DOCSLIB.ORG

DIASPORA for DEVELOPMENT in AFRICA Sonia Plaza and Dilip Ratha, Editors

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
DIASPORA for DEVELOPMENT in AFRICA Sonia Plaza and Dilip Ratha, Editors DIASPORA for DEVELOPMENT in AFRICA Sonia Plaza and Dilip Ratha, Editors DIASPORA FOR DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA DIASPORA FOR DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA Sonia Plaza and Dilip Ratha Editors © 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 14 13 12 11 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Devel- opment / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www .copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Diaspora for development in Africa / edited by Sonia Plaza and Dilip Ratha. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8213-8258-5 — ISBN 978-0-8213-8619-4 1. African diaspora—Economic aspects. 2. Africans—Foreign countries—Economic aspects. 3. Economic development—Finance—Africa. 4. Africa—Emigration and immigration— Economic aspects. 5. Emigrant remittances—Africa. 6. Entrepreneurship—Africa. 7. Migration for Development in Africa (Program) I. Plaza, Sonia. II. Ratha, Dilip. DT16.5.D536 2011 304.82096—dc22 2011013214 ISBN: 978-0-8213-8258-5 eISBN: 978-0-8213-8619-4 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8258-5 Cover illustration by: Diana Ong/SuperStock by Getty Images Cover design by Drew Fasick Contents Foreword xi Acknowledgments xiii Contributors xv Abbreviations xxiii OVERVIEW Harnessing Diaspora Resources for Africa1 Sonia Plaza and Dilip Ratha 1 Diasporas of the South: Situating the African Diaspora in Africa 55 Jonathan Crush 2 Another Link in the Chain: Migrant Networks and International Investment 79 David Leblang 3 Return Migration and Small Enterprise Development in the Maghreb 103 Flore Gubert and Christophe J. Nordman 4 Diaspora Bonds: Tapping the Diaspora during Difficult Times 127 Suhas L. Ketkar and Dilip Ratha v vi CONTENTS 5 African Diaspora Associations in Denmark: A Study of Their Development Activities and Potentials 145 Lars Ove Trans and Ida Marie Vammen 6 The Financial Consequences of High-Skill Emigration: Lessons from African Doctors Abroad 165 Michael A. Clemens 7 France’s Codevelopment Program: Financial and Fiscal Incentives to Promote Diaspora Entrepreneurship and Transfers 183 Marion Panizzon 8 The Migration for Development in Africa Experience and Beyond 231 Ndioro Ndiaye, Susanne Melde, and Rougui Ndiaye-Coïc 9 Reinforcing the Contributions of African Diasporas to Development 261 Chukwu-Emeka Chikezie 10 Migration and Productive Investment: A Conceptual Framework 283 Valeria Galetto Boxes 1 Defining Diasporas 3 2 The Role of Embassies in Enabling Diasporas 35 5.1 Danish Senior Citizens 150 5.2 The Ghanaian Female Chief 159 8.1 Different Modalities of Transfer of Intellectual and Socioprofessional Resources 237 8.2 MIDA Great Lakes – Enhancing the Capacity of the University of Goma 241 8.3 How the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda Include the Diaspora and Migration Communities in Country Policies and Action Plans 249 CONTENTS vii Figures 1 Top Sources of African Immigrants in the United States, 20105 2 Migration and Trade Go Hand in Hand9 3 Investments in Business and Housing Funded by Remittances from Within and Outside Africa 11 1.1 Official Levels of Migration, South Africa, 1990–2002 61 5.1 Types of Development Activities 152 6.1 Percentage of African-Born Doctors in the United States Who Received Their Medical Doctor Degrees in Their Countries of Birth 169 6.2 Time Elapsed between Receipt of Doctor of Medicine Degree and Arrival in Canada or the United States, for Those Who Received Their Doctor of Medicine Degree in Their African Country of Birth 170 6.3 Annual Remittances to Country of Birth for Physicians Born in Africa, Residing in Canada and the United States in 2006, Including Nonremitters 172 8.1 MIDA Framework 232 8.2 Profiles of the 1,100 Candidates Registered in the MIDA Great Lakes Database 235 10.1 Migration Prevalence Ratio, San Juanico and Xhániro, 1950–2005 309 10.2 Share of Avocado Producers among Household Heads, San Juanico, 2005 310 Tables 1 The Potential for Diaspora Savings in African Countries, 2009 15 2 Countries Permitting and Prohibiting Dual Citizenship for Adults 25 1.1 Cumulative Global Migration Flows, 2005 57 1.2 Global African Migrant Stock by Region 58 1.3 Migrant Stock in South Africa, 2001 61 viii CONTENTS 1.4 SADC Countries of Origin of Migrants to South Africa, 2001 62 1.5 Variable Estimates of Southern African Development Community Migrant Stock in South Africa 63 1.6 Demographic Profile of African Diaspora in South Africa, 2001 64 1.7 Regional Distribution of South African Diaspora 66 1.8 Major Countries of South African Diaspora 66 1.9 Phases of South African Immigration to Australia, Canada, and New Zealand 67 1.10 Health Professionals in the South African Diaspora, Circa 2000 69 1.11 Comparing the Diasporas 70 1.12 Use of Remittances in Countries of Origin 72 2.1 Effect of Organizations, Institutions, and Information on Cross-Border Investment 88 2.2 Endogeneity 93 2.3 Information and Heterogeneous Investments 95 2.4 External Voting Rights 96 3.1 Overseas Destination and Mean Duration of Stay of Returnees 107 3.2 Characteristics of Return Migrants 109 3.3 Characteristics of Return Migrants by Employment Status 112 3.4 Employment Status during Migration, by Last Country of Immigration 116 4.1 Comparison of Israeli and Indian Diaspora Bonds 132 4.2 Countries with Large Diasporas Abroad 135 5.1 Development Activities in Relation to Membership Composition 154 5.2 Funding Sources in Relation to Membership Composition 154 5.3 Typology of the Associations Involved in Development Activities 157 7.1 French Migration Pacts 204 9.1 Correlating Productivity Drivers with Forms of Diaspora Capital 270 CONTENTS ix 9.2 Pros and Cons of Integrated Compared to Dual Diaspora Engagement Strategies 273 9.3 Specific Policies and Initiatives to Harness African Diaspora Resources 274 9.4 Strategies for Matching Diaspora Investors and Entrepreneurs with Possible Actions 276 10.1 Studies Reporting a Significant Association between Migration and Productive Investment in Migrant-Sending Regions 290 10.2 Studies Reporting a Limited Association between Migration and Productive Investment in Migrant-Sending Regions 295 Foreword The diaspora of developing countries can be a potent force for development for their countries of origin, through remittances, but also, importantly, through promotion of trade, investments, research, innovation, and knowl- edge and technology transfers. This book brings relevant experience from both developed and developing countries to bear on issues confronting today’s governments in linking with their diaspora. The chapters present different approaches used by countries that have tried to maximize the pos- sible gains from migration by engaging more comprehensively with differ- ent diaspora groups and individuals. A sizable amount of research has been conducted on the topic of migra- tion over the last several years. Early studies on immigration policy assumed that migrants leave their countries, settle in a new country, start integrating in their new society, and abandon their ties with their country of origin. Today, however, it is possible for immigrants to remain con- nected with—and give back to—their native countries while residing abroad, thus diminishing their loss of identity and separation from their countries of origin. There has been a shift in the discussion from seeing the emigration of skilled people as a loss, to seeing skilled migration as an opportunity to get remittances, trade, investment projects, and new knowledge. China; India; Israel; Japan; the Republic of Korea; and Taiwan, China are examples of xi xii FOREWORD economies that have tapped into their diasporas as a source of knowledge. In addition, there has been a new emphasis on including both skilled and unskilled migrants as contributors to host and home country development. To expand our knowledge about diaspora, the World Bank organized an International Conference on Diaspora and Development, held on July 13–14, 2009, in Washington, DC. The conference aimed to consolidate research and evidence on these issues with a view to formulating policies in both sending and receiving countries. The chapters in this volume pres- ent the findings of 10 papers chosen out of 32 presented at the conference. Some African countries are pursuing policies to develop links with Africans abroad, either to encourage them to return or to use their skills, knowledge, or financial capital to foster African development. The book discusses concrete examples of diaspora initiatives that are being imple- mented in Africa.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nationalism; *Peace; Political Attitudes; Slvery; Terrorism; Violence; War; World Problems IDENTIFIERS *Africa; *Peace Education
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 396 074 CE 070 196 AUTHOR Kisembo, Paul TITLE A Popular Version of Yash Tandon's Militarism and Peace Education in Africa. INSTITUTION African Association for Literacy and Adult Education. Nairobi (Kenya). PUB DATE 93 NOTE 52p. PUB TYPE Viewpoints (Opinion/Position Papers, Essays, etc.) (120) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plhs Postage. DESCRIPTORS Adult Education; *Civil Liberties; Civil Rights; *Colonialisn; Community Education; Conflict Resolution; Developing Nations; Economic Development; Foreign Countries; *Freedom; International Relations; *Nationalism; *Peace; Political Attitudes; Slvery; Terrorism; Violence; War; World Problems IDENTIFIERS *Africa; *Peace Education ABSTRACT This book is a briefer, simpler popular edition of "Militarism and Peace Education in Africa." It is intended to interest the African peoples in the problems of peace and allow them to discuss and debate the issues of militarism and peace for Africa and to suggest solutions. It is also intended to interest leading organizations and people working at the grassroots level in urban and rural areas in problems of militarism and peace education. The first two chapters show hoW, in former times, militarism was brought to Africa by the Europeans through slave trade and colonialism. Chapter 3 shows how militarism continued after independence under neocolonialism in these forms: state terrorism, militarism based on ethnic nationality/conflicts, militarism resulting from "pastoralist conflicts," militarism resulting from cultural and religious conflicts, and militarism based on ideological conflicts. Chapter 4 explores how militarism is still connected to the exploitation and oppression of Africa with the new strategy called "low intensity conflict" or "low intensity war." Chapter 5 considers developing types of peace education and proposed content of peace education.
    [Show full text]
  • The Turkish Diaspora in Europe Integration, Migration, and Politics
    GETTY GEBERT IMAGES/ANDREAS The Turkish Diaspora in Europe Integration, Migration, and Politics By Max Hoffman, Alan Makovsky, and Michael Werz December 2020 WWW.AMERICANPROGRESS.ORG Contents 1 Introduction and summary 4 Key findings 9 Detailed findings and country analyses 34 Conclusion 37 About the authors and acknowledgments 38 Appendix: Citizenship laws and migration history in brief 44 Endnotes Introduction and summary More than 5 million people of Turkish descent live in Europe outside Turkey itself, a human connection that has bound Turkey and the wider European community together since large-scale migration began in the 1960s.1 The questions of immigra- tion, citizenship, integration, assimilation, and social exchange sparked by this migra- tion and the establishment of permanent Turkish diaspora communities in Europe have long been politically sensitive. Conservative and far-right parties in Europe have seized upon issues of migration and cultural diversity, often engaging in fearmonger- ing about immigrant communities and playing upon some Europeans’ anxiety about rapid demographic change. Relations between the European Union—as well as many of its constituent member states—and Turkey have deteriorated dramatically in recent years. And since 2014, Turks abroad, in Europe and elsewhere around the world, have been able to vote in Turkish elections, leading to active campaigning by some Turkish leaders in European countries. For these and several other reasons, political and aca- demic interest in the Turkish diaspora and its interactions
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Remittances: the Role of Diaspora in Poverty Reduction in Their Countries of Origin
    Beyond Remittances: The Role of Diaspora in Poverty Reduction in their Countries of Origin A Scoping Study by the Migration Policy Institute for the Department of International Development July 2004 By Kathleen Newland, Director with Erin Patrick, Associate Policy Analyst Migration Policy Institute 1400 16th Street, NW, Suite 300 Washington, DC 20036 202-266-1940 www.migrationpolicy.org The Migration Policy Institute is an independent, nonpartisan, nonprofit think tank dedicated to the study of the movement of people worldwide. The Institute provides knowledge-based analysis, development, and evaluation of migration and refugee policies at the local, national, and international levels. Additional information on migration and development can be found on the Migration Information Source, MPI’s web-based resource for current and accurate migration and refugee data and analysis at www.migrationinformation.org. i Table of Contents Executive Summary iv Introduction 1 Table 1: Resource flows to developing countries (in billions of US$) Part I: Overview of Country of Origin Policies and Practice towards Diaspora 3 China Table 2: Foreign Direct Investment Inflows in China, (1990-2001) India Table 3: Percentage Distribution of NRIs and PIOs by Region Text Box: “Investment or remittances? Chinese and Indian Patterns” Eritrea Table 4: Total Number of Eritrean Refugees, 1992-2003 The Philippines Mexico Table 5: Stock of Foreign Born from Mexico in the United States, 1995-2003 Taiwan Reflections Part II: Diaspora Engagement in Countries of Origin 14 Home Town Associations Business Networks Building Social Capital Perpetuating Conflict Moderating Conflict Philanthropy Reflections Part III: Donors’ Engagement with Diaspora 23 Human Capital Programs Community Development Research Building Capacity in Diaspora Communities Reflections ii Part IV: Recommendations 28 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Notions of Diaspora
    Published in International Affairs 72 (3), July 1996, 507–20 DIASPORAS AND THE STATE: FROM VICTIMS TO CHALLENGERS Robin Cohen The notion of ‘diaspora’, used first in the classical world, has acquired renewed importance in the late twentieth century. Once the term applied principally to Jews and less commonly to Greeks, Armenians and Africans. Now at least thirty ethnic groups declare that they are a diaspora, or are so deemed by others. Why these sudden proclamations? Frightened by the extent of international migration and their inability to construct a stable, pluralist, social order many states have turned away from the idea of assimilating or integrating their ethnic minorities. For their part, minorities no longer desire to abandon their pasts. Many retain or have acquired dual citizenship, while the consequences of globalisation have meant that ties with a homeland can be preserved or even reinvented. How have diasporas changed? What consequences arise for the nation-state? ∗ Until a few years ago most characterisations of diasporas emphasized their catastrophic origins and uncomfortable outcomes. The idea that ‘diaspora’ implied forcible dispersion was found in Deuteronomy (28: 25), with the addition of a thunderous Old Testament warning that a ‘scattering to other lands’ constituted the punishment for a people who had forsaken the righteous paths and abandoned the old ways. So closely, indeed, had ‘diaspora’ become associated with this unpropitious Jewish tradition that the origins of the word have virtually been lost. In fact, the term ‘diaspora’ is found in the Greek translation of the Bible and originates in the words ‘to sow widely’.
    [Show full text]
  • In Brief... the African Pharmaceutical Distribution Association Holds Its
    Vol. 26, No. 21 FOCUS International Federation of Pharmaceutical Wholesalers October 31, 2019 The African Pharmaceutical Distribution In Brief... Association Holds Its First Official U.S. heathcare distribution solutions provider McKesson Corporation posted total revenues of US$57.6 billion, Meeting in Morocco reflecting 9% growth in its second quarter of 2020. U.S. On Thursday, October 10th, the new African Pharmaceutical pharmaceutical and specialty solutions segment saw revenues Distribution Association (APDA) got down to the business of of US$46.0 billion, up 10 percent. Operating profit came in at positively impacting the pharmaceutical supply chain to ensure US$639 million with an operating margin of 1.39%, down 14 its safety and security on the African continent. This was the third basis points due to higher volume of specialty pharmaceuticals. meeting of the new association. Previous organizational meetings Adjusted operating profit was up 1% to US$641 million due to were held in Lusaka, Zambia in November 2018 and Accra, Ghana continued growth in the specialty businesses and partially offset in April of 2019. Those meetings helped to determine the level of by customer and product mix. interest in such an association and, once validated, to establish a Romania’s Competition Council approved the acquisition Steering Committee to manage the efforts required to stand up the of three smaller drug store chains by German distribution group association until a board of directors could be seated and formal Phoenix. The three chains (Tino Farm, Flora Farm and initial members identified. Proxi-Pharm) are subsidiaries of Help Net Farma, one of the The third meeting took place October 9th – 11th in Casablanca, biggest networks of pharmacies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lived Experiences of Black Caribbean Immigrants in the Greater Hartford Area
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn University Scholar Projects University Scholar Program Spring 5-1-2021 Untold Stories of the African Diaspora: The Lived Experiences of Black Caribbean Immigrants in the Greater Hartford Area Shanelle A. Jones [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/usp_projects Part of the Immigration Law Commons, Labor Economics Commons, Migration Studies Commons, Political Science Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons, and the Work, Economy and Organizations Commons Recommended Citation Jones, Shanelle A., "Untold Stories of the African Diaspora: The Lived Experiences of Black Caribbean Immigrants in the Greater Hartford Area" (2021). University Scholar Projects. 69. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/usp_projects/69 Untold Stories of the African Diaspora: The Lived Experiences of Black Caribbean Immigrants in the Greater Hartford Area Shanelle Jones University Scholar Committee: Dr. Charles Venator (Chair), Dr. Virginia Hettinger, Dr. Sara Silverstein B.A. Political Science & Human Rights University of Connecticut May 2021 Abstract: The African Diaspora represents vastly complex migratory patterns. This project studies the journeys of English-speaking Afro-Caribbeans who immigrated to the US for economic reasons between the 1980s-present day. While some researchers emphasize the success of West Indian immigrants, others highlight the issue of downward assimilation many face upon arrival in the US. This paper explores the prospect of economic incorporation into American society for West Indian immigrants. I conducted and analyzed data from an online survey and 10 oral histories of West Indian economic migrants residing in the Greater Hartford Area to gain a broader perspective on the economic attainment of these immigrants.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Fileiranian Migrations to Dubai: Constraints and Autonomy of A
    Iranian Migrations to Dubai: Constraints and Autonomy of a Segmented Diaspora Amin Moghadam Working Paper No. 2021/3 January 2021 The Working Papers Series is produced jointly by the Ryerson Centre for Immigration and Settlement (RCIS) and the CERC in Migration and Integration www.ryerson.ca/rcis www.ryerson.ca/cerc-migration Working Paper No. 2021/3 Iranian Migrations to Dubai: Constraints and Autonomy of a Segmented Diaspora Amin Moghadam Ryerson University Series Editors: Anna Triandafyllidou and Usha George The Working Papers Series is produced jointly by the Ryerson Centre for Immigration and Settlement (RCIS) and the CERC in Migration and Integration at Ryerson University. Working Papers present scholarly research of all disciplines on issues related to immigration and settlement. The purpose is to stimulate discussion and collect feedback. The views expressed by the author(s) do not necessarily reflect those of the RCIS or the CERC. For further information, visit www.ryerson.ca/rcis and www.ryerson.ca/cerc-migration. ISSN: 1929-9915 Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 Canada License A. Moghadam Abstract In this paper I examine the way modalities of mobility and settlement contribute to the socio- economic stratification of the Iranian community in Dubai, while simultaneously reflecting its segmented nature, complex internal dynamics, and relationship to the environment in which it is formed. I will analyze Iranian migrants’ representations and their cultural initiatives to help elucidate the socio-economic hierarchies that result from differentiated access to distinct social spaces as well as the agency that migrants have over these hierarchies. In doing so, I examine how social categories constructed in the contexts of departure and arrival contribute to shaping migratory trajectories.
    [Show full text]
  • A/HRC/15/20/Add.2 General Assembly
    United Nations A/HRC/15/20/Add.2 General Assembly Distr.: General 16 August 2010 Original: English Human Rights Council Fifteenth session Agenda item 3 Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences, Gulnara Shahinian Addendum Mission to Mauritania* ** * Late submission. ** The summary is being circulated in all official languages. The report itself, contained in the annex to the summary, is being circulated in English and French only. A/HRC/15/20/Add.2 Summary In accordance with her mandate contained in Human Rights Council resolution 6/14 and at the invitation of the Government of Mauritania, the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences, Gulnara Shahinian, conducted an official mission to Mauritania from 24 October to 4 November 2009. The main objective of the mission was to look at the effectiveness of the Mauritanian policies, laws and specific programmes to combat slavery. The mission also explored the extent to which factors like discrimination, poverty, culture, religion, education and employment policies hinder or contribute to the end of slavery. Slavery in Mauritania was abolished in 1980 and criminalized in 2007. Despite laws, programmes and difference of opinion with regard to the existence of slavery in Mauritania, the Special Rapporteur concluded that de facto slavery continues to exist in Mauritania. The Special Rapporteur met with victims of slavery who had been utterly deprived of their basic human rights. These victims had recently fled from their masters and reported that they had left family members behind.
    [Show full text]
  • An Africana Womanist Reading of the Unity of Thought and Action
    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 22, Issue 3, Ver. V (March. 2017) PP 58-64 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org An Africana womanist Reading of the Unity of Thought and Action Nahed Mohammed Ahmed Abstract:- This article examines the importance of establishing an authentic African-centered paradigm in Black Studies. In doing so, this article selects Clenora Hudson-Weems’ Africana womanism paradigm as an example. The unity of thought and action is the most important concept in this paradigm. The article tries to trace the main features of such a concept and how these features are different from these in other gender-based paradigms. Africana womanism, coming out of the rich and old legacy of African womanhood, then, is an authentic Afrocentric paradigm. Africana womanism is a term coined in the late 1980s by Clenora Hudson- Weems. As a pioneer of such an Africana womanist literary theory, Hudson-Weems explains the term Africana womanism as follows: Africana means African-Americans, African-Caribbeans, African-Europeans, and Continental Africans. Womanism is more specific because “terminology derived from the word ‘woman’ is . more specific when naming a group of the human race” (“Africana Womanism: An Overview” 205-17). Besides, womanism is a recall for Sojourner Truth's powerful speech, “And Ain't I a Woman " affirming that the Africana woman 's problem lies in being black and not in being a woman in which she was forced to speak about race issues because "she was hissed and jeered at because she was black, not because she was a woman, since she was among the community of women" (207).The present article uncovers the importance of Hudson-Weems’ quest for an authentic Africana paradigm through shedding light on her concept of the unity between thought and action, used by earlier authentic Africana paradigms, namely Black aestheticism and Afrocentricity In “Africana Womanism and the Critical Need for Africana Theory and Thought,” Hudson-Weems clarifies her concept of the unity between thought and action.
    [Show full text]
  • I Am Because We Are: Africana Womanism As a Vehicle of Empowerment and Influence”
    “I Am Because We Are: Africana Womanism as a Vehicle of Empowerment and Influence” Janiece L. Blackmon Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In History Committee Chair: Dr. Beverly Bunch‐Lyons Committee Member: Dr. Hayward Farrar Committee Member: Dr. Brett L. Shadle June 16, 2008 Blacksburg, VA Keywords: Gender, Africana womanism, Rastafarianism, Black Panther Party, Nation of Gods and Earths “I Am Because We Are: Africana Womanism as a Vehicle of Empowerment and Influence” Janiece L. Blackmon ABSTRACT The purpose of this research project has been to shed light on the experiences of Black women in Afrocentric groups—Nation of Gods and Earths, the Black Panther Party, and Rastafarians—that operated on the fringes of society during the 1960s through the early 2000s. This work articulates the gender dynamics between the men and women of the groups. In it, I trace the history of Black nationalism and identity in the United States in the late 19th century to the 20th century which set the framework for the formation of the Nation of Gods and Earths (NGE), the Black Panther Party(BPP), and Rastafarianism and its members to see themselves as a part of the Black nation or community and the women of these groups to see their identity tied in with the goals and desires of the group not as one set on individualistic ambitions. The Africana womanist did not see herself as an individual but rather a vital part of the entire Black community.
    [Show full text]
  • Afro-Latinos in Latin America and Considerations for U.S. Policy
    Order Code RL32713 Afro-Latinos in Latin America and Considerations for U.S. Policy Updated November 21, 2008 Clare Ribando Seelke Analyst in Latin American Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Afro-Latinos in Latin America and Considerations for U.S. Policy Summary The 110th Congress has maintained an interest in the situation of Afro-Latinos in Latin America, particularly the plight of Afro-Colombians affected by the armed conflict in Colombia. In recent years, people of African descent in the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking nations of Latin America — also known as “Afro-Latinos” — have been pushing for increased rights and representation. Afro-Latinos comprise some 150 million of the region’s 540 million total population, and, along with women and indigenous populations, are among the poorest, most marginalized groups in the region. Afro-Latinos have formed groups that, with the help of international organizations, are seeking political representation, human rights protection, land rights, and greater social and economic opportunities. Improvement in the status of Afro-Latinos could be difficult and contentious, however, depending on the circumstances of the Afro-descendant populations in each country. Assisting Afro-Latinos has never been a primary U.S. foreign policy objective, although a number of U.S. aid programs benefit Afro-Latinos. While some foreign aid is specifically targeted towards Afro-Latinos, most is distributed broadly through programs aimed at helping all marginalized populations. Some Members support increasing U.S. assistance to Afro-Latinos, while others resist, particularly given the limited amount of development assistance available for Latin America. In the 110th Congress, there have been several bills with provisions related to Afro-Latinos.
    [Show full text]
  • MORAL PANICS and MIGRANT DEVIANCE: PERCEIVED ATTITUDE and INTENTIONS the Sept
    Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman MORAL PANICS AND MIGRANT DEVIANCE: PERCEIVED ATTITUDE AND INTENTIONS The Sept. 28, 2007 news report of the murder of two local women by African students in Kuala Lumpur resulted in a spate of crime stories amplifying and vilifying African Nationals and students. The media constructed a newly stylized word Awang Hitam to describe this deviant group. Relying on Ben Yehuda’s (1994) five criterion model and findings from a content analysis of news articles in the local dailies from 2007 to 2010, the African deviance can be defined as moral panic, a term introduced by Stan Cohen (1972). Miller David and Jacquie Reilly (1994) argued that media content alone cannot determine the emergence or disappearance of a moral panic. In tandem with this argument this study also explored the media impact on attitude and behavioural intentions of audience which is often unexplored but vital in defining a moral panic phenomenon. The survey revealed that the panic in the moral panic was not evident. The respondents had positive attitude towards African students. Intentions to avoid befriending them was also not evident. All the three constructs of the Theory of Planned Behaviour were predictive of behavioural Intentions to befriend African students. We conclude by emphasizing that the African moral panic phenomenon needs to be examined from all its authors or agents namely media, police, relevant government departments, NGO’s and public before it can be confirmed as an authentic nation-wide moral panic. Thinavan P. & Kumutham K. MORAL PANICS AND MIGRANT DEVIANCE: PERCEIVED ATTITUDE AND INTENTIONS Thinavan P.
    [Show full text]