ostracoda Brachycythere plena Alexander common, Foraminifera very rare. Trachyleberis miclicayensis (Alexander) Trachyleberis presticichiana (Jones and Sherborn) 288-30S Sand and clay, tan to gray; 60 percent coarse to fine Trachyleberis bassleri (Ulrich) grained subrounded to angular poorly sorted quartz sand. 35 percent tan to gray clay matrix, unconsoli Upper Cretaceous—Peedee formation dated. 5 percent light-green medium-grained glauco nite. Pyrite and hematite aggregates prominent. No 144-165 Clay and sand, gray; 25 percent fine to medium-grained microfossils. angular to subangular water-polished quartz sand. 75 percent gray clay matrix, unconsolidated but com 308-330 Sand and clay, tan to gray; Same as 2SS-30S-foot in pact. Dark-green fine-grained glauconite prominent. terval. No Ostracoda, Foraminifera very rare. Trace of coarse mica flakes. Ostracoda- and Foramini- 330-350 Sand and clay, tan to gray; Same as 2SS-30S-foot in fera common. terval. No microfossils. 165-1S5 Clay and sand, gray; Same as 144-165-foot interval 350-370 Sand and clay, tan to gray; Same as 2S8-308-foot in with slight increase of coarse mica flakes. Ostracoda terval. No microfossils. and Foraminifera common. 370-400 Sand and clay, gray; 60 percent very coarse to fine 1S5-206 Sand, gray; 70 percent medium-grained subrounded to grained subrounded to angular poorly-sorted quartz subangular well-sorted clay matrix, unconsolidated. sand. 35 percent gray ciay matrix, unconsolidated but . 10 percent dark to light-green fine-grained glauconite. compact. 5 percent light-green medium-grained glau Trace of broken abraded.shell fragments. Ostracoda conite. Pyrite and hematite aggregates prominent, and Foraminifera common. trace of broken abraded shell fragments. No micro 206-226 Sand, gray; 90 percent very fine-grained angular fossils. quartz sand. 10 percent gray micaceous clay matrix, 400-405 Clay, brick-red; 10 percent subrounded medium gravel. unconsolidated but compact. Pyrite aggregates prom 90 percent brick-red clay matrix, unconsolidated but inent. Trace of dark-green fine-grained glauconite very compact. Hematite aggregates prominent in and phosphate spherules. Ostracoda and Foramini- washed residue. Trace of dark to light-green fine - fera rare. grained glauconite and coarse mica flakes. Ostracoda Ostracoda from the 144-226-foot intervals include: and Foraminifera rare. Cytherella herricki Brown Ostracoda occurring in the 226-400-foot intervals in Cytherelloiclea sioaini Brown clude: Cytherelloidea sohni Brown Cytheridea (Haplocytherklea) cf. H. berryi (Swain) Brachycythere rhomboidalis (Berry) Cytheridea (Hoplocytheridea) monmouthensis Trachyleberis pidgeoni (Berry) (Berry) Trachyleberis praecursora Brown Trachyleberis'l austinensis (Alexander) Protocythere parat7-iplicata Swain Upper Cretaceous—Black Creek formation Remarks: The occurrence of Citharina texana Cushman.in. 226-246 Sand and gravel, tan; 50 percent coarse to fine-grained 266-28S-foot interval and the occurrence of Trachylel)eris(f) subrounded to angular quartz sand. 30 percent fine austinensis (Alexander) in the 400-405-foot interval indicates rounded gravel. 20 percent tan clay and silt matrix, an Austin age, and it seems probable that the upper Snow unconsolidated. Pyrite aggregates and coarse blocky Hill marl member of the Black Creek formation, which is of potash feldspar grains prominent. Trace of dark- Taylor age, is absent in this well. 38 HERTFORD C 0 UNT Y / —V -.. ._* .. __.. NORTHAMPTON / Aulonder\'514 >* "7 VToT" COUNTY Mop of BERTIE COUNTY Showinglocationofwotersupplies CO CO Figure6. TABLE 4. Rkcokds of Wells in Beutie Couxty Depth Type Diam of Water Draw Weil Location Owner of Depth eter casing Water-bearing level Yield down Remarks 110. Well (ft.) (in.) (ft.) material (ft.) (gpm) (ft.) 1 Roxobcl Farmville-Woodard Open Lumber Co. end 22 IK 22 Sand 2 ....do ... do do 150 4 150 do 3 ....do ....do do 330 3 330 do 4 Kelford Coca Cola Plant — . do 196 6 196 do 5 do Dug 13 36 Sand and clay —9.9 5 Water level measured, 195G 6 ....do Texaco Gas Station do 20 36 do 13 0 Wati»r IpvoI mpnsurpil lQ'ifi 7 »2 mile N of Rhodes E. A. Outlaw Open- end 105 IK 99 Sand —S.98 Water level measured per- iodically by the U. S. Geological Survey. 8 2H miles E of Roxobel W.C. Tester Dug 16 36 Sand and clay —11.8 Water level measured, 1943 9 V/> mile W of Aulander H. D. Thomas ...do... 12.8 36 do —10 9 Water level measured 1956 10 Aulander \Y. D. Rawls Screen 255 4-2 255 Sand —30 ^=20 ±40 Reported by driller. u Aulander Gravel Wall 354 8 354 do 550 Analysis. Public Supply. 12 do do Open end 187 2 1S7 do Abandoned, 13 ....do ....do do 164 2 164 do do 14 ....do ....do ...do... 132 2 132 do do 15 ....do ....do ...do .. 160 2 160 do do 1G Aulander ... .. Town of Aulander Open end 140 3 140 Sand Abandoned, 17 ....do...... do . do ._ 160 3 160 do do 18 ....do ....do .. do .. 135 3 135 do do 19 ....do Seaboard Airline R. R. do 45 2 45 Gravel 10 20 Connaritsa... J. W. Howard Dug 11.2 36 Sand and clay —9.7 Water level measured 1956 21 Powellsville •_ Town of Powellsville Screen 310 4-2 310 Sand 50 Aualysis. Public Supply. 22 ....do _ B. Reynor Open end 46 IK 46 do —16.8 Abandoned. 23 ....do H.HarreU ...do... 52 IK 52 do 10 Water level measured, 1955. 24 1M miles S. of Powellsville J. TV. rlolloman Dug 13 do \\ g 10 25 1 mile E of Powellsville Lee Freeman Screen 255 4-2 255 Greensand —32 26 YA mile W of Trap C.W.Wade ...do... 335 4-2 335 do Analysis. 27 % mile E of Trap Trap Lumber Co Open end 105 VA Sand Flows Reported to flow periodically. 28 Colerain Town of Colerain Screen 170 g 170 65 Analysis. Water level and yield reported by driller. 29 ....do Perry, Belch, Fish Co. do 192 4 192 do Flows 15 30 ....do Town of Colerain ...do... 264 8-4 264 do •'00 Public Supply. 31 ....do ....do 189 21 184 do 32 ....do .' F. McCrarv Screen 238 4 238 do s = Yield reported by driller. 33 VA miles SW of Colerain F.W.Leary Open end 115 2 115 34 % mile WNW ofColerain Zion Hill Baptist Church. Screen 338 4-2 Sand —33 Water level measured 1956 35 2H miles WSW of Colerain Charles Brinkley Screen 360 4-2 360 Sand 32 Water level reported by driller. 36 V/i mile of Rosemead Bertie County Board of Education . ...do... 139 4 134 do 37 1 mile NE of Mount Gould W. R. Lawrence ...do... 150 4 150 .. do —6 Temperature. 61.5°F. • 38 1 mile W of Mount Gould M.W.Britt ...do... 382 4-2 382 do —36 39 VA miles NW of Mount Gould.. J. D. Rayuor ...do... 341 4-2 341 40 1 mile S of Mount Gould Bertie County Board of Open Education end 52 \\i 52 41 VA miles NW of Mount Gould.. W.G. Baker Dug 15.8 Sand —13 5 42 Whites X-Roads Hugh White Open- end 260 2 260 do 17 46 Water level measured peri odically by the U. S. Geological Survey. 43 % mile E of Askewville J. H. Cowan Screen 306 4-2 306 ....do —30 Water level reported by driller. 1956. 44 4K miles E of Republican X. C. State Highway Open end 20 IX 20 do Flows 5 Flow measured, 1954. 45 1 mile SE of Burden C. Cowan . do .. 30 IK do 46 3H miles SE of Rhodes J. D. Francis Screen 210 2 210 ....do 47 1 mile SW of Woodville Bertie County Board of Education ...do... 171 4-2 171 do -31 Water level reported by driller, 1956. 4S IK miles SW of Woodville Bertie County Board of Education _ Screen 170. 4-2 170 Sand -31 5 Water level and yield reported by driller, 1956. 49 Woodville C.B. Griffin ...do... 169 a 169 do 50 Republican J J? Buzeiiiore Open end 130 4 130 ....do 40 i * "«J TABLE 4. Rkcokds of Wklls in Bkutie County—Continued \ Depth Type Diam of Water Draw Well Location Owner of Depth eter casing Water-bearing level Yield down Remarks no. Well (ft.) (in.) (ft.) material (ft.) (gpm) (ft.) 51 Rpnublicau Clifton Ward Screen 175 • 4 175 52 Drew V. L. Jones do 195 2 195 do —25 Water level reported by well owner, 1955 53 1*£ miles EXE of Drew W. S. Austin Open end 100 VA 100 .do 54 do do do 100 VA 100 do 55 2 miles XE of Gra.***own J. J Ethridge do 220 2 220 do 50 l j, mile W of Grat-">>wn F H Harden Driven 18 Ui 18 do 57 1?2 miles X of Wir-isor Thompson Lumber Co... Open end 956 9 256 do Flows 12 Yield measured, 1956. 5S 9 miles XE of Wir**or Rov V* Thompson do 190 4 120 Analysis. Temperature 63°F oil do ....do Screen 231 4-2 231 ....do Analysis. - CO 4 miles E of Winder Green Cross Baptist Open Church end 60 IK 60 Sand 61 "?'•«> miles \W of ^"'ndsor Lea Lumber Co. Screen 130 6 130 do 02 1 *Y milps W of WWisor Lewis Powell ...do... 130 6 130 do —12 Water level reported by well owner, 1956 63 Windsor. ... Town of Windsor Gravel wall 286 8 286 do .. . Flows Public Supply. Analysis. 64 Windsor Town of Windsor Gravel wall 375 10 375 Analysis. Public supply. 65 do do do 350 s 350 do Analysis. Public supply. 66 do ....do Screen 350 4 350 ....do Flows Abandoned. 67 do do Gravel 334 8 334 do Flows Public supply Temperature wall 63°F. do do Screen 370 10 370 do Abandoned. W 44' miles XW of M-rry HU1 T. S. Taylor Open end 120 3-2 120 do 70 2\i miles XW of Mfrry Hill Cecil White Screen 398 4-2 398 do Analysis. 71 13 i miles XW of M-rry HU1 ; C. Beasely ...do... 42 VA 42 do -9 Eden House 190 f—* W of Screeu 400 4-2 400 do Analysis. Chowan River .... 73 Merrv Hill I Will Perrv do 378 4-2 378 do 74 ....do i R. J.Mitchell Driven 75 75 do 75 do Bertie County Board of 1 Education Screen 103 4 103 do 76 4}i miles SE of Merry Hill ! R. L. Askew ...do... 420 4-2 420 do 14.6 Water level measured peri odically by the U. S. Geo logical Survey. 77 ! X. C. State Highway X : Dept —do... 150 4-2 150 ....do Flows TABLE 5. Chemical Analyses of Ground Water from Bertie County (Numbers at heads of columns correspond to well numbers in table of well data) (Parts per million) 11 21 26 28 58 59 Silica (SiO-0 49 20 16 51 Iron (Fe) total . . .21 .58 Iron fFe) in solution .02 .37 .00 .26 Calcium (Ca) 47 2.8 7.7 24 3.6 2.2 6.6 13 15 150 96 27 Bicarbonate (HCOa) 175 387 311 198 447 457 Sulfate (SO-0 5.3 5.8 .6 3.3 23 11 Chloride (Cl) 12 14 4.0 3.2 14 23 Fluoride (F) .1 1.2 .4 .7 Xitrate (NO 3) 1.6 1.6 .3 .0 Dissolved solids 230 396 224 Hardness as CaCO 3 133 16 50 113 6 116 pH 7.0 7.8 7.6 7.4 8.2 7.5 Water-bearing material * Sand Sand Greensand Greensand Greensand Greensand Date of collection. _._....__ . ... 9-27-55 9-27-55 9-28-55 7-3-47 6-54 6-54 Aualyied by the Quality of Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. 41 TABLE 5. Chemical Analyses of Ground Water fkom Bertie County—Continued (Numbers at heads of columns correspond to well numbers in table of well data) (Parts per million) 63 64 65 70 72 Silica (SiOa) 19 15 8.7 Iron (Fe), total .79 .10 1.8 Iron (Fe), in solution .53 .07 .12 Calcium (Ca) 3.3 .8 17 2.4 29 Magnesium (Mg) 1.8 .4 4.0 2.3 IS Sodium and potassium (Na+K) 249 273 95 256 107 Bicarbonate (HCCb) 413 420 216 475 403 Sulfate (S04) 52 56 24 33 11 Chloride (Cl) 115 137 42 85 24 Fluoride (F) 2.5 3.4 1.3 3.3 Nitrate (NOa) 1.0 .1 .1 1.0 1.3 Dissolved solids 664 720 316 649 Hardness as CaCO 3 16 4 59 15 144 pH 7.8 8.0 6.9 8.1 7.8 Water-bearing material Sand Sand Sand Sand Sand Date of collection 9-27-55 9-27-55 5-17-49 3-29-50 9-27-55 Analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. 42 Chowan County feet thick and it lies upon sediments of Cretaceous (Area 180 square miles, population 12,540) age in all parts of the county. Chowan County, the smallest county in\he Green Ground water.—All public and private water sup plies in the county are obtained from wells. The ville area, is elongate in a north-south direction. It largest consumers of ground water are the city of is bordered to the north by Gates County, to the east Edenton and the nearby Edenton Naval Air Base. by Perquimans County, to the south by Albemarle Large to moderate supplies of ground water are Sound, and to the west by the Chowan River. Eden- available throughout the county. However, the depth ton, the county seat, is the largest town in the coun and yield of individual wells is dependent upon the ty; other population centers include Yeopim and depth to saline waters throughout the county. Rocky Hock. Surficial sands of Quaternary age furnish water The county, nowhere more than 45 feet above sea to more individual wells in the county than does any level, is drained by several small creeks that flow other formation. Dug wells and driven wells in the into the Yeopim and Chowan Rivers. Low swampy surficial sands range in depth from 10 to 30 feet, flats occur along the eastern and southern margins and yield from 2 to 25 gpm. of the county. Jetted wells, either open-end or single-screen, ob The chief source of income in the county is from tain water from sands and shell beds of the York- the sale of agricultural products and from commer town formation at depths as great as 250 feet. The cial fishing. Several fish-processing plants are located yield from this type of well ranges from 5 to 40 gpm. in the southern part of the county, adjacent to Albe None of these wells have been pumped beyond 40 marle Sound. gpm, but much larger yields probably could be ob Geology.—The entire county is covered with a tained from the Yorktown formation. thin mantling deposit of Quaternary sands and clays. The Beaufort formation of Paleocene age is a Several former beach ridges are developed in this source of water for jetted wells at depths of 250 feet material. The most prominent ridge is at an elevation or more. Yields from jetted wells tapping the Beau of about 35 feet above sea level and roughly bisects fort formation are comparable to the yields obtained the county in a general north-south direction. The form similarly constructed wells tapping the York- surficial material, composed of light-colored sands town formation. However, few data are available and clays, is believed to be less than 45 feet thick in concerning the physical and hydrologic properties of all parts of the county. the Beaufort formation in Chowan County. Underlying the surficial material are sands, clays, Several large-diameter gravel-wall wells supply and shell beds of the Yorktown formation, of late the city of Edenton. These wells obtain most of theij Miocene age. This formation, like the overlying sur water from the Yorktown formation at depths of less , ficial sands, is widespread over the entire county. than 200 feet. The city wells are pumped at rates The thickness of this unit generally increases pro ranging from 500 to 750 gpm and their specific capa gressively from north to south, and in a test well at city is in excess of 10 gpm per foot of drawdown. the Edenton Naval Air Base the formation was 195 Wells at the nearby Edenton Naval Air Base obtain feet thick. water from sands and shell beds in the Yorktown In the northern and central parts of the county, formation at depths generally less than 100 feet. the Yorktown formation is underlain by greensands The majority of the wells at the Air Base are 6- and impure limestones that compose the Beaufort inches in diameter and yield 20 to 30 gpm. The depth formation of Paleocene age. In the southern part of of individual wells in this area is limited by the oc the county, phosphatic sands of middle (?) Miocene currence of saline water with depth. age occur between the Yorktown and Beaufort for The water level in the surficial sands is generally mations. Lithologic data suggest that the Castle within 5 to 10 feet of the land surface. Water in the Hayne limestone of Eocene age also may occur be aquifers lying beneath the surficial sands is under tween the middle (?) Miocene and Paleocene sedi artesian head and the piezometric surface is within ments in a small area in the southeastern part of the 20 feet of the land surface throughout the county. county. However, no faunal evidence for the occur Artesian flows, from wells 60 feet or more in depth, rence of the Castle Hayne limestone in Chowan are common on the low lands bordering the rivers County is presently available. The total thickness of and Albemarle Sound. the Beaufort formation in Chowan County is un The ground water in Chowan County is not of uni known. However, the formation is several hundred form chemical quality. Water from surficial sands 43 dated. Trace of fine-grained ilmenite. No microfos- is generally corrosive and often contains objection able amounts of iron. "Water from the sand and shell 20-30 Sand, gray; 85 percent medium-grained subrounded beds of the Yorktown formation is moderately hard, well-sorted quartz sand. 15 percent gray clay matrix, but otherwise of good chemical quality. The Beau unconsolidated. No Ostracoda, Foraminifera very fort formation contains waters that range from soft rare. ';•'"'.." : to moderately hard. 30-36 Sand, white; 95 percent medium to fine-grained sub- The chloride content of waters from both Miocene angular quartz sand. 5 percent tan clay matrix, un consolidated. No Ostracoda, Foraminifera very rare. and Paleocene strata is often very high in areas ad jacent to Albemarle Sound. According to Mundorff 36-45 Sand, gray; 80 percent medium to fine-grained sub- rounded to subangular quartz sand. 20 percent gray (1945, p. 33) a test well drilled at the Edenton Naval clay matrix, unconsolidated. No Ostracoda, Foramini Air Base tapped water with a chloride content of 900 fera very rare. ppm. at a depth of 250 feet, 2,400 ppm. at a depth of 290 feet, and 3,000 ppm. at a depth of 420 feet. The Upper Miocene—Yorktown formation upper sample (250 feet) was obtained from mid 45-60 Marl, gray; 55 percent medium to fine-grained sub dle (?) Miocene strata, the middle sample (290) feet angular quartz sand. 25 percent coarse broken from middle (?) Eocene strata, and the lower sample abraded shell fragments. 20 percent blue-gray clay matrix, unconsolidated but compact. Ostracoda com (420 feet) from Paleocene strata. The fresh water- mon, Foraminifera abundant. brackish water boundary at Edenton has not been 60-72 Marl, gray; 45 percent fine-grained angular quartz accurately determined, but available data indicate sand. 20 percent fine broken shell fragments. 35 per that this boundary lies between 250 and 300 feet cent blue-gray clay matrix, unconsolidated but com below land surface. A well at the Chowan County pact. Ostracoda common, Foraminifera abundant. High School, 13 miles north of Edenton, yields wa 72-80 Marl, gray; 30 percent medium-grained subangular ter containing 900 ppm. of chloride at a depth of 320 quartz sand. 50 percent coarse broken abraded shell fragments. 20 percent blue-gray clay matrix, uncon feet. A recently drilled well at the same location • solidated. Ostracoda common, Foraminifera abun yields water containing 220 parts per million at a dant. depth of 420 feet. Fresh water may underlie brack- 80-90 Marl, gray; 60 percent medium to fine-grained sub- ish waters in other parts of the county also. rounded quartz sand. 10 percent fine broken shell The following well log gives a physical description fragments. 30 percent blue-gray clay matrix, uncon solidated. Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. of'the principal aquifers in Chowan County (see 90-100 Marl, gray; Same as 80-90-foot interval. Ostracoda figure 7 for location). and Foraminifera abundant. 100-110 Marl, gray; Same as 80-90-foot interval. Ostracoda and Chowan County Foraminifera abundant. , ; Well Number 42 110-120 Marl, gray; Same as 80-90-foot interval, with a slight increase in percentage occurrence of clay. Ostracoda Location: Test well at Edenton Naval Air Base, 4 miles east and Foraminifera abundant. : • ~ of Edenton, North Carolina. ••: :. 120-140 Marl, gray; Same as 110-120-foot interval. Ostracoda Owner: U. S. Navy ;. and Foraminifera abundant. ^ Date drilled: 1943 ...... \ 150-170 Marl, gray; 20 percent very fine-grained ^angular Driller: Heater Well Co. quartz sand. 15 percent fine broken shell fragments. Elevation of well: 14.8 feet above sea level 65 percent blue-gray clay matrix, unconsolidated. Ostracoda and Foraminifera abundant. Hydrologic Information 170-1SO Clay, gray; 10 percent fine to very fine-grained angular quartz sand. 90 percent blue-gray clay matrix, un Diameter of well: 6 inches consolidated but very compact. Trace of broken shell Depth of well: 420 feet fragments. Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. Cased to: 420 feet Static (nonpumping) water level: Unknown 180-200 Clay, gray; Same as 170-180-foot interval. Ostracoda Yield: Unknown and Foraminifera common. Finish: Abandoned due to poor yield and and excessive chlo- 200-220 Clay, gray; Same as 170-180-foot interval. Ostracoda /; -S.*• 7 ride below 180 feet. 7. . , "• - and Foraminifera common. ' "'" ',';t 220-240 Clay, gray; Same as 170-180-foot interval with/a'UO '■^'-'t'^-' .'":' Log of Weil :';:.,;'' .;;J^\'; percent increase in quartz sand. Ostracoda}and Depth '■■.:I-'V.v •• :•- • ' •■■■; •"■;■■'.•■..■. " '; ' ' ' Foraminifera common. ;-v; (feet) f-t' -V^ ' ; .-■ ' •" -• :V .. Ostracoda from the 45-220-foot intervals include: Quaternary—surlicial sands and clays ~ Paracytfieridea vanderiboldi Puri ' ]}:""'. Murrayina martini (Ulrich and Bassler) ■0-10 Sand and clay, gray; 60 percent fine-grained angular OHonina vaughani (Ulrich and Bassler) "V^;^ J.quartz..sand. 40 percent gray clay matrix, unconsoli- 4, i Hem-Icythere conradl Howe and McGuirt 1 320-340 Sand and clay, light-gray; iSaine'te'sib-Sio-foc1'7'-"''""*^ Hemicythere confragosa Edwards val. Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. 1... Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea Edwards 340-360 Clay and sand, gray; 30 percent medium-grained Cytheretta reticnlata Edwards ^ rounded water-polished quartz sand. 60 percent 7^ Cushmanidea ashermani (Ulrich and Bassler) micaceous clay matrix, unconsolidated but very com— ^ pact. 10 percent dark-green medium to coarse-grained Middle(f) Miocene—unnamed unit : glauconite. Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. *• 360-370 Clay and sand, gray; Same as 340-360-foot interval. 240-243 Phosphatic sand, dark-brown; 20 percent fine to,med Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. ium-grained, angular to subangular quartz sand. 35 percent medium-grained brown collophane spherules 370-3S0 Glauconitic sand, "salt and pepper"; 45 percent fine and shards. 45 percent dark-brown silt and clay, mat to medium-grained angular quartz sand. 30 percent rix, unconsolidated. Trace of broken shell fragments. dark-green medium-grained glauconite. 25 percent No Ostracoda, Foraminifera very rare. gray calcareous clay matrix, indurated and loosely consolidated. Trace of authigenic pyrite aggregates. 245-255 Phosphatic sand, dark-brown; Same as 240-245-foot Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. interval with a slight increase in shell content. No 3S0-400 Glauconitic sand and clay, light-green; 40 percent Ostracoda, Foraminifera very rare. j medium to coarse-grained subrounded quartz sand. i 30 percent dark-green medium-grained glauconite. 30 Middle(?) Eocene—Castle Hayne(?) limestone percent green clay matrix, unconsolidated. Ostracoda 255-270 Calcareous sand, gray; 60 percent medium-grained and Foraminifera rare. subangular to subrounded quartz sand. 40 percent 400-420 Glauconitic sand and clay, light-green; Same as 330- gray shell limestone matrix, indurated and moderate 400rfoot interval. Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. ly consolidated. Dark-green medium-grained glauco-. Ostracoda from the 310-400-foot intervals include: . nite prominent. No Ostracoda, Foraminifera very ' Gytheridea (Eaplocytheridea) hopkinsi Howe and rare. Garret 270-2S0 Sandy limestone, white; 35 percent medium to fine Gytheridea (Haplocytheridea) moodyi Howe and grained angular quartz sand. 65 percent white lime Garrett stone matrix, indurated and moderately hard. Trace Gytheridea (Glithrocytheridea) virginica (Schmidt) of dark-green fine-grained glauconite. No Ostracoda, Gytherura sp. aff. C. oxycruris Munsey Foraminifera very rare. •; Brachycythere interrasilis Alexander Brachycythere formosa Alexander 2S0-290 Sandy limestone, white; Same as 270-2S0-foot j inter Trachyleoeris prestxoichiana (Jones and Sherborn) val, but very hard. No microfossils. Tracliyleberis fcossleri (Ulrich) : ": 290-310 Sand, white; 95 percent coarse to medium-grained Gytheromorpha sp. aff. G. scrooiculata Alexander subangular to subrounded quartz sand. 5 percent Remarks: No Ostracoda were recovered from the interval white calcareous clay matrix, unconsolidated. No designated as middle(?). Miocene or middle(?) Eocene. Corre Ostracoda, Foraminifera very rare. ---.-■ < _ lation is based on lithologic similarity to middle (?) Miocene and Middle (?) Eocene strata in nearby wells. The interval Paleocene—Beaufort formation designated as the Beaufort formation of Paleocene age carries*-, 310-320 Sand and clay; light-gray; 45 percent fine to medium-" an ostracode faunule having many lower Eocene forms and is grained angular quartz sand. 40 percent gray clay regarded by the writer as somewhat younger than other Paleo matrix, unconsolidated. 15 percent dark-green fine cene units recognized in this study. The top of the Paleocene grained glauconite and coarse mica flakes. Ostracoda unit is marked by the first occurrence of Brachycythere inters, and Foraminifera common. rasilis Alexander. 45 MAP OF CHOWAN COUNTY showing the locations of water supplies. of Miles I 2 3 4 5 ALBEMARLE FlQUBE 7. 46 --'-r-J, «' J TABLE 6. Records of Wells ix Chowan County Depth Type Diam of Water Draw Well Location Owner of Depth eter casing Water-bearing v; kvel Yield down Remarks (gpm) no. Well (ft) (in.) (ft) material (ft) (ft) Rt. 32, M mile S of Gates- Chowan County Line C. A- White. Screen 415 4-2 415 Sand... Rt. 32, 1 mile S of Gates- Chowan County Line T. Berryman —do... 432 4-2 430 ..do.. 2 miles NW of Ryland G.H. Baker -do... 416 4-2 416 ..do.. Rt. 31, Gates-Chowan Co. Line. J.Spirey Dug 11.0 36 10 ..do.. —7.0 Water Wei measured. • 9/23/43 ...do - I. Bynum Screen 320 4-2 320 ..do.. Chloride. 1300 ppm. (State Board of Health, 7/12/37) x/i mile SE of Cannon Ferry 0. Cline ..do., 438 4-2 438 ..do.. Abandoned. 7 H mile S. of Cannon Ferry A. Ward -do.. 424 4-2 424 ..do.. 8 ...do R. C. Nixon Dug 10 36 10 ..do.. -S.4 Water kvel measured, 9/1S. 43. 9 }4 mile E of Ryland W. J. Outland do.. 36 7 ....do —6.7 Water fevel measured 9/23/43. 10 1 mile SE of Cannon Ferry E. Elliot Screen 412 4-2 412 ...do 11 ...do R. Howerwell ...do.. 403 4-2 403 ....do 12 X mile N of Small's X-Roads. . County High School... ..do.. 320 6 320 ....do Analysis. Abandoned. 13 X mile N of Small's X-Roads.. County High School.. Screen 420 4-2 420 Sand Water level measured 9/27/55 14 H mile W of Small's X-Roads.. Conroy Peny ...do.. 416 4-2 416 ....do 15 ...do J. Ward -do., 414 4-2 414 do 16 Small's X-Roads.- Z. W.Evans —do.. IX 30 .do 17 Tyner Tyner School —do.. do ... -6.3 Abandoned. Water level mea sured 0/22/43 18 .do.. C.Bdeh -do.. 30 .do.. 19 L mile S of Small's X-Roads Negro County School. ..do., 216 4 216 ,_do.. 20 3 mile W of SmaU's X-Roads Oak Grove School -do.. 65 2 35 ....do —6.9 Abandoned. Water level mea sured 9/18/43. 21 4 mile W of Mavaton J. Lane —do.. 210 4-2 219 ...do 22 2 miles W of Mavaton B. W. Evans ...do.. 13 24 10 ...do 23 Rocky Hock _ Rocky Hock Church.... -do.. 35 2 35 ...do 24 1 mile SW of Mavaton Chovran County Home.. Screen 10 10 Sand 25 2 miles S of Rocky Hock.. W. Bynum ...do.. 280 4-2 280 ...do. 26 Valhalla ._ .... Valhalla Esso Station...... do.. 50 2 50 Shell 27 1 mile S of Valhalla D. ILHare Dug 13 36 12 Sand and Clay.. -S.I Water kvel measured.9/17/43. 28 3 miles NE of Hancock C.H. Barber Open end 75 75 Shell... 29 VA miles E of Hancock... H.Boss Screen 15 Sand... 30 Hancock C. T. Dixon 210 4-2 210 ....do.. —27.0 Water kvel reported by driller, 1955. 31 0.7 mile S of Macedonia.. CKBeleh ...do... 35 35 ....do 32 2 miles E of Hancock D. Jones Dug 9.1. 36 Sand and Clay - -6.6 Water kvel measured. 1955^ 33 ...do J.R-Peele Open »"• • end 250 4 225 Shell.. —9.0 Water kvel reported by driller, 1944. VA miles S of Hancock.. W. Morris.. Screen 2 236 Sand... W.O Water kvel reported by driller, 1955. 1M miles S of Hancock B.C. Hare ...do.., 240 2 240 —do.. 2 miles NW of Yeopim J. Sawyer Dug 8 36 4 Sand and Clay. 6.6 Water kvel measured, 1943. H mile SE of Yeopim J. Webb ...do.. 22 36 4 —do S.4 Water kvel measured, 1943. 4 miles SE of Yeopim M.Jethro Screen 20 IX 20 .do 5 miles SE of Yeopim. ... J. G. Wood Open end 75 2 75 Shell -— IX miles S of St Johns J.C.Cobb Screen 25 IX 25 Sand Edenton Naval Air Base U. S. Navy ...do.. 269 269 Shell Limestone.. Analysis- ....do ....do ...do.. 420 420 ....do ...do ....do ...do.. 80 Sand and Shell.. Edenton Naval Ah Base U. S. Navy Screen 40 Sand and Shell...... do ...do ...do.. 55 2 55 ....do Analysis. Abandoned. ...do ...... —. ...do ...do. 55 4 40 ..-do ...do ..do.. ..do. 52 8 32 do ...do ...do.. ..do. 112 8 112 ....do ...do.. ..do.. ..do. 114 8 114 do ...do.... — ...do. 105 18.8 105 .do Analysis. Abandoned. H mile W of Naval Air Base. A. L. Gray ...do. 65 2 65 .do 1H miles E of Edenton T.E.Harrell...... do- 175 3 175 .do...-—. Edenton, Virginia Bd. City of Edenton.. Gravel wall 358 10-8 358 Shell limestone.. 500 Analysis. Public supply. Yield measured, 1956. Edenton, Freemason Street —do- ...do.. 290 24-12 290 Sand and Shell 750 Analysis. Public supply. Edenton. .——._■—...... do- Open end 212 8 212 —do Flows Analysis. Public supply. 56 do - —do— —do.. 214 214 ....do,-- Flows ",;47 TABLE 6. ]Records of Wells ix Cuowax Coi-nty—Contxn ued Depth Draw Type Diam of Water Remarks Water-bearing level Yield down Location Owner of Depth eter casiug Well (ft.) Well (ft) (in.) (ft.) material (ft.) (gpni) no. Edenton Peanut Company Open- 57 Edenton Analysis. end 90 IK 90 Sand and Shell ...do... 22 22 do 58 ....do C. Y.Parrish IK ...do... 55 45 do 59 ....do D. Pruden IK 200 Water yield measured, 1956. ...do... 60 5-3 60 ....do 60 ....do Conger Ice Plant Screen 100 6 100 do 61 ....do - ....do 62 ....do Albemarle Peanut Co Open- i end 70 IK t 65 Screen 65 2 ' 65 63 ....do G. S. Harrem 11*> miltks YV of Eden ton U. S. Fish and Wildlife Opcn- 64 Chloride, 153 ppm., 194o. 91fi 88 do Chloride, 203 ppm., 1945. 236 3 195 ....do 65 ....do ...do...... do ...do... 208 4 ; 208 66 ....do Chloride, 22 ppm 1945. ....do ...do... 60 2 j 60 ....do 67 ....do..... ! 2 i 35 ....do 68 2 miles W of Edenton J. W. Bembridgc Screen 35 1 mile W of Edenton Edenton Bay Packing Co. ...do... 212 6 21° ....do TABLE 7. Chemical Analyses oi? Ground Water from Chowax County (Numbers at heads of columns correspond to well numbers in table of well data) (Parts per million) 41 45 50 53 54 52 Silica f.3iO2) 46 60 51 50 .33 .05 Iron j'Fe), total .05 5.4 7.1 Iron (Fe), in solution 58 59 Calcium (Ca) 58 104 102 14 Magnesium (Mg) 45 7.S 6.6 13 Sodium and potassium \Na+K).. 547 23 13 174 134 464 . Bicarbonate (HCO3) 249 524 374 355 477 32 31 Sulfate (SO4) 10 83 l.S 2.6 85 Chloride (Cl) 710 23 11 106 1.0 .8 Fluoride (F) .2 0.3 .3 Nitrate (XO3) .1 .0 639 Dissolved solids 1738 40S 366 205 Hardness as CaCO3 297 330 292 282 198 6.9 7.4 8.3 pH 7.1 Shell Sand and Water-bearing material.. Sand Shell Sand Sand and limestone and shell shell limestone shell 5-24-47 1-16-56 Date of collection. 6-27-44 10-21-42 3-20-45 9-19-45 Analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. 55 Silica (SiOa) Iron iTe), total Iron (Fe), in solution Calcium (Ca) 65 Magnesium (Mg) Sodium and potassium (Na-f-K). Bicarbonate (HCO3) 227 Sulfate (CO4) 28 70 Chloride (Cl) 120 75 Fluoride (F) .0 Nitrate (NOa) .10 .0 Dissolved solids Hardness as CaCO3 210 228 pH Water-bearing material. Sand and Sand and shell shell Date of collection. 1-20-33 Jan. 1943 Analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. 48 Gates County -^ of brown phosphatic clays and interbedded sands. The phosphate, occurring as collophane, is in the (Area 343 square miles, population 9,555) form of brown, sand-sized spherules and shards Gates County lies in the extreme northeast corner showing banded and concentric structure. The phos of the area included in this report. The county, phate generally amounts to less than 20 percent of which abuts Virginia to the north, is bordered by the total sample and nowhere within the county is Camden, Pasquotank, and Perquimans Counties to as abundant as in deposits of similar age in Beau the east, by Chowan County to the south, and by the fort and Washington Counties to the south. The Chowan River to the west. Gatesville, the county deposits of middle (?) Miocene age in Gates County seat., is the largest town in the county; other popu were not deposited in the same basin of deposition lation centers include Sunbury, Roduco, Gates, Eure, as deposits of comparable age in Beaufort and Wash and Hobbsville. ington Counties to the south. With the exception of Bennetts Creek, which The middle (?) Miocene deposits in Gates County drains into the Chowan River, there are no large were deposited in a less-restricted depositional en streams within the county. Drainage is largely ef vironment than were deposits of comparable age in fected by short, meandering streams that feed the Beaufort and Washington Counties. West of Gates large swamps bordering much of the county. An ville no subsurface information is presently available extensive area along the eastern edges of the county to indicate the presence of middle (?) Miocene de- -, is occupied by the Dismal Swamp, and extensive posits. These deposits are probably absent west of areas along the southern and western edges of the Gatesville. county are bordered by Chowan Swamp. The sale of agricultural products, chiefly peanuts, Underlying the middle (?) Miocene deposits in the is the major source of income in the county. In addi central part of Gates County and the Yorktown for tion, small, local lumber and sawmill operations are mation in western and eastern Gates County are de common in the County. posits of Paleocene age, the Beaufort formation. The Beaufort formation in this county is composed pri Geology.—The entire county is mantled by sands marily of interbedded and lenticular sand and calcar and clays of Quaternary age, ranging in thickness eous clay f acies containing variable amounts of glau- from 15 to 40 feet. This material, composed of conite. The glauconite ranges from a trace in light- light-colored iron-stained sands and clays, occurs at colored sands to as much as 70 percent in the dark elevations ranging from nearly 80 feet in the north to apple-green "greensands." Euhedral crystals of western part of the county to less than 20 feet in authigenic pyrite occur in sufficient abundance so as the southeastern part of the county. Several former to give well cuttings a metallic sheen. In the absence beach ridges are developed in this material, particu of microfossils this authigenic pyrite serves as a larly in a northeast direction from Hobbsville and guide to the presence of Paleocene strata; euhedral Sunbury. The height of these fossil beach ridges is pyrite is noticeably absent from underlying and over everywhere less than 10 or 15 feet. lying sediments. The thickness of the Beaufort for Underlying the surficial material are clays, sands, mation in Gates County increases from west to east and shell beds of the Yorktown formation of late across the county. In the central part of the county, Miocene age. Individual beds within the formation according to a study of well cuttings the formation are lenticular and cannot be traced from well to well is more than 300 feet thick, and in the western part in the subsurface. In any one locality the Yorktown of the county it is no more than 150 feet thick. Ex formation consists of a blue-gray marine clay with amination of incomplete samples from several wells subordinate occurrences of lenticular sand and shell suggests that the formation may be more than 400 beds. In a recently drilled well (1956) at Gatesville feet thick in the eastern part of the county. the Yorktown formation was 126 feet thick. It is thought that the formation is somewhat less than Underlying the Beaufort formation within the 100 feet thick west of Gatesville, and that it is not county are sediments of Late Cretaceous age, the more than 150 feet thick east of Gatesville. Peedee formation. The Peedee formation is com Underlying the Yorktown formation in central posed of drab-black lenticular sands and clays that parts of the county are deposits of middle (?) Mio contain lignitized wood fragments and minor cene age. The deposits, which are as much as 30 amounts of glauconite. No wells have been drilled feet thick in the vicinity of Gatesville, are composed deep enough in this area to pass entirely through 49 the Peedee formation and, therefore, no information Gates County is available regarding its total thickness. According Well Number 49 to LeGrand and Brown (1955, fig. 2), the top of the Location: County Office Building, Gatesville, North Carolina. Peedee formation lies about 300 feet below sea level Owner: Gates County in the western part of the county and about 700 feet Date drilled: 195G below sea level in the eastern part of the county. Driller: Magette Well and Pump Co. Older Cretaceous formations underlie the Peedee Elevation well: 27 feet above sea level formation throughout the county. Ground water.—Gates County is the only county Hydrologic Information in the Greenville area that has no public water sys tems. All domestic supplies are obtained from wells, Diameter of well: 4-2 inches and as many as 7 or 8 families often obtain their Depth of well: 483 feet Cased to: 4S3 feet water supply from a single well. Finish: screens Surficial sands of Quaternary age and near-sur Static (nonpumping) water level: 5.5 feet below land surface, face shell and sand beds of the Yorktown formation 1956 are tapped by large numbers of dug and driven wells Temperature: 63°F that range in depth from 10 to 60 feet. The yield from this type of well ranges from several to 20 gpm. Log of Well Sand and shell beds in the Yorktown formation and Depth middle (?) Miocene strata below depths of 60-80-feet (feet) are infrequently utilized as aquifers. However, Mio Quaternary—undifferentiated cene strata are capable of yielding small to copious 0-10 Sand and clay, yellow; 60 percent fine to very fine grained angular quartz sand. 40 percent yellow clay supplies of water throughout the county. matrix, unconsolidated. Limonitic staining of quartz Jetted and drilled wells obtain water from the grains predominant. No microfossils. Beaufort formation and the upper beds of the Peedee 10-20 Sand, white; 80 percent very fine to medium-grained formation at depths of as much as 300 feet in the angular to subangular quartz sand. 20 percent white western part of the county and at depths slightly clay and silt matrix, unconsolidated. Trace of light- more than 600 feet in the eastern part of the county. green glauconite and black opaques. No microfossils. Such wells, rarely greater than 4 inches in diameter, Upper Miocene—Yorktown formation yield 5 to 50 gpm throughout the county. 20-30 Sand, tan;'85 percent very fine to fine-grained angular Water occurring at depths greater than 40 to 50 feldspathic quartz sand. 15 percent tan silt and clay feet throughout the county is under artesian pres matrix, unconsolidated. Trace of broken and abraded sure and will rise to within 5 to 30 feet of the land shell fragments. Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. surface at most places. Flowing wells are common 30-42 Marl, gray; 45 percent fine to medium-grained angular quartz sand. 30 percent biue-gray clay and silt mat-, along the low land bordering the Chowan River, and rix, unconsolidated. 25 percent broken and abraded several flows occur in and near Gatesville. shell fragments. Trace of dark-green glauconite. The chemical quality of the water is adequate for Ostracoda and Foraminifera abundant. most domestic purposes. Water from the shallow 42-52 Marl, gray; Same as 30-42-foot interval. Ostracoda sands is soft but may be corrosive and may contain and Foraminifera abundant. objectionable quantities of iron. Water from the 52-63 Marl, gray; 35 percent fine to medium-grained angu lar quartz sand. 40 percent blue-gray silt and clay deeper aquifers is soft sodium bicarbonate water. matrix, unconsolidated. 25 percent broken shell frag Water from the Paleocene and Cretaceous aquifers, ments; sponge spicules prominent. Trace of dark- particularly in the vicinity of Gatesville and Sun- green glauconite and mica flakes. Ostracoda and bury, contains excessive amounts'of fluoride, as much Foraminifera abundant. as 6 to 8 ppm, but otherwise the water is of accept 63-73 Marl, gray; Same as 52-63-foot interval. Ostracoda and able quality. In the vicinity of Hobbsville, brackish Foraminifera abundant. waters occur at a depth of about 600 feet. 73-S4 Clay, blue-gray; 15 percent very fine to fine-grained angular quartz sand. 70 percent blue-gray clay mat The following log describes the physical character rix, unconsolidated but compact. 15 percent white istics of the aquifers that occur above the Upper broken and abraded shell fragments; sponge spicules Cretaceous formations in Gates County. (See figure prominent, trace of dark-green glauconite. Ostracoda and Foraminifera abundant. 8 for location. 50 1S9-200 Glauconitic sand and clay, green; Same as 17S-1S9- 84-94 Clay, blue-gray; Same as 73-84-foot interval. Ostracoda foot interval, but with prominent euhedral pyrite and Foraminifera abundant. ^ crystals. Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. D4-105 Marl, blue-gray; 40 percent very tine to medium-grain 200-210 Glauconitic sand and clay, green; Same as 1S9-200- ed, angular to subangular quartz sand. 30 percent foot interval. Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. blue-gray micaceous clay matrix unconsolidated. 30 210-220 Glauconitic sand, green; 25 percent medium to fine percent broken and abraded shell fragments; sponge grained subrounded to subangular quartz sand. 20 spicules prominent. Trace of dark-green glauconite. percent gray to white calcareous clay matrix, un Ostracoda and Foraminifera abundant. consolidated to indurated in streaks. 40 percent dark- 105-115 Clay, blue-gray; 20 percent very fine to fine-grained green coarse to medium-grained glauconite. 15 per angular quartz sand. 70 percent blue-gray clay ma cent broken shell and sandy limestone fragments. trix, unconsolidated but compact. 10 percent broken Euhedral pyrite crystals prominent. Ostracoda and shell fragments; sponge spicules prominent. Trace Foraminifera abundant. of dark-green glauconite. Ostracoda and Foramini 220-231 Glauconitic sand, green; Same as 210-220-foot inter fera abundant. val. Ostracoda and Foraminifera abundant. 115-12G Clay, blue-gray; Same as 105-115-foot interval. Ostra 231-241 Glauconitic sand, green; Same as 210-220-foot interval. coda and Foraminifera abundant. Ostracoda and Foraminifera abundant. 126-136 Clay, blue-gray; Same as 105-115-foot interval. Ostra 241-252 Glauconitic sand, green; Same as 210-220-foot inter coda and Foraminifera abundant. val. Ostracoda and Foraminifera abundant. 136-147 Marl, blue-gray; 25 percent very fine to medium- 252-262 Glauconitic sand, "salt and pepper"; 55 percent med grained angular quartz sand. 40 percent blue-gray ium to coarse grained angular to subrounded quartz clay matrix, unconsolidated. 20 percent broken shell sand. 20 percent gray to white calcareous clay ma fragments; sponge spicules prominent. 15 percent trix, unconsolidated to indurated in streaks. 25 per dark-green fine-grained glauconite. Ostracoda and cent dark-green medium-grained glauconite. Pyrite prominent as euhedral crystals and as a fine-grained Foraminifera abundant. mass filling fissures in glauconite grains. Trace of 147-157 Marl, blue-gray; Same as 136-147-foot interval, but shell and sandy limestone fragments. Ostracoda and with a trace of brown spherulitic collophane. Micro- Foraminifera common. fossils rare. 262-273 Glauconitic sand, "salt and pepper"; Same 252-262- Ostracoda from the 20-157-foot interval include: foot interval. Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. Cythencra elongata Edwards Puriana rugipunctata (Ulrich and Bassler) 273-283 Glauconitic sand, "salt and pepper", Same 252-262- foot interval. Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. Actinocythereis mundorffi (Swain) Actinocythereis exanthemata (Ulrich and Bassler) 2S3-294 Glauconitic sand, "salt and pepper", Same 252-262- Orionina vaughani (Ulrich and Bassler) foot interval. Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. Hemicythere laevieula Edwards 294-304 Glauconitic sand, "salt and pepper"; Same as 252- Hemicythere conradi Howe and McGuirt 262-foot interval, with a slight increase in clay ma Hemicythere confragosa Edwards trix. Ostracoda and Foraminifera abundant. Loxoconcha puri sub rhomb o idea Edwards Cytheretta sp. aff. C. karlana Howe and Pyeatt 304-315 Glauconitic sand, "salt and pepper"; Same 294-304-foot Cushmanidea ashermani (Ulrich and Bassler) interval. Ostracoda and Foraminifera abundant. 315-326 Glauconitic sand, "salt and pepper"; Same as 294-304- Middle(f) Miocene—unnamed unit foot interval. Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. 157-168 Phosphatic sand and clay, brown; 45 percent medium 326-330 Sand, "salt and pepper"; 65 percent coarse to fine to fine-grained angular water-polished quartz sand. grained subrounded to subangular quartz sand. 20 35 percent brown clay matrix, unconsolidated. 20 percent gray silt and clay matrix, unconsolidated. 15 percent brown medium-grained spherulitic collo percent dark-green coarse-grained glauconite. Euhed phane. No Ostracoda, Foraminifera rare. ral pyrite crystals prominent. Trace of broken shell 168-17S Phosphatic sand and clay, brown; Same as 157-168- and limestone fragments. Ostracoda and Foramini foot interval, but containing indurated streaks. No fera rare. Ostracoda, Foraminifera very rare. 336-347 Sand, "salt and pepper"; Same as 326-336-foot interval. No ostracodes were recovered from the 157-158-foot Ostracoda and Foraminifera very rare. interval. Age determination is based on the presence of Siphogenerina lamellata Cushman, the only Foram 347-352 Sand, "salt.and pepper"; Same as 326-336-foot interval. inifera recovered from the 157-17S-foot interval. Ostracoda and Foraminifera very rare. 352-358 Sand, "salt and pepper"; Same as 326-336-foot interval. Paleocene—Beaufort formation Ostracoda and Foraminifera very rare. 17S-189 Glauconitic sand and clay, green; 40 percent fine to 35S-367 Sand and clay, gray; 60 percent coarse to fine-grained coarse-grained angular to subangular quartz sand. subrounded to subangular quartz sand. 35 percent 35 percent green to gray clay matrix, unconsolidated gray clay matrix, unconsolidated. 5 percent dark- to indurated in streaks. 25 percent dark-green green coarse-grained glauconite. Trace of euhedral medium to coarse-grained glauconite with pyrite filled pyrite crystals. Red hematite staining of sand matrix fissures. Trace of coarse broken shell fragments. prominent. Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. 51 green coarse-grained glauconite Broken shell frag Sand and clay, gray; Same as 358-367-foot interval. ment and euhedral pyrite crystals prominent. Ti ace 367-378 Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. S hematite aggregates and block llgnltu-d wood Sand and clay, gray; Same as 358-367-foot interval. fragments. Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. 378-388 Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. 452-462 Sand, gray; Same as 441-452-foot interval. Ostracoda Sand and clay, gray; Same as 358-367-foot interval. and Foraminifera common. 388-399 Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. 402-472 Sand, gray; Same as 441-452-foot interval. Ostracoda Sand and silt, gray; 65 percent coarse to fine-grained and Foraminifera rare. 399-410 subrounded to angular quartz sand. 30 percent gray 472-483 Sand, gray; Same as 441-452-foot interval. Ostracoda silt matrix, unconsolidated. 5 percent dark-green and Foraminifera very rare. coarse-grained glauconite. Eunedral pyrite crystals Ostracoda from the 178-483-foot interval include: prominent. Trace o£ broken and abraded shell frag Cytherldea (HaplocytJiericlea) ruginosa Alexander ments. Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. lirarhycythere interrasiUs Alexander Sand and silt, gray; Same as 399-410-foot interval. 410-420 Brachycythere verrucosa Harris and Jobe Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. Brachycythere plena Alexander Sand and silt, gray; Same as 399-410-foot interval. Trachyleberis miclwayensis (Alexander) 420-430 Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. Trachyleberis spiniferrima (Jones and Sherborn) Trachyleberis presticichiana (Jones and Sherborn) Sand and silt, gray; Same as 399-410-foot interval. 430-441 Trachyleberis bassleri (Ulrich) Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. Actinocythereis siegristae (Schmidt) Sand, gray; S5 percent coarse to medium-grained 441-452 Loxoconcha corrugata Alexander rounded to subaugular quartz sand. 10 percent gray Orthonotacythcre cristata Alexander silt and clay matrix, unconsolidated. 5 percent dark- 52 VIRGINIA x m ^o -\ -n O ■jo o Winton \ MAP OF GATES COUNTY Showing the location of water supplies Scale of Miles 0 12 3 4 en TABLE S. Recokds of Wklls in Gates Water Draw Remarks Yield down Water-bearing level Owner Depth (gpm) (ft.) Location material (ft.) (ft.) Temperature 58°F. Analysis. 4 miles W of Reynoldson D. G. Freeman Flows Temperature 59°F. A\i miles WSW of Reynoldson.. G. C. Dodd Supplies 3 stores and 5 houses. 5 miles NW of Roduco D. G. Freeman ....do Gates T. E. Pitman ■ do C.King Hazelton H mile NE of Hazelton..., E. Mullin V/i miles SE of Hazelton.. L. Taylor 3 miles SE of Hazelton Mrs. Effie Wheedee Analysis. Water level re \i mile SW of Corapeake J. Rogers ported in 1947. W. K. Parker 1M miles S of Holly Grove— Analysis. Water level mea 4-2 F. C. Copeland ...do— sured 10/8/53. 12 2H miles S of Holly Grove Water level measured 4/1$ 54. ...do.. VA miles S of Holly Grove Paul Rountxee Analysis. Water level mea 2 miles E of Sunbury G. E. Rountree F.E. McCoy sured S/3/48. \Y> miles N of Sunbury—. Water level reported in 1943. R.KeUogg ■ .do.. ...do Analysis. Water level mea G. Hathaway Sunbury -10 J. M. Byrum sured $,'53. ....do 4-2 560 Sand. C. C. Edwards 560 Sunbury Gates County Board of Analysis. ....do Education • Analysis. Tom Morgan 4-2 D. C. Griffin ...do Mrs. E. Brooks H mile S of Sunbury leS of Sunbury H. C.Benton Water level measured T. Hobbs \i mile W of Wardsville ....do -10.6 10/16/55. miles S of Sunbury W.H. Hofler ...do 9.0', do Water level measured 10/2/43. 2H miles S of Sunbury J. L. Hofler 8 I—do Temperature 64°F. J. Hunter 2 miles W of Sunbury 120 I Marl 5 miles W of Sunbury W. E. Hinton L. B. Lawrence ..do Wa. Water level reported in 1944. Sand.. —17 1H miles N of Easons X-Roads, C.W.Jones Water level reported in 1941. J. B. Rountree ,_do_. "do do —15 R. W.Jones .do ?and Water level messured 5/5/46. R. Turner Easons X-Roads ....do Analysis. Water level mea C. E. Lang ...do ....do sured 10/22/49. 3 miles NE of GatesviUe—. Prison Camp No. 108- ....do Open- 37 2 I 42 Water level measured 9/43. Mrs. 0. C. Turner — do— 3 130 Water level reported in 1949. 2 miles NE of GatesvUle. 4-2 I 424 W. C. Rawls I Screen Buckland Water level reported in 1949. Gates County Board of do ....do -6 Education ...do. Analysis. Mrs. Lucy Brown —do— Analysis. Roduco Marl.. E. D. Eure —do.. Water level reported in 1945. Eure Sand.. Mr. Parker —do— mile W of Eure G.Tinkhara ...do... Analysis. 2 miles NW of Eure Mr.Felton —do—I Analysis. 2lA miles W of Eure Sand ■ Flows Claude Bundy Screen Analysis. Water level mea Gatesville do +10 Gatesville Hotel I— do—I sured 10/2/43. .do Water used for cooling. ....do Flows Conger Ice Co -I- Temperature 63°F. ....do Flows Gates County Office Bldg.) H. W. White 3 mi. NW of MintonsviUe— Marl Water level reported in 1948. 2\4 miles NW of MintonsviUe. .. W. A. Brown Sand 3H miles NW of MintonsviUe.. VV. E. Brown S. E. Spivey ....do Pure Oil Co MintonsviUe Water level measured 10. 2/43. Clay Water level measured 10.2/43. E. L. Winslow.- ...do Clay Abandoned. Yi mile S of MintonsviUe.. W. C. Winslow.. Sand Clyde Jones Hobbsville Abandoned. Gates County Board of ....do 490 Abandoned. ^ Education - 59 ....do.. I Dr.Blanchard 54 TABLE 9. Chemical Analyses of Gkound Watf.r fuom Gates County (Numbers at heads of columns correspond to well numbers in table of well data) (Parts per million) IS 20 21 Silica (SiOz) 10 13 Iron (Fc), total .92 .76 6.0 Iron (Fe), in solution .07 .33 .02 Calcium (Ca) 3.7 1.0 5.4 Magnesium (Mg) 3.3 1.2 4.9 Sodium and potassium 257 315 657 Bicarbonate (HCO3) 416 643 12 657 812 Sulfate (80 4) 36 17 1 24 22 20 60 Chloride (Cl) 140 50 7.2 62 72 512 Fluoride (F) 1.8 4.5 1.3 3.4 4.8 4.0 4.8 Nitrate (NO 3) 2.2 1.0 .4 Dissolved solids 680 775 1690 Hardness as CaC03 23 17 7 9 14 34 8.1 PH 7.8 8.2 5.6 8.5 8.2 Water-bearing material- Sand Sand Saud Sand Sand Sand Sand 3-2-54 Date of collection.. 10-7-53 10-8-53 10-8-53 8-3-48 10-S-53 : 10-2-43 Analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. 36 41 42 45 46 47 Silica (SiO2) 10 12 .51 1.5 .18 .23 Palninm (Pa.} 1.0 1.9 1.4 2.1 268 282 Rirarhnnatft (HCO3) 545 454 471 597 477 40 Sulfate (SO 4) 46 40 2 23 Chloride (CD 61 148 9 20 178 156 4.4 1.8 1.0 2.6 1.7 Nitrate (NO3) 1.9 .4 676 722 Hardness as CaC03 10 13 ' 82 120 13 14 8.2 7.8 pn 8.1 Sand Water-bearing material Sand Sand Marl Sand Sand 10-22-49 3-2-54 10-12-43 10-4-44 1953 10-2-43 Analyzed by the Quality of Water Brauch, U. S. Geological Survey. 55 Massive clay beds are most abundant inithetowei Greene County third of the formation, and indurated ^U beds a (Area 267 square miles, population 18,550) foot to several feet in thickness are P^^™^ Greene County, one of the smallest counties in out the formation. The total exposed thickness of the State, lies in the southwest corner of the Green this formation in the outcrop area is about 100 to ville area. The county is bounded by Wilson County 130 feet and probably no greater tha14feetm to the north, Pitt County to the east, Lenoir County subsurface sections in the extreme southeast cornel to the south, and Wayne County to the west. Snow of the county. Hill, the county seat, is the largest town in the Underlying the Peedee formation is the Black county; other population centers include Hookerton, Creek formation, which is at or near the surface in the central third of the county. The formation con- Maury, and Walstonburg. The county is drained by Contentnea Creek and sSs of a lower unnamed member and an upper Little Contentnea Creek, which in turn dram into member (the Snow Hill mar!) the.latter^having i^s the Neuse River. The youthful stage of drainage type locality in Greene County (p. 18). The ^hology accounts for several swampy areas within tne of the Black Creek formation is not uniform. The upper member is composed of drab-gray marls inter- C°The'sale of agricultural products provides the bedded with thin layers of glauconitic sand and mic major source of income in the county; tobacco is aceous clay; indurated layers are common through the chief marketable crop. Small local industry is out The lo'wer member consists of interbeddesands centered largely in Snow Hill and Maury. and black micaceous clays that are generally thickei and of greater lateral extent than those occurring n Geology—The entire county is covered by sands, Supper member. Black lignitized ^ *»£«* clays, and gravels of Quaternary age, except in dis are prominent throughout the formation The foi sected areas bordering the major stream valleys, matton is about 165 feet thick in its; outcrop aiea where erosion has exposed older formations. The and the maximum thickness in the subsurface is 220 Quaternary deposits occur at elevations ranging feet from 130 feet above sea level in the western part ot Underlying the Black Creek formation is the Tus- the county to 30 feet above sea level in the eastern cabosa formation. This formation crops out updip part of the county and probably are no more than from the Peedee and Black Creek formations and is 35 feet thick in any section of the county. _ at or near the surface in the northern third of the In large, scattered areas the surficial material is county The Tuscaloosa formation is composed of underlain by the Yorktown formation of late Mio enticuter and interbedded layers of drab-gray to cene age. This formation was deposited in a trans- PTnk f etdspathic quartz sand and dense micaceous gressive sea that probably covered the entire county. clay. Lenticular gravel deposits occur throughout Post-depositional erosion has removed or thinned the the formation, but commonly are more prevalent to originial sediments so that the formation, as it now ward the base' of the formation The total thickness occurs in Greene County, is largely confined to de of the formation within the county is about 120.feet, pressions in the surface of the underlying Cretaceous total thickness in the outcrop area, which includes formations. The thickness of the Yorktown forma several counties, is probably between 250 to 30C.feet tion is variable, from less than a foot to as much as The formation thickens progressively downdip and 15 feet in most areas of its occurrence. may be as much as 400 to 500 feet thick in the sub Underlying both the Quaternary and late Miocene surface in the southeastern part of the county. sediments are sediments of Late Cretaceous age— It is not known whether sediments of Early Cre the Peedee, Black Creek, and Tuscaloosa formations. taceous age underlie Greene County. It is probable The Cretaceous formations, which strike northeast that deeper drilling will penetrate Lower Cretaceous ' and dip toward the southeast at a rate of 15 to 20 feet per mile, have a regressive offlap relationship sediment's underlying the Tuscaloosa —^ - was the case in adjoining Pitt and Lenon Counties. that results in younger formations successively out cropping toward the southeast. Ground water.-All public and private water sup The uppermost Cretaceous unit, the Peedee forma plies in the county are obtained from wells. Sup tion is at or near the surface in the southern third plies of several millions of gallons a day of potable of the county. Typical exposures of the formation ground water can be developed anywhere in the coun along major streams show it to be composed of mter- bedded and lenticular glauconitic sands and clays. ty. 56 Surficial sands and gravels and near-surface sands Driller: Heater Well Co. Elevation of well: 73 feet above sea level of the Cretaceous formations are tapped by shallow dug wells and driven wells in all sections of the Hydrologic Information county. These wells, few of which are deeper than 35 feet, yield from 2 to 10 gpm. Diameter of well: 10 inches Jetted wells, either open-end or single-screen, at Depth of well: 341 feet depths of 60 to 200 feet obtain water from sands of Cased to: 341 feet the following Cretaceous formations; the Tuscaloosa Finish: Gravel wall and screens formation in the northwestern third of the county, Static (nonpumping) water level: 20 feet below land surface the Black Creek and Tuscaloosa formations in the (1954) central third of the county, and the Peedee and Black Yield: Tested at 550 gallons a minute with a 122-foot draw Creek formations in the southeastern third of the down (1954) county. Jetted wells range in diameter from 1% to 4 inches and yield from 2 to 60 gpm. No information Log of Well is available regarding specific capacities and maxi Depth (feet) mum yields from jetted wells. Several gravel-wall wells in the area tap multiple Quaternary—surficial sands sands in one or more of the Cretaceous aquifers and S-31 Sand, white; 90 percent coarse-grained subrounded quartz sand. 10 percent tan clay matrix, unconsoli- supply water for irrigation or municipal use. These dated. No microfossils. wells range from 8 to 12 inches in diameter, yield 31-41 Sand, tan; Same as 8-21-foot interval with limonitic 200 to 500 gpm or more, and have specific capacities staining of quartz grains predominant. No micro- of 4 to 10 gpm per foot of drawdown. The Cretaceous fossils. sands are lenticular and have little lateral continuity. For this reason wells in any one area that have com Upper Cretaceous—Peedee formation parable yields may show considerable variation in 41-5S Sand, tan; SO percent coarse to medium-grained sub- angular quartz sand. 20 percent tan silt and clay depth even though they obtain water from the same matrix, unconsolidated. Trace of light-green weath formation. ered glauconite. No microfossils, Water levels in the surficial sands are generally 53-61 Sand, tan; Same as 41-58-foot interval. No microfos within 10 to 20 feet of the land surface. Water in sils. the Cretacous aquifers, below a depth of 40 to 60 feet, 61-71 Sand, tan; Same as 41-58-foot interval. No microfos is under artesian pressure and will generally rise in sils. * . wells to within a few few of the surface. Flowing 71-81 Sand, tan; Same as 41-58-foot interval. No mj$rof6s- wells are common in areas bordering Contentnea sils. Creek, especially in the vicinity of Lindell and north 81-S7 Sand, tan; Same as 41-58-foot interval. No microfos east of Hookerton. sils. The chemical quality of ground water is adequate Upper Cretaceous—Black Creek formation for domestic purposes throughout most of the coun ty. The artesian waters are generally soft sodium 87-91 Clay and sand, black; 30 percent fine-grained angular quartz sand. 65 percent black micaceous clay matrix, bicarbonate waters. Locally, indurated shell beds unconsolidated. 5 percent black lignitized plant frag may impart moderate hardness to some water. Wa ments. Dark-green fine-grained glauconite prominent. ter from the surficial sands and gravels may be cor Trace of broken shell fragments and marcasite aggre rosive and may contain objectionable amounts of gates. Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. iron but is otherwise acceptable for domestic use. 91-101 Clay and sand, black; Same as 87-91-foot interval. The following well log describes the physical Ostracoda common, Foraminifera rare. characteristics of the principal aquifers in Greene 101-136 Clay, black; 10 percent fine-grained angular quartz sand 85 percent black micaceous clay matrix, uncon County (see figure 9 for well location). solidated.' 5 percent dark-green fine-grained glauco nite. Black lignitized plant fragments prominent. Greene County Trace of marcasite aggregates and broken shell frag ments. Ostracoda common, Foraminifera rare. Well Number 11 136-141 Clay, black; Same as 101-136-foot interval. Ostracoda Location: Moye Farm en an unnumbered county road, 2 miles and Foraminifera rare. northeast of Maury, North Carolina 141-151 Clay, black; Same as 101-136-foot interval. Ostracoda Owner: George Moye and Foraminifera rare. Date drilled: 1954 57 201-213 Clay and sand, light-gray; Same as lS0-193-foot inter 151-162 Clay and sand, black; 30 percent fine-grained angular quartz sand. 60 percent black micaceous clay matrix, val. unconsolidated. 10 percent black lignitized plant frag 213-220 Sand, gray; 90 percent coarse to medium-grained sub- ments. Trace of glauconite and shell fragments. rounded quartz sand. 10 percent gray silt and clay Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. matrix, unconsolidated. Trace of mica flakes. 1C2-1S0 Sand, gray; 85 percent medium to coarse-grained sub- 220-227 Sand and clay, gray; 60 percent coarse-grained sub- rounded to subangular quartz sand. 15 percent black rounded quartz sand. 40 percent gray clay matrix, micaceous clay matrix, unconsolidated. Trace of glau unconsolidated. conite marcasite aggregates and fine broken shell 227-241 Sand and clay, gray; Same as 220-227-foot interval. fragments. Ostracoda common, Foraminifera rare. 241-251 Sand and clay, gray; Same as 220-227-foot interval. Ostracoda from the 87-162-foot interval include: 251-261 Sand and clay, gray; Same as 220-227-foot interval. Cytheropteron (Eocytheropteron) striatum Brown Brachycythere leadforma (Israelsky) 261-27S Sand and clay, gray; Same as 220-227-foot interval. Brachycythere sphenoldes (Reuss) 27S-2S9 Sand, gray; SO percent coarse-grained subrounded Brachycythere nausiformis Swain quartz sand. 15 percent gray clay matrix, unconsoli Alatacythere sp. aff. A. gulfensis (Alexander) dated. 5 percent coarse-grained blocky potash feld OrthonotacytJiere tarensis Brown spar. Or thonotacy there sulcata Brown 289-296 Sand, gray; Same as 27S-2S9-foot interval. Upper Cretaceous—Tuscaloosa formation 296-30S Sand, gray; Same as 27S-2S9-foot interval. 30S-330 Sand, gray; Same as 27S-2S9-foot interval. 1S0-193 Clay and sand, light-gray; 30 percent medium-grained subrounded quartz sand. 70 percent gray micaceous Remarks: No microfossils were recovered from the 41-to S7 clay matrix, unconsolidated but tight. and ISO-to 330-foot intervals. Correlation of these intervals is based upon lithology and stratigraphic position as inferred 193-201 Clay and sand, light-gray; Same as 180-193-foot inter from nearby outcropping sections. val. 58 h MAP OF GREENE COUNTY Showing the location of water supplies Scale of Miles -) I 2 3 4 5 Figure 9. 59 TABLE 10. Rkcokos of Wells ix Guee.ne County Depth Water Draw of Remarks Type Diam Yield down Water-bearing level Depth eter casing Owner of (ft.) (gpm) (ft) Location material Well Well (ft.) (in.) (ft.) no. Temperature GO°F. C. A. Dawson — Open- 2 miles N of Lindcll 105 Sand end 105 ....do ....do • 50 50 ....do Screen 180 ....do Analysis. Water level mea ...do ISO —40.4 L. Byrum | ....do 1 mile NW of Appie 165 165 sured 1/23/54. H. Herring do— Appie 183 Analysis. H. Herring, Jr —do... 185 1 mile S of Appie 175 171 E. L. Jones ...do... miles NE of Walstonburg— Analysis. Town of Walstonburg 1 Gravel- Walstonburg 240 Analysis. Water level mea wall 240 -29.6 139 sured 2/15/55. Screen 139 2H miles SW of Walstonburg..-. Frank Walston \ Analysis. . Water level mea ....do.. Open- —27.3 90 .-.do sured 2/15/55. end 90 300 Screen 3G0 2 Willow Green H. Darden Used for irrigation. Yield Gravel- 550 122 2 miles W of Willow Green G. Moye 341 ..do., and draw-down measure, wall 341 10 1957. Abondaned. Sand.. 91 4 Analysis. W. T. Eason Screen 279 Abandoned. 12 Lizzie —do... 285 6 ....do ....do ' 13 ..-do ...do...1 223 4 223 Abandoned. mile SW of Lizzie I E. A. Rasberry Sand 14 41 6 41 E. A. Rasberry Screen \i mile SW of Lizzie 15 —do—I 220 4 218 ....do — Water level measured 3/18/53. 16 1 mile SW of Lizzie 15S 4 156 ...do—1 35.3 niles SW of Lizzie ....do ....do 17 182 4 180 Analysis. Water level mea- ....do ...do...| 40.2 IS 1 mile SW of Lizzie 165 ....do sured, 1955. State Highway Dept ...do... 165 19 1 mile W of Maury. ..do...1 185 185 IK miles NE of Maury W. Soggs 20 178 4 178 P. Frizel ...do..-] 170 21 |....do ...do.- 170 2 Analysis. E. Soggs Water level measured 1/23/54. 22 .„ miles E of Maury 177 4 177 E.Jackson ...do... 13.4 1 mile E of Maury 8 Sand and Clay | Analysis. 23 Dug 17 36 R. Wood Sand 24 H mile S of Maury 102 102 J.C.Jones Screen 25 2lA miles S of Maury Flow measured, 1955. L. Daniels Open- Flows 15 ZlA miles SW of Maury • 85 ....do | Flows periodically. 26 end 85 2 75 E. Nellican - | ..do.. 75 IK 27 I—do 4 85 A. Beddard Screen 87 28 IK miles E of Snow Hill Analysis. Public Supply. Carolina Power and Flows Snow Hill 260 ....do 29 —do— 260 8-5 Light Co ■ Water level measured, 1955. Greene County Board of 23.5 -do.. 165 ....do ] ...do- Education — Sand 152 4 150 J. Beaman - Screen 31 H mile N of Snow Hill. 50 4 45 J. Exum. ...do... 32 % mile N of Snow Hill. 80 4 76 }4 mile NW of Snow Hill | A. Warren do~ 33 85 4 85 K mile NW of Snow Hill A. Mewborn do~ 34 125 4 123 V/i miles NW of Snow Hill I G. F. Thomas 35 67 4 67 G. Thomas —do.. U-do 76 36 —do.. 84 4 H mile SW of Snow Hill Snow Hill Tape Co 37 209 4 209 Water level reported by owner, W.D. Cobb —do._ 24 Jason 154 ....do 38 do- 156 1955. 39 2 miles S of Snow Hill W. Ginn Analysis. 130 130 J. Crews —do- 40 I 3H miles SW of Hookerton.... J. Creech Open- \\i miles S of Hookerton 50 41 end 50 2 Analysis. 85 4-2 85 A. Haddock ....do- | 2K miles S of Hookerton 140 Analysis. 42 Screen 140 4 VA miles SW of Hookerton.... L. Worthingtou 43 109 4 109 | ZH miles W of Hookerton D. Dixon ...do... 44 Open- W.Cary Sand 45 114 miles SW of Hookcrton 4 78 Abandoned. end 78 Flows 105 ....do Abandoned. —do.. 105 IK Town of Hookerton...... do Flows 4G Hookerton. 105 IK 105 Abandoned. ....do do Flows 47 105 2 105 Analysis. Abandoned. ..do...... do ■ Flows 48 105 4 105 Abandoned. ..do.. Flows 49 2 200 —do Analysis. Abandoned. 200 Flows ....do 50 339 6 339 Analysis. Public supply. —do Flows 51 380 S 360 52 60 TABLE 11. Chemical Axai.vsi-s of Quooxd Watkk fbou Cheese County (Numbers at Heads of columns correspond to well numbers in table of well data) (Parts per million) 8 9 13 4 6 7 11 26 Silica (SiO2) .10 .47 1.3 0.68 Iron (Fe), total .05 Iron (Fe), in solution 2.2 Calcium (Ca) 2.8 5.2 Magnesium (Mg) 81 41 4.9 20 211 174 192 142 7.8 6.4 2 2 5.5 Sulfate (SO-*) 10 5.2 O Q R 1 Chloride (Cl) .0 .3 .6 - .7 Fluoride (F) .3 .4 Nitrate (NO3) 229 1G4 Dissolved solids 34 21 17 47 99 43 6.2 7.5 7.3 7.0 6.6 nTI 7.2 Sand Sand Sand Sand Sand Water-bearing material Sand 11-11-53 7-28-49 2-15-55 2-15-55 Analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. 29 40 42 19 23 25 18 Silica (SiOa) 19 .09 2.1 .08 Iron (Fe), total .12 Iron (Fe), in solution 4.4 13 Calcium (Ca) 10 2.8 1.1 Magnesium (Mg)..- 5.2 91 6.9 Sodium and potassium (Na+K) 46 52 141 206 213 204 Bicarbonate (HCO 3) 167 11 4.1 9 1.9 1 1 Sulfate (SO*) 28 3.2 3.5 4.5 4.2 5.8 Chloride (Cl) .4 .1 .4 Fluoride (F) .3 .3 Nitrate (NOa) - .1 255 76 Dissolved solids 174 22 37 122 46 47 Hardness as CaC03 6.6 7.3 7.1 7.2 7.2 pH Sand Sand Sand Sand Sand Water-bearing material- Sand 1-22-54 1-22-54 1-22-54 1-22-54 5-26-47 Date of collection. 1-5-50 Analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. 44 49 27 13 Silica (SiO2) 3.1 .15 .12 Iron (Fe), total .04 .08 Iron iFe), in solution 13 .3 .2 Calcium (Ca) 2.3 .3 .2 Magnesium (Mg) ■ 94 94 Sodium and potassium (Na+K). 14 74 1S1 181 Bicarbonate (HCO3) 141 15 7 4.7 14 Sulfate (SO*) • 30 4.0 4.8 30 Chloride (Cl) .2 .4 .0 Fluoride (F) .3 .3 .8 Nitrate (NOs) 112 243 247 Dissolved solids 42 o 2 Hardness as CaCCb 122 7.9 7.4 6.8 7.8 Sand Sand Water-bearing material.. - Sand 7-24-47 9-6-49 1-4-55 Date of collection. 1-19-54 Analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. 61 feet thick at Colerain. West of a line through Ahoskie Hertford County and Winton there is apparently an abrupt facies (Area 356 square miles, population 21,453) change in the Beaufort formation. Well cuttings in Hertford County lies in the northern part of the the western part of the county, from beneath the Greenville area. The county abuts Virginia to the Yorktown formation and from bove the Tuscaloosa north and is bordered by the Chowan River to the formation, are composed typically of coarse elastics east, Bertie County to the south, and Northampton containing a large percentage of relatively fresh County and the Meherrin River to the west. Ahoskie feldspar grains and variable amounts of light-colored is the largest town in the county; other population clays, silts, and lignitized wood fragments. This ma centers include Winton (the county seat), Cofield, terial is of deltaic origin and contemporaneous with Harrellsville, Mapleton, Menola, and Murfreesboro. downdip marine facies of the Beaufort, Peedee, and The county is drained by the Meherrin River, the Black C^eek formations. The manner or extent by Wiccacon River, and Potecasi Creek, all of which which the downdip marine facies interfinger with drain into the Chowan River. the updip deltaic facies cannot be determined from The sale of agricultural products provides the chief available subsurface data. In a recently drilled well source of income in the county; tobacco and peanuts at Murfreesboro, 230 feet of nonfossiliferous mater are the chief marketable crops. Small local indus ial of deltaic origin was penetrated beneath the tries are centered, for the most part, in and around Yorktown and above the Tuscaloosa formations. At Ahoskie and Murfreesboro. Winton, 10 miles downdip from Murfreesboro, a well penetrated more than 350 feet of fossiliferous ma Geology.—The county is covered by clays, sands, rine strata, representing the Beaufort and Peedee and gravels of Quaternary age which occur at eleva formations. tions of from 80 to less than 15 feet above sea level. Underlying the Beaufort formation in central and This material ranges in thickness from a few feet to eastern Hertford County are sediments of Late Cre more than 60 feet, the thickness generally being taceous age, the Peedee formation. According to greatest in and adjacent to the Meherrin River and LeGrand and Brown (1955, fig. 2) the Peedee forma Chowan River valleys. tion lies at an elevation of about 150 feet below sea Underlying the surficial deposits are blue-gray level in the central part of the county and at an ele clays, sands, marls, and shell beds of late Miocene vation of about 400 feet below sea level in the ex age, the Yorktown formation. This formation is ex posed intermittently along the major streams and treme eastern part of the county. The Black Creek formation or the Tuscaloosa for occasionally in marl pits of the interstream areas. Individual beds in the Yorktown formation are lenti mation underlies the Peedee formation in all parts cular and cannot be traced for long distances either of the county. The only available well samples from at the surface or in the subsurface. Massive clay the county that indicate the presence of the Tusca beds are predominant in the formation. Lenticular loosa formation are from a well at Murfreesboro. In sand and shell beds, less common than the clays, are this well 110 feet of the Tuscaioosa formation was more prominent in the lower third of the formation. penetrated, and the top of the formation is 255 feet The thickness of the formation is variable and in below sea level. Deeper wells in the county will creases progressively from west to east across the probably penetrate Lower Cretaceous sediments be county. In a well at Murfreesboro total thickness of neath the Tuscaloosa formation. the formation was 58 feet, a well at Ahoskie had a Ground water.—All public and private water sup total thickness of 25 feet, and a well at Cofield had plies in the county are obtained from wells. Surficial a total thickness of 70 feet. Data from adjoining sands and gravels of Quaternary age and near-sur counties indicates that the formation attains a thick face sand and shell beds of late Miocene age yield 2 ness of 125 to 150 feet in eastern Hertford County. to 10 gpm to dug wells and driven wells that range Underlying the Yorktown formation in eastern and in depth from 10 to 40 feet in all sections of the central Hertford County are deposits of Paleocene age, the Beaufort formation. This formation typic county. In central and eastern Hertford County open-end ally is composed of beds of glauconitic sand and cal and single-screen wells obtain water from sand and careous clay containing thin zones of indurated shell beds of the Yorktown formation and similar shells. The total thickness of this stratigraphic unit material in the Beaufort and Peedee formations at increases progressively from west to east. The Beau depths of from 60 to 300 feet. Inasmuch as no single fort formation is 40 feet thick at Ahoskie and 200 62 water-bearing horizons is recognized in the lenti Date drilled: 1954 cular strata comprising these formations, the depth Driller: Heater Well Co. Elevation of well: 64 feet above sea level of individual wells, even in small localised areas, is quite variable. The jetted wells, generally 2 to 4 Hydrologic Information inches in diameter and rarely as much as 6 inches in diameter, yield 5 to 25 gpm in most localities. In Diameter of well: 12 inches Depth of well: 432 feet the western part of the county jetted wells are com Cased to: 432 feet mon and generally average less than 200 feet in Finish: Gravel wall and screens depth. The yield from wells in this area ranges be Static (nonpumping) water level: 62 feet below land surface tween 10 and 25 gpm. (1954) Several municipalities obtain water from drilled Yield: 1,000 gallons a minute gravel-wall wells, 8 to 12 inches in diameter, that tap Log of Well multiple aquifers of Paleocene and Cretaceous age. Depth Wells of this type yield 200 to more than 1,000 gpm (feet) and have specific capacities ranging from 6 to 15 Quaternary—surficial sands and clays gpm per foot of drawdown. 0-6 Sand and clay, tan; 70 percent fine to very fine-grained The water level in the surficial material generally angular quartz sand. 30 percent tan clay matrix, un- is within 10 to 20 feet of the land surface. Water in consolidated but compact. the deeper aquifers is under artesian pressure and 6-30 Sand and clay, gray; 55 percent fine to medium-grain rises in wells to within 30 to 40 feet of the land sur ed angular to subangular quartz sand. 45 percent face. However, flowing wells are common in the gray clay matrix, unconsolidated but compact. vicinity of Murfreesboro, north of Murfreesboro to Upper Miocene—Yorktown formation the Virginia State line, and in topographically low 30-40 Clay and sand, gray; 25 percent fine to medium-grain areas bordering the major rivers and streams. Sev ed angular quartz sand. 65 percent blue-gray clay eral wells in the vicinity of Como and Barretts Cross matrix, unconsolidated but very compact. 10 percent roads, which had previously flowed, are reported to fine broken shell fragments. Trace of fine mica flakes. have stopped flowing when large-capacity wells at Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. Clay and' sand, gray; Same as 30-40-foot interval. Franklin, Virginia were placed in production. 40-50 Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. The chemical quality of ground water in the boun 50-58 Clay and sand, gray; Same as 30-40-foot interval. ty is adequate for most domestic purposes. However, Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. water in some of the shallow aquifers may be corros 58-62 Marl, gray; 30 percent fine to medium-grained angular ive and may contain objectionable amounts of iron. quartz sand. 35 percent fresh shell and shell frag Water from shell beds of the Yorktown and Beaufort ments. 35 percent blue-gray clay matrix, unconscfli- dated. Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. ^ ••*• formations may be objectionably hard. The deeper Marl, gray; Same as 58-62-foot interval. Ostracoda and "greensand" aquifers contain soft sodium bicarbo 62-8S Foraminifera common. nate waters. Several analyses of ground waters from Ostracoda from the 30-62-foot intervals include: aquifers below a depth of 300 feet show a fluoride GytUerura elongata Edwards concentration in excess of 2.0 ppm. However, the Turiana rugipunctata (Ulrich and Bassler) fluoride concentration, in most waters analyzed to Actinocythereis exanthemata (Ulrich and Bassler) Actinocythereis mundorffi (Swain) date, is less than 1.0 ppm through the county. The Orionina vaughani (Ulrich and Bassler) depth to brackish waters ranges from more than 500 Hemicy there confragosa Edwards feet below the surface in the western part of the Henvicy there sehmidtae Malkin county to as little as 400 feet in the extreme eastern Cushmanidea ashermani (Ulrich and Bassler) part of the county. j Paleocene (?) and TJt>per Cretaceous(f)—undifferentiated The following well logs describe the physical SS-105 Sand and clay, gray; 65 percent medium to fine-grain characteristics of the principal aquifers in Hertford ed subroun.ded to angular quartz sand. 35 percent County (see figure 10 for well location). gray clay matrix, unconsolidated but tight. Trace of black lignitized wood fragments. Hertford County 105-11S Sand and clay, gray; Same as 88-105-foot interval. 118-149 Sand and clay, brown; 60 percent medium to fine Well Number 13 grained subangular to angular quartz sand. 30 per Loation: City well at Murfreesboro, North Carolina, located at cent reddish-brown clay matrix, unconsolidated but the high school athletic field. very compact. 10 percent red hematite aggregates. Owner: City of Murfreesboro Coarse mica flakes prominent. 63 Hydrologic Information Sand and clay, brown; Same as 118-149-foot interval 149-159 but well cemented in streaks . Diameter of well: S inches Depth of well: 245 feet, filled back to 202 feet 159-161 r • -Tirrr* satsirs; Cased to: 202 feet consolidated. Trace of fine mica flakes and black Finish: gravel wall and screens lignitized wood fragments. SUtic (nonpumping) water level: 37 feet below land Sand and clay, brick-red; 55 percent media*i to^fine 161-173 grained subangular quartz sand. 35 percent brick (1950) fed clay matrix, unconsolidated but very compact 10 Yield: 330 gallons a minute percent red hematite aggregates. Trace of pyrite. Chemical analysis of water available day and sand, gray; 30 percent very fine-grained angu- 173-192 lai quartz sand. 70 percent gray micaceous clay ma Log of Well trix, unconsolidated and very compact. Clay and sand, gray; Same as 173-192-foot interval Depth 192-195 (feet) Sand, light-gray; 90 percent coarse to **«&«*f »£ Quaternary—surftcial sands and clayb 195-217 rounded to angular poorly-sorted Quartz sand. 10 per cent light-gray clay matrix,, unconsolidated. Tiace 0-10 Sand and clay, yellow; 65 of black lignitized wood fragments: fine-grained angular quartz 217-225 aggregates and black liguitized wood fragments. 10-20 225-255 Clay, gray; Same as 217-225-foot interval. 255-275 Clay, gray; Same as 217-225-foot interval. clay matrix, unconsolidated. 20-31 Upper Cretaceous—Tuscaloosa formation grains prominent. Sideritic 31-55 Sand, yellow; Same as 20-31-foot interval. angular siderite pou^w %»—. —«— — Upper JHoce»e-Yorktown formation clay matrix, unconsolidated. 55-80 ssrsss fragments and sponge spicules. lignitized wood fragments. .Paleocwe-Beaufort formation sffiS 80*110 wood fragments prominent. ments prominent. - percent darK-greeu mc«^»« o-- ~ of coarse broken abraded shell fragments. loosa in other wells. 118-124 Sand, light-gray; Same as 110-1-"^ - slight increase in percentage of Hertford County Upper Cretaceous—deposits Well Number 60 124-133 Location: Ahoskie, North Carolina, City well number 3. Owner: City of Ahoslde Date drilled: 1950 Driller: Layne Atlantic Co. inent. Trace of coarse mica flakes. Elevation of we'll: 53 feet above sea level 64 . 203-223 Sand, pink; 65 percent very coarse to medium-grained 133-147 Clay and sand, light-gray; 35 percent medium to very subangular quartz sand. 20 percent pink clay matrix, fine-grained suhangular to angular poorly-sorted unconsolidated but compact. 15 percent coarse blocky quartz sand. 65 percent gray clay matrix, unconsoli- calcic feldspar grains. Trace of dark-green fine-grain dated but very compact. Dark-green medium to fine ed glauconite and hematite aggregates. grained glauconite prominent. 228-239 Sand, pink; Same as 203-228-foot' interval, but with 147-1G0 Sand and clay, mottled-pink; 60 percent medium to medium-grained quartz sand predominant. fine-grained angular quartz sand. 25 percent mottled- pink to yellow clay matrix, unconsolidated but very 239-245 Sand, pink; Same as 22S-239-foot interval. compact. 15 percent coarse blocky calcic feldspar grains. Trace of coarse abraded shell fragments fine Remarks: No microfossils were recovered from the intervals gravel and dark-green glauconite. sampled in this well. Correlation is based on stratigraphic position and lithologic similarity to downdip sections which 160-203 Sand, gray; 85 percent very coarse to medium-grained carry a diagnostic fauna. The interval designated Upper Cre subangular quartz sand. 5 percent gray clay matrix, taceous in this well is thought to represent a marginal deltaic unconsolidated. 10 percent coarse blocky calcic feld deposit of the Peedee formation. spar grains. 65 VIRGINIA MAP OF HERTFORD COUNTY showing the location of water supplies Scale ofMiles 12 3 4 • 48 Lloyds Crossroads / COUNTY Figure 10. TABLE 12. Recouds of Wells in Hertford County Depth " Draw 'JVlH5 Diam of Water Water-bearing level Yield down Remarks Location Ownek of Depth eter casing Well (gpm) (ft) Well i ft.) (in.) (ft.) material (ft.) no. 5 miles X \V of Couj : K. \V. Evans Open- Flows Analysis. Temperature 61°F. end 100 100 Sand... Analysis. Temperature 61°F. .do.. Screen 127 4-2 127 ...do.. Temperature 62°F. 4 miles N\V of Com-: Mrs. A. J. Bryant ...do 150 2 150 ...do.. Analysis. 3> 4 miles XW of Co-o Cyrus D. Howell ...do... 120 4-2 120 ...do.. Analysis. 117 ....do.. ...do Mrs. W. L. Britt ...do... 117 4 ...do Dug 28 36 24 Blue Clay. do Analysis. 3»4 mites W of Coir:: Mrs. Zola Drake Screen 140 4-2 140 Sand :J»4 miles X E of Con* J. 11. b'tephenson Dug 40 48 ....do ....do Open- 3 f i mites X E of Co~ > Water level measured, 1956. end 110 V< 110 ....do +3.8 175 | do Como Jones and Ray nor ...do... 175 4 —0.5 Water level measured, 1956 4 miles NT. of Murfresboro Hotel Court i'creen 126 126 ...do + 10.3 Analysis, Water level mea \}-> miles XE of M.:::-esboro.._ State Highway Dept.. ..do... 120 120 ....do sured, 1956. Murfreesboro.. Town of Murfreesboro... Gravel- 1000 Analysis. Public supply. wall 432 432 Sand and Gravel -65.4 Temperature 63°F. Town of Murfrcesboro... Gravel- Murfreesboro. Analysis. Public supply wall 320 320 Sand.. Temperature 63°F. Open- 15 .do.. .do.. end 228 228 ....do Flows 228 ...do ...do... .do.. ...do.. 228 ..do.... .do., ..do. 228 228 ...do ...do... .do.. ..do... 115 115 Shell limestone 28 Flow measured. 0.1,A. Chitty ..do.. 225 225 Sand . ....do .do Flow measured. ..do.. 228 228 Gravel j do 20 .do M. E. Worrell 228 228 ....do .—do. 21 ...do.. .do... 228 228 ...do | do. 22 .do.. .do.. 228 228 ...do - I do. 23 .do.. 90 93 Sand 24 .do.. V. T. Underwood Screen 25 ..do.. Hertford County Board of Education ..do... 170 4 165 ..do- 20 36 Clay.. 26 Mrs. H. Carier Dug ...do... 15.1 36 ....do 27 K mile SE of M E. Dixon Town of Winton Gravel- 28 Win ton Analysis. Public supply wall 415 24.8 415 Sand.. Abandoned. ..do.. ...do.. 260 28.8 260 ....do.. 29 Abandoned. .do., ...do., '314 28.8 314 .do., 30 .do.. Analysis. .do.. 180 6 180 .do. 31 .do.. .do.. ..do.. Hertford County Board of Education Screen .do.. 48 Sand and Clay.. Winton Rufus Reynolds Dug 34 C.L.Everett ...do.. 36 36 36 ...do 34 ...do Temperature 63°F. Screen 151 4.2 151 Sand 35 Cofield.. A. B. Bazemore ...do.. 195 4.2 195 ....do 36 Cofield. Mr. Delaware -26 Water level reported by W. E. Perry ...do.. 160 4 149 ....do 37 ....do... driller, 1944. ...do ...do... 152 4 152 -17 38 Bazemore Bros ...do... 134 4 118 ..do.. 39 ..do.. Tom Bazemore N. C. State Highway 40 H mile N of HarrellrrUle Analysis. Dept! Dug 12 36 10 Clay.. -36 Water level reported by D. N. Evans Screen 260 4.2 260 Sand.. Harrellsville driller. 1953. -34 do D. N. Evans and Son ...do.. 296 4.2 296 ....do 42 VA miles W of Harre*jville ....do ...do.. 288 4.2 288 ....do -35 43 Harrellsville J. S. Windborn -40 Water level reported by A. C. Rountree ...do.. 230 4 202 .do 44 ....do driller, 1944. Water level reported by Harrellsville Lumber Co- ...do... 166 162 ....do —5 45 do driller, 1944. -44 Water level reported by Bud Gillam ...do.. 257 4-2 257 ....do 46 H mile E. of Harrellrrtile driller, 1954. R. C. Mason ...do.. 312 4-2 312 ..do 47 W2 miles E of Harrelisville Analysis. 4 244 .do.. 48 5 miles WSW of Haireilsville.... W. H. BasniRht ...do.. 255 182 4-2 182 Sand... 49 2H miles W of Bethte*m R. F. Wiggins Screen ....do.. 50 ..do.. 171 4-2 171 Gravel. 51 ZYi miles W of Bethlehem. Willard Earley. 4-2 ....do.. 52 ..do.. 65 Sand... 53 Ahoskie.. Barrow Mfg. Co— .do., 250 223 ....do.. 54 ....do.... II. Sherman Boonc. -20 Water level reported by J. Roy Parker .do.. 54 52 Sand.. 55 ....do... driller, 1944. 67 TABLE 12. RKcoiins ok Wki.ls i.\ Hkutkokij Coi-nty—Continued Depth Draw Diam of Water Yield down Remarks casing Water-bearing level Location Owner of Depth eter Well (ft.) (gpm) (ft.) Well (ft.) (in.) (ft.) material no. Water level reported by driller, 1944 Screen j 151 145 Sand —26 Ahoskic. W. H. Basnight.. ...do 56 -25 Ahoskie Ice Co... do...j 170 170 ...do 57 do.... Town of Ahoskie . Gravel- j 5S do... 325 SO Analysis. Public supply. 265 ...do —26 wall 265 38-13 Water level reported by driller. 1927. Analysis. Public supply. 265 do -do.. .do.. .do., Analysis. Public supply. 59 -37 330 .do.. 202 202 ...do 60 ..do.. ..do.. Water level reported by driller. 1950. Water level reported by —13 Scieen 128 4-2 138 ...do 61 .do.. Lewis Barbecoe. driller. 1950. Water level measured, 1957. —21.37 Screen 183 183 ...do 62 .-do Mrs. A. E. Lewis.. ...do ..do ...do do Water level reported by 63 —15 do.. 157 157 ...do 64 i mile S of Ahoskie- Dick Foreman | driller, 1949 Open- 65 2 miles SE of Ahoskie.. State Highway Patrol... j Analysis. end 42 42 .do., Analysis. Screen 371 4-2 371 -do.. 66 Earlcy.: Bertrane Earley.. 2 miles NW of Earley. Mrs. Winbume.. Open- Water level measured, 1957. 67 -30.7 end 119 119 ....do Screen 131 2 131 .do 6S ..do.. -do.. j Temperature 61°F. 4-2 326 —do.. Flows 2 miles WNW of California Beechwood Country Clu ...do.. 326 .! Water level reported by 69 —19 ...do.. 151 4-2 151 ...do.. 70 St. Johns Emma Parker driller. 1952 Water level reported by —16 166 4-2 166 ...do.. H mile W of St. Johns C.Vaughn ...do., driller, 1953. Analysis. Water level re 155 Sand.. —20 2 miles WNW of Menola. Walter Burkett ."..do... 155 3 ported by driller, 1947. Analysis. ...do... 180 4-2 180 ..do.. 5 miles SE of Mintons Store H.C. Futrell Analysis. -do.. ZlA miles SE of Mintons Store-. H. Hauls ...do... 152 4-2 152 VA miles SSW of Mintons Store L. T. Odom Open- Abandoned. end 219 219 .-do- TABLE 13. Chemical Analyses of Ground Water from Hertford Covxty (Numbers at heads of columns correspond to well numbers in table of well data) (Parts per million) 12 33 Silica (SiO2) 20 29 .19 Iron iFe), total .05 Iron (Fe), in solution .26 .30 .9 12 Calcium (Ca) 10 .5 Magnesium (Mg) 4.8 3.9 51 Sodium and potassium (Na+K). 66 48 239 230 128 Bicarbonate (HCO3)... 204 223 182 5.2 2.1 .9 15 Sulfate (SO*) 3.8 3.1 4.0 47 3.6 Chloride (Cl) 4.0 5.0 1.5 .2 1.4 .2 Fluoride (F) .6 .4 .1 .3 1.3 Nitrate (NOa) .1 15S Dissolved solids - — 107 4 Hardness as CaCO3 46 47 7.1 7.5 8.0 7.8 pH 8.1 7.6 Sand Sand Sand Sand Water-bearing material- Sand Sand 3-29-50 8-14-56 8-14-56 8-14-56 Date of collection 8-14-56 8-14-56 Analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch. U. S. Geological Survey. 68 TABLE 13. CiiKMicAi, Analyses of Ground Watkk fkom Hkutfoud County—Continued (Numbers at heads of columns correspond to well numbers in table of well data) "V (Parts per million) 13 14 2S 31 40 48 Silica i'iO 2) 15 30 12 13 23 Iron (Fe), total .17 5.6 Iron (Fe), in solution .01 .42 .34 5.6 .03 Calcium (Ca) . 1.3 1.8 .8 3.1 160 Macnesium (Mg) .5 .8 .9 .9 2.0 Sodium and potassium (Na-f-K) 74 70 145 143 23 Bicarbonate (HCO3) 164 183 271 278 451 379 Sulfate (SO4) 8.6 4.1 1.3 13 10 .2 Chloride (Cl) 15 4.0 48 48 55 7.8 Fluoride (F) .9 .3 1.3 1.3 .2 .2 Nitrate (NO3) .3 .4 .7 .5 .2 Dissolved solids . 202 201 369 370 506 Hardness as CaCO 3 5 8 6 11 407 11 pH 8.1 7.4 S.2 S.I 6.9 7.5 Water-bearing material Sand and Sand Saud Sand Clay Saud gravel Date of collection 3-12-54 5-1-4S 12-28-48 12-28-48 6-22-49 3-31-54 Analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. .58 59 60 65 66 72 Silica S1O2) 33 32 33 27 13 32 Iron (Ye), total _ .43 6 5 .88 Iron 'Ye), in solution .23 .22 .02 .43 .05 35 Calcium (Ca) .... 7.7 8.7 26 6.8 2.2 18 Magnesium (Mg) 5.9 6.7 9.5 1.7 2.0 4.9 ftoditirn and potassium (\'&-}-TC) 79 86 43 6 184 69 Bicarbonate (HCO3) 247 268 225 70 381 230 Sulfate (SO4) 3.5 5.2 3.2 9.8 73 4.4 Chloride (Cl) 5.2 6.2 6.0 5.2 14 4.5 Fluoride (F) _ .4 .5 .2 .0 2.3 1.0 Nitrate (NO3) 1.0 1.2 .4 .2 .2 .3 Dissolved solids _ ' "- 261 283 245 121 515 Hardness as CaC03 43 49 104 63 14 66 pH 7.2 7.2 7.3 6.5 8.1 8.7 Water-bearing material Sand Sand Saud Sand Sand Sand Date of collection 5-25-48 5-25-48 6-16-54 11-4-55 10-8-53 8-13-56 , Analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. 73 Silica (jfiCh) Iron (Fe>. total Iron (Fe). in solution Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sodium and potassium (Na-4-K)., Bicarbonate (HCO3) 263 145 Sulfate (C04) 3.5 2 Chloride (Cl) 7.5 6.S Fluoride (F) Nitrate (NO3) Dissolved solids Hardness as CaCOs 47 25 pH 8.4 7.1 Water-bearing material. Sand Sand Date of collection 9-20-55 12-54 Analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. total thickness and its depth below sea level would Martin County be expected to increase in an easterly direction (Area 481 square miles, population 27,938) The Upper Cretaceous Pedee and Black Creek for Martin County, elongated in an east-west direc mations, composed of dark-colored lenticular sands tion, lies approximately in the geographical center of and clays, underlie the central and east«*•«*?£ the Greenville area. The county is bounded by Pitt, of Martin County. The western extent of these for Bertie, Washington, Beaufort, Edgecombe, and Hali mation* has not been determined. It is probable that fax Counties. Williamston, the county seat and marine sediments of these two formations internnger largest town in the county, is located on the banks with deltaic sediments of comparable age in the west of the Roanoke River, which forms the northern ern part of the county. The Peedee formation at boundary of the county. Other population centers in Williamston is 129 feet thick and the top of the toi- clude Bear Grass, Hamilton, Jamesville, Oak City, mation is 86 feet below sea level. The Black Creek formation is 259 feet thick at Williamston. and Robersonville. The entire county is drained by the Roanoke River The basal Upper Cretaceous unit, the Tuscaloosa and several of its small tributaries. A high escarp formation, underlies the Peedee and Black Creek for ment broken by numerous low swampy areas extends mations in the eastern and central parts of Martm along the Roanoke River for most of its length. County. In western Martin County this formation The county is largely agricultural, tobacco being lies unconformably beneath Paieocene and Miocene sediments. The Tuscaloosa formation, composed of the chief crop. A large pulp mill and a chemical manufacturing plant are the major industries in the light-colored lenticular clays and arkosic sands, lies within 40 to 50 feet of the land surface in the west county. ern part of the county and is buried progressively Geology.—Surficial clay, sand, and gravel of Quat deeper in an easterly direction. Estimated thickness ernary age occur as a thin layer over the entire coun of the formation in the eastern part of the county is ty Along the Roanoke River and its tributaries this about 400 feet. material is as much as 40 feet thick; in the inter- Sediments of Early Cretaceous age probably un stream areas it is rarely more than 15 feet thick. derlie the Tuscaloosa formation in the eastern and The surficial deposits are underlain by the York- central parts of Martin County, whereas m the town formation of late Miocene age, which consists western part of the county the formation is underlain of blue clay, marl, and sand. The Yorktown formation by crystalline rocks. is exposed intermittently along the Roanoke River, Ground water.-All public and private water sup where the stream has cut down through overlying plies in Martin County are obtained from wells. Mar material, and is exposed in many shallow marl pits tin Countv is favorably situated as to ground-water in the interstream areas. The formation is common supply. Several millions of gallons per day of ground ly less than 80 to 100 feet thick throughout the water may be obtained at any one place in the coun county. ty. Larg-diameter gravel-wall wells will yield as The Castle Hayne limestone of Eocene age under much as 1,000 gpm in most localities. lies the Yorktown formation in the eastern part of Surficial sands and gravels of Quaternary age and Martin County. Wells east of Jamesville and Smith- near-surface sand and shell beds of the Yorktown wick obtain water from the Castle Hayne limestone formation yield 2 to 10 gpm. Rural supplies m the formation which in this part of the Greenville area county are obtained largely from dug or driven wells consists of a very hard shell-limestone. Wells at that tap the aquifers of Miocene or Quaternary age. Williamston and Bear Grass do not encounter the Small-diameter jetted wells in eastern and central formation, indicating that the formation pinches out Martin County draw water from sand lenses and along a line west of Jamesville and Smithwick. Total shell beds of Miocene age, limestone of Eocene age, thickness of the formation in the county is unknown. and greensand of Paleocene age at depths ranging Glauconitic sands and shell beds of the Beaufort from 60 to 200 feet. These wells, either open-end or formation of Paleocene age underlie the eastern and single-screen, yield as much as 50 gpm. Jetted wells central thirds of the county. The formation, confin in western Martin County obtain water from sand ed to the subsurface, has not been recognized west lenses and shell beds of Miocene age and from sands of Williamston and Bear Grass. Total thickness of of Cretaceous age. These wells, generally less than this unit in a well at Williamston was 27 feet, where 400 feet deep, yield from 10 to 300 gpm. the top of the unit was 59 feet below sea level. Its 70 Large-diameter gravel-wall wells 300 to 500 feet Upper Miocene—Yorktown formation deep obtain water from lenticular sands of Paleo- 27-37 Sand and clay, gray: 65 percent very fine to fine grained angular quartz sand. 30 percent gray clay cene and Cretaceous age. They yield asMnuch as 700 matrix, unconsolidated. 5 percent fresh broken shell gpm, and their specific capacities generally range fragments. Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. from 4 to 10 gpm per foot of drawdown. 37-52 Clay and sand, gray: 40 percent fine to very fine All water-bearing strata beneath the surficial de grained angular quartz sand. 60 percent gray clay posits are artesian. Water levels in wells penetrat matrix, unconsolidated. Trace of fresh broken shell ing these strata are generally within 30 to 40 feet fragments. Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. of the land surface throughout the county. Artesian 52-6S Marl, blue-gray; 45 percent fine to medium-grained flows are common along the lowlands bordering the angular to subangular quartz sand. 35 percent gray clay matrix, unconsolidated. 20 percent fresh frag- Roanoke River and its tributaries. ments. Black medium-grained phosphate spherules The chemical quality of the ground water in Mar prominent. Trace of light-green glaucouite. Ostracoda tin County is not uniform. Surficial sands and gra and Foraminifera abundant. vels yield water that is slightly corrosive and that 68-77 Marl, blue-gray; Same as 52-68-foot interval. Ostm- contains objectionable amounts of iron. Shell beds coda and Foraminifera abundant. and limestones of the deeper formations yield water 77-S9 Clay, blue-gray; 20 percent very fine-grained angular of objectionable hardness. Generally, the sand beds quartz sand. SO percent blue-gray clay matrix, un throughout the county at depths greater than 50 consolidated but very compact. Trace of fresh broken shell fragments and light-green glauconite. Ostracoda feet yield water adequate for most domestic pur and Foraminifera abundant. poses, the waters becoming softer with depth at any S9-102 Clay, blue-gray; Same as 77-S9-foot interval. Ostra one location owing to the base exchange process. coda and Foraminifera abundant. The following log describes the physical composi 102-115 Marl, blue-gray; 20 percent fine-grained angular to tion of some of the principal aquifers in Martin subangular quartz sand. 55 percent blue-gray clay • County. (See figure 11 for location). matrix, unconsolidated. 25 percent fresh shell frag ments. Black phosphatic spherules prominent. Trace of dark-green glauconite. Ostracoda and Foramhii- Martin County fera common. Well Number 49 115-125 Marl, blue-gray; Same as 102-115-foot interval. Ostra Location: Williamston, North Carolina, corner of Pearl and coda and Foraminifera common. Church Streets Ostracoda from the 14-125-foot intervals include: Owner: Town of Williamston Traehyleberis triplistriata (Edwards) Date drilled: 1957 Leguminocythereis whitei Swain Driller: Heater Well Co. Actinocytliereis mundorffi (Swain) Elevation of well: 6S.5 feet above sea level Actinocytliereis exanthemata (Ulrich and Bassfer) Hemicythere schmkltae Malkin ^ ■••* Hemicythere conradi Howe and McGuirt Hydrologic Information Hemicythere confragosa Edwards Diameter of well: 12 inches Cytheromorpha warneri Howe and Spurgeon Cytheromorpha curta Edwards Depth of well: 702 feet Cased to: 470 feet, cemented off below 470 feet Loxoconcha purisubrhomboidea Edwards Finish: Gravel wall and screens Paleocene—Beaufort formation Static water level: 66.2 feet below land surface (1957) 125-137 Glauconitic sand, dark-green; 30 percent very fine to Yield: 700 gpm medium-grained angular quartz sand. 55 percent Temperature: 62°F dark-green to black medium to fine-grained glauco nite. 15 percent green clay matrix, unconsolidated. Log of Well Trace of broken .abraded shell fragments and mica Depth flakes. Ostracoda and Foraminifera abundant. (feet) 137-152 Glauconitic sand, dark-green; Same as 125-137-foot in Quaternary—surficial sand and clay terval. Ostracoda and Foraminifera abundant. Ostracoda from the 125-152-foot intervals include: 0-2 No sample. 2-6 Sand, yellow; S5 percent very fine-grained angular Cytheridea (Clitlirocytheridea) ruida Alexander quartz sand. 15 percent yellow clay and silt matrix, Traehyleberis midwayensis (Alexander) Traehyleberis prestwichiana (Jones and Sherborn) unconsolidated. No microfossils. 6-14 Sand, yellow; Same as 2-6-foot interval. Traehyleberis spiniferrima (Jones and Sherborn) 14-27 Clay and sand, gray; 45 percent very fine to fine-grain Traehyleberis bassleri (Ulrich) ed angular quartz sand. 55 percent gray clay matrix, Aetinocythereis siegristae (Schmidt) unconsolidated. Fine-grained black opaques promi Cytheromorpha scrobiculata Alexander Loxoconclia corrugata Alexander nent. No microfossils. 71 297-302 Sand and clay, dark-gray; 65 percent fine-grained an Upper Cretaceous—-Peedee formation gular quartz sand. 25 percent gray clay matrix, un 152-169 Clay and sand, dark-green; 25 percent very fine to fine consolidated. 10 percent dark-green fine-grained grained angular quartz sand. 60 percent green to glauconite. Black lignitized wood fragments and gray clay matrix, unconsolidated. 15 percent dark- mica flakes prominent. Trace of broken abraded shell green fine-grained glauconite. Broken and abraded fragments. Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. shell fragments prominent. Trace of fine mica flakes. 302-314 Sand and clay, dak-gray; Same as 297-302-foot inter Ostracoda and Foraminifera abundant. val. Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. 169-177 Sand and clay, dark-green; 50 percent very fine to coarse grained angular to subrounded quartz sand. 314-327 Clay and sand, gray; 40 percent fine to very fine grained angular quartz sand. 55 percent gray clay 35 percent dark-green to gray waxy-clay matrix, un matrix, unconsolidated. 5 percent very fine-grained consolidated but compact. 15 percent dark-green med dark-green glauconite. Trace of black lignitized wood ium to fine-grained glauconite. Broken shell frag fragments. Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. ments prominent. Trace of fine mica flakes. Ostra coda and Foraminifera abundant. 327-342 Clay and sand, brown; 35 percent fine to medium- 177-190 Clay and sand, dark-green; 30 percent very fine to grained angular to subangular quartz sand. 65 per medium-grained angular to subangular quartz sand. cent brown clay matrix, unconsolidated but very com 60 percent dark-green to gray waxy-clay matrix, un pact. Trace of mica flakes. No microfossils. consolidated but compact. 10 percent dark-green fine 342-352 Sand, light-gray; 85 percent fine-grained angular to medium-grained glauconite. Broken shell frag quartz sand. 15 percent light-gray clay matrix, un ments prominent. Trace of mica flakes and marcasite consolidated. Trace of light-green glauconite. No aggregates. Ostracoda and Foraminifera abundant. microfossils. 190-202 Clay and sand, dark-green; Same as 177-190-foot in 352-366 Sand and clay, brown; 60 percent very fine to fine terval. Ostracoda and Foraminifera abundant. grained angular quartz sand. 40 percent brown mica 202-214 Sand and clay, dark-green; 45 percent very fine to ceous clay matrix, unconsolidated but very compact. fine-grained angular quartz sand. 40 percent dark- Black lignitized wood fragments prominent. Trace green to gray clay matrix, unconsolidated. 15 per of red hematite aggregates, pyrite aggregates and cent dark-green fine-grained glauconite. Broken shell dark-green glauconite. No microfossils. fragments and mica flakes prominent. Ostracoda and 366-371 Sand and clay, brown; Same as 352-366-foot interval. Foraminifera abundant. No microfossils. 214-227 Sand and clay, dark-green; Same as- 202-214-foot in 371-379 Sand, white; 95 percent medium-grained subangular terval with a slight increase in clay content. Ostra to subrounded quartz sand. 5 percent gray clay ma coda and Foraminifera abundant. trix, unconsolidated. Trace of dark-green glauconite 227-239 Sand and clay, dark-green; Same as 214-227-foot in and mica flakes. No microfossils. terval. Ostracoda and Foraminifera abundant. 379-394 Sand and silt, light-gray; 70 percent fine to coarse 239-252 Sand and clay, dark-green; Same as 214-227-foot in grained angular to subrounded quartz sand. 30 per terval. Ostracoda and Foraminifera abundant. cent light-gray silt matrix with some clay, unconsoli dated. Trace of dark-green glauconite and broken 252-264 Sand and clay, dark-green; Same as 214-227-foot in shell fragments. Ostracoda and Foraminifera very terval. Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. rare. 264-275 Sand and clay, dark-green; Same as 214-227-foot in 394-402 Sand, light-gray; 90 percent very fine to medium- terval. Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. grained, angular to subangular quartz sand. 10 per 275-2S1 Sand and clay, dark-green; Same as 214-227-foot in cent gray clay and silt matrix, unconsolidated • but terval. Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. compact. Fine mica flakes prominent. Trace of dark- Ostracoda from the 152-281-foot interval include: green glauconite and pyrite aggregates. Ostracoda Cytherella herricki Brown and Foraminifera rare. Cytherelloidea sohni Brown 402-410 Sand and clay, brown; 70 percent very fine to medium- Cytheridea (HaplocytJieridea) monmouthensis grained angular to subrounded quartz sand. 30 per (Berry) cent brown silty clay matrix, unconsolidated. Mica Cytheridea (Haplocytheridea) councilli Brown flakes and black litgnitized wood fragments promi Brachycy there rhomhoidalis (Berry) nent. Trace of red hematite aggregates, light-green Velarocythere arachoides (Berry) glauconite and pyrite aggregates. No microfossils. Velarocy there cacumenata Brown Trachyleoeris pidgeoni (Berry) 410-427 Sand, light-gray; 85 percent medium-grained sub Loxoconcha neusensis Brown angular to subrounded quartz sand. 15 percent gray Eucytherura curta (Jennings) silt and clay matrix, unconsolidated. Trace of black lignitized wood fragments. No microfossils. Upi)er Cretaceous—Black Creek formation (lower member) 427-442 Sand, light-gray; Same as 410-427-foot interval. No 2S1-297 Sand, gray; 90 percent fine to medium-grained angu microfossils. lar to subangular quartz sand. 10 percent gray clay 442-448 Sand and clay, gray; 55 percent coarse to fine-grained matrix, unconsolidated. Trace of black lignitized subrounded to angular quartz sand. 45 percent gray wood fragments mica flakes and dark-green glauco silty-clay matrix, unconsolidated but compact. Red nite. Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. 72 hematite aggregates and dark-green glauconite promi ic quartz sand. 30 percent brown to pink clay ma trix, unconsolidated but compact. Soft chloritic- nent. Trace of mica flakes, black "Ugnitized wood type mineral prominent. Trace of very fine-grained fragments and pyrite aggregates. Ostracoda and glauconite and mica flakes. Hematitic staining of Foraminifera rare. interstitial material common. 448-462 Sand, gray; 90 percent coarse to medium-grained sub- 5S2 590- Sand and silt, brown to pink; Same as 573-5S2-foot rounded to subangular quartz sand. 10 percent gray clay matrix, unconsolidated. Trace of light-green interval. glauconite and pyrite aggregates. No microfossils. 590-602 Sand and silt, brown to pink; 75 percent coarse to fine-grained subrounded to angular quartz sand. 25 462-473 Sand and silt, gray to yellow. 60 percent coarse to percent reddish-brown silt matrix, unconsolidated fine-grained subrounded to angular quartz sand. 40 but compact. Black lignitized wood fragments prom percent gray to mottled-yellow silt matrix, unconsoli inent. Traces of a soft chloritic-type mineral and dated. Dark-green glauconite, mica flakes and shell drak-green fine-grained glauconite. Hematitic stain fragments prominent. Limonitic staining of quartz ing of interstitial material common. and matrix common. Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. 602-605 Sand and silt, brown to pink; Same as 590-602-foot 473-4S7 Sand, gray; 80 percent medium to fine-grained sub interval. rounded to subangular quartz sand. 20 percent gray 605-622 Sand and silt, gray; 75 percent fine to coarse grained silt matrix, unconsolidated. Dark-green medium- angular to subangular feldspathic quartz sand. 25 grained glauconite prominent. Trace of coarse brok percent brown micaceous silt matrix. Dark-green en shell fragments and pyrite aggregates. Ostracoda medium-grained glauconite and broken shell frag and Foraminifera very rare. ments prominent. Hematite and pyrite aggregates common. 4S7-497 No sample. 622-639 Sand, gray; 85 percent medium to coarse grained 497-511 Sand, gray; S5 percent medium to fine-grained sub angular to subrounded feldspathic quartz sand. 15 angular quartz sand. 15 percent gray silt and clay percent gray silt and clay matrix unconsolidated. matrix, unconsolidated. Trace of fine mica flakes Trace of hematite aggregates and dark-green glauco and broken shell fragments. No microfossils. nite. 511-515 Sand and silt, gray; 65 percent fine to medium-grained 639-652 Sand and clay, mottled pink to gray; 65 percent very angular to subangular quartz sand. 35 percent gray coarse to medium-grained rounded to subangular micaceous clay matrix, unconsolidated. Trace of feldspathic quartz sand. 35 percent pink to gray clay dark-green glauconite, pyrite aggregates, and broken matrix, unconsolidated but compact. Hematite aggre shell fragments. No microfossils. gates prominent. Trace of coarse mica flakes and 515-525 Sand and silt, gray; Same as 511-515-foot interval. No abraded shell fragments. microfossils. — / 652-662 Sand, gray to yellow; 90 percent coarse to medium 525-537 Sand and silt, dark-gray; 60 percent fine to medium- grained, subrounded to angular, feldspathic quartz grained subangular quartz sand. 50 percent dark sand. 10 percent gray to yellow clay matrix, uncon gray silt matrix, unconsolidated but compact. Mica solidated. Hematite staining of sand grains predomi flakes and broken shell fragments prominent. Trace nant. Hematite aggregates prominent. Trace of^light- of black lignitized wood fragments. Ostracoda and green very fine-grained glauconite. Foraminifera rare. 662-6S2 Sand and clay, pink. 60 percent medium to very fine 537-552 No sample. grained subangular to angular feldspathic quartz 552-562 Sand, gray; 95 percent medium-grained angular to sub- sand. 40 percent red to pink micaceous clay matrix, angular quartz sand.. 5 percent gray clay matrix, un unconsolidated but very compact. Hematite aggre consolidated. Trace of black lignitized wood frag gates prominent. Trace of broken shell fragments ments. Ostrcaoda and Foraminifera rare. and dark-green glauconite. 562-573 Sand, gray; Same as 552-562-foot interval. Ostracoda 6S2-692 Sand and clay, pink; Same as 662-682-foot interval. and Foraminifera rare. 692-702 Sand, pink; SO percent coarse to fine-grained sub Ostracoda from the 281-573-foot intervals include: rounded to angular feldspathic quartz sand. 20 per Cytheridea (Hat>locytheridea). monviouthensis cent pink to red micaceous clay matrix, unconsoli Berry dated. Hematite staining of sand predominant. Trace Cytheridea (Haplocytheridea) terryi Swain of hematite aggregates and dark-green very fine Brathycythere ledaforma (Israelsky) Brachycy there sphenoides (Reuss) grained glauconite. Brachycy there nausiformis Swain Remarks: No microfossils were recovered from the 573-702- Upper Creteaceous—Tuscaloosa formation foot interval. This interval is placed in the Upper Cretaceous Tuscaloosa formation on the basis of lithology and strati- 573-5S2 Sand and silt, brown to pink; 70 percent coarse to medium-grained subrounded to subangular feldspath- graphic position. 73 MAP OF MARTIN COUNTY Showing the locationof water supplies Scale of Miles Figure11. 0 12 3 4 5 TABLE 14. Rkcouds of Wkj.i.s i.\ Martin Cointy Depth Draw Tyjxj Diam of Water Water-bearing level Yield down Remarks Wcll Lucation* Owner of Depth eter casing Well material (ft/: (gpm) (ft.) no. (ft.) (in.) (ft.) Z)i mites NW of Oak City Martin Co. Board of Education Screen 119 Sand.. Oak City L. J. Davenport ...do... 225 ....do Wersley and Ayers ...do... 100 100 ..do...... do Martin Co. Board of Analysis. Temperature 63°F. Education .do.. 295 295 .do. ....do ..do.. 125 120 .do.. .do.. .do. S4 ..do.. do Town of Oak City Gravel- Analysis. Public supply. wall 374 340 .do.. —53.42 400 Water level and yield measured. 100 .do.. 8 ...do E. Hyman Screen 100 100 ...do.. •J 2'4 miles S\V *: Oak City.. L. Ross ...do... 100 ...do.. 10 Hamilton F. Everett ...do... 218 21S ...do.. 11 ...do Town of Hamilton.. ...do... 180 ISO ...do.. 12 .do...... do ...do.. 135 135 Analysis. Public supply 140 Sand.. 13 ..do. .do.. ..do.. 150 Temperature 63°F. 14 .do.. ..do.. Open- end 140 140 ....do.. Analysis. Public Supply. 255 Sand.. 300 15 Hamilton Town of Hamilton Screen 295 Yield measured. ..do., 16 ....do G.Oglesby ...do.. 100 4 91 .do.. 17 ....do W. Beach ...do.. 150 4 145 18 3 miles of Haniilton Martin Co. Board of Education 120 4 116 ...do.. Water level reported by driller 33 -i miles S of Hamilton J. H. Lillard Dug 29 36 10 Marl.. 1953. Sand. 20 4 miles SE of Hamilton Taylor's Dairy. Point 75 IX 21 2 miles E of Gold Point L. Window Open- end 65 Marl Flows Yield measured, 1956. ...do.. 68 4 54 ...do Flows 60 ...do Flows 23 Gold Point J. Everett ..do... 60 2H 40 ....do Flows 24 do E. Vandiford ...do... 40 IK 165 Sand 25 miles S of Oak City. R. H. Salisbary Screen 165 4 15 Sand and Clay- 20 5 miles S of Oak City W. Purvis Point - 15 IX 27 mile W of Robersonville C. D. Jenkins Open- Analysis. end 138 IX 138 Sand...... do.. Flows Analysis. ...do Grimes Dairy ...do... 121 IX 121 28 Analysis. Public supji Robersonville Town of Robersonville... Screen 390 10-8 390 ...do.. 29 Temperature 64°F. 390 Sand... Analysis. 30 Robersonville.. Town of Robersonville-.. Screen 390 10-8 31 .do Robersonville Coal & Ice Co ...do... 300 300 ...do.. Sand and day.. -16.2 Water level measured. 32 2» Town of Williamston.. Gravel- Williamston. Analysis. Public supply. wall 500 18-8 500 ..do.. Not in use. ..do.. _..do -do.. Screen 450 450 440 ..do.. ...do ...do... 440 ..do.. ...do ...do ...do... 440 440 Town of Williamston. Gravel- Williamston. Analysis. Public supply. wall 20-8 360 Sand...... do .. do... 360 20-8 360 ....do...... do Yield measured. ....do.. 450 ....do ....do ...do... 460 460 .700 70 Yield and drawdown mea .do do. 470 470 ....do.. .do sured. ..do.. .do.. Mathieson Chemical Co.. ...do... 440 440 1 mile S of Williamston. Roanoke Country Club- Screen 420 420 ..do.. 1 mile S.of Williamston.. Town and Country Res taurant ...do... 410 410 ..do.. —37.54 Water level measured. J.R.Everett-..- 20f> 200 ..do.. 75 TABLE 14. Rkcokus ok Wki.i.s in Mautin Coi'nty—Continued Depth Water | Draw- Diam or Typo Remarks Water-bearing level Yield i down Own Kit of Depth eter casing Well Location (gpnO ! (ft.) Well (ft.) (in.) (ft.) material Ift) no. Water level measured. -10. A. Boyce Dug 14.4 36 10 Sand 54 1*4 miles S of Williamston. - 2 miles S of Williamston Martin Co. Board of Water level reported by 55 -20.0 220 4 215 ...do.. Education Screen driller, 1952: Analysis. Water level ...do.. -29.0 \V. 0. Corey.. .do.. 423 4-2 j 423 55 3 miles S of Williamston. measured. Analysis. 4-2 196 do.. 4 miles S of Williamston... J. Hadley ..do.. 196 57 -34.40 | Water level measured. ..do.. l'JS 4-2 108 ...do.. 58 ...do H. Biggs Water level measured. do.. -12.7 ("5. Harrison 400 I 400 59 I mile W of Williamston... 00 Boargrass Martin Co. Board of Analysis. | 235 Sand.. Education Scrcen 235 Water level reported hy —35 311 ! 311 ...do.. 61 2>-i miles E of Beargrass... B. Harrison driller, 1954. Z)i miles SE of Beargrass.. H. Teale 0 pen- 62 Flows end 110 2 110 ...do 20 Marl 3 miles E of Smithwick. J. J. Robinson Point 20 2 Water level measured, 1956. 03 —13.0 Dug 20 36 18 ...do 64 ....do F. T. Hardison M. Gurkin Open- 65 ....do Analysis. end 110 2 90 Limestone... Martin Co. Board of 66 5 miles E of Jamesville Education Screen 130 4 128 Limestone.. H. J. Hardison Open- 07 Jamesville Analysis. Flow measured 127 ....do Flows end 127 1956. Temperature 63°F. 130 ....do Flows .do.. do. 130 Analysis. Flow measured ..do.. Flows ..do. t)7 97 ....do ..do.. ..do.. 1956. Flows 35 Flow measured 1956. ...do.. 100 100 ....do I ....do C. C. Fleming ...do.. 140 140 .do ....do H. T. Hardison... Open- Jamesville.. Jamesville School.. Analysis. end ISO 4-2 126 Limestone. ...do. 165 2 165 ....do 73 3 miles E of Jamesville. W. Cherry.. TABLE 15. Chemical Analyses of Ground Water fkom Maktin County—Continued (Numbers at heads of columns correspond to well numbers in table of well wata) (Parts per million) 28 13 15 . 28 28 Silica iSiOz) 37 .35 .52 Iron (Fe). total 1.1 .11 .15 Iron (.Fe), in solution .04 9.6 4.9 Calcium (Ca) 28 4.4 4.7 Magnesium (Mg) 9.0 98 Sodium and potassium (Na+K).. 33 99 258 305 296 252 Bicarbonate (HCO3) 279 211 2.0 2.1 1 Sulfate (SO4) 1 .7 5.5 6.0 5 Chloride (Cl) 4 4.3 .3 .5 .5 Fluoride (F) .2 1.2 1.2 Nitrate (NO3) ■ . .0 211 302 292 Dissolved solids.- 147 42' 37 130 Hardness as CaCO3 111 106 7.3 7.8 7.3 pH Sand Sand Sand Sand Water-bearing material.. Sand Sand 11-20 56 I 11-19-56 11-22-43 11-22-43 Date of collection. 11-29-43 11-19-56 Analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. 76 TABLE 15. Chemical Axalyhk* of Qkocyh Watkh puoji M.uni.v Col-sty (Numbers at heads of cMumns correspond to well numbers in table of well wata) (Parts ier million) 36 39 29 30 33 34 Silica (S1O2) - 21 22 .13 .13 .30 .03 .05 8.8 1.3 8.2 1.1 125 101 3S6 358 387 404 444 370 318 2 30 .!) 7.S 156 4 2 3.2 Chloride ("CD IS 235 3 1.0 2.S .9 Fluoride (F) -- 1.1 2.4 Nitrate (NO 3) - 1017 356 16 j 50 0 20 18 15 7.8 7.9 7.8 pn - Sand Sand Sand Water-bearing material -- Sand Sand Sand 11-22-43 i 9-26-55 2-10-48 11-24-43 11-24-43 Analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch. U. S. Geological Survey. 57 00 40 56 14 16 I Silica (SiQz) .0. .53 .26 ; - Iron (Fe), total .50 .34 .00 ' - Iron (Fe), in solution 1.4 24 j Calcium (Ca) 1.8 1.1 1.2 1.0 17 ! Magnesium (Mg) 2.7 225 67 I Sodium and potassium (Na+K). 326 153 392 324 275 Bicarbonate (HCO3) 387 368 365 4.8 30 .5 I 1 Sulfate iSCm). -- 63 7.5 99 4.8 1 3 Chloride (Cl) - 3 250 2.0 1.7 .4 I .5 Fluoride (F) 1.5 1.2 .0 Nitrate (XOs) 1.2 3-1 I 386 582 299 ---. Dissolved solids S72 8 127 I 150 Hardness as CaCOs 16 7.9 7.9 7.4 ! pH. ■ Sand Sand Sand Sand Water-bearing material. Sand Sand 10-15-47 3-9-54 2-17-55 I 11-22-43 Date of collection. 11-24-43 10-15-47 Analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. 65 67 Silica (S1O2) - 32 0.50 Iron (Fe), total. - .54 Iron (Fe), in solution .02 Calcium (Ca) - ■ 07 Magnesium (Mg) 8.8 Sodium and jwtassium (Na+K) - 13 258 255 Bicarbonate (HCO3)...- 288 265 2 Sulfatc (SCm) 2.4 6.0 Chloride (Cl)... - 7.5 Fluoride (F) .1 Nitrate (NO3) .4 Dissolved solids 270 186 Hardness as CaCO3 201 203 7.0 7.4 Limestone Limestone Water-bearing material. Limestone Limestone 11-29-43 Date of collection 11-20—1M Analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. 77 The Beaufort formation of Paleocene age under Pitt County lies the Castle Hayne limestone along the eastern (Area 656 square miles, population 63,789) edge of the county and underlies the Yorktown for Pitt County is a roughly rectangular area that lies mation as far west as a line joining Shelmerdine, in the south-central section of the Greenville area. Simpson, and Stokes. The presence of the Beaufort It is bounded by Edgecombe, Martin, Beaufort, Cra formation in Pitt County is based entirely on micro- ven, Greene, and Lenoir Counties. Greenville, the faunal analysis of well cuttings. Total thickness of county seat, is the largest town in the county as well the formation in the county is no greater than 60 as in the area of investigation. Other population feet. centers in the county include Ayden, Bethel, Falk The Tertiary sediments in Pitt County are under land, Farmville, Grifton, and Grimesland. lain by lenticular sands and clays that comprise the The central and northern parts of the county are Peedee, Black Creek, and Tuscaloosa formations of drained by the Tar River and its tributaries. The Late Cretaceous age. These formations, the younger southern part of the county is drained by Contentnea being deposited as regressive offlaps on the older, are Creek, Little Contentnea Creek, and Swift Creek; all exposed along Little Contentnea Creek and the Tar of which drain into the Neuse River. The county, River. Typical exposures occur along Little Content chiefly agricultural, is the largest producer of tobac nea Creek, north of Scuffleton to the Wilson County co in the State. Most industries are in and near line, and along the Tar River, north of Greenville to Greenville. the Edgecombe County line. In the interstream areas Geology.—Surficial clays, sands, and gravels of the Cretaceous formations are not exposed, being Quaternary age occur as a thin layer of sediments covered by younger Miocene and Quaternary mater over most of Pitt County. They overlie sediments ial. The combined thickness of the Upper Cretaceous of Miocene, Eocene, Paleocene, and Cretaceous age. sediments in a well at Greenville, the geographic Only in the major stream valleys and in artificial center of the county, is 570 feet. The Upper Cretac excavations are older formations exposed. The sur- eous sediments thicken southeastward from Green ficial deposits range in thickness from a few feet to ville and thin toward the northwest. as much as 25 feet. Their greatest thickness is in or Sediments of Early Cretaceous age were encount adjacent to the present stream valleys and not in ered beneath Upper Cretaceous strata in a well drilled the interstream areas, suggesting a comparatively for the city of Greenville. This well penetrated 146 recent fluviatile origin, rather than a marine origin, feet of Lower Cretaceous clays and sands. The total for much of the material. Underlying the surficial thickness of this unit and its areal extent are un deposits are blue clays and marls of the Yorktown known. It is probable that Lower Cretaceous sedi formation of late Miocene age. This unit, like the ments underlie most of Pitt County. overlying surficial material, overlies formations of At Fountain, Pitt County, a granite monadnock of Eocene, Paleocene, and Cretaceous age over large pre-Cretaceous age is exposed at the surface along areas of the county. The Yorktown formation in the eastern edge of the town (Mundorff, 1947, p. Pitt County ranges from less than a foot to as much 103). This body of granite is surrounded by sedi as 60 feet thick; the greatest thickness is recognized ments at least 400 feet thick, and is the only body of in the northeastern part of the county. In outcrop, igneous or metamorphic rock known to crop out in thickness of less than a foot to as much as 15 feet the Greenville area. have been recognized. Underlying the Yorktown for mation are impure shell limestones and caleareous Ground water.—Except for part of the municipal sands and calcareous clays of the Castle Hayne lime water supply for Greenville, all public and private stone of Eocene age. This. formation at one time water supplies in Pitt County are obtained from probably covered large segments of Pitt County but wells. Greenville's municipal supply, obtained from is now confined to the southern and eastern segments the Tar River for a number of years, is now being of the county. The Castle Hayne limestone is exposed supplemented by ground water. Large ground-wa in several marl pits in the southern part of the coun ter supplies of several million gallons per day prob ty near Quinerly and is penetrated sporadically in ably could be pumped from wells in any part of Pitt wells along the eastern county line as far west as County. Deep gravel-wall wells in the county are Pactolus. Present information indicates that the for capable of yielding 400 to 1,000 gpm, with specific mation is everywhere less than 30 feet thick in Pitt capacities ranging from 4 to 10 gpm per foot of County. drawdown or better. 78 Quaternary sands and gravels, tapped by dug and Pitt County driven wells, are the major source of waiter for the Location: Thirteenth and Washington Streets, Greenville, county. Occasionally these wells, which range in North Carolina. depth from 10 to 30 feet and yield from 1 to 20 gpm, Owner: City of Greenville obtain water from near-surface sand and shell beds Date drilled: 1956 of the Yorktown formation. Driller: Heater Well Co. Small-diameter jetted wells obtain water from Elevation of well: 59 feet above sea level sands of Paleocene and Cretaceous age. These wells, Hydrologic Information either open-end or single-screen, have been drilled as deep as 400 feet in the county. Their yields range The following log is given for the test well (number 26) from 5 gpm to as much as 100 gpm. that penetrated to a depth of 754 feet. The production well (number 27) was finished in the same hole to a depth of 460 The large municipal and industrial wells, as well feet. as the larger irrigation wells, are usually gravel-wall Diameter of well: 12-10 inches wells with multiple screens. Depending on the loca Depth of well:460 feet tion in the county, these wells obtain water from Cased to: 460 feet, plugged below 460 feet several sands in two or more of the Cretaceous aqui Finish: Gravel wall and screens Static (nonpumping) water level: 50 feet below land surface fers and yield 400 to 1,000 gpm. Yield: 750 gpm with a drawdown of 132 feet, 1956 Water-table conditions prevail at shallow depths in Temperature: 63°F all material from Cretaceous to Recent age through out the county. The water table fluctuates season Log of Well ally in response to variation in the amount of precipi Depth (feet) tation and degree of evapotranspiration. The normal ground-water cycle observed over a period of several Quaternary—sand and clay years indicates that water levels are at a peak in 0-6 No sample. late winter and early spring, and at their lowest 6-9 Sand and clay, light-tan. 65 percent fine-grained sub- point in late summer and early fall. Even at its angular quartz sand. 35 percent tan clay matrix, un- consolidated. Trace of black opaques. No microfos- lowest seasonal point the water level generally is sils. within 15 to 20 feet of the land surface throughout 9-18 Clay and sand, mottled-yellow; 40 percent fine-grained the county. Water in all material below a depth of angular qurtz sand. 60 percent mottled-yellow clay about 50 feet is under artesian pressure and general matrix, unconsolidated. Limonite staining of sand ly rises in wells to within 30 feet of the surface in and matrix prominent. No microfossils. interstream areas. Along the major streams and Upper Miocene—Yorktown formation X their tributaries the piezometric surface is very close 18-28 Clay, gray; 15 percent fine-grained angular quartz ^ sand. 85 percent gray clay matrix, unconsolidated ° to, or above, the land surface, and most of the wells but compact. Microfossils very rare. tapping artesian aquifers flow at the land surface. 28-38 Clay, gray; Same as lS-2S-foot interval with the addi At any given locality the pressure head increases tion of fine mica flakes. Microfossils very rare. with depth. Microfossils from the lS-3S-foot interval consist most The chemical quality of water in the aquifers in ly of unidentified diatoms. The only ostracode recov Pitt County is not uniform. The shallow aquifers ered was Actinocy therein mundorffi (Swain) usually contain waters that is slightly corrosive and may contain objectionable amounts of iron, but is Upper Cretaceous—Peedee formation otherwise acceptable. The deep artesian water in 38-53 Sand and clay, gray; 75 percent coarse to medium- the sands of Cretaceous age generally is soft and of grained rounded to subrounded quartz sand. 25 per cent gray clay matrix., unconsolidated. Trace of the sodium bicarbonate type. The water from aqui black phosphate pebbles and gray shell fragments. fers that contain beds of impure limestone is moder Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. ately hard but otherwise is of good quality. Water 53-66 Sand and clay, gray; Same as 38-53-foot interval. Os in the aquifer of Lower Cretaceous age is saline and tracoda and Foraminifera rare. unsuitable for domestic purposes. 66-78 Sand, gray; 85 percent fine to coarse-grained angular to subrounded quartz sand. 15 percent gray clay The following well log describes the physical com matrix, unconsolidated. Trace of dark-green giauco- position of the Cretaceous acquifers in Pitt County nite, black phosphate pebbles, and gray shell frag (see figure 12 for well location). ments. Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. 79 7S-91 Sand, gray; Same as 66-7S-foot interval. Ostracoda green glauconite and black lignitized wood frag and Foraminifera rare. ments. No microfossils. 91-101 Sand, gray; Same as 66-7S-foot interval. Ostracoda 222-241 Clay and sand, brown; 40 percent very fine to fine from the 38-101-foot interval include: grained angular quartz sand. 60 percent mottled- Brachycy there rhomboiclalis (Berry) brown to gray clay matrix, unconsolidated. Dark- Velarocythere cacumenata Brown green glauconite and black lignitized wood fragments Yelarocythere arachokles (Berry) prominent. Trace of marcasite aggregates and mica Trachyleberis communis (Israelsky) flakes. Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. Trachyleberis pidgeoni (Berry 241-253 Sand and silt, tan; 65 percent fine-grained angular quartz sand. 30 percent tan silt matrix, unconsoli Uiwer Cretaceous—Black Creek formation dated. 5 percent light-green fine-grained glauconite. (Snow Hill marl member) Trace of mica flakes. Ostracoda and Foraminifera 101-116 Clay and sand, black: 25 percent very fine to fine very rare. grained angular quartz sand. 75 percent black mica 253-263 Sand, tan: S5 percent medium to fine-grained angular ceous clay matrix, unconsolidated but very compact. quartz sand. 15 percent tan clay matrix, unconsoli Trace of glauconite marcasite aggregates, black ligni dated. Trace of black lignitized wood fragments. No tized wood fragments and white chalky shell frag microfossils. ments. Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. Inocer- amiis prisms. 263-275 Sand and silt, brown; 70 percent fine to medium- 116-128 Clay and sand, black; Same as 101-116-foot interval. grained angular to subangular quartz sand. 30 per Ostracoda and Foraminifera common. Inoceramus cent brown silt matrix, unconsolidated. Trace of prisms. marcasite and hematite aggregates. Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. 12S-139 Clay and sand, black; Same as 101-116-foot interval with a slight increase in glauconite content. Ostra 275-278 Sand, light-gray; 85 percent very coarse to medium- coda and Foraminifera common. grained subrounded to subangular quartz sand. 15 139-163 Sand and clay, dark-gray; 65 percent fine-grained percent gray silt and clay matrix, unconsolidated. angular to subrounded quartz sand. 30 percent gray Trace of glauconite and black lignitized wood frag to black silty-clay matrix, unconsolidated. 5 percent ments. Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. dark-green fine-grained glauconite. Trace of gray 278-295 Sand and clay, brown; 70 percent coarse to fine shell fragments marcasite aggregates and black lig grained subrounded to angular quartz sand. 30 per nitized wood fragments. Ostracoda and Foraminifera cent brown clay matrix, unconsolidated. Trace of common. glauconite marcasite and hematite aggregates. No Ostracoda from the 101-153-foot interval include: microfossils. Cytheridea (Haplocytliericlea) monviouthensis 295-309 Sand, tan: SO percent medium to fine-grained sub Berry angular to angular quartz sand. 20 percent tan silt Trachyleberis gapensis (Alexander) and clay matrix, unconsolidated. Marcasite aggre Brachycythere ledaforma (Israelsky gates and black lignitized wood fragments promi Cytheropteron j)e?iderensis Brown nent. Trace of light-green glauconite. Orthonotocythere sulcata Brown Protocythere paratriplicata Swain 309-328 Sand and clay, tan; 65 percent coarse to fine-grained subrounded to angular quartz sand. 35 percent tan Upi)er Cretaceous—Black Creek formation (lower member) clay matrix, unconsolidated. Marcasite aggregates prominent. Trace of black, lignitized wood frag 163-178 Sand, light-gray; 85 percent coarse to medium-grained ments. No microfossils. subrounded to subangular quartz sand. 15 percent gray clay matrix, unconsolidated. Trace of glauco 32S-338 Sand, tan: 90 percent coarse to medium-grained sub nite and black lignitized wood fragments. Ostracoda rounded to subangular feldspathic quartz sand. 10 and Foraminifera rare. percent tan silt and clay matrix, unconsolidated. Trace of dark-green glauconite, shell fragments, and 178-1S7 Sand, gray; Same as 163-178-foot interval. Ostracoda black lignitized wood. Ostracoda and Foraminifera and Foraminifera rare. very rare. / 1S7-200 Sand and clay, gray; 60 percent very fine to fine-grain 33S-365 Sand, tan; Same as 32S-33S-foot interval. No micro ed angular quartz sand. 40 percent gray clay matrix, fossils. unconsolidated but very compact. Dark-green fine grained glauconite prominent. Trace of red hematite 365-377 Sand, tan; Same as 328-33S-foot interval. No micro staining. Ostracoda and Foraminifera very rare. fossils. 200-212 Sand, gray; 80 percent medium to fine-grained sub- 377-390 Sand and silt, tan; 70 percent medium to fine-grained angular to angular quartz sand. 20 percent gray silt angular quartz sand. 30 percent tan silt matrix, and clay matrix, unconsolidated. Mica flakes and unconsolidated. Dark-green fine-grained glauconite dark-green glauconite prominent. Trace of red hema prominent. Trace of chalky shell fragments black tite aggregates. Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. lignitized wood and mica flakes. Ostracoda and Foraminifera rare. 212-222 Sand and clay, gray; 65 percent very fine to medium- grained angular quartz sand. 35 percent gray clay 390-403 Sand and silt, tan; Same as 377-390-foot interval. matrix, unconsolidated but compact. Trace of dark- Ostracoda and Foraminifera very rare. 80 403-423 Sand and silt, tan; Same as 377-390-foot interval. 55S-5S3 Sand, light-brown; Same as 47S-492-foot interval. No Ostracoda and Foraminifera very rare. microfossils. 423-442 Sand, white; 95 percent very coarse to medium-grain 583-592 Sand, light-brown; Same as 478-492-foot interval. No ed rounded to subrounded quartz sand. 5 percent microfossils. gray clay matrix, unconsolidated. Trace of marcasite 592-608 Sand and clay, light-gray; 75 percent medium to fine aggregates. No microfossils. grained subangular feldspathic quartz sand. 25 per Ostracoda from the 163-442-foot interval include: cent gray clay matrix, unconsolidated but very com CytJieridea (Haplocytheridea) monmoutliensis. pact. Dark-green glauconite mica flakes and hema Bsrry tite aggregates prominent. No microfossils. Brachycythere cf. B. nausiformis Swain BracJiycythere sphenoides Reuss Lower Cretaceous—undifferentiated Cythere-is quadrialira Swain 60S-63S Sand, gray; 85 percent very coarse to medium-grained Upper Cretaceous—Tuscaloosa formation subrounded quartz sand. 10 percent gray clay ma 442-453 Sand and clay, pink to red; 70 percent coarse to med trix unconsolidated. 5 percent coarse blocky grains ium-grained subangular feldspathic quartz sand. 30 of green feldspar. Trace of marcasite aggregates and percent red clay matrix, unconsolidated but very black lignitized wood fragments exhibiting partial compact. Dark-red hematite aggregates prominent. filling and replacement by marcasite. Ostracoda Staining of quartz grains SO-90 percent. No micro- rare. fossils. 63S-650 Sand, gray; Same as 60S-63S-foot interval. Ostracoda 453-463 Sand, pink; 85 percent medium to fine-grained sub- rare. angular to angular quartz sand. 15 percent pink clay 650-662 Sand, gray; Same as 60S-63S-foot interval. Ostracoda matrix, unconsolidated. Trace of coarse mica flakes rare. hematite aggregates and dark-green very fine-grained 662-6S5 Clay and sand, green; 40 percent very fine to fine glauconite. No microfossils. grained angular quartz sand. 60 percent green clay 463-47S Sand, pink; Same as 453-463-foot interval. No micro matrix, unconsolidated but very compact. Broken fossils. shell fragments and dark-green glauconite promi 47S-492 Sand, light-brown; SO percent coarse to fine-grained nent. Trace of black lignitized wood fragments. angular and abraded feldspathic quartz sand. 20 Ostracoda abundant. percent brown silt and clay matrix, unconsolidated. 6S5-710 Clay and sand, green; Same as 662-685-foot interval. Dark-green glauconite prominent. Trace of coarse Ostracoda abundant. mica flakes and hematite aggregates. No microfos 710-735 Sand and clay, green; 70 percent fine to very-fine sils. grained angular feldspathic quartz sand. 30 percent 492-510 Sand, light-brawn; Same as 478-492-foot interval. No green clay matrix, unconsolidated to indurated in microfossils. streaks. Broken shell fragments and dark-green glauconite prominent. Ostracoda abundant. 510-518 Sand, light-brown; Same as 478-492-foot interval. No microfossils. 735-754 Sand and silt, reddish-brown; 70 percent coarse to fine-grained subangular feldspathic quartz sand. 30, 518-538 Sand, light-brown; Same as 478492-foot interval. No percent reddish-brown silt and clay matrix, uflc*on- microfossils. solidated to indurated in streaks. Coarse broken shell 538-558 Sand, light-brown; Same as 478-492-foot interval. No fragments and dark-green glauconite prominent. microfossils. Trace of hematite aggregates. Ostracoda common. 81 00 to ^rS/tV MAP OF PITT COUNTY showing the locotion of wat«r supplies Scole of Miles 0 1 2 3 4 5 FlOUKE 12. TABLE lfi. Rkcokds of Wki.i.s in Pitt Cocxty )cpth Diam of Draw Yield down Well Location of Depth eter casing Waler-bearim: Remarks material (ft.) no. Well at.) (in.) (ft.) Analysis. Public supply, Bethel. Town of Bethel. Screen 445 445 Sand. ...do...... do Gravel- .do wall 376 376 ..do.. -do.. ...do ....do ...do... 383 ..do.. I mile S of Bethel J. Ourganus Screen 192 4.5 ..do.. 12 mile NT. of Conzleion.. J. Taylor Open- 'emperature 61°F. end 97 IK 97 Marl... Flov* .nalysis. Stokes M. Whichard...... do.. 225 IK 195 Sand... Flow* 1>> miles fc'E uf Stokes... H. Woolaud ..do. 250 IK 100 ...do., Analysis, 5 miles NE of Greenville. Mrs. Brewer ..do... 200 2 200 —do.. nalysis. Temperature 61°F. 9 W. Rawls ..do 350 4 350 ....do.. 10 Falkland MorrilL ISO 4 180 —do., 'emperature 61°F. 11 K> mile NW of Falkland. [. Wooden 195 195 —do.. 12 Fountain 'own of Fountain. Open- Analysis. Public supply. end 194 190 .do.. Dug in 1850 and still in use. 13 }4 mile S of Fountain R. Bell Dug 13 48 ..do.. .nalysis. Public supply. 14 Farmville Town of Farmville Screen 480 10-8 480 —do., Public supply. 15 —do ...do ...do... 472 8 472 —do.. Analysis. Public supply. 16 Farmville - .do ...do 503 18-8 503 Sand... 17 .do.. 500 8 500 —do.. 18 ...do .do.. Screen 435 8 435 ....do.. 19 Farmville. Farmville Oil & Fertilizer Co. Screen 140 4 140 Sand... 20 .do.. ..do ...do.. 100 3 100 —do., 21 ...do A. C. Monk Co .v.do._ 87 0 85 —do., 22 ...do E.W.May ...do... 57 4 53 —do.. 23 IK miles XNE of Farmville.. W.Barrett ...do... 211 2 211 ....do.. 24 3} •> miles ESE of Farmviiie.. [,. B. Johnson G ravel- Used for irrigation only. wall 37C 370 .do.. Analysis. 25 Greenville.. Pepsi Cola Bottling Plant ...do... 373 373 ..do.. Analysis, Drill stem test. 20 ...do City of Greenville., Test ..do...... do do Gravel- Public supply. Temperature wall 460 10 460 ..do.. 63°F. 28 .do., American Tobacco Co.. Screen 71 4.5 ..do.. .do., 29 .do.. Honeycutt ...do... 100 4 .do.. 30 ....do S. Crisp ..do... 92 4 73 31 ....do W. Hoilowell ..do... 77 4 75 ..do.. 32 ....do B. Whitley ..do.. 9S 4 91 ..do.. 33 .do C. Sheppard ..do.. 100 4 87 ..do.. 34 ....do H. T. Brown ...do.. 70 4 68 ..do.. .-.do.. 35 ....do J. Smith ...do- 98 4 96 36 Greenville Xorthside Lumber Co... Screen 128 6 128 Sand._. 37 2 miles NE of Greenville H.Forbes —do._ 116 4 111 —do., 33 Pactolus C. Satherwaite do- 293 IK 293 —do.. 39 Pactolus Pitt County Board of Education Screen 164 3 164 ..do.. 40 1 mile NW of Grimesland H. Edwards ...do- 60 4 55 ...do.. ...do.. 41 Gfimesland L. Edwards -do... 190 6 190 42 ....do A. Hudson —do- 125 4-2 125 ...do.. Marl- 43 —do M. Griffin Driven 17 IK 17 44 \M miles SE of Grimesland.. J.Winfield Open- end 165 IK 165 Sand... —do.. Analysis. 45 2 miles W of Grimesland J. L.Edwards Screen ISO 180 46 VA miles NW of Black Jack.. L.Buck Open- end 93 93 ....do Flo*-* FIott; 47 .do., .do. ...do- 85 2 85 ....do .do 48 -do.. .do.. ...do 320 4- 320 .do.. 49 2 miles E of Winterville.. Pitt County Home.. Screen 45 2 45 50 1 mile E of Winterville... G. Worthington Open- end IK 65 —do ..do Used for irrigation. 51 IK miles N of Winterville-. D. Langston Screen 378 12 378 .do., 52 1 mile W of Winterville W. Moye ...do- S6 4 84 VA miles W of WinterviUe.. G. Dail Screen 86 4 85 -do., 53 Analysis. Public supply. Winterville Town of Winterville . ...do— 157 157 -do. 54 Temperature 63°F. ...do ...do Gravel- 55 Analysis. Public supply. wall 306 24-8 300 ....do.. Sand.. 56 Winterville. Winterville School... Screen S7 6 87 —do.. 57 ...do..; J. E.Jones ...do— 87 8 83 -do., 58 ...do Mrs. J. Cox .do— 112 4 105 51 .do.. 59 Ayden Cory Stokes do... 51 4 83 TABLE 16 . Records of Wells ix Pitt County—Continued Depth Water Draw Type Diam of Yield down Remarks casing Water-bearing level Location Owner of Depth eter Well tft.) (gpm) (ft.) Well (ft.) (in.) fft.) material no. i Town of Ayden Gravel- 60 Ayden Analysis. Public supply. 8 152 Sand wall 152 Public supply. ...do ....do ...do... 155 8 153 61 ....do ....do Screen 600 10-0 600 62 do ....do Gravel- 03 do Public supply. 395 ...do wall 436 8 Analysis. Public supply. ...do do _..do... 505 10-8 500 Screen 123 4 121 ...do 65 2 miles E of Ayden J. H.Sutton M T. J. Cannon —do.— 57 do 66 2\£ miles E of Ayden 3 miles E of Ayden R. Wilkcrson Open- 67 Flows end 110 110 ...do Point 15 Di 15 ...do 68 3K miles E of Ayden R.L.Cox ill 135 do 69 4 miles E of Ayden R. Harris Open- 70 ...do ...do end 105 IK 105 ...do Screen 165 2 165 .-do 71 K mile S of Ayden Jenkins Motor Co Analysis. 240 4-2 240 ...do 72 H mile S of Ayden Fred Little ...do.- 134 4 S3 73 2 miles S of Ayden J.C.Jackson Screen 134 4 100 Sand 74 2H miles SSW of Ayden W.C.Gaspins ! —do J. Turnage ...do.. 65 4 65 75 3K miles SW of Ayden i J.B.Patrick Dug 14 48 6 —do 76 4 miles SW of Ayden t Open- 77 ..-do L. Gaspins end 130 4 90 do Flows 8.0. Yield measured, 1943. Public °80 IK 280 ....do 78 Griftou supply. Temperature 65°F Public supply. Screen 135 3 120 ....do - 79 do ....do ; ! Analysis. Public supply. —do- 135 8-6 135 do SO ....do ....do Gravel 1 81 ....do wall 150 s 135 ....do J. Quinerly Screen 137 IK 137 Sand 82 4K miles E of Grifton : l Open- S3 1H miles E of Stokestown A. Haddock end 57 IK 57 —do Point 18 IK 18 ....do 84 2 miles SE of Calico 0. James 1 1 Open- 85 2K miles ESE of Calico R. Adams end 90 2 57 Marl —do- 60 2 50 do - 86 . do F. Lancaster 100 50 ....do 87 —do ....do TABLE 17. Chemical Analyses of Ground Water from Pitt County (Numbers at heads of columns correspond to well numbers in table of well data) (Parts per million) 13 18 13 Silica (S1O2) 26 .07 .02 .18 .30 .38 Iron (Fe), total .00 .22 .00 Iron (Fe), in solution 1.0 .4 1.8 3.6 7.5 Calcium (Ca) .4 1.0 .8 Magnesium (Mg) — 3.2 1.1 88 118 301 13 13 SocEsm and potassium (Na+K). 234 34 3SS 172 Bicarbonate (HCOs) 354 4 12 8.6 15 129 7.5 7.0 Sulate (S04) 32 9.8 14 32 Chloride (CI) 172 19 1.1 .4 2.0 1.3 .1 .1 Fluoride (F) .5 2.6 .3 Nitrate (NOa) - 1.2 4.6 244 312 826 68 77 Dissolved solids 3 . 23 f> Hardness as CaCO3 18 14 7.4 8.1 5.4 7.7 pH 7.8 Sand Saud Sand Sand Sand Wawr-bearing material. Sand 2-17-55 2-17-55 7-11-49 4-29-53 11-17-43 Date of collection .. 4-28-47 Analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. 84 TABLE 17. Chemical Analyses of Guood Water from Pitt County—Continued (Numbers at heads of columns correspond to well numbers in table of well data) (Parts per million) 12 14 16 25 28 45 Silica (SiOz) 20 6.1 16 10 Iron (Fe), total .It) .20 .13 .13 .14 Iron CFe), in solution .11 .05 .03 Calcium (Ca) 36 1.2 2.0 2.3 3.0 Magnesium (Mg) .8 .7 3.3 Sodium and potassium (Na-J-K).. 57 143 156 S9 603 Bicarbonate (HCO3) 137 227 238 224 711 Sulfate (S04) 27 30 6.7 217 2 Chloride (01) 86 72 85 S.3 320 8 Fluoride (F) 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.3 Nitrate ^NOa) 1.2 1.0 .0 .4 Dissolved solids 285 379 410 1520 Hardness as CaCO 3 118 6 6 9 21 88 •5.4 pH 7.5 7.5 S.O Water-bearing material.. Sand Sand Sand Sand Sand Sand Date of collection. 1-12-48 9-28-56 9-2S-5o 2-27-56 7-2-56 11-17-43 I Analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey. 54 55 60 20 Silica (S1O2) 31 28 16 .47 .23 Iron (Fe), total 1.5 2.3 .63 .20 .09 Iron (Fe}, in solution .01 .05 40 Calcium (Ca) 73 42 9.1 6.8 6.3 Magnesium (Mg) 2.9 1.7 2.9 .9 4.1 17 Sodium and potassium (Na+K). 8.2 8.7 9.2 So US 186 Bicarbonate (HCO3) 227 213 155 219 298 2.6 Sulfate (SO4) 2.4 8.9 4.5 7.1 14 5.0 Chloride (Cl) 9.2 17 3.4 15 22 .3 Fluoride (F) .1 .1 .1 1.1 .5 .2 Nitrate (NO3) .1 .2 .0 186 Dissolved solids 237 249 157 249 326 126 Hardness as CaCO3 1S4 189 117 26 34 S.I 7.5 pH ...... 7.2 7.3 7.5 Sand Sand Water-bearing material.. Sand Sand Sand Sand 2-2-54 12-18-52 Date of collection. 7-11-49 7-11-49 2-9-45 5-3-55 Analyzed by the Quality of Water Brauch, U. S. Geological Survey. 85 1948, Mollusca from the Miocene and SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY "'"tower Piiocene of Virginia and North Carolina, pt. 2: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 199-B, Berry, B. W., 1947, Marls and limestones of eastern North Carolina: North Carolina Dept. Conserv. p. 179-310. and Devel. 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