THE " SIGMA ZETAN

VOLUME XXI SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS, DECEMBER 1949 NUMBER 1

OUR LADY OF THE LAKE COLLEGE .) THE SIGMA ZETAN THE SIGMA ZETAN ,)

THE SIGMA ZET AN MODERN ACID-BASE THEORIES

Official Orgall of SIGMA ZETA By Hobert Cozine, Kappa Chapter NATIONAL OFFICERS The earliest theory of acids and bases was proposed by Lavoisier, about 1790. He believed that oxygen was the element which determines National President.. ROBERT L, SHELLEY, Xi Chapter acidity or basicity. An English chemist, Davy, after fruitlessly trying ~ational Vice-PresidenL MERLE H. AHRENDT, Upsilo/l ehallter to find the oxygen in HCI, decided that hydrogen might be the "acidifying National Recorder-Treasurer. .. GILBERT W. FAUST, Zeta Ch((jifer principle". In 1887 Arrhenius proposed that an acid was a hydrogen ion National Historian .. _. STANDLEIGH M. MCCLURE, Beta Chapter source in water. Carrying out the hydrogen idea, Bronsted and Lowry National Editor SISTER MARY CLARENCE, Sigma Chapter independently proposed, in 1923, that a Hydrogen donor was an acid, a Past National PresidenL . CHESTER W. BENNET, KajJjJa Chapter H~'drogen acceptor a base. Franklin, Germann, and others developed the solvent system theory. Al:cording to this theory, em acid is any substance which has a cation in A MESSAGE FROM OUR NATIONAL PRESIDENT common with the solvent, a base any substance which has an anion in common with the solvent. G. N. Lewis in 1923 published what is called Greetings, brothers in Sigma Zeta! May I wish for each of you as the electronic theory of acids and bases. An acid, to Lewis, is an electron individuals a year of real growth in the sciences and mathematics, and -pair acceptor; a base is an electron-pair donor. fOl' each chapter a year of outstanding service. The latest theory was proposed in 1939 by a Russian chemist, Usano­ In this 25th year as a National Honorary Society it is well that we vich. His theory emphasises electrons too, but it groups oxidation-re­ pause and examine our past. Have we as a society succeeded in achieving duction reactions into the same class as acid-base reactions. the purposes for which we were originated? We succeed only as our separate chapters succeed. Any chapter succeeds if it is of real service Of these theories, five are in use today-the electronic theory, the to its members and to the school of which it is a part. Hydrogen or proton theory, the theory of Usano\'ich, the Arrhenius, and Let each one of us give what he can to make his chapter a truly the solvent system theories. All these theories have their merits, but the only one which seems to fit all the experimental data is the electronic ~uccessful one during this year. Let's be on hand at the next ConcIa\'e theory. The Lewis, or electronic theory, considers alcohols, ethers, amines, with a goodly delegation and with the best of our student papers and ketones, and many other compounds to be bases because of their electronic exhibits. Let's be real competitors for the Founders Cup, awarded each configuration. For the same reason, aluminum chloride, mercuric year to our outstanding chapter. If everyone does his part this Conclave cholride, etc. are acids. Simple experiments bear out these conclusions. on the 25th Anniversary of our existence can easily be the best one of all time. Let's make it so! Robert L. Shelley National President MALARIA IN THE WORLD TODAY

Harold Onkst, Xi Chapter

STUDENT PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE NATIONAL This ]lapel' was originally intended to be a study of the malaria CONCLAVE OF SIGMA ZETA APRIL, 1949 problem among the veterans at Ball State Teachers College, Muncie, Indiana. To obtain information pertaining to this disease among the The papers delivered at the National Conclave of Sigma Zeta, held ~'pteran,", the writer first consulted the Student Health Service. Un· a~ St~vens Point, Wisconsin, were interesting to all in attendance. Much fortunately, no records concerning the incidence of malaria had been kept. fme mformation had been collected and organized by these youths. Some Next, the Veterans Administration on campus and the Ball Memorial showed a considerable degree of research. All who participated are to be Hospital laboratory were commlted. Neither of these places had records commended for their fine endeavor. pertaining- to the preyalence 'Jf malaria among veterans. As a group, we should look forward to a higher level of achievemell L Consequently, information for this paper was obtained from litera­ :~ch year. Therefore, we are expecting finer and better papers next year, ture dealing ,vith malaria and from people who have actually had the If that hp possible. disease or have had close contact with the disease. Periodicals and books Claude Good deal~ng w~th medicine were the chief literary sources. For the section Upsilon Chapter dealIng WIth malaria in Indiana, several volumes of Proceedings of the THE SIGMA ZETAN 4 THE SIGMA ZETAN 5 Indiana Academy of Science were consulted. Of special interest was an a nonspecific test for the presence and intensity of morbid processes interview with Daniel Johnson, a veteran officer of the India and China \vithin the body. Excessive refinements in the test without evidence of theaters. At the present time M1'. Johnson is in charge of the bio-chemical practicability led to a reaction which introduces the third wave in the division of the laboratory at Ball Memorial Hospital. Several veterans attempt to explain the phenomenon. For the test to be of maximum value, who were known to have malaria were also interviewed. the cause of rouleau formation needed an explanation, and this was and The more important topics treated in this paper were: the prevalence still is being sought within the field of chemistry. of the disease throughout the world, with special emphasis on the United States and particularly in Indiana; a discussion of the characteristics of The great majority of investigators agree that the chief cause of the disease; the interview with Mr. Johnson; a personal case history of rouleau is an increase in the amount of easily precipitated protein a veteran; and some of the latest developments in the medication of fractions, the serum globulin or fibrinogen or both. As a result of malaria. Hirschboeck's recent research a new factor possessed by the erythrocyte has been introduced. Hirschboeck was unsuccessful in his attempt to Although this writer was unable to get the information he was seek­ explain rouleau formation as a flocculation reaction between the plasma ing, due to inadequate records pertaining to malaria among the veterans proteins, fibrinogen and globulin, and the lecithin of the erythrocyte at Ball State Teachers College, he still believes that such a study on any surface. However, his experiments led him to conjecture that the college campus would be both interesting and informative to persons con­ erythrocyte surface has a lecitho-fibrinogen or lecitho-globulin surface <:(~nwd with this prohlem. that in the presence of increased amounts of fibrinogen or globulin in the plasma hecomes dehydrated with rouleau formation resulting.

THE SEDIMENTATION RATE OF THE RED BLOOD CELLS The search for an explanation of the sedimentation phenomenon has advanced from the humoral concept of medicine to the investigation of Lawrence Groh, Xi Chapter the physical factors involved and up to the present date, at which time research on the chemistry involved has not yet conclusively revealed the The centuries-old search for an explanation of the sedimentation explanation. Perhaps further work in the field of colloidal chemistry phenomenon of red blood corpuscles shows a pattern in the sciences will soon reveal an explanation of this phenomenon that has intrigued similar to the formation of concentric waves seen when a pebble strikes physicians since the time of Hippocrates. the surface of a pond. The first ripple made its appearance with the Hippocratic school of medicine in the 4th Centurv B.C. Variations in the suspension stability of erythrocytes probably l~d to the development of the Greek humoral theory of medicine. This theory was based on the UTILIZATION OF WAR SURPLUS RADIO GEAR appearance of four district layers in a column of blood before clotting could occur in the presence of certain diseases. Charles K. Johnson, Mil Chapter The appearance of the four layers or humors was generally cOllsi

The sedimentation test soon became very popular with physicians as Another example of conversion is the power supplies. In some 6 THE SIGMA ZETAN THE SIGMA ZETAN 7 cases they were already suited for 110 volt A. C. \vhile these required Between these temperatures the gasoline fraction is given off as gas. It only a little checking, others required a rewiring filament job or some is then condensed as gasoline which iR about 20 - 25){., of original crude. such minor changes. The last process iR called cracking. There are two types of cracking, In summary it is our suggestion as we have found by experience, "Thermal" and "Catalytic". The charging stock used is the residue after that cataloging the surplus gear, ann then checking with some of the straight run gasoline iR given off. By this process molecules of great ham radio magazines, one can find easy and simple ways of converting molecular weightR are broken down into Rub stances which fall into the this gear to good instruments in the laboratory. gasoline fraction Temperature reaching 1000 degreeR F. and pressure up to 600 lbs. per Rq. inch; or a catalYRt of alumina silica gel are used to break up these large molecules. By the invention of thiR proceRR 80 - 85/{, GEIGER-COUNTER DEMONSTRATION of the crude can be made into gaRoline. Dale Endter, Kappa Chapter Gasoline can be made more useable by adding an eight carbon sub­ stance "iRa-octane" and "tetra-ethyl-lead" to produce smooth burning, A short explanation concerning the operating principles of the quick starting, with a high anti-knock quality. Geiger counter was first given. It waR then Rhown that the apparatuR could indicate the preRence of radioactive materials and cORmic rays. As the apparatuR uRed waR of the demonstration type, the presence of radio active materialR and cosmic rays was regiRtered on the counter as a click in the loud speaker, as a flashing light, and as direct counts per minute THE PHI PROJECT on a meter. It was also Rhown that the Geiger counter could detect th" radioactivity of the luminous type paint uRed on some watch faces. After Read by Hichard lVi. Johnson, Phi Chapter the demonstration, some of the many uses of the Geiger counter were discussed. These uses include; detection of X-rays, cosmic rays, radio­ This paper concernR a project instituted by Phi Chapter of Sigma actiw materials or any other· ionizing radiation that will penetrate the Zeta on Sept. 28, 1948. The chapter acting on the suggestion of ProfesRor tube, reRearch in cosmic rays and nuclear physics, measuring the intenRity J. A. Rinker, ProfeRRor of Physics at Eureka College, undertook a project of any of these radiationR, and determining the intensity of cosmic rays to mark objects and articles of a hiRtorical and scientific nature which in any given direction. were permanent constituentR of the Eureka College campus. A definite Model SU-4 Radioactivity DemonstratOl", manufactured by Tracerlab system waR set up to inRure the consequent marking of any future addi­ Incorporated, 55 Oliver Street, Boston 10, Massachusetts, was uspd in this tions to the campus. The objectR to be marked included memorial treeR, (lpmonstration. class treeR, a petrified log from Arizona, ivy from Alexander Campbell'R grave, lanoscaping of the outdoor theater contributed by four graduating classes, ann other articles of significance. TheRe monumentR were to be marked in some permanent manner by the committee appointed to carry THE PROCESSING OF CRUDE PETROLEUM IN out the project. It was decided that the scientific memorials should be MANUFACTURE OF GASOLINE marked first.

Mason Holmes, Beta Chapter After ironing out the technical road-blocks, the project began with a survey of the campus by a claRs in surveying conducted by Prof. Rinker. Gasoline is the most important of the by-products of refining of A plat showing locatiom; of objectR to be marked was completed. The Petroleum. It is the lightest of the condenRates obtained \vith a specific title decided for the project waR "Campus Marker Project", and completed g-rm"ity between .624 and .667. Gasoline as turned out by the principal sections of the projeet were to be numbered consecutively. Pertinent in­ refineries iR between C4 to C11, but uRUally C5 to C8 for a better grade. formation regarding each marker was then filed aR a record of the (~asoline is obtained in three ways, the firRt of \vhich is natural monument. gasolIne. This is gasoline in gas form. This gas is found in the oil well unoel~ pressure. The gas is condensed under reduced pressure \vhere the Upon the approval of the President of the college, "Campus Marker' gasohne fraction is most of its make-up. No.1" was started as spring permitted and completed during the paRt month. The record of "C.M. No.1" included in our files follows. This The second is straight run gasoline. It is produced by raising the is meant to show to some extent an example of the work done at Eureka t('mperature of the petroleum between ;~6 dev:reps F. and :iOO clegTPPs F. Colleg(> by OUI" ('hapjpr on this proj('ct. 8 THE SIGMA ZETAN THE SIGMA ZETAN 9

C.M. No. I, Petrified (Jasper) Log from Arizona number of years, Professor S. M. McClure has sponsored a series of ("\ I'a ucarioxlyon A rizonicum) problems on reclaiming and purifying the more abundant chemicals from this waste. The results of this work form the basis for a series of term This tree was a conifer, either a sequoia or a redwood. It lived under papers. The professor believes this to be a superior teaching proceedure semi-tropical climatic conditions about 140 million years ago during the ~lince it involves principles and techniques, not generally included in Triassic Period, in the time of dinosaurs. The only living members of beginning chemistry, such as crystallization, hot filtration and filtration this variety of trees may be found on Norfolk Island, off the coast of under vacuum. Australia, and in certain sections of the Andes Mountains of Chile. This paper is the seventh in a series under the title "The Utilization The log measures twenty inches in diameter by twenty-nine inches of Laboratory Wastes". A preliminary paper was published by H. P. in height. It is approximately five cubic feet in volume and weighs about Harper of Rho Chapter at Indiana Central College (1.) on the preperation eight hundred pounds. It is composed of quartz, has a hardness of seven, and purification of copper sulfate from laboratory wastes. Harper's no cleavage, and is mostly jasper plus small amounts of agate in bands methods have been modified by a few new techniques and proceedure:, and clouded. that shorten the time of the preparation and appear to give equally good Devastated forests, probably in what is now Canada, drifted on floods yields. and were caught in a log jam at the base of several mountains. The The waste used in the present purification was from a general bright sun evaporated the waters leaving alkali sands composed chiefly of chemistry class of thirty men. Although sufficient waste jars were borax. Sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, and sodium carbonate. Wind available only 1 liter of waste> copper compounds were saved out of ,~ blown silt and sand covered the area as iron and manganese oxides seeped theoretic~lly possible 6000 ce. The waste contained mainly bits of metallic down from the desert mountains. These oxides are responsible for the copper, cupric and cuprous oxide, copper sulfate, and other copper salts red colors in the petrified logs from the Rainbow Forest area of Arizona. with silica, carbon and manganese dioxide as the most abundant im­ Tons of sand buried the logs deeper and deeper. Gradually, silica purities. bearing magmatic waters moving underground seeped into the logs. These The preliminary step involved filtering the waste to remove all Silica bearing waters with impurities dissolved and replaced the cellulose solid material. The residue was then treated with nitric acid to oxidize in the conifers very slowly; so slowly in fact, that the microscopic structure the metallic copper and cuprous oxide and to further dissolve the cuprie and order of the cells has not been destroyed. oxide to the nitrate. (2) Concentrated sulfuric acid was then added in The petrified log was donated by John E. Fish (1859-1943), a student just sufficient amount to drive off the excess nitric acid and change the at Eureka College from 1875 to 1877. The mounting of this log is nitrate to the sulfate. Since concentrated sulfuric acid is a high boiling dedicated to his memory. acid, many soluble impurities are also volatilized. This solution was then filtered while warm through a heated filter, because copper sulfate b In his youth, Mr. Fish while working for the Sante Fe Railroad, sent more soluble in hot water than cold. The residue was discarded. The the geological speciman some fifteen hundred miles by rail to Eureka filtrate, after these preliminary treatments, was some 1200 cc. in volume. from Albuquerque, N. M. Two additional filtrations through a Buchner suction funnel resulted in The log is mounted on a base of concrete which extends two and one a good clearification. half feet into the ground. One top of this base, a hexagonal form, was Harper used the older proceedure of boiling down with sulfuric acid. placed and a layer of finish cement approximately six inches deep was This method resulted mainly in further concentrating the sulfuric acid, applied. The log was imbedded about three inches into this top layer. and the solution became highly acidic. Besides being a slow process A final layer of cement paste was applied to give a very smooth finish. evolving copious fumes, it also hindered crystallization. The use of nitric As yet a plaque has not been obtained but we are investigating the acid avoids these difficulties and brings the iron into the trivalent con­ feasibility of obtaining a plaque in the outline shape of the Sigma Zeta dition which prevents isomorphous crystallization of ferrous sulfate with key. It will carry an appropriate inscription. the cupric sulfate. The solution was allowed to evaporate at approximately 90 degrees C. until incipient crystallization occurred. The first crop of crystals RECRYSTALLIZATION OF COPPER SULPHATE obtained on cooling were large and massive with numorous inclusions indicating possible contamination. J o~eph AIIovio, Phi Chapter Since it is known that after the third crystallization, most foreign In college chemistry laboratories no insignificant amount of chemicals materials will be removed, the triple crystallization proceedure was an~ discarded after experiments are performed. For a considerahle followPd. 10 THE SIGMA ZETAN THE SIGMA ZETAN 11

If the nitric acid treatment had oxidized all the iron to the trivalent NEWS FROM THE CHAPTERS condition, it could not be included in the crystals. Ferrous iron, however, Aillha Chapter out of our previous high member­ enters the crystal lattice and cannot be removed by mechanical processes. Shurtleff Colleg'e ship. Efforts are being made to In order to determine if ferrous iron was present, the "brown stain Alton, Illinois keep in contact with our alumni test" (3.) \vas used, and found to give negative results. Since this test and inform them of our activities. is fairly sensitive, significant amounts of iron were believed absent from Dear Editor: Weare also keeping in mind the third crop of crystals. On November 29 the Sigma Zetans will visit the Monsanto our activities and duties which will To obtain "meal" crystals, the third crop of crystals were dissolved Chemical works at Monsanto, be ours when we serve as hosts to to a saturated solution at 70 degrees C. and allowed to cool rapidly with Illinois. We have been fortunate the Conclave next April celebrat­ stirring. These "meal" crystals were filtered rapidly on a Buchner to be located in an area where ing the twenty-fifth anniversary suction funnel and washed free of the filtrate with a fine stream of many field trips are possible. Our cf the founding of Sigma Zeta. In distilled water to avoid inclusions of the filtrate in the crvstals. The most spectacular field trip was to addition we are planning to pre­ washed crystals were then dried in a thin layer on a covered porous plate. the coal Hydrogenation Plant at sent to the city of Alton a science Louisiana, Missouri where we sa,v program they will long remember. Approximately 300 grams of crystals were prepared from the original We feel we have a civic duty as residue. A carefully controlled qualitative analysis of the fourth crop German and French equipment in operation in producing synthetic well as an academic one. We have of crystals showed no impurities present in significant amounts and the also made contacts with Monticello product is belipved to bp sufficiently pure to be of reagent quality. gas and fuel oil. On NO\embt~r :)0 the Alpha Chapter will sponsor an College, Ollr sister college, and ha\"(~ and will cooperate in present­ L1TEIL\.TUI{E CITED informal banquet inYiting all those interested in science and mathe­ lIJg programs. J. Harper, H. P., "The Utilization of Laboratory Wastes". Sigma Zetan, matics as OUl' guests. Mr. Max Weare looking forward to hav­ Vol. XVI, No.1, Dec. 1944, pp. 19-20. Thompson of Western Cartridge ing every chapter represented at the April Conclave on our campus 2. Blanchard, Arthur A., and Phelan, .Joseph W., "Synthetic Inorganic Company will be the main speaker. His topic will be "Some Industrial and extend a greeting and personal Chemistry", Fourth Edition. .John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, invitation to every member of Sig­ 1922, pp. 197. Implications of College Science Training". Herbert Coleman, ma Zeta to attend. Let's make it ;~. II enderson, William E., and Fernelius, \V. Conrad, "Inorganic Pre­ mathematics major will present a memorable occasion. parations", First Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New the topic "Calculating Machines Sincerely, York & London, 19~I), llP. 9-10. and Cybernetics". Norman Show­ Henry Romanko ers, mathematics major, will pre­ President sent another paper "Fun with () --- Mathematics". Following the pro­ Bl'ta Chaptpl' gram we will 'welcome Frank Mar­ Mel\: end rpe ('olll'g-e tini, Eugene Lane, Ralph Morri­ Lehanon, Illinois son, Harold Lawder and Robert Schopfer as new members. We Dear Editor: will also welcome our new sponsor The Beta Chapter began the representing the Biology Depart­ school year with eight members ment, Mr. Loren K. Freeman. returning. Since the Conclave last At each succeeding meeting we spring, we have accepted eight have delegated responsibility for a new members, two of which were program to one of the four depart­ accepted during the summer ses­ ments. This month the Mathema­ sion. They are Newman Thomp­ tics department, guided by Dr. son, Marion Ruth, John Kaufman, Warne, presented the program. Mathematics majors; Arthur Wer­ With the initiation of the new ley, Paul Beaty, Charles Ord, members we will have seventeen Roberto Hernandez, Chemistry active members in our chapter. majors; and Harvey Pitt, Biology (~radllation has taken a h(';tvy hi/(~ maJor. THE SIGMA ZETAN 12 THE SIGMA ZETAN Plant here in Mankato. replicas of the Sigma Zetan key, At the first meeting of this Epsilon Chapter The Club will increase its mem­ approximately 12" high and 6" year, we elected the following of­ Otterbein College wide. This is to be used by the ficers: Richard Walton, President; WesierYille, Ohio bership by twenty-one on Nov. 16 when the formal initiation is to be initiates as a get-acquainted idea, Robert Egan, Vice President; not fol' a hazing method. The Benjamin T. Anderson, Secretary­ Dear Editor: held. Of these, six are faculty members. They are Hildegarde members will sign them and the Treasurer. Plans are now being We will need thirty-six copies Horeni, Walter Fleming, Ben J. new members will have a remem­ made for a project which will be of The Sigma Zetan for the student Fauver, Edwin J. Snead, Malcolm brance of their initiation. This carried out during the coming and faculty members of our chap­ B. Cole, and Wm. J. Wells. Stu­ was an attempt to personalize the year. ter. Please send these copies to dent initiates are Loren Braun, initiation procedure. Professor F. A. Hanawalt, Otter­ We can use twenty-fi\'e copies of Duane Nelson, Eugene Stelter, The main speaker was Dr. bein College, Westerville, Ohio. the next issue of The Sigma Zetan, Charles Rehwaldt, and Harold Robert Cooper of the Cbllege Bio­ which may be mailed to me. There is not much to report for Fitterer who will be Active mem­ logy Department. His subject Sincerely yours, our chapter. We initiated fifteen bers. The Associate members-to­ "The Taxonomy, Morphology, and Benjamin T. Anderson new members on October 13. We be are Harriet Krieger, John Physiology of the Ophidia", proved Secretary-Treasurer are planning a program of student Brandenburg, Winston Grunde­ yery interesting to the entire ----~- -- () --- reports, field trips, and outside meier, Rayfield Hass, Joe Kien­ group. Coupled with his discuss­ speakers. \Ve held our annual inger, Thomas Starks, Willis Unke, ion were slides and actual speci­ Zeia Challit'r banquet last spring. The officers Ronald Wenberg, Milton Norman, mens. ('l'tIiral Siate Tt':tl'hl'rs Collt'g-(' for this year are: President, Neal and David Crane. Officers for the veal' are: Pre­ SieYt'ns Poini, Wiseonsin Wheatcraft; Vice President, Mu Chapter will need 30 copies sident, Robert St;eelman; Vice Robert Wooden; Secretary, Ber­ President, Harold Onkst; Secre­ Dear Editor: nice Freymeyer; and Treasurer, of the Sigma Zetan. Please send thes<:~ to Dr. G. M. Wissink, spon- tary, still to be elected; Recorder­ Our Zeta Chapter began the Carol Boda. Treasurer, Charles Brumfiel. Sincerely yours, SOl'. school veal' with ten active mem­ Sincerely yours, Please forward eighty copies of Bernice Freymeyer bers ar;d eight associate memberR Isabelle Schulz The Sigma Zetan to Mr. Bromfiel, returning along with our faculty Secretary Professor of Mathematics. ------0-- Editor-Historian members-. The first important ---0--- Sincerely yours, activity of the year was the setting Robert Streelman Mu Chapter up of a science club for under­ Xi Chapter President State Teachers College class men interested in science but Ball Siate Teaehers College --~Ol~-- Mankato, Minnesota not eligible for membership in Muncie, Indiana Pi Chapter Sigma Zeta. Over twenty-five Dear Editor: Deal' Editor: signed up for the club and more .lames 1\1 iIIikin Fninrsiiy will be coming in after the organ­ On Wed., Oct. 12, the Mu Chap­ On September 2~), our chapter Dei'a 1111', Illinois ization really gets started. ter made a tour of the Great Iwld an organization meeting Jor Lakes Oil Terminal located near the school veal'. Included in the Dear Edito]': Initiation of new members will Mankato. This terminal is a meeting wa~ a presentation of the take place on November 30. With The Pi chapter invited new as­ means of transportation for the programs for the year by Mrs. sociate members to a special pro­ the number who are eligible our dealers in this area. Phyllis Moora, program chairman. membership should increase con­ :rram in October. Mr. Martin The laboratory held the interest The next meeting was held on Cohen of the Decatur, Illinois siderably. Would it be possible of everyone. The most interesting to send fifty copies of The Sigma Nov. 10. On this occasion 24 Public Library spoke on "Science device was the "knock-meter" active and 7 associate members in the Library". On November 8, Zetan to the Zeta Cha})ter? Please which was a gasoline engine syn­ send these copies to me personally. were initiated. Our present ros­ eighteen members went on a field chronized with an electric motor. ter now numbers 50 active mem­ trip to the Anheuser-Busch Com­ With the hope that all the chap­ Octane ratings are checked by this bers, 7 associate members and 17 ters will haye great success in pany in St. Louis, Mo. The plant device. faculty members. and research laboratories were furthering the aims of our ol'l~ani­ The overall efficiency of the zation, I am, A new idea was presented dur­ visited which consist of 160 build­ terminal impressed everyone. ing this initiation meeting. Our ings and cover 70 c.ity blocks. The Sincerely yours, The Mu Chapter is planning a officers prepared 1,4 inch plywood laboratories visited were chemical, Joann Kenney, Historian tOllr of the Northern States Power 14 TIlE SIGMA ZETAN THE SIG MA ZETAN 15

analytical research, biological, bac­ lor gaye a paper on "Polio", re­ Together with our sponsor, Miss On the 11th of October, a "paper teriological, nuritional, home eco­ yiewing the yarious theories of Hurlbut, our officers for the cur­ meeting" was held, at which two nomics, and bakery. transmission, and the care of the rent veal' are: Oran Pass, Presi­ student reports were given. Last spring field trips were patient. Both papers were listen­ dent;' Olive Arms, Vice-president; Joseph Alloyio spoke on the sub­ taken to Purdue University to see eo to and discussed with great en­ Gertrude Naujoks, Secretary­ ject of Slate Coal Mining at Farm­ the cyclotron and other science thusiasm. Treasurer. ington, Ill. Alex Kruzel presented departments, and to the UniYersity Oil l' eha pteI' President, Cecilia In aeldi tion to several business his paper on Xerography, a new of Illinois to see the betatron. At (~oorlwin, who is also secretary of meetings, the Chapter held an process used in photography. present there are seyen actiye Tlle Collegiate Academy of the initiation meeting at which time The second "paper meeting" members and twenty associate Texas Academy of Science, attend­ our initiates presented papers on helel on N O\'ember 1 st, was a members. Ten of the associate ed a preliminary meeting of the various assigned topics. After Science demonstration. This dem­ memhers will be eligible for active offict~rs of The Collegiate Academy elinner and the presentation of onstration was presenteel to pro­ th('sc papers, the formal initiation membership as soon as their on October 8, at Georgetown, Tex­ mote actin, interest in Sei(~ncc Oil papers are presented. Pi chapter as. The purpose of this meeting of members was held. A very the campus. would like thirty copies of the \yas to discllss the final prepara­ enjoyable evening was had b~' Sigma Zetan. tion of the program for the Annual ew~ryone, and will be long-remem­ The Biology Department was re­ Sincerely yours, meeting to be helrl at Houston, bered. presenteel by James Esh, who re­ ported on the life and works of Twila J. Strocher Texas, on December 2 and 3. The possibility of sponsoring an Alexander Agassiz, noted Zoologist ----~o------The ten members, of our Open-Howie of the Science Depart­ science groups who attended the ment was discussed with the hope and Geologist. Second on the pro­ gram was Benjamin Brown, repre­ Sig'ma Challter me(eting in Houston are Cecilia of stimulating a greater interest in senting the Physics Department, Our Lady of the Lake Colleg'e Gooelwin, Sarah Jo Perry, Delia the field of science among the who demonstrated the photo elec­ Sail Antonio, Texas Ramirez, Perla Hermosa, Adelle students as a whole. Rall, Lita Ortiz, Helen Barr, Vir­ Please send us 25 copies of the tric cell, Oscillograph, Geiger Dear Editor: ginia Caloeron Lai Jean Woo and SIGMA ZETAN. They may be Counter, and the effects of Stro­ Juanita Herrera. Papers present­ sent to me in care of Anderson boscopic light on a revolving elisk. The first official meeting of our Dich Johann kept the audience be­ chapter was held on October 6. eel at the meeting were "Synthetic College, Anderson, Indiana. Glycerine", by Sarah Jo Perry and Sincerely, wildered and quizzical by elemon­ The object of this first meeting strating the fallacies in Mathe­ was to get acquainted with the "Chemistry is a Cultural Subject", Gertrude Naujoks by Perla Hermosa. Secretary-Treasurer matics. In the Field of Chemistry, new members and to explain to Alex Kruzel showed color changes them the objectives of the chapter Sincerely, ~-~o--- Juanita Herrera of organic indicators in acid and and the requirements for member­ basic solutions and their applica­ ship. The initiation ceremony Secretary-Treasurer Phi Cha pter . {)------tion in industry. He also demon­ took place on October 19, when Eureka College EUI'('ka, Illinois strated the process of Vat Dyeing. Sister Elizabeth Ann, faculty [' Jlsilol1 Cha ph'!' The last elemonstration was a member, Cecilia Goodwin and "\ nderson College Dear Editor: movie shown of a geology trip Juanita Herrera became actiye Anderson, Indiana Phi Chapter of Sigma Zeta, be­ that was taken in Missouri by members. Delia Ramirez, Betty gan its school year with the loss Eureka students in 1945. Profes­ Polk, Lai Jean Woo and Perla Her­ Deal' Editor: of six members. Four members, sor S. M. McClure then spoke of mosa became associate members. Fi \'e ne\y members, four actiye Lloyd Emmert, George Mason, the history and requirements of Officers for the veal' are: Pre,;;i­ and one associate member, have Eldon Van Sandt, and Harold Sigma Zeta. d.ent, Cecilia Goodwin; Vice-Pre­ Towls, graeluated in June, while been initiateel into Upsilon Chapter The reaction of the audience was SIdent, Sarah Jo Perry; Secretary­ two other members, Kenneth ~ince the opening of the fall satisfying since they were inter­ Treasurer, Juanita Herrera; His­ Adams and William Slagle, trans­ t'e:"sion. Inclueled in this group of ested and enthused, therefore ac­ torian, Betty Polk. actiYe members were Jame:" ferred to other schools. The re­ turning members were Richard complishing what we had set out A t our regular monthlv meetin.r A ustin, George Cerbus, Charles to elo in the beginning. on October 6, Mary An~ DashieU Kline, and Glen Sands, Biology .Johann, Joseph Allovio, Benjamin presented a paper on Irving Lang­ majors; associate member, Joy Brown, James Esh, and Alex Kru­ Alexander Kruzel muir, the scientist. Jeannine Tay- Hensley is a Chemistry major. zel. Editor