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Stockholm Studies in Human Geography No. 19 ACTA UNIVERSITATIS STOCKHOLMIENSIS Stockholm Studies in Human Geography No. 19 ii Co-Management Challenges in the Lake Victoria Fisheries A Context Approach Adolphine G. Kateka iii ©Adolphine G. Kateka and Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis, Stockholm 2010 ISSN 0349-7003 ISBN 978-91-86071-31-8 Södertörn Doctoral Dissertations 42 ISSN 1652-7399 ISBN 978-91-86069-14-8 (Södertörns högskola) Printed in Sweden by US AB, Stockholm, Sweden 2010 Distributor: eddy.se ab, Visby, Sweden iv Abstract This doctoral thesis examines the challenges to co-management in the Tan- zania part of Lake Victoria. The thesis mainly addresses the Nile perch fi- shery and uses the fishing communities of Bukoba Rural district, Tanzania as a case study. Co-management in Lake Victoria is defined as the sharing of the management responsibilities between the state and the fishing communi- ties. Thus, reducing the role of the state and enhancing that of the communi- ties was seen as a solution to the problems of poverty and illegal fishing that are threatening the sustainability of the fishery and the fishers dependent on it. In spite of these proclaimed efforts, studies are consistently showing that poverty and illegal fishing are on the increase, a fact that is raising questions on the efficacy of co-management in Lake Victoria. Such questions have particularly focused on the co-management model and the assumptions that underlie it. The central argument in this thesis, however, is that co- management in Lake Victoria has been decontextualized and dehistoricized. Therefore, this study takes as its premise the fact that the context in which co-management is implemented and in which the problems of poverty and illegal fishing are embedded, to a certain extent is a constraint to its perfor- mance. For analysis, the thesis applies a multi-level approach and draws insights from the common pool resources theory, the actor-oriented ap- proach, the entitlement framework, and the theory of the state. Detailed in- terviews across scale, secondary data, policy documents, and laws, supported by quantitative data are the methods applied in this study. Analysis of the context reveals gross incongruence between rhetoric at the higher levels and what is feasible on the ground. In particular, the international and national politics behind the Nile perch fishery, supported by neo-liberal policies, are exacerbating the problems of poverty and illegal fishing in the studied fish- ing communities. Key words: Lake Victoria, co-management, Nile perch fishery, poverty, il- legal fishing, multi-level analysis, neo-liberal policies, Bukoba, Tanzania. v To Kahabuka Edward Kateka, I dedicate this book. vi Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................... v Contents ...................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ............................................................................................................ xi List of Tables ............................................................................................................. xi Abbreviations .............................................................................................. xii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................xiii Chapter 1 - Introduction .......................................................................... 17 1.1 Study Background ............................................................................................ 17 1.1.1 The path to co-management - overview ............................................. 21 1.1.2 A case for co-management in the LVF- overview .............................. 23 1.1.3 Co-management within the 1997 TFP ................................................ 24 1.2 Problem definition within the context approach ......................................... 25 1.2.1 The context approach ............................................................................. 29 1.3 The research objectives and questions ........................................................ 33 1.4 Delimiting the study......................................................................................... 35 1.4.1 Scale .......................................................................................................... 35 1.4.2. Social vs. ecological investigation ....................................................... 35 1.4.3 The historical analysis ............................................................................ 35 1.4.4 General comments .................................................................................. 36 1.5 The Limitations of the study ........................................................................... 36 1.6 The Study Outline ............................................................................................ 37 Summary .................................................................................................................. 38 Chapter 2 – Study Area ........................................................................... 39 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 39 2.2 Tanzania ............................................................................................................. 40 2.3 Kagera Region ................................................................................................... 41 2.4 Bukoba Rural district ....................................................................................... 43 2.5 The people of Bukoba ...................................................................................... 44 2.6 The Political Administration of the Study Area ........................................... 47 2.7 The fishing communities ................................................................................. 50 2.8 Lake Victoria ...................................................................................................... 53 2.8 1. The physical features of Lake Victoria ................................................ 53 vii 2.8.2 The fish stocks ......................................................................................... 54 2.8.3 The Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) .............................................. 55 2.8.4 The Nile perch (Lates Niloticus) ............................................................ 56 2.8.5 The socio-economic dynamics of the Nile perch ................................ 57 Summary .................................................................................................................. 60 Chapter 3 – Study Methodology............................................................. 61 3. 1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 61 3.2 Epistemological and Ontological Contexts ................................................... 61 3.3 Research strategy - A multilevel approach .................................................. 63 3.4 Choice of Study Area ....................................................................................... 65 3.5 Research process .............................................................................................. 68 3.5.1The exploratory stage .............................................................................. 68 3.5.2 The main field work ................................................................................ 69 3. 5.3.Sampling techniques ............................................................................. 70 3.5.4 Data analysis ............................................................................................ 70 3.6 Validity of data .................................................................................................. 71 3.7 Data collection methods .................................................................................. 71 3.7.1 Oral traditions .......................................................................................... 72 3.7.2 Archives ..................................................................................................... 74 3.7.3 Poverty analysis ....................................................................................... 75 3.7.4 Interviews ................................................................................................. 78 3.7.5 Household interviews .............................................................................. 78 3.7.6 Group interviews /discussions ............................................................... 79 3.7.7 Key informants ......................................................................................... 80 Chapter 4 – Theoretical Perspectives.................................................... 81 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 81 4.2 The common pool resources (CPR) theory .................................................. 81 4.3 The Actor Oriented Approach ......................................................................... 83 4.4 Structuration theory- Agency, structure and power .................................. 85 4.5 The Entitlement Approach .............................................................................. 87 4.6 The State ..........................................................................................................
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