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Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Feigin and Cherry’s Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Feigin and Cherry’s Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases EIGHTH EDITION JAMES D. CHERRY, MD, MSc WILLIAM J. STEINBACH, MD Distinguished Research Professor of Pediatrics Professor of Pediatrics David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Professor in Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Attending Physician Chief, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Pediatric Infectious Diseases Director, Duke Pediatric Immunocompromised Host Program Mattel Children’s Hospital UCLA Director, International Pediatric Fungal Network Los Angeles, California Duke University School of Medicine Durham, North Carolina GAIL J. HARRISON, MD Professor PETER J. HOTEZ, MD, PhD Department of Pediatrics Dean, National School of Tropical Medicine Section of Infectious Diseases Professor, Pediatrics and Molecular & Virology and Baylor College of Medicine; Microbiology Attending Physician Head, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine Infectious Diseases Service Baylor College of Medicine; Texas Children’s Hospital Endowed Chair of Tropical Pediatrics Houston, Texas Center for Vaccine Development Texas Children’s Hospital; SHELDON L. KAPLAN, MD Professor, Department of Biology Professor and Executive Vice-Chair Baylor University Head, Section of Infectious Diseases Waco, Texas; Department of Pediatrics Baker Institute Fellow in Disease and Poverty Baylor College of Medicine; Rice University Chief, Infectious Disease Service Houston, Texas; Head, Department of Pediatric Medicine Co-Editor-in-Chief, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Texas Children’s Hospital Houston, Texas 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 FEIGIN AND CHERRY’S TEXTBOOK OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES, ISBN: 978-0-323-37692-1 EIGHTH EDITION Copyright © 2019 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Previous editions copyrighted © 2014, 2009, 2004, 1998, 1992, 1987, 1981 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. Chapters 189 and 232 are in the public domain. Hookworm and tick images courtesy of Anna Grove Photography. Staphylococcus aureus image from CDC Public Health Image Library (provided by Frank DeLeo, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases). Mosquito scanning electron micrograph from DCD Public Health Imaging Library (provided by Dr. Paul Howell, CDC). ISBN: 978-0-323-37692-1 Senior Acquisitions Editor: Kate Dimock Senior Content Development Specialist: Jennifer Shreiner Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian Senior Project Manager: Carrie Stetz Design Direction: Maggie Reid Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To my wife, Jeanne M. Cherry, who passed away on June 2, 2017 To my children, James Cherry, Jeffrey Cherry and Kass Hogan, Susan Cherry, and Kenneth and Jennifer Cherry To my grandchildren, Ferguson, Dennis, and Siena Rose Cherry James Cherry To my husband, Neil Harrison To my children and sons-in-law, Emily Wolfe and Josh Wolfe, Kelly Green and Daniel Green, Matthew Demmler, Amy Demmler, Anna Rose Demmler, and Haley Harrison To my grandchildren, Jensen Wolfe and William Green To my brother, Loddie Naymola Gail Harrison To my wife, Marsha Kaplan To my children, Lauren Kaplan, Mindy Kaplan Langland, and son-in-law Lance Langland To my grandchildren, Reece and Macy Langland Sheldon Kaplan To my wife, Sandy Steinbach To my children, Amelia Steinbach, Aidan Steinbach, and Conner Franzen To my parents, Charles and Kathy Steinbach William Steinbach To my wife, Ann Hotez To my children, Matthew, Emily, Rachel, and Daniel Hotez To my mother, Jean Hotez, and mother-in-law, Marcia Frifield To the memories of my father, Ed Hotez, and father-in-law, Don Frifield Peter Hotez Ralph D. Feigin, MD April 3, 1938–August 14, 2008 This eighth edition of the Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases is At Washington University and St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Ralph dedicated to Ralph D. Feigin. As everyone in pediatrics and, in particular, developed one of the finest infectious diseases divisions in the country. pediatric infectious diseases, knows, Ralph was an extraordinary individual, His “Feigin Rounds” were an unparalleled learning experience and were and his untimely death in 2008 leaves a void that will never be filled. legendary among medical students and residents. In 1977, Ralph moved Ralph Feigin was born in New York City on April 3, 1938. He gradu- to Houston, Texas, to accept the challenge of being the Chair of Pediatrics ated from Columbia College in New York City in 1958 and received for Baylor College of Medicine and the Physician-in-Chief at Texas his M.D. from Boston University School of Medicine in 1962. He married Children’s Hospital. During the ensuing 30 years, the Department grew Judith S. Zobel, a childhood friend, in 1960 while in medical school. from 43 faculty members to almost 500. One of us (SLK) came under Ralph completed his first two years of pediatric residency at Boston Ralph’s spell in St. Louis and moved to Houston with him. Another City Hospital and his third year at the Massachusetts General Hospital. one of us (GJH), an intern in Houston in 1977, was waiting for Dr. He then fulfilled his military service requirement at the United States Feigin when he arrived. Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, In Houston, Ralph served as the Chair of Pediatrics for Baylor College Maryland. While at the United States Army Research Institute, he of Medicine and the Physician-in-Chief at Texas Children’s Hospital participated in significant studies relating to circadian periodicity and for 31 years. For 7 years of his tenure, he also served as President and susceptibility to infections, as well as other studies that resulted in eight CEO of Baylor College of Medicine. In addition to his commitments publications for which he was the first author. After completing his in Houston, Ralph served in leadership roles on more than 100 local, service commitment, he was Chief Resident at Massachusetts General regional, and national committees and professional societies. His efforts Hospital during the 1967-68 academic year. in persuading government officials of all ranks helped children in Texas, Ralph was recruited to Washington University in St. Louis by Phil the United States, and in all parts of the world. Many consider him to Dodge in 1968, and soon thereafter he and one of us (JDC), who was have been the foremost pediatrician in the world. then at St. Louis University, got together and forged an academic and Not only was Dr. Feigin a powerhouse of energy, speed, and unsur- personal friendship that continued until the time of his death. Over 40 passed accomplishments, but he also was a gentleman, full of compassion, years ago, Ralph and Jim recognized the need for a comprehensive book warmth, and kindness, and a man who kept people and patients first on pediatric infectious diseases, but because of their busy schedules in his heart and mind. He was a loving husband to his wife, Judy, and the plan was put on hold, and in 1973 Jim moved to California. In a proud father to his three children, Susan, Debra, and Michael; doting 1976, the pediatric research meetings were held in St. Louis, and at this grandfather to his six grandchildren, Rebecca, Matthew, Sarah, Rachel, time Jim and Ralph met with W. B. Saunders representatives, and the Jacob, and Eli; and a mentor to so many in the field of pediatrics and book was conceived. The first edition of the textbook was published 5 pediatric infectious diseases. Ralph Feigin is missed by everyone who years later in the fall of 1981. In comparison with this 8th edition, it knew him, particularly by Judy Feigin and the family as well as by the was a modest effort, with 44 chapters and 124 contributors. present editors of this eighth edition of Feigin and Cherry. vi James D. Cherry, MD, MSc Distinguished Research Professor of Pediatrics David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Attending Physician Pediatric Infectious Diseases Mattel Children’s Hospital UCLA Los Angeles, California Gail J.
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