A Pencil sketch of by Margaret Van Gurp, a pier 21 volunteer. Foreword by Ruth M. Goldbloom, O.C.

Pier 21, the last remaining immigration shed in was a derelict building on the Halifax waterfront. The founding president of the Pier 21 Society, the late John P. LeBlanc, recognized the importance of Pier 21 to the and a group of eight volunteers raised $9 million to rehabilitate the building so that future generations would know about the years of 1924 –1971.

We are now a National Historic Site and turned three years old on Canada Day, July 1st, 2002. Each visit to Pier 21 is filled with many emotions, many tears and much information of why Canada is such a great country.

Volunteers played a major role during the years of 1928-1971 and now, volunteers continue to welcome thousands of visitors annually who visit the Gateway to Canada, Pier 21.

Ruth M. Goldbloom, O.C.

This project was made possible through the generous support of the Historica Foundation.

1 This book is dedicated to the memory of J.P. LeBlanc, Pier 21 Society’s founding president, and to all of the Pier 21 volunteers who so generously donated their time and efforts to the success of Pier 21, past and present. Their legacy will not be forgotten.

Acknowledgements

I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the following groups Pat Hill - Multiculturalism and Aboriginal Peoples’ Program and individuals for their assistance with this project: Donald MacLean & William McCurdy - North British Society Joanna Andow - Sisters of Charity Archives Wayne McCarther - Canadian Bible Society Major Ira Barrow - The Salvation Army Susan Murdock - Multiculturalism and Aboriginal Peoples’ Program Peter W. Black Marguerite Peters - Catholic Women’s League Jean Bruce - Canadian Museum of Civilization Janice Rosen - Canadian Jewish Congress Archives Sister Patricia Burke & Sister Salvatrice Liota - Sisters of Service Dr. Della Stanley - Mount Saint Vincent University Amanda S. Cleary John Stone - Armbrae Academy Father Joseph Christensen - St. John Vianney Catholic Church Patricia Townsend - Baptist Federation of Canada Archives Judith Colwell - United Church of Canada Archives Mary Tulle - General Manager, Pier 21 Society Brian Cuthbertson - Anglican Diocese of Halifax Diane and Peter Van der Horden - The Salvation Army Marianne Ferguson - Pier 21 Volunteer / JIAS The Family of the late Adelaide Waghorne Gavin Giles & Robert Harvey - Charitable Irish Society Mario and Linda Zambolin Ruth M. Goldbloom, O.C. - Past President Pier 21 Society The Staff of the Public Archives of Florence Griffin - Former Pier 21 Volunteer The Salvation Army Heritage Centre Barbara Held - Jewish Immigrant Aid Society Volunteer Canada

2 The History of Pier 21 The Reopening of Pier 21 as a Pier 21 officially opened its doors on National Historic Site March 8, 1928 and remained in op- eration until March 28, 1971. Dur- In 1988, the Pier 21 Society was formed by a group of Haligonians ing this period, Pier 21 welcomed interested in preserving a piece of Canadian history. John P. LeBlanc was almost one million immigrants, in- the first president of the Society. A career public servant within the cluding many of the 100,000 home Department of Employment and Immigration, he helped renew interest in children who came to Canada, this former immigration shed and created its first Board of Directors. 48,000 war brides and their 22,000 children, 3,000 British evacuee chil- Courtesy of The United Church of Canada/Victoria Ruth M. Goldbloom became the second president of the Society in 1993. dren sent to Canada, and 100,000 University Archives. 86.229 P/2 (C-21) A feasibility study was prepared, and then a business plan, resulting in refugees. Pier 21 was also the de- the Society receiving news that would transform the dream of a reopened parture point for 494,000 Canadian The late 1940’s and early 1950’s Pier 21 into a reality. servicemen and women heading to were the busiest years in the history Europe during the Second World of Pier 21. By the late 1950’s and On the last day of the Halifax G-7 Summit in 1995, Prime Minister Jean War. 1960’s more and more immigrants Chretien announced that the legacy of the host city would be a 4.5-million were choosing to fly to Canada rather dollar pledge toward the reopening of Pier 21 as a national historic site. Pier 21 was extremely busy during than cross the North Atlantic by ship. This gift came with a challenge that the Society would need to raise an 1928 and 1929, however, with the Canadian immigration officers were additional 4.5 million dollars. The Society, led by , be- stock market crash of 1929 and the splitting their time between meeting gan telling the story of Pier 21 and its significance to Canada in board- Depression that followed, the number ships at Pier 21 and meeting planes rooms and homes across the country. In May 1997, the Society launched of immigrants coming to Canada at the airport. a national fundraising campaign when over one-million dollars worth of dropped considerably. Between 1930 commitments were announced. The private sector continued to respond and 1939, It was decided that the number of and, thanks to gifts of all sizes from every corner of the country, the Pier never exceeded 15,000 a year. immigrants arriving by sea was not 21 Society successfully raised the funds required to undertake the renova- large enough to justify the facility and tions. In November 1998 work on the site began. Pier 21 reopened its During the Second World War, Pier on March 28, 1971, almost 43 years doors to the public on July 1, 1999. 21 was operated by the Department later, Pier 21 closed. of National Defence and boomed Today, the Executive and Board of the Society with wartime activity. After the war The Pier 21 story could have very continue to be responsible for the operation of ended, an influx of war brides dis- easily ended there, but thanks to J.P. the site, and the ultimate success of Pier 21 con- embarked at Pier 21. Displaced peo- LeBlanc, Ruth Goldbloom and many tinues to depend on the involvement of volunteers ple did not begin arriving in Canada other dedicated volunteers,the stories at all levels. until 1947 when large numbers be- of Pier 21 can now be shared with gan to be processed at Pier 21. new generations.

3 The Pier 21 Resource Centre The Pier 21 Resource Centre tells the stories of immigrants Visitors with a story to tell have the opportunity to partici- and veterans through artifacts, images, oral histories and pate in oral history interviews or write their memories in the personal arrival accounts. The Resource Centre conducts form of a story. research and strives to emphasize the importance of immi- gration in Canadian history to both staff and visitors. Do you have a relative who came through Pier 21? Would they like to tell their story? If your family does have a con- One of the most important projects at Pier 21 is collecting nection with Pier 21 the Resource Centre would love to hear the personal recollections of immigrants, war brides, serv- about it. icemen and women, British guest children, home children, and others.

The Centre Offers: • A unique collection of images from sources such as the National Archives of Canada, Sisters of Service, Canadian National Railway, Halifax Port Corporation and the Public Archives of Nova Scotia. The collec- tion also includes newspaper photographs, the “Day in the Life of Pier 21” series donated by Ken Elliot, the Allan S. Tanner Collection of images depicting Canadian troops returning to the Pier in 1945, and the Francis E. Murphy Collection which documents the building of the Halifax South End piers; • Photographs of most of the ships that brought immigrants to Halifax from 1928 to 1971; • A donated collection of personal accounts from individuals with a connection to Pier 21; • Books relating to Canadian immigration, the Canadian military in WWII, and multiculturalism; • CBC videotaped immigrant interviews from 1998, news coverage of the Pier 21 project, documentaries and films on topics related to Canadian immigration; and • The arrival information for those entering Canada between 1925 and 1935.

4 Volunteering in Canada

In 1997, 7.5 million reported that they were contributing to their communities through volunteer work. Statistics Canada reports that, “organized volunteer work in Canada totals 11.1 billion hours, a number equivalent to 578,000 full time jobs, which is approximately the same total as the labour force of Manitoba.” According to the 2000 National Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating, published by Statistics Canada, volunteers aged 15 and over were the only group to see an increase in participation as opposed to the 1997 National Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participation.

Volunteering is not a new activity. Long before the Confederation of Canada in 1867, volunteer organizations were emerging in urban areas. Volunteers coordinated efforts to assist the sick, poor, hungry and homeless in many urban areas. Their work consisted of increasing public awareness and education about the issues, gather- ing donations and fundraising to support research efforts. In addition to providing financial support, the volun- teers offered invaluable emotional support.

In the early part of the 20th Century disease was rampant in many areas of the world. People were faced with plagues, tuberculosis, cholera, small pox and flu epidemics that threatened the lives of many. Organizations and private volunteers alike helped with disease epidemics by providing nursing services and health care support for quarantined persons, as well as support for the families involved. After the stock market crash of 1929 and the Depression that followed, volunteers were present to provide food, clothing and shelter for the many who were left without these necessities. During the Second World War volunteers were active in overseas relief and also in providing aid on the home front.

Today, volunteers are active in local and national charities and in various aspects of community life, especially the health and social service sectors of society. They can also be found assisting developing countries and donating their time to relief and refugee agencies.

Many people in Canada enjoy the great satisfaction that comes with volunteer work. Volunteering is a chance to help out in one’s community, to help those less fortunate than oneself or those who need assistance and it keeps one active. Research shows that some Canadians are quite active in their communities and devote a considerable amount of time to helping others. Unfortunately, the Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute reports that, in comparison to other activities, Canadians spend an average of 2.2 hours watching television and only 0.4 hours volunteering in their communities with only 18% of the Canadian population out there actively volunteering.

5 The Pier 21 Volunteers In the past, Pier 21 depended heavily on its volunteers as there was an overwhelming need for assistance with ships arriving daily with hundreds of immigrants. Many of the volunteers performed duties such as changing diapers, helping to feed and clothe babies, finding the tired parents something to eat or provid- ing a rest area for the travelers and the sick. Volunteers also served as translators for the immigrants so they could better understand the process of immigration and communicate with officials.

Imagine arriving in a new country after a long, gruelling voyage by ship. You step off the gangplank and into a huge room full of unfamiliar faces and apparent chaos. You have one suitcase with all of your worldly possessions and you do not speak English. Where do you go? How do you find your luggage? What is your next step in the immigration process? That is how the Pier 21 volunteers helped. Volunteers welcomed newcomers, helped find luggage, directed them to Customs and provided families traveling with children a rest area. There were translators on hand to help with the language barrier and there was always a smiling face to make the transition seem less overwhelming.

Hundreds of volunteers were on hand for the arrivals of the ships. They worked long hours, with many rarely going home to their families during the busy periods. Organizations like the Sisters of Service and the Society had permanent areas set up within the immigration shed. Red Cross workers manned a nursery where volunteers helped with children and gave tired mothers a much-needed break. Workers offered a place to freshen up and something to eat. Many of the passengers were quite seasick from the often rough trans-Atlantic crossing and the volunteers were on hand to help them feel better. Sometimes all it took was an orange to ease the discomfort. The work of the Sisters of Service was pivotal to the success of Pier 21. Many of the sisters, were trained in various languages and assisted with paperwork, directed passengers and escorted people to their trains. Without these caring translators, the Immigration and Customs process would have been a much longer and more frustrating ordeal.

The Canadian Red Cross Society and the Sisters of Service are only two of the volunteer organizations that contributed to the success of Pier 21. There are many more. Maybe you have heard of some of them or maybe you know someone who is involved in one of them. Some may be new to you. Nevertheless, they were all extremely important not only to Pier 21, but also to the overall development of Canada.

Many of the people who came through Pier 21 look back upon their experiences as being positive and they fondly remember the volunteers who aided them along their way. Some have even kept in touch with the volunteers they met. You will read quotes from people who came through Pier 21 during its years of operation as they remember the work of the volunteers.

Can you imagine being one of the people volunteering at Pier 21 as the newcomers to Canada were arriving, when the home children disembarked or when the war brides came to start their new lives with their Canadian husbands? Imagine being the first friendly face someone sees as they step off the ship into a strange building and an equally strange land. Picture yourself being remembered as that person’s first experience with a Canadian. Sounds pretty amazing doesn’t it? Quite often volunteers do not realize the extent of the contribution that they are making to society, however, the people they are helping certainly do. As you read the stories of the volunteers of Pier 21 try to imagine yourself in their shoes. Try to visualize yourself as a newcomer to Canada and the great relief you would feel once you were in the hands of one of these compassionate people.

6 The Sisters of Charity The Catholic Women’s League (CWL) The Sisters of Charity spent considerable amounts of time welcoming new- comers at Pier 21. Often the Sisters would bring families in need of a place The Catholic Women’s League in Hali- to stay back to their residence at the Motherhouse in Halifax, where they fax, Nova Scotia was established on No- would provide food, lodging and comfort. Prior to Pier 21’s opening, the vember 25, 1919 and was active in the Sisters were also quite active at Pier 2, Halifax’s earlier immigration shed. immigration process at Pier 21. They were regularly on hand to meet trains and steamships and escorted immigrant girls back to Saint Theresa’s Retreat. At least 2,900 Catholic magazines and newspapers were distributed at the Pier Saint Theresa’s Retreat was primarily a home for office girls working in the along with carefully made ditty bags, that city; however, numerous young immigrant women spent their first few days held such things as soap, razor blades, in Canada at the home on Barrington Street. Monsignor Foley, rector of the toothbrushes and laundry detergent to aid Children of Mary Cathedral had the following to say about Saint Theresa’s the newcomers. In the span of one year Retreat: “This is a home founded on kindness, gentleness and tact, the things alone, the Catholic Women’s League was that count most in human life.” on hand to meet 141 ships; of the 7,553 im- Sister Salvatrice Liota, a Sisters migrants on these ships, 2,405 were Catho- of Service volunteer, and CWL Newcomers to Canada may recall being welcomed by one of the Sisters of lic. volunteer Marguerite Peters. Charity matrons or representatives. Due to a fire in 1951 that destroyed the Motherhouse and all of its documents and artifacts there is very little ar- In 1924, the CWL requested that the Sisters of Service be established in chived material about the work of the Sisters of Charity at Pier 21. Never- Halifax. The CWL worked closely with the Sisters of Service and was the theless, their presence at the Pier was significant and their contributions financial supporter of most of the Sisters of Service endeavours. For exam- were of great value. ple, when the Sisters of Service were traveling by van to assist newcomers in the western provinces, the CWL of eastern Canada was the main financial supporter. Pier 2, Halifax’s previous The CWL also formed a traveler’s aid system, which would assist families immigration with transportation and also allow for them to be met at the station or the shed, was pier at the end of their journey. largely destroyed by the Halifax At the end of the Second World War, the CWL joined forces with the Sisters explosion on of Service and was on hand to greet the many returning servicemen and Dec. 6, 1917. women, and war brides.

7 The Sisters of Service

“I have come to serve.” Those five simple words Who was this woman? Was she a Canadian nun? held true for the Sisters of Service as they were A Roman Catholic nun? ‘Let me take the little always present whenever the ships arrived at Pier ones to the nursery while you go to the waiting 21. room and have something to eat!’ She was moving along with the children and some luggage while I Often the Sisters of Service took on the responsi- followed with the rest of the bags, still wondering bility of calling many of the volunteer organiza- what to do. Much as I appreciated her help, I had tions and alerting them when a ship was due in at to be honest and tell her the truth about us. ‘We a certain time. They produced ditty bags and pro- are Protestants,’ I whispered. She laughed. ‘You vided essential interpretive services, such as mak- are people who need a hand, aren’t you?’ A ing phone calls or writing letters on an immigrant’s Catholic nun looking after the children of behalf, translating documents, explaining Customs Protestant immigrants – it was beyond anything proceedings, answering questions about Canada ever encountered in my native Germany. Was this and giving directions. The Sisters would guide the CANADIAN?” immigrants to their trains, care for the sick, inter- Anyone who came in contact with one of the Sisters pret at hospitals and clinics, arrange further trans- In all their years at Pier 21, the Sisters of Service of Service will long remember their kindness. The portation if needed and assist with their quest to never missed a ship’s arrival. Roman Catholic Sisters of Service provided become Canadians by helping with Citizenship essential services to newcomers and are best known applications. for their fluency in many different languages. Many of the Sisters were multilingual, thereby The work of the Sisters of Service was not fin- enabling them to greet immigrants in their own ished once the immigrants left Pier 21. Often the language. For example, Sister Florence Kelly was Sisters would remain in contact with the families referred to as “the German Sister” and Sister living in the area and provide additional assist- Salvatrice Liota was referred to as “the Italian ance to them. Sister.” The Sisters of Service did not limit their assist- The Sisters of Service were often called the “Grey ance to those of the Catholic faith. Inge Vermeulen Nuns” but should not be confused with the recalls her experience with the Sisters of Service religious order of the same name. They were given at Pier 21: this “nickname” because of their attire, which consisted of a grey cotton dress with a white collar “It was the kindness in her voice that made me and grey and white headdress. The finishing touch notice her above the noise in the station. ‘You look consisted of a silver cross engraved with the words so tired’ she said. ‘Would you like some help?’ Sister Liota helping immigrants at Pier 21.

8 The Canadian Red Cross The Young Women’s Society Christian Association

The Canadian Red (YWCA) Cross Society had a strong presence at Halifax’s YWCA has a history of social action that began long before the Pier 21. It main- doors of Pier 21 opened. The women of the Christian churches saw that tained a nursery ad- there were women being mistreated and in response formed an organization jacent to the Social that would stand up for them. They formed the Young Women’s Christian Service room, where Association and made plans to help women in any way they could. the majority of the volunteer organiza- In 1875, they established The Halifax Home of Delinquent Girls, which tions operated. helped girls through training and education. The YWCA-run Halifax Night School was operating by 1877. Many newcomers to Canada can recall The Association was well established when it came time to join the war the kindness and effort. With a gun installation on its roof, Halifax’s YWCA was an easy to caring of the Red spot beacon for service personnel during World War II. In fact, the organiza- Cross volunteers. In their grey uniforms, they would seek out the tired and tion’s history reports that 450,000 military personnel were housed, enter- the weary and invite them into the nursery for some much needed rest and tained or helped by the YWCA in Halifax between 1939 and 1945. relaxation. After the war, the Traveler’s Aid branch of the YWCA was there to meet The nursery had cribs for babies to nap in, cots for mothers to rest on, small war brides and immi- tables for children to colour on, plenty of coffeepots and even bathtubs for grants at Pier 21. clean up. While the parents rested, one of the many Red Cross volunteers YWCA conductresses would wash, change or feed the children and either settle them in for a nap or accompanied new ar- keep them amused until it was time for their train to depart. Often the other rivals on the trains to organizations would direct immigrants to the Red Cross nursery, which quick- their assorted destina- ly became a haven to those wishing a break from the long journey. tions, offering invalua- ble companionship and The nursery was staffed by up to 20 volunteers at a time who operated it advice. Many a wom- around the clock. Red Cross workers, like the many other volunteers of Pier an traveling alone was 21, did not limit themselves to only nursery duties as they also dealt with lost comforted and protect- baggage, fielding questions about Canada and its customs and explaining ed by a member of the immigration forms and proceedings. YWCA.

9 The Church The United Church of Canada of England The United Church of Canada had that it would be found. Our port staff in Canada an important presence at Pier 21. worked closely together distributing Church members were often on hand ditty bags, small bags prepared by to greet immigrants and offer assist- congregations containing travel ne- Members of the Church of England ance. It assigned ministers to wel- cessities such as toiletries, sweets and were at Pier 21 to greet and assist come newcomers and produced hun- toys for the children. We looked af- the Anglican newcomers. Deacon dreds of ditty bags for the next part ter babies, interpreted when we could Williams, the Anglican port chaplain of the newcomers long journey. and spent much time talking, wel- offered assistance and guidance to all coming and reassuring worried im- newcomers to Canada. Hanns F. Skoutajan, a port worker migrants.” from the United Church of Canada, The Church of England distributed and a former refugee from Czecho- Reverend J.P.C. Fraser, a representa- ditty bags to immigrants and was slovakia, recalls his experience at tive of the United Church of Canada, often an Anglican immigrant’s first Pier 21. He writes: held the position of Port Chaplain for contact with his or her religion in approximately 10 years. While serv- Canada. “I was ten years old when we landed ing at Pier 21, Rev. Fraser went out

at Pier 21 and had no idea that 20 Courtesy of The United Church of Canada/ of his way to make newcomers feel The Church of England was also re- years later I would return to this very Victoria University Archives, Toronto. 93-049P/ welcome. His wife, Anna Fraser, of- sponsible for establishing the Mis- building. This time I would not be 4143N. ten accompanied him and she recalls, sion to Seafarers in Halifax, which welcomed but welcoming new arriv- A United Church of Canada Port “There were many mornings we ar- provided assistance to merchant sea- als. In the fall of 1957, after com- Chaplain greets immigrants as they rived home as the sun was rising.” men coming into port. pleting my studies for the ministry I disembark at Halifax ca. 1930. was assigned by the United Church Many would remember the kind To this day the Mission to Seafarers of Canada to work with representa- meeting an old friend. Along with words or financial assistance that the provides a chapel, telephones, cof- tives of other churches in welcoming Eileen Raatz, a worker for the Wom- Frasers offered to newcomers. The fee, transportation, activities and free and helping immigrants. It was not en’s Missionary Society of the United United Church allowed Rev. Fraser reading materials. Similar to the unfamiliar work, during my summer Church, Presbyterian, Anglican, Lu- a fund from which he could purchase Church of England’s services for holidays I had worked in the same theran and Roman Catholic workers, train tickets for people or help with immigrants, the Mission to Seafar- capacity on the St. Lawrence River as well as the IODE, I helped arriv- the fares. Regardless of religious de- ers was a welcome open door to many at the ports of Quebec and Montreal. als with a great variety of needs. Yes, nomination, Reverend Fraser would sailors and crewmembers. Indeed one of the first ships I met in you guessed it; I helped locate lost help anyone who needed it and the Quebec was the Samaria who had baggage and from firsthand experi- money borrowed by immigrants was brought me to Halifax. It was like ence reassured the grieving owners almost always returned to him.

10 The Baptist The Diary of a Port Worker 1952-1953 Federation In her diary, Adelaide Waghorne, a and inspect their health cer- of Canada port worker for the Baptist Federa- tificates. They end up in an- tion of Canada, explains the immi- other long hall where other gration process as seen from a vol- customs officers inspect their The Baptist Federation of Canada unteer’s perspective. She writes: passports, etc. Then, as they was formed in 1948 as a national are passed and O.K.’d, they organization. “Perhaps you would like to may pass into the tunnel know the procedure of an where there are both men Nova Scotia was represented by the immigrant’s landing. No one and women customs officers United Baptist Conference of the can be sure of a definite time and turn out their purses Maritime Provinces. for boats coming in. So often and baskets. fog slows it up. But if you The Federation sent members to Pier get there in time you can run “Quite often there are smug- 21 on an official level to act as port up the tunnel and in through gled goods in these they hope workers. Members of the Federation the big receiving hall (behind to get through. They finally also arrived at Pier 21 in an unoffi- bars) out to the upper dock get down to their suitcases cial capacity to assist newcomers. and watch the ship tugged in and boxes, and one by one They provided religious literature by those fussy little boats Adelaide Waghorne, a port worker at these are opened up for the and offered guidance to new Cana- and gradually steered up till Pier 21 for the Baptist Federation of customs officers. When they dians. it lies alongside. Then a run- Canada. are passed and a mark is way is pushed aboard the up- chalked on the suitcases, At age 70, Adelaide Waghorne be- per deck and down to a lower are leaving the decks until they are free to go into the came a port worker at Pier 21 for the one. you see nothing but people, big adjoining hall, where Baptist Federation of Canada. Al- but no one may come off un- they may get tickets for though she could not speak all the “Customs officers stand til all luggage is in place in trains already awaiting them languages of the incoming immi- guard on the upper one and the shed. Then the people file outside the shed. grants, she made the newcomers feel the luggage from cabins and off into the upper. welcome and spent a great deal of hold is rolled along the lower “There is a canteen and a time walking miles through long one into the freight shed “As if for a concert, one by restaurant, Red Cross room sheds to help find their baggage. She where it is sorted and each one they file through a nar- and our Social Service Cen- even wrote letters of introduction to piece placed alphabetically. row passage where a doctor tre right at hand and we are the minister of the town to which the Meanwhile the passengers and nurse scan them closely soon busy.” immigrants were going.

11 The Canadian The Imperial Order of the Daughters Bible Society of the Empire (IODE)

The main purpose of the Canadian Bible Society The Imperial Order of the Daughters of the Empire was founded in 1900 and was nationwide by 1901. was to distribute religious literature. It was often The IODE’s mission was to retain the British character of Canada. It strove to help new immigrants present at Pier 21 for ship arrivals and also at assimilate in their new country and published literature that would assist them in their transformation citizenship ceremonies in the city. into new Canadians.

During the years of Pier 21’s operation, the Cana- The IODE arranged for personal property bags containing stuffed toys, soap, toothpaste and tooth- dian Bible Society distributed over 300,000 scrip- brushes for women and children to be delivered by port workers. tures in over 70 languages. In 1962 alone, some 22,500 Bibles and Testaments were presented to The IODE members sent Christmas cards and held Christmas parties for new Canadians, sent out new Canadian citizens at citizenship courts. immigration certificates and naturalization cards and provided literature about Canada to immigrants and refugees. For example, the IODE published a small 17-page book titled Canadian History for New The Canadian Bible Society worked extremely Canadians, which was printed in five languages. hard to make newcomers feel welcome and even distributed materials in Braille. The IODE was present at citizenship ceremonies and handed out maple leaf pins and cards printed with “God Save The Queen” on them. One chapter of the IODE even took up a collection and bought a The Canadian Bible Society is still present in the portable television set for a recent immigrant who was seriously ill. lives of many new Canadians today, and can be found at citizenship ceremonies across Canada.

One newcomer to Canada recalls his experience Local Clergy with volunteers distributing Bibles and scriptures: Many volunteers representing the various religious institutions “We marched down a long passage and filed past around the City of Halifax made their way down to Pier 21 to a number of people who thrust literature into our assist the new arrivals. Members of the United, Anglican, already full hands. They turned out to be Bible Catholic, Baptist, Presbyterian, Mennonite and Lutheran Churches tracts to bring us comfort and solace as we under- were present at Pier 21. Whether they were sent by their took the next part of the journey. Did they know Churches or came to Pier 21 on a private basis, their work was something we didn’t?” of great assistance to the existing volunteer organizations at the port and was a significant contribution to The success of Pier 21.

12 The Jewish Immigrant Aid Society (JIAS) The Jewish Immigrant Aid Society was of vital assistance to the many Jew- ish immigrants that came to Canada. Representatives were on hand at Pier 21 to assist newcomers and welcome them to Canada. Sadie Fineberg, a well-known Halifax philanthropist and an immigrant herself, felt it impor- tant to help those arriving in Canada for the first time. Sadie spoke seven languages and was often able to greet newcomers in their own tongue.

Sadie’s work was so well recognized that in 1948 the Mayor of Halifax, John E. Ahern, commissioned her to represent the City of Halifax at Pier 21 as a counsellor and greeter. Sadie’s husband Morris owned and operated a food service business and it was not uncommon to see Sadie armed with boxes of food to distribute free of charge to immigrants at the Pier.

Marianne Ferguson (nee Echt) came through Pier 21 from Danzig in 1939 and Sadie Fineberg was there to wel- come her and her family. Marianne and Exerpt from article on the work of the Jewish Immigrant Aid Society at Pier 21. her mother Meta Echt later became vol- unteers with the JIAS at Pier 21. guage, they soon became calm and we helped them get through customs and immigration proceedings. Often a sponsor had sent money for them, which “I really did enjoy looking after these had been entrusted to us. Some had no money and we were able to help them poor, unfortunate people who had gone out on behalf of the JIAS.” through so much during the war in Eu- rope,” Marianne recalls. Marianne’s duties with the JIAS involved helping the immigrants claim their baggage and settling them on the waiting trains that would take them to their “Many had been in concentration destinations. camps and were frightened and shy and when we called out their names they Marianne recalls, “Often people had small children and we would take them were worried that perhaps someone had to the Red Cross section where they were given milk and cookies and even come to arrest them or send them back. have a sleep in one of their cribs. We would also notify any sponsors of the Marianne Ferguson (nee Echt) and They all had their concentration camp time they would be arriving at their destination so that they could meet them her sister in Danzig prior to emigrating to Canada. numbers tattooed on their arms. How- at the train station. Those who were not sponsored, were met by another ever, since we could speak their lan- JIAS worker wherever they were going.”

13 The Charitable Irish Society

The Charitable Irish Society’s role was similar to that of the North British Society. The Charitable Irish Society was formed in Halifax in 1786 and is still active today.

This non-profit society acted as a liaison for Irish people living in Canada. Its work stretched into much of the larger community. It offered scholar- ships and provided financial assistance and grants to people and organiza- tions for educational purposes.

The Charitable Irish Society’s role at Pier 21 was to assist the Irish immi- grants coming to Canada.

Like the North British Society, the Charitable Irish Society would provide financial assistance, directions and guidance. It also corresponded with A newcomer is interviewed by Canadian Immigration Officials at Pier 21. officials when an Irish immigrant was detained.

On a few occasions the Society even paid the money to buy passage back to Ireland when extenuating circumstances arose. The North British Society

The North British Society was a benevolent organization formed to assist Scots in Canada. Its role at Pier 21 consisted of meeting Scottish immi- Other organizations that were present to lend grants and offering them directions, guidance and financial assistance. a helping hand at Pier 21 were the International Refugee Organization, the The North British Society provided the funds for passage to their final des- Knights of Columbus, the Saint George’s tinations when the immigrants did not have enough money on hand. The Society, the Canadian Mennonite Board of society also assisted the Scottish immigrants that were detained by Customs Colonization, the Canadian Girls in Training, and Immigration by writing letters, sending telegrams and making phone the Junior League of Halifax, the Canadian calls to people that could assist in their cause. Council of Immigrant Women and the Kiwanis Club. Although less is known about their roles In many cases the North British Society’s efforts were successful and the at Pier 21 it can safely be said that their detained immigrants were eventually allowed into Canada. contribution was appreciated.

14 The Salvation Army The Current Pier The Salvation Army was one of the numer- 21 Volunteers ous organizations that left their mark at Pier 21. Pier 21’s story collection is full of the memories of war brides, immigrants and vet- Pier 21 National Historic Site continues to depend erans, many of whom remember the kindness heavily on volunteers, to the extent that they cur- that was extended to them by a Salvation rently make up a large number of the staff. From Army volunteer. giving tours to visitors, to helping with the museum’s annual Canada Day celebration and Many who came through Pier 21 recall being other public events, Pier 21 volunteers are invalu- greeted by The Salvation Army Band. “My able in every aspect of operating the National His- one great memory of Pier 21 was the warm toric Site. greeting we got as the band played at dockside ‘Here Comes the Bride’,” says Ella Hardy, Volunteers generously donate their time to the one of the many war brides. She remembers The Salvation Army Band in 1935. Rudolph Bratty Exhibition Hall, Resource Centre the caring of the Red Cross and The Salvation Army and explains the experience as being “welcome and Gift Shop. They serve on committees and as and comforting.” Board members.

Marjorie Jaggers recalls her experience with The Salvation Army as being something she will always Many of the current volunteers have a historic or remember. “The Salvation Army greeted us on Pier 21 and gave us oranges, apples and bananas,” familial connection to the immigration shed, which Marjorie writes. “My daughter Diana (18 months old and born in an air raid) was given a lovely makes their time spent at the pier additionally crochet dress. I was given Blue Ribbon tea, a cookbook and a Magic Baking Powder cookbook which meaningful. Each brings unique skills and experi- I still use.” ences that enhance the visitor experience.

Like their predecessors who welcomed immigrants, Many organizations were present at Pier 21 from 1928 to 1971; soldiers, war brides, evacuee children, and home however, not all appear in our records. If you know of a children, the current volunteers make a lasting volunteer organization that played a role in Pier 21’s immigra- impression on visitors. tion process and has been omitted from this publication, please forward any information or records to the Pier 21 Society Resource Centre at:

1055 Marginal Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4P6 Tel: 902-425-7770 Fax: 902-423-4045 email: [email protected]

15 Mario and Linda Zambolin: A Volunteer Love Story

Mario Zambolin was born in Italy in 1943 and emigrated to other section where they would be Canada in 1957, arriving at Pier 21 aboard the Saturnia at sent in one direction or another. the age of 14. He learned of the work of the Sisters of Serv- ice through his mother who was involved with the Sisters. Many stood in line for long periods He heard that the sisters required assistance and decided of time until being taken downstairs to offer his services during evenings and weekends. He was to check luggage before boarding invaluable to the Sisters of Service as the trains. He he had a sound knowledge of both Eng- remembers lish and Italian and was able to act as many confused an interpreter for many Italian newcom- immigrants but ers to Canada. His length of service does not recall spanned five years, eventually ending hearing any in 1965. As a Sisters of Service volun- complaints. He teer, Mario often worked side by side also recalls having to wear tags in or- with Sister Liota as he recorded names, der to gain access to different parts made phone calls for people, explained within the Pier, as many areas were re- procedures and documents and an- stricted. swered many questions about Canada. He recalls many newcomers searching Linda Wilson was another volunteer who for a phone so they could call their rela- worked at Pier 21 during the same pe- tives in Canada to let them know they riod as Mario. Linda was born in Halifax had arrived. Mario recalls very little of in 1946 and served as a member of the the newcomers Red Cross Corps. In 1963, at the age of speaking Eng- 16, Linda decided to take a summer lish; therefore course at and was he was often encouraged to join the Red Cross by her giving direc- aunt, who was also involved with the tions to people in Italian. organization. Linda volunteered with the Red Cross at Pier 21 for one week and was hooked. She remained a volunteer Mario recalls Pier 21 as not being in at Pier 21 until 1970. Linda recalls the sporadic schedules of the best condition during its time of the ship arrivals and quickly learned to wait for the call tell- operation. Immigrants would come ing her the ship was in the harbour before heading down to into a big hall to be sorted out then Pier 21 to wait for passengers. Volunteering at Pier 21 was proceed down a corridor into an- Linda’s first experience in the immigration field and although

16 she later went on to do other community work, she has not forgotten her experiences at Pier 21 and thinks of it often.

As a Red Cross volunteer, Linda spent much of her time in the Red Cross nursery. Within the nursery there were 10 or 12 large cribs and a few smaller ones, change tables, small tables for children and a lounge area with sofas to rest on. Many people came into the Red Cross nursery to escape the crowd in the hall and the Red Cross volunteers would often head out into the promenade to search for the tired and the confused, directing them into the nursery or lounge area. Linda remembers a coffeepot was always on and a lot of newcomers were relieved to finally be in the hands of the Red Cross. Many were ex- tremely thankful the Red Cross volunteers were there, even though Linda believes her duties were quite basic.

“You were doing so little, it was very simple tasks that we were performing such as washing a child’s face, giving him a band aid or giving an elderly person a place to curl up for a couple of hours with a blanket, pillow and a cup of coffee. They seemed to be such simple things, yet the people we were looking after were extremely grateful for the help.”

Both Mario and Linda recall spending much of their time looking at and explaining documents and finding lost luggage. “Sometimes it was right down to the wire when we found the lost luggage,” Linda says. “The train whistle would be blowing and it was the last piece of luggage left in the baggage room.” They also recall that Pier 21 often seemed really large and barren when it was empty, yet when the ships came in, it couldn’t have seemed smaller.

Linda and Mario eventually crossed paths when Linda sought out Mario to interpret something for her. This chance meeting would have a profound effect on their lives forever. Within a few days, Mario asked Linda if he could escort her home. Linda agreed. Soon they were dating and after five years of courtship, Mario proposed. Mario and Linda Zambolin were married by Archbishop Hayes, a fellow Pier 21 volunteer, in 1969 and will celebrate their 32nd wedding anniversary in September of 2002. They have three children. Linda recalls:

“The first time I really thought about our meeting was when Pier 21 opened and it was kind of interesting to think that Pier 21 has its own history, yet in a way we are a part of it. I never would have met Mario if I hadn’t gone down there to volunteer.”

If you visit the volunteer exhibit at Pier 21 you will see a picture of Mario work- ing side by side with Sister Liota. On Canada Day 1999, Pier 21 re-opened with the Zambolin family in attendance for the grand opening ceremonies. As Mario toured the museum he stumbled across the large photograph and was pleas- antly surprised to see himself.

17 Interested in Volunteering?

Often in a crisis it is the volunteers who come to the aid of those in need. For instance when there is a fire or a flood many volunteers donate long hours to assisting those who require help. However, a crisis does not need to be evident for volunteers to actively support the community.

Many organizations in Canada would not be able to operate successfully without the help of dedicated volunteers. Some organizations are run almost totally by volunteers and without them, many simply would not exist. With long and busy workweeks, and the many hours spent in school and doing schoolwork, most Canadians do not have an abundance of free time. Therefore, the people who fit volunteering into their busy schedules represent a truly special group.

Some days you might come home from school or work, tired and worn out, and the last thing you want to do is go back out to a volunteer meeting or event. But then you think of the big reward you will receive when it’s over. It might come in the form of a smiling face or a sincere thank you from someone who truly appreciates your efforts. Or, your reward might just be the knowledge that you made a difference.

There are many different types of volunteer work. You can usually pick and choose where you would like to volunteer and most organizations are quite eager for any help you can provide. Volunteers are currently working in numerous areas of your community. People volunteer at animal shelters, schools, hospitals, community centres and for a variety of charities. The possibilities for volunteer placements are endless. Once you decide how you would like to donate your time and effort, finding a place to put your skills to work should not be very difficult. If you are interested in becoming a volunteer but have not yet decided what area you would like to focus on, it would be wise to make a list of your strengths and weaknesses. Once you have compiled your list you need to decide whether you would like to work in the areas that you feel confident in or work in the areas that you wish to develop further. Often, a volunteer opportunity will allow you the chance to explore both areas.

Volunteering can also give people a glimpse into their future careers. If you would like to be a veterinarian when you grow up, volunteering at an animal hospital would help you to see the duties and responsibilities of a veterinarian. Also, your volunteer expe- rience at the animal hospital can be included on applications for jobs, colleges and universities.

If you have decided to become a volunteer, there are volunteer centres that you can contact to find opportunities in your community.

18 Volunteer Centres Across Canada

Volunteer centres are great places to start looking for opportunities. The staff at these centres can help you find the perfect place to donate your time and give you additional information on volunteering. This is not an exhaustive list of the volunteer centres in Canada. The purpose of this list is to give volunteers a starting point. If you do not see a volunteer centre in your community on this list try contacting the centre that is listed under your province for a referral to another area.

ALBERTA NEW BRUNSWICK ONTARIO SASKATCHEWAN Volunteer Alberta Saint John Volunteer Centre Inc. Volunteer Centre of Toronto Volunteer Regina 50 Sir Avenue P.O. Box 7091 Station “A” 344 Bloor Street West, Suite 207 2300-11th Avenue St. Albert, AB T8N 0G4 116 Prince William Street Toronto, ON M5S 3A7 Regina, SK S4P 0K1 Tel: (780) 418-6336 Saint John, NB E2L 4S5 Tel: (416) 961-6888 Tel: (306) 751-4759 Fax: (780) 460-1365 Tel: (506) 658-1555 Fax: (416) 961-6859 Fax: (306) 522-7199 Toll Free (in Alberta): 1-877-915-6336 Fax: (506) 652-3791 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.volunteertoronto.on.ca NUNAVUT, NORTHWEST BRITISH COLUMBIA NEWFOUNDLAND PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND TERRITORIES, YUKON Volunteer BC Community Service Council, The Voluntary Resource Council For information on volunteer opportuni- #301-3102 Main Street Volunteer Centre 81 Prince Street ties in Nunavut, the Northwest Territories Vancouver, BC V5T 3G7 Suite 201, Virginia Park Plaza, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4R3 and the Yukon please contact Volunteer Tel: (604) 873-5877 Newfoundland Drive Tel: (902) 368-7337 Canada. www.volunteer.ca Fax: (604) 875-0710 St. John’s, NF A1A 3E9 Fax: (902) 368-7180 [email protected] Tel: (709) 753-9860 [email protected] www.volunteerbc.bc.ca Fax: (709) 753-6112 [email protected] QUEBEC MANITOBA www.csc.nf.net Fédération des centres d’action bénévole The Volunteer Centre of Winnipeg Inc. du Québec Suite 410 - 5 Donald Street South NOVA SCOTIA 2100, avenue Marlowe, bureau 236 Winnipeg, MB R3L 2T4 Volunteer Resource Centre Montréal, QC H4A 3L5 Tel:(204) 477-5180 P.O. Box 1055, 282 George Street Tel: (514) 843-6312 Fax:(204) 284-5200 Sydney, NS B1P 6J7 Toll Free: 1-800-715-7515 [email protected] Tel: (902) 562-1245 Fax: (514) 843-6485 www.volunteerwinnipeg.mb.ca Fax: (902) 539-7210 [email protected] [email protected] www.fcabq.org

19 Lesson Plan for teachers

Overview and Objective The activities in this lesson plan are intended to give students an enhanced understanding of volunteer work in their community. Through their research, the students will have the opportunity to discuss different causes and social issues.

There are areas in this lesson plan that span across grade levels. Teachers should choose activities suitable for his/her classroom.

Brainstorming Write the word “Volunteer” on the chalkboard and ask the students to explain what they think the word means. Then involve students in a discussion about the importance of volunteering and the kind of volunteer activities available in their communities. Ask them how they would go about encouraging other students to get involved in their communities.

Discussion Discuss with students the various areas of volunteer work available in the community and also have them discuss the various causes that they feel strongly about. Have each student pick an organization or social problem and create a brochure or poster encouraging other students to volunteer for this cause.

Research Have students research a cause or organization and prepare a project about the topic. Some students may be interested in stopping pollution and exploring volunteer opportunities with regards to the environment. Or, some students may be interested in one of the many health issues affecting Canadians today and may wish to talk about that issue and examine the possibilities for volunteers to help.

For example: If a student wishes to do his or her project on the Canadian Cancer Society, the first step would be to research the organization and the disease and show others why the cause is important. Then the student would list the volunteer opportunities surrounding the cause and the society. In conjunction with Activity 2 students will make brochures or posters to encourage others to volunteer for this organization or cause. After the projects are complete students could donate their work to the society.

20 STUDENT ACTIVITIES

1. Role Playing Activity (Class Activity) Have the students form groups of three. Pick one member of each group to act as the immigrant and ask them to imagine they have just walked off the ship and into Pier 21, where it is crowded and noisy and nothing is familiar. Now, have them imagine the crowd has separated them from their family and they are starting to panic. Introduce a second student to act as a volunteer working at the Pier. Have the immigrant, without using any English words, explain to the volunteer that he or she: - is lost - is hungry - is scared - in need of a bathroom - needs medical help because their wife is having a baby - cannot find their luggage - cannot find their child - is looking for the train station Then introduce a third student to act as an interpreter between the immigrant and the volunteer. The interpreter will try to explain to the volunteer what the immigrant is trying to express. The volunteer will then explain to the immigrant what can be done to help them, with the help of the interpreter.

2. Pack a “Ditty Bag” (Individual Activity) Imagine that you are a volunteer with one of the many groups that donated their time to Pier 21 during its years of operation and you are asked to pack “ditty bags” for newcomers to Canada. What would you include in the ditty bags? Why did you choose the items you included? Make a list of the items that you think would help an immigrant with his or her start in Canada. Keep in mind that many boarded trains for long trips to their final destinations. After you have made your list, give your reasons for including the items. Compare your ditty bag with the rest of your class and compile a large list of useful items for immigrants coming to Canada.

3. Creative Writing Activity (Individual Activity) Imagine that you are a volunteer at Pier 21. Write a story from this perspective titled “A day in the life of a Pier 21 volunteer.” Write about the various scenarios that volunteers would have found themselves in during the span of a day at Pier 21 and give a general outline of their duties and responsibilities. Share your story with the rest of the class and put together a book of the different volunteer stories for people to read when visiting your classroom.

4. Talk to a Volunteer (Individual Activity) Conduct your own oral history interview with a volunteer in your community. Follow the Oral History instructions given in this book and compose a list of questions to ask the volunteer. You may use audio equipment for your interview but don’t forget to summarize it after. Once the interview is conducted and summarized, present your findings to the class.

21 Oral History Instructions

Participating in an oral history interview allows students to connect with the 4th Step: past. They are able to search for and collect information, drawing conclu- sions from the evidence they have found. Through the use of oral histories, The information learned from background reading can then form the basis students learn more about a particular person, place or event. In this particu- for the questions that the students will ask. Before the oral history interview lar activity, students will be learning about the role of volunteers in their takes place, the students need to think about and write down the questions community and are able to practice their listening skills. they plan to ask. The first questions should be designed to help the individual relax and get them in the mood to reminisce. Asking them when they were 1st Step: born and where, about their family and growing up can help do this. Once the person is comfortable, additional questions can be asked, which focuses The first step is to decide whose story you want to capture on tape. For it to on the topic of interest. These questions should encourage the individual to be an oral history, the person must have lived through the event or time share personal remembrances and stories, both happy and sad. period in question and must be able to recall details and have other memo- ries. Students, with the help of their parents, should choose a volunteer with an interesting story to tell. In most cases, the people chosen will be interested in helping the students with their project and will be glad to help.

2nd Step:

Once the decision has been made, the individual’s name, address and tel- ephone number should be recorded and an appointment made. Talking about the experiences in his/her life will be very important to the individual and so a special time should be set aside. This will also allow both the individual and the student time to prepare.

3rd Step:

Next students will need to do background research. Books, movies and the Internet all contain good sources of information. For example, if the person had served in the Second World War, students could read a few books to learn why the war started and who was involved. Background reading will help the students to better understand the experiences of the individual cho- sen for the interview.

22 Instructions for the Student Interviewer

Permission Once you have decided who you would like to Checking the When you are finished recording, rewind the tape interview and have made an appointment, you Tape and and check to see that it can be heard and/or seen. must also get permission to record the conversa- Remember to smile and say thank you before tion. You cannot assume that it will be okay. Signing Release you leave. Release forms must be signed to ensure Forms that you can show the interview to others. Sample Practice If you are not comfortable using a tape recorder release forms have been included on the next page. or video camera make sure to practice before go- If your family has a connection to Pier 21 and ing to the interview. you would like to donate a copy to the Resource Centre, please let us know. Location The best place to do an oral history interview is in a room with few distractions. Make sure the Written Tran- Some sections of the oral history will also need television is off and that there are no fans blow- scription to be written down. Think about your interview ing, air conditioning units or refrigerators near- for a moment– what stories stand out in your by. The noise they make will be very noticeable mind? These will be the ones that you should tran- on the final tape. If you are using a tape recorder scribe on paper. A transcription is a word for and microphone, the equipment should be placed word written version of the tape. It is very im- on a table between the student and the subject. portant not to change any words, even if you think With a video recorder, the camera should be they are wrong, because you could accidentally placed as close to the person as possible. It should change the meaning. In order to be historically not be placed more than ten feet away unless there accurate and true to the individual’s intentions, is a special microphone. everything must be copied word for word.

Proper Clothing When doing an oral history, you want to be Thank You Letter Once you have listened to or watched the inter- dressed nicely but you also want to be comfort- view, it is a good idea to send a thank- you letter able. Dress respectfully and keep in mind that or card to the individual you interviewed. This your clothing should not be a distraction for the will show your appreciation for everything they person telling their story. have done to help you. It is also important to send a copy of the tape to the individual. Identifying the You must make sure that the tape (whether audio or video) is carefully identified. At the beginning Tape of the recording say “My name is ______and I am interviewing ______on the topic of ______. The date is ______.

23 Glossary of Terms benevolent- characterized by or suggestive of doing good deeds. Concerned emigrant- a person who leaves his or her own country for another country. with, or organized for the benefit of charity. Her parents were emigrants from Italy.

British Evacuee Children/ British Guest Children – children who were sent home children- children sent to Canada by orphanages to serve as labourers to Canada by their parents to protect their health and safety while the war for families across the country. was going on around them in Britain. The children returned home to their parents after the end of the war. immigration/ immigrate- the process of going to live in a country in which one was not born. Jane’s grandparents immigrated to Canada from En- citizenship- the position of being a citizen of a country with all the rights, gland. duties and privileges that come with it. The immigrant has to pass a test to gain citizenship in the new country. immigrant- a person who comes to live in country in which he or she was citizenship courts- the ceremony where immigrants are sworn in as new not born. Jane’s grandparents were immigrants to Canada from England. Canadian citizens. interpreter- a person who helped to change from one language to another, to conductress- a woman who leads or directs, also known as a directress. A translate. The volunteer interpreter translated what the immigrant was try- woman conductor who is in charge of a railroad train, bus, or streetcar. ing to say from Italian to English so that people could better understand. customs- the procedure of inspecting goods or baggage when entering a philanthropist- the effort or inclination to increase the well-being of human- country. kind, as by charitable aid or donations. Something, such as an activity or institution, intended to promote human welfare. detention- people who were delayed or stopped coming into Canada due to insufficient funds or incomplete paperwork were held in detention or de- port chaplain- a member of the clergy who conducts religious services for tained by officials. an institution, such as a prison, hospital or port. displaced people- people who had to move from their usual or proper place. Many people were displaced by the war in Europe and had to leave their refugee- a person who flees from a place to find safety or protection. The homes to come to Canada. refugees had to leave their own country because of the war and find homes in another place. ditty bag- a bag of goods that volunteers prepared for immigrants to help them out during their first few days in Canada. The bags commonly con- volunteer- a person who offers help or does something of their own free will tained things like razor blades, detergent and soap along with much more. without pay. emigration/ emigrate- the process of leaving one’s own country for another. - a woman who married a Canadian serviceman overseas and returned to live in Canada with him once the war was over.

24 Recommended Reading List

This is not an exhaustive list of the books available on this topic, nor does this list recommend one book more than another. Read as many as possible to find the book that is right for you. Also, check your local library for additional reading material on this topic.

Adams, Patricia and Marzollo, Jean. The Helping Hands Handbook. New York: Random House, 1992.

DiGeronimo, Theresa. A Student’s Guide to Volunteering. Franklin Lakes, NJ: Career Press, 1995.

Duper, Linda Leeb. 160 Ways to Help the World. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1996.

Gilbert, Sara. Lend a Hand. The How, Where and Why of Volunteering. New York: Morrow Junior Books, 1998.

Goodman, Alan. The Big Help Book: 365 Ways You Can Make a Difference by Volunteering. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1994.

Henderson, Kathy. What Would We Do Without You? A Volunteer Guide to Activities for Kids. White Hall, VA: Betterway Publications, Inc., 1990.

Kessler, Paula N. Amazing Kids. New York: Random House, 1995.

Lewis, Barbara A. The Kid’s Guide to Service Projects. Minneapolis, MN: Free Spirit Publishing Inc., 1995.

Lewis, Barbara A. The Kid’s Guide to Social Action. Minneapolis, MN: Free Spirit Publishing Inc., 1991.

Salzman, Marian and Reisgies, Teresa. 150 Ways Teens Can Make a Difference. Princeton, NJ: Peterson’s Guides, 1991.

Westridge Young Writers Workshop. Kids Explore Kids Who Make a Difference. Santa Fe, New Mexico: John Muir Publications, 1997. 1055 Marginal Road Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada B3H 4P6

902-425-7770 www.pier21.ca