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Quantum Transport and Control of Atomic Motion with Light

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Quantum Transport and Control of Atomic Motion with Light Copyright by Braulio Guti¶errez-Medina 2004 The Dissertation Committee for Braulio Guti¶errez-Medina certi¯es that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Quantum Transport and Control of Atomic Motion with Light Committee: Mark G. Raizen, Supervisor Joe C. Campbell Duane A. Dicus Manfred Fink Greg O. Sitz Quantum Transport and Control of Atomic Motion with Light by Braulio Guti¶errez-Medina,B.S. DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Ful¯llment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN August 2004 To my family x Dicen que en el ri~n¶onde Andaluc¶³ahubo una escuela de m¶edicos.El maestro preguntaba: ->Qu¶ehay con este enfermo, Pepillo? -Para m¶³{respond¶³ael disc¶³pulo{que se trae una cefalalgia entre pecho y espalda que lo tiene frito. ->Y por qu¶elo dices, salado? -Se~normaestro: porque me sale del alma. ALFONSO REYES Acknowledgments I would like to thank my advisor Mark Raizen, for giving me the opportunity to work in such an exceptional lab. Mark is an extraordinary physicist always developing new ideas, which he shares with his students with contagious en- thusiasm. It has been an invaluable learning experience working together with him over the past six years. When I joined the lab in the summer of 1998, I started working with Martin Fischer. Since then, until he graduated, I never stopped asking him questions, which he answered always with patience and an e®ort to make things clear. It was him who introduced me into the complexities and secrets of top experimental physics. Most importantly, he o®ered his friendship. The latter is an element absolutely necessary to enjoy our daily activities, and I am very happy to have counted on him for that. Together, we worked on the experiments of references [1, 2]. In early 2001, Kevin Henderson arrived in the lab to join the sodium experiment. The Zeno and Anti-Zeno studies had just concluded, and we decided to start working on a new vacuum chamber, designed to produce a Bose-Einstein condensate. From the beginning of this enterprise, Kevin has worked enormously towards its success. He has an amazing source of energy, and an invariable willingness to help, which I truly appreciate. The organization Kevin has implemented in the lab has helped us to become more e±cient. v The newest member of the sodium team is Hrishikesh Kelkar, who started working with us in the summer of 2003. Hrishi has proved to be a valuable addition to the lab, and I have enjoyed discussions with him over a large number of subjects, ranging from hidden variable theories to the physical and culinary properties of turmeric. With Kevin and Hrishi working together, the experiment will be in good hands. Our postdoc Florian Schreck has provided essential contributions to the experiment. Florian has been focused mainly on the rubidium BEC e®orts, where he has developed a very generic software program that controls the timing of our experiments. Florian is always full of ideas and is ready to help whenever needed. I have learned a lot from him, and enjoyed his friendship as well. Several other students have helped in the advancement of the exper- iment. ArtÄemDudarev worked with Martin and me on the recoil-induced resonances studies and later made signi¯cant contributions during the early stages of the BEC apparatus. Master's student Artur Widera designed and constructed our Zeeman slower. Robert Morgan worked in the construction of the cloverleaf magnetic trap. Finally, undergraduate students Patrick Bloom and Greg Henry implemented a number of necessary small projects. I have enjoyed over the years the atmosphere of friendship existing in our lab, developed with the workers of the other experiment. The previous generation of students in the cesium setup included Dan Steck and Windell Oskay, and our former postdoc Valery Milner. More recently, I have shared the pains and magni¯cence of transforming a simple MOT experiment into a BEC machine with fellow graduate students Jay Hanssen, Todd Meyrath, and vi Chih-sung Chuu; all of them good friends. In particular, I would like to thank Todd for providing help with a number of electronics projects. Using their computational and electronics expertise, Todd and Florian have developed tools which the lab as a whole has bene¯tted from. I would like to thank several people that helped me in one way or another during my stay in the Physics Department: the CNLD group; the personnel of the machine shop and cryo-lab, in particular, Allan Schroeder and Jack Cli®ord; the administrative sta® on the ¯fth floor: Glenn Suchan, Olga Vorloou, and Dorothy Walker; former graduate coordinator Norma Kotz; the CNLD administrative sta®: Rosamaria Tovar, Olga Vera, and Elena Simmons. I was fortunate to meet many good friends among fellow physics stu- dents, with whom I enjoyed miraculous days of soccer every Friday afternoon. Also, it is always nice to ¯nd people sharing the same circumstance of study- ing abroad, and I was happy to ¯nd a small Mexican crew within RLM: Eva, Francisco, Nacho, and Ram¶on. There is a life outside physics, and so I went to meet her. I rejoiced taking a few literature courses at the Spanish and Portuguese Department, where I met several friends. I want to thank Professor Enrique Fierro, from whom I have learned a lot and was generous enough to o®er a poetry workshop during the spring of 2002. Shortly after I came to Austin, I made one of the best decisions ever, which was to take dance lessons. I would like to thank the friends at the UT Ballroom Dance Club; it has been a lot of fun. I want to thank two very special physicists and friends, both gifted human beings: Luis Orozco and Kirk Madison. Luis has helped me constantly since I met him in the summer of 1996, when I visited his lab. Kirk has been vii a comrade with whom I enjoyed playing soccer or discussing physics. I have learned much from both, from their compassionate attitude towards life. I would like to thank Jay Hanssen, Kevin Henderson, Hrishikesh Kelkar, Todd Meyrath, Florian Schreck, and Greg Sitz for valuable comments and corrections that have helped improve this dissertation. I want to acknowledge ¯nancial support from a Mexican Center Fel- lowship, UT Austin, during the academic year 2001-2002. Finally, I would like to thank all the friends and family in Mexico that supported me during these years. Thank you. viii Quantum Transport and Control of Atomic Motion with Light Publication No. Braulio Guti¶errez-Medina,Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2004 Supervisor: Mark G. Raizen This dissertation describes our experimental investigations of quantum transport and atomic motion control using optical potentials. The system we study consists of ultracold sodium atoms under the influence of light forces. First, we introduce the dynamics of neutral atoms in a periodic optical potential. The system resembles the textbook problem of an electron inside the crystalline lattice, and we review the main characteristics of the interaction for the atom optics case. In particular, atoms trapped in a lattice subject to large accelerations undergo Landau-Zener tunneling, process which makes the system unstable. The number of atoms trapped in the potential shows the characteristic exponential decay over time. However, deviations from this law are predicted by quantum mechanics. We use the experimental access to the non-exponential time to demonstrate the Quantum Zeno and Anti-Zeno e®ects. These e®ects show the influence of frequent observations on the decay rate of a quantum unstable system. The second part of the dissertation introduces a new system we plan to study, namely, the quantum interaction between sodium atoms in the ground ix state and a conductive surface. We are interested in the measurement of the Casimir-Polder potential with a precision of better than 1%. In order to do this, we have chosen to launch the atoms towards the surfaces at very small incident velocities (a few mm/s), and measure the influence of the interaction on the reflection probability. Atoms reflect from the purely attractive potential due to quantum reflection, an e®ect with no classical analogy. The experimental observation of quantum reflection requires atomic distributions with temperatures below 1 ¹K. For this purpose, we have pro- duced and studied a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) with sodium atoms. The region where the BEC is created is separated spatially form the surfaces by a distance of 10 cm, vertically. In order to bring the atoms close to the surfaces prior to their launching, we have developed an optical elevator. The eleva- tor uses a moving optical lattice in the regime where tunneling is negligible. Results of the macroscopic optical transport technique, and current progress towards a measurement of the Casimir-Polder interaction, are reported. x Table of Contents Acknowledgments v Abstract ix List of Tables xv List of Figures xvi Chapter 1. Quantum Transport 1 1.1 Introduction . 2 1.1.1 Light forces . 2 1.1.2 Atoms in an optical lattice . 4 1.1.3 Scattering rate . 6 1.2 Quantum dynamics of atoms in an optical lattice . 7 1.2.1 Band structure . 7 1.2.2 An accelerating lattice . 9 1.2.3 Bloch oscillations . 12 1.2.4 Landau-Zener tunneling . 14 1.2.5 Non-exponential decay . 17 1.3 The Zeno and Anti-Zeno e®ects . 19 Chapter 2. Experimental techniques I 22 2.1 Laser cooling .
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