Bliss Family .. . I llU ._.valist cunards by Lieutenant Colonel WA Smy, the Miramachi, and opened a branch of OMM, CD, UE the company, known as Joseph Cunard he stories of Loyalists re-establish and Company, (the partners being Joseph, ing themselves in Canada after the Samuel, Edward and Henry), and were T American Revolution are legion. soon in the business of lumbering, mill­ One fami ly, though, is an exceptional ex­ ing and shipping at Chatham, NB. By ample of entrepreneuri al success - the 1832, Joseph was described as one of the Cunards of New Brunswick and Nova wealthiest and most influential merchants Scotia. 1 in the province. The fa mily had arri ved in North The company began building shi ps, America in I 683, when Thones Kunders making Richibucto the th ird largest ship­ and hi s wife settled in Germantown, ping port in New Brunswick. The compa­ Pennsylvania. Kunders was a Quaker ny's shipyards at Chatham, Bathurst, fro m Krefeldt (Crefeld), Prussia, and by Richibucto and Kouchibouguac built at least 77 ships during the period I 827- trade was a weaver and dyer. During the Cunard lifetime of the second generation in Photos provided by the author 1847 . Exports of lumber from the compa­ America, the family name was commonly ny's operation in Bathurst reached 26,500 being misspell ed in officia l documents, which would enter the timber and West tons by 1833. not an uncommon occupance in an age of India n trade. The company acquired large Henry and Samuel turned the com­ ill iteracy, when bureaucrats often spelled tracts of timberland in Cumberland pany over to Joseph in I 846. Although an phonetically. The Kunders became County and began selling timber to the audacious and daring businessman, Cunrads, Cunraeds, and Cunards. dockyard in Halifax and to purchasers in whose energies had built a vast empire in By the outbreak of the Revolution al­ England. Records refl ect the company's New Brunswick, Joseph had made en­ most one hundred years later, the fa mily import of spirits, molasses, brown sugar emies who challenged him in the courts were engaged in the mercantile trade, and coffee from the West Indies. The and legislature. These chal lenges resulted send ing shi ps from Pennsylvania to Eng­ company also acted as agents for ships in the loss of 500 square miles of land, then from England to the West owned by Bermudians and Engli shmen. timberland on the northwest Miramachi Indies, and fina lly back to Pennsylvania. The company continued to prosper, even and Nepisiguit ri vers, with the conse­ The head of the fami ly at that time, during the War of 18 12. It was not many quent impact on the company's financial Abraham Cu nard, a great-grandson of years before the company had a fl eet of wellbeing. Thones, managed a very successfu l enter­ nea rl y forty vessels of different rigs and Joseph took an active part in support­ prise, but by 1780 his whole fl eet had their business operations reached out to ing a candidate in the 1842 elections in been confiscated by the rebels, and Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick Northumberland County. The campaign Abraham was forced to fl ee to Halifax, and New England. litera ll y becoming an electi on "fight," Nova Scotia, where he obtained employ­ In 18 15-18 I 6, Abraham purchased a with some 500 to I ,000 men fi ghting in ment in the lumber yards and on the wa­ 500-acre fa rm in Rawdon wh ich became the streets, and only di spersi ng wi th the terfront. Soon after he met Margaret the family homestead until I 842. arriva l of troops. Joseph's candidate lost Murphy, a Loyalist from South Carolina In 1820, Joseph and Henry moved to the electi on, which diminished hi s politi­ and they were ma1Tied in 1783. They had cal influence in the legislature. at least seven children: William, Edward, Depressed economic conditi ons, Henry, Samuel, John, Thomas and strong competition and reckless expan­ Joseph. sion eventuall y ca ught up with the com­ On arrival at Hali fax, Abraham Cu­ pany in 1847 when it was forced to nard was employed by the Royal Engi­ declare bankruptcy. Between 500 and neers as a carpenter, and worked for the I ,000 men were out of work. Joseph Army until he retired in October I 822. moved to England in I 850 and entered Between 1784 and 1812, Abraham ac­ the ship commission business, which in­ quired property in and about Hali fax, be­ vo lved selling ships and their cargoes for ing careful to ensure that every parcel a commission. His debts were not fi nally fronted on the harbour, where he could cleared until 187 I , probably by hi s build wharves in anticipation of returning brother Samuel. to hi s fo rmer occupation and re-establish­ Joseph had married Mary Peters of ing his saili ng fleet. Bushville, NB, in I 833 , and they had four In July 18 13, the Hali fax Week ly sons and one daughter. Joseph died in Chronicle announced the establishment London 16 January 1865. of a new firm Abraham Cunard and Son, While Joseph and Henry were estab­ Samuel Cunard lishing themselves in New Brunswick, _ _T _h_e_L_o_y_a-l i -st_G_a-ze-t-te_•_P_a_g_e_2_2_0~~"""11f-\-~-·9-7.-;: -1. ;.., L' 'J . ' . ' '..r!\LI ( '._; .~~ Gl. iiLt\Luuivr\l 6vC.~' Y hreenfield, Mass., retired to Boston. He Florida. the Restoration Settlement of King was not yet 25 years old. • Louisa, born 1791 at Haverhill, mar­ Charles II in 1660, their elected ruler Samuel was commissioned a lieuten­ ried 27 March 1810 to the Hon. Arthur would be bound by parliamentary rules ant in Capt. Alexander MacDonald's Livingstone, Chief Justice of New from the old law and their puritan back­ company of the 2nd battalion of the Hampshire. ground. Thus came into being The Con­ newly formed Royal Highland Emigrants • Caroline, who died very young. stitution of The United States of America. (this regiment was later placed on the • Juliana, who died very young. A fine representative government was regular army establishment as the 84th •Horace, born 24May1802. achieved. A more recent tradition of

,J Regiment of Foot). Capt. MacDonald Joseph Bliss died at Haverhill 3 Janu­ "Prime Ministers", which arose long after took him to Halifax from where the bat­ ary 1819, at the age of 61. many of their ancestors had left England, talion was administered and trained. and during what may have seemed to Companies of this battalion garrisoned Epilogue them to be unhappy regimes, had not be­ New York and fought in the Carolinas. Many of the 50,000 Loyalists who come graven in their minds. They missed Samuel retired from the army with the fled to Canada and Nova Scotia were of the chance to also have responsible gov­ rank of captain. For his services he re­ the brightest and best, a loss to the land ernment that could fall on a confidence ceived an island in the Bay of Fundy. He of their birth. They were to help found a vote. became a merchant at St. Andrews, New new constitutional monarchy in their new Brunswick. He was married 17 June home. About the author: 1779 to Mary Harwood. Only one child is The officers of the Continental Army Charles E. Cartmel, UE, member of known, a daughter, Mary Harwood, born likened Gen. George Washington to Heritage Branch, UELAC, is one of five 8 February 1783. Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, the fifth children of the late Edith Lockhart Bliss He died 28 February 1803 at St. An­ century BC Roman senator, farmer and from Oromocto, New Brunswick. Mr. drews, aged 53. soldier who was twice summoned to lead Cartmel had four and a half years army the army and save Rome, and afterwards service overseas, as an anti-aircraft gun­ Captain Joseph Bliss each time declined to seize power but re­ ner in England and later as an infantry Joseph Bliss, the youngest child of the turned to his farm. In May 1783 those of­ platoon commander in Holland. He Rev. Daniel and Phebe Bliss became a ficers formed the Society of the Cincinnati worked for 46 years in the life insurance clerk in the book store of Henry Knox in to commemorate their success. The he­ business. Mr. Cartmel has retired to Boston. When Knox became Washing­ reditary membership passes through the Lachine, Quebec, to pursue his "abiding ton's chief of artillery, Joseph accompa­ eldest sons of those officers according to interest in the flow of history". nied him and served in Knox's regiment the rules of primogeniture. -•- with credit throughout the war. He was It may be that the "UE" mark of hon­ present at the Battle of Brandywine and our decreed by Lord Dorchester, Gover­ Thank you achieved the rank of captain and paymas­ nor General of British North America, by Your proofreader (Dorothy Martin) is ter. He was married and had a son, Order-in-Council on 9 November 1789, a gem; her assiduous work was a real Joseph, about 1784, by his first wife. and its application to all descendants, was help. He married again, 11 July 1786, at prompted as a response to the Cincinnati. Boston, to Nancy Cook, the daughter of The ad hoc leadership of the new Endnotes: Major Cook of Newton, Mass. He moved American nation lacked a continuing au­ 1. Haldimand Papers, B191/38, 7 De­ to Haverhill, New Hampshire in 1791 thority. A Constitutional Convention was cember 1778 and became an inn keeper. He was a com­ assembled in 1787 to codify the old com­ 2. Letter of Ezra Ripley to Joseph munity leader in the development of the mon practice and thus correct matters. Willard town and in 1795 President George They harked back to the ancient Greek Most of the family history is found in Washington appointed him to be town philosophers who had prescribed for good Genealogy of the Bliss Family in America postmaster. He had five more children: government that a "Tyrant" (that is, a (3 volumes) by Aaron Tyler Bliss, pub­ • John, born 1787 at Concord, died 22 non-hereditary king) must be elected for a lished 1982. December 1854 at St. Augustine, defined and limited term. Remembering ...

The Loyalist Gazette• Page 21 • Fall 1997 • George Lewis. mas Theodore a commission as captain Judge Bliss was not allowed to settle The Boston Massacre was not and the command of a company of artil­ again in the land of his birth. He did not a massacre but actually a lery. He was a brave and efficient officer receive the portraits of his parents which street fight between a mob but had misfortune. In the campaign had been bequeathed to him, and which and a squad of British soldiers against Quebec in 1775 (where his remain still at Concord. brother, Daniel, was with the defenders) He died in 1806, at the age of 67 that ended in the death of he was captured with all his company at years, at his country residence, five colonists. Paul Revere Three Rivers. He was kept as a prisoner "Belmont," at Lincoln in Sunbury sold an engraving which did of war and sent to New York City, where County, a few miles downstream from not depict the events as they for a while, he was held in the vaults of Fredericton. His wife died some months were but the picture aroused Old Trinity Church. later, in 1807. much anger. Daniel used his considerable influence to prevent his brother's release or ex­ The Reverend William Emerson change. While he may have wished to -from Hulton-Deutsch Collection William Emerson was born 31 May keep such a formidable officer out of bat­ 1743 at Malden, Mass. He was son of the tle, he may also have sought to keep his Rev. Joseph Emerson and of his wife, Ir------, [Editors Note: In our Fall 1995 is- I brother away from harm. The captain of Mary Moody. He was appointed pastor of sue, page 42, we featured details of this I artillery was not released until the British the Church of Christ in Concord when I "massacre", under the subtitfe, "How a forces evacuated New York after the the Rev. Daniel Bliss died in May 1764. I President Saved a British Captain '1 I peace. On 21 August 1766 he married Phebe L------.J Thomas had five children: Bliss, the daughter of the late pastor and she married the Rev. Ezra Ripley, who •Theodore, born 17 March 1766, sister of Daniel Bliss, the Loyalist. Unlike had succeeded her late husband as pas­ served 3 years as a private with the his wife's father, he did not support the tor. Ezra Ripley died in 1840. She had Massachusetts troops and was at king. further issue of this second marriage: Saratoga and the surrender of The day after the Battle of Concord, •Sarah, born 8 August 1781. Burgoyne. He was later a sea captain. he took the lead in the activity to salvage •Samuel, born 11March1783. • Thomas, born 3 February 1767 at the munitions and stores that the troops • Daniel Bliss, born 26 August 1784. Boston, was a cabinet maker. had sought to destroy, and to prepare the The pastors' widow died 16 February •Eliza town for the struggles to come. 1825, still at the old manse in Concord, •Phebe, born 6November1774. He volunteered as chaplain to the at the age of 83. •Ann American expedition in August 1776 to He was likely remarried, for there is a Ticonderoga to join General Horatio Captain Thomas Theodore Bliss record of a marriage at Boston on 25 June Gates. Thomas Theodore Bliss, a younger 1789 to a Hulda Delano. He died at Cam­ In the summer of 1776 William wrote brother of Loyalist Daniel, was born at bridge, 1 September 1802 at age 57. a letter to his wife from Ticonderoga tell­ Concord in the same year that the New ing her of his inability to forward a letter England militiamen, under William Captain Samuel Bliss, UE to her brother at Quebec, that all commu­ Pepperell, captured the mighty fortress of Samuel Bliss was born at Concord in nications through the lines was forbid­ Louisbourg. That England gave the 1750, a year when the French were add­ den. At that time Daniel was already with French back the fort in 1748, with the ing new fortifications at Louisbourg in Burgoyne's army on his way to battle this Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle at the end of the hope that it would not fall again. brother-in-law, and also their young hostilities, was contrary to the interests of After Daniel had fled in March 177 5, nephew, Theodore, both with the Conti­ the New England colonies. Samuel led his oldest brother's wife and nental Army. Thomas became a shipwright and children away to safety in Boston with On 20 October 1776 William lived at Brimfield, Mass. He married a the aid of his brother-in-law, Pastor Emerson died of the fever in Rutland, Miss Bartlet at Concord. Emerson. Vermont, at the age of 33. When the Battle of Concord was people were suspicious of Samuel The Emersons had five children: fought the people were suspicious of and believed that he had served as •William, born 6May1769, married guide to the British troops••• but four Samuel and believed that he had served Ruth Haskins 25 October 1796. He died witnesses proved that he had been In as guide to the British troops, giving di­ 11 May 1811. (Ralph Waldo Emerson Boston ••• and he was discharged rections as to where contraband arms was born of this union in 1803.) were stored and pointing out the dwell­ • Hannah Bliss, born 27 July 1770, In March 1775 his elder brother, Dan­ ings of the leading rebels. On the 12 May died 27 March 1807. iel, remarked to his two army visitors 177 5 he was brought before the magis­ • Phebe, born 8 November 1772. that, if hostilities broke out, the Ameri­ trate, but four witnesses proved that he •Mary Moody, born 25 August 1774, cans would fight. As Thomas Theodore had been in Boston on April 19th, and he died 1 May 1863. passed within sight Daniel added, ''There was discharged. •Rebecca, born 7 August 1776. goes a man who will fight you in blood Because he was fully persuaded that 2 Phebe Bliss Emerson had been wid­ up to his knees.,, other charges would be sought against owed at age 35. On 16 November 1780 At age 30, John Hancock gave Tho- him, Samuel, who was a merchant at The Loyalist Gazette • Page 20 • Fall 1997 \:rty" while attended by a personal slave, lands were disposed of by auction for and in a market which later might be £278, 2s., I Od. under the Act of Seques­ used for the auction of slaves. tration. When Benjamin Ba1Ton of Concord The fa mily went to Quebec that very died in 1754, in hi s estate was li sted year, in time to be present when the in­ "One Negro servant named Jack ..... vading Continental Army was defeated, £ 120/ 0/ O. " By the year l 761, industrious and when his brother was captured. Dan­ "Jack" had bought his own freedom and, iel was appointed a commissary officer for another £ 16, four acres of plough under Commissa1y -General Nathaniel land. He asked Daniel Bliss to draw up Day. As Assistant Commissary-General, his wil l. he accompanied General John Burgoyne's At the rear of Concord's old burial army when it was defeated at Saratoga in ground, to the left of the church, stands a October 1777. gravestone. It bears this epitaph. Before the surrender, General God wills us free; man wills us slaves. Burgoyne suggested that the provincial I will as God will s; God's will be done. troops should escape in small groups, as Here lies the body of he feared that he would be unable to pro­ JOHN JACK tect them from retaliation by the Conti­ a native of Africa who died nental Congress. Daniel returned to his March 1773, aged about 60 years. "Gentleman Johnny" Burgoyne family in Quebec. The Commissary De­ Tho' born in a land of slavery, partment was now overstaffed so he was He was then 36 years of age and he left He was born free. released along with several others. behind his wife, aged 29, and three chil­ Tho' he lived in a land of liberty, In late 1778 he was rehired to fill a dren of ages 6 to 4 years. A few weeks He lived a slave. vacancy at Niagara. Comm issary-General later he sent hi s brother, Samuel, to Con­ Till by his honest, tho' stolen, labors, Day refeITed to him in correspondence cord to get his fa mily safely away and to He required the source of slavery, with General Haldimand as, "a deserving salvage a few valuables. Whi ch gave him hi s freedom; good man." On 19 April 1775, when the war Tho' not long before In 1786, the war being over, he re­ started in Concord, his house was used by Death, the grand tyrant, signed his commission and moved to the Americans to treat the British Gave him his final emancipation, Frederi cton, the capital of the new colony wounded. His estate was the only one in And set him on a footing with kings. of New Brunswick. He built up a large Concord that was confiscated in the revo­ Tho' a slave to vice, and lucrative law practice and became the lution. On 6 March 178 1 the house and He practised those virtues head of the New Brunswick Bar. He was Without which kings are but raised to the Bench and later became slaves. Chief Justice of the In feri or Court of Daniel Bliss was appointed ex­ Common Pleas. ecutor of the modest estate of the He and his wife had six children, freed slave and composed the epi­ three before the war; it seems likely that taph. Though he held the deceased the other three were born at Quebec or in good regard, it is likely that some Niagara during hi s army service: of the thought behind the stone was • Daniel, born 7 July 1768 at Rutland, also a comment on the hypocrisy of Mass., joined the army at Quebec and those rebelling for the right to lib­ was paymaster ofan Irish regiment. He erty. married and se((led in County Ferman­ On 20 March 1775, two British agh, Ireland. officers, Capt. Brown and Ensign • Mwy, married a Major Park and deBerniere, came to Concord under lived in Ireland. orders from General Gage both to • John Murray, born 22 Februwy J 771 reconno itre the town and to find out at Rutland. He became Solicitor Gen­ about the munitions being made eral of New Brunswick and later a Jus­ and stored. They used the B liss tice of the Supreme Court. (From this home in the centre of the village, stem descended the mothers ofSir from which they could easily ob­ Charles G. D. Roberts and of Bliss serve all activity. The population Carman.) quickly became aware of their pres­ • Isabella, married in 1815 to Berran ence and they threatened to ki ll Foste1; at Springfield. Daniel Bli ss and hi s visitors. Late • Hannah, born 12 May 178 0, married at night he led his guests by an General Haldimand who received a letter William Wilmot of Fredericton 1 Jam1- unwatched road and fled to Boston. from Commissary-General Day describi ng Daniel wy 1805. She died in 1811. Bliss as "a deserving good man"

The Loyalist Gazette • Page 19 • Fall 1997 ORA~ CL '"L)' il\q ', ~;.\I lf ORi\J ~Chl f'h1ti~1:·1. 111!-!"\ --rv 1 George III had sought to have hi s Daniel was pastor of the Congregational July 1749, died 15 December 1749 at fractious colonies work together, with the Church at Concord, Mass. Concord. aim of reducing the costs of governing, He was a friend of the English evan­ • Samuel, born 19 November 1750 at that the 13 governors and administrations gelist George Whitefield. His final ser­ Concord. might be reduced in numbers. His wishes mon was preached I I March 1764 in the • Martha, born 5 November 1752 , mar­ for their joining together for action were presence of Mr. Whitefield who said, " If I ried lsaac Hoar of Concord. realized, but not as he hoped, when 12 of had studied my whole life, 1 could not •Joseph, born 23 July 1757 at Con­ the colonies met together in a Continental have produced such a sermon". 1 A few cord. Congress at Phi ladelphia on September days later he was taken sick and died on 5th, 1774. On June 14th, 1775, the sec­ 11 May 1764 at Concord. His tomb is The Honourable Daniel Bliss, UE ond Congress resolved that a continental prominent in the old churchyard. Daniel Bliss (the younger), first of the army should be raised. On 22 July 1738 he married Phebe nine children of the Rev. Daniel Bli ss and Through this 140 years the Bli ss fam­ Wa lker of Stratford, Connecticut, the Phebe Wa lker, was born in 1739 at Con­ ily had prospered and increased, and now, daughter of Robert Wa lker and of his wife cord, Mass., in the reign of George II. He by the sixth generation, was spread Ruth Wilcoxon. There were nine children graduated from Harvard in 1760 and was among more than fifty households. Like born to their union: admitted to the bar at Worcester County, many neighbours in the colonies some of • Daniel, born 18 March 1739 at Con­ Mass., in May 1765. In March of that them split into factions, as can be seen by cord. year he married Isabella Murray, the looking at the household of our ancestor, • Phebe, born 21 October 1741, mar­ daughter of Col. John Murray and his the pastor at Concord. ried 21 August 1766 to the Rev. William first wife, Elizabeth McClanathan. Daniel Emerson (who had succeeded her father opened a practice at Rutland, Mass., but The Reverend Daniel Bliss as pastor ofth e Church of Christ in moved the practice to Concord in 1772. Daniel Bliss was born 21 June 1715 at Concord). In 1774 he became a legal advisor to the Springfield, Massachusetts, in the fi rst •John, born 11 July 1743, died 16 De­ Governor, Thomas Hutchinson. year of George I and the year of the first cember 1743, at Concord. Daniel was highly regarded and well Jacobite rebellion. He was the tenth of the •Thomas Theodore, born 21May1745 liked by his neighbours. But his unpopu­ thirteen children of Thomas Bliss and at Concord. lar views on slavery were not well re­ Hannah Cadwell. He graduated from Yale • Hannah, bom 22 March 1747, died ceived by the gentlemen of Boston who College in 1732 and was ordained 7 accidentally September 1768. spoke of the "Rights of men" and "Lib- March 1739. From 1738 until his death •John, born 2

Rev. Daniel Bliss, 1715-1764, Phebe Wa lker Bliss, 1713-1796, from portraits in the Ralph Waldo Emerson House, Concord, Massachusetts

The Loyalist Gazette • Page 18 • Fall 1997 by Charles E. Cartmel, UE Prologue he most significant battle ofth.e eighteenth century took place m T 1759. Its success and aftem1ath resulted in the American Revolution. It removed all threat from the north and any further need for support or protection by the mother country. Further, it led indi­ rectly to the French Revolution, both by example and due to the involvement of French troops and officers, such as the Marquis de LaFayette, in support of the Revolution. It was also one of the greatest am­ phibious operations known in warfare up to that time. From England, New York and Boston they came and, under Adm i­ ral Charles Saunders, the forces had a rendezvous at Louisbourg. The Royal Navy carried a British army thousands of miles to the mouth of the St. Lawrence River and then, with the navigating skills Marquis de LaFayette of James Cook, hundreds of miles safely ice hazards. The following spring it was The Bliss Family in America upstream to Quebec past the difficult the Royal Navy that returned, and not reefs and shoals. This famo us navigator, In 1635, in the reign of Charles I, French shi ps, to repl eni sh the forces and parliament had not sat for five years. The James Cook, was to spend the fo llowing ensure the capitulation of Montreal in year, 1760, charting the St. Lawrence Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, September 1760. was striving to suppress the Puritans. The River. In February 1763 the Peace of Paris By the end of June 1759, General New World called and thousands emi­ ceded Canada to Britain. As was the cus­ grated. At about this time, the parents of James Wolfe had his force of about 9,000 tom in feudal Europe, whether caused by troops ashore at three separate camps. Samuel Bliss arrived in Massachusetts marriage, inheritance or war, those ordi­ from Gloucestershire. Quebec was defended by about 16,000. nary souls resident in the ceded land Part of the French army was deployed un­ The American colonies lived largely cared little about who was their lord, but in benign neglect through the Great Civil der the Comte de Bougainville to prevent that they might be treated wel l. The next a landing upstream along the north shore. War ( 1642 - 1646), Cromwell's Common­ fifteen years brought a peace not previ­ wealth the Restoration of Charles II in At the end of August the British troops ously known and increasing prosperity. were concentrated. Using the strong tidal J 660, james II, the accession of Will iam The absolutism of Louis XV had been re­ & Mary in 1689, Queen Anne, the flow up and back downstream to carry his placed by a constitutional monarch, 26 boats and confuse the French, on the Hanoverian succession of 1714 and the years before the French Revolution. Jacobite rebellions of 17 15 & '45. (After night of the 12/13th of September a sur­ Gradually the old administration with­ prise landing put the British army o~ the the '45, many Jacobites left for North ered and the habitant acquired the America where they and their famil ies, plains outside the fort at dawn. Unwisely, "Rights of Englishmen". An elected as­ the French commander-in-chief, the Mar­ including Mrs. Flora MacDonald, loyally sembly was promised which, slowed by supported King George Jll during the quis de Montcalm, did not wa it within the objection of the Canadien elite, was the fort with its superior artillery until the revolution.) only created in 179 1. In 1664, when New Netherlands was forces of de Bougainville could come up The British Parliament, which sadly to the action. Rashly, he attacked the best taken from the Dutch and ceded to the had no members from the colonies, saw English, the three new colonies of Dela­ trained infantry in the world. In fifteen fit to presume that the costs of removing minutes the battle was over. One perfectly ware, New Jersey and New York added to the French threat from the north should the strength, security and prosperity of timed volley left about 1,500 French be shared by the Americans, the main casualties, to about 650 British. New England. Regardless of changes in beneficiaries of the war. Taxes were im­ Britain, the various colonies (such as Governor Vaudreuil fled Quebec for posed from London. With no external en­ Montreal by the lower road and left the Catholic Maryland, Congregational Mas­ emies to fea r, radical politicians raged sachusetts and Quaker Pennsylvania) British army with a base for the winter. against the imposed taxes. Massachusetts The ships had to withdraw to avoid the each prospered separately. An active new was the hotbed of radi cal politics; their interest by England was to change matters. I - ~ \ \1 \ The Loyalist Gazette• Pag ;JR;;~,. J.\ FallI 1•997 . . l I __ • ' GEl'J[HLVU11 .. r1L ~uGlt I y