The Influence of Political Culture on Political Elite: the Case of Post

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cademic requirements. Here, I Here, requirements. cademic

Barnov, who honestly answered my questions and made my thesis more more thesis my made and questions my answered honestly who Barnov, tirelessly

the helped me tosignificantlyhelped improve

respondents: Tamara Kiknadze, Nika Kiknadze, Tamara respondents: like , to express my special thanks to Professor Tamara Tamara Professor to thanks special my express to hc hle m t write to me helped which also

and ii

thank helped helped

my academic writing instructor writing academic my me the to enrich my thesis with e with thesis my enrich to academic quality ofthe thesis.

Chitadze, Vakhtang Chitadze, the hss n accordance in thesis

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CEU eTD Collection Bibliography 2 Appendix 1 Appendix Conclusion countries. 4.ComparativeCHAPTER analysis ofelitespolitical culture and ofthe Caucas South 3.GeorgianCHAPTER and influenc elites 2.Evolution CHAPTER of political culture inGeorgia 1.TheoreticalCHAPTER basis: main conceptspolitical elite and political ofculture. Introduction Acknowledgements Abstract Contents of Table 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.3 1.2 1.1

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CEU eTD Collection post emerged Newly orientations. political their be easily may society the while unstable, more are themselves post of case drives which force crucial a remain elites Political non on culture post independent wit political culture and theelites consensus reach and communicate decades. post in culture political and formation elite political the influencesculture political how is address to going is thesis the that question research The political processes inGeorgia,Azerbaijanand Armenia. also will thesis the of chapter last the diversity, political unique of understanding comprehensive more a provide to order In cooperate to elites political the of willingness or ability and communication post the on of study the in clarity more bring and det to aims research The The choice fell on this topic since it would be interesting to see how seeinteresting beto would it topicsince this on choicefellThe h e h - Introduction democratic) political institutions and processes. institutions democratic) political litism, and how they are affecting the current move to a democratic regime in regime democratic a to move current the affecting are they how and litism, The t The the - - Soviet countries, the impact of elites is much more significant since the regimes the since significant more much is elites of impact the countries, Soviet Soviet Soviet political elite and the role of role the and elite political hesis will discuss will hesis - Soviet state like Georgia. It is important to understand the role of political political of role the understand to important is It Georgia. like state Soviet

period and make make and period ermine the correlation the ermine - oit eri ad o i hs hne througho changed has it how and Georgia soviet . lt clue n Georgia in culture elite

the issues of formation of the elite and their willingness to willingness their and elite the of formation of issues the , followed by a discus a by followed , the a td o te oe f oiia clue n politica in culture political of role the of study political environment in Georgia. It will be focused be will It Georgia. in environment political the 1 between in elite political - a oit oenet, nldn Georgian including governments, Soviet

country into different trajectories. In the the In trajectories. different into country Te hss il a will thesis The .

political culture and the political elite political the and culture political sion of the correlation between the between correlation the of sion the

drawn to the verge of changing of verge the to drawn the cover comparative aspects of aspects comparative cover Caucasus, as the region has region the as Caucasus, creation of democratic (or (or democratic of creation political culture interactspoliticalculture aye omto of formation nalyze

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justifies the choice of methodology, where the thesis will compare how political political how compare will thesis the where methodology, of choice the justifies

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Boix, Susan Carol Stokes, Stokes, Carol Susan Boix, - Political culture Political Political Interventions in the Unfinished Project ofEnlightenment, Project Unfinished in the Interventions Political ornschier, ornschier, , Politics and Culture: On the Socio cultural Analysis P cultural of Socio the On Culture: and Politics

had been viewed as a critical determinant in how the people will be governed in a a in governed be will people the how in determinant critical a as viewed been had analysis oftheories ofpolitical elites ss netgts h creain ewe pltcl utr ad oiia elites, political and culture political between correlation the investigates esis nce th nce d Culture and Politics in Economic Development Economic in Politics and Culture 1. . . 7 5 he chapter will start with start will chapter he

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at: - 352. http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/09/01/uk The Former Soviet union's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook Reference A Peoples: Diverse union's Soviet Former The Actors of contemporary Georgia's political scene political Georgia's contemporary of Actors

the defeated in the elections blame winner for falsification of the elections, elections, the of falsification for winner blame elections the in defeated Nationalist Mobilizat Nationalist , ormed live chain to protest Russian violence towards their nation their towards violence Russian protest to chain live ormed 15 - Sovie .(last accessed: April 11, 2015) April 11, .(last accessed:

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53. 405. 62. 62. 61. 51. 51.

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Barnov also Barnov government 218

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CEU eTD Collection the cultmodern ofpersonality Georgia isboth in of tendency this that indicate leader. the w values, and realtraditions no have Parties fit. see they asparties the of directions the changing the left to attention less to attention more devote still People life. of standards overestimate people the and leader, traditi negative this overcome not could people Georgian The leader. charismatic a in faith the is culture political Georgian of elements strongest the of One high exp from cooperati Soviet elites political Georgian affected has society authority.of democratic transition only and process, slow in much so not and areas some in successfully decades, few past the within changing and evolving been has Georgia pol Georgian shaped have socio legacy, Soviet affected was culture political Georgian independence, declaring After Conclusion hich would help them to be oriented be to them help would hich

political elites, where leaders play crucial role and monopolize the authority, in fact fact in authority, the monopolize and role crucial play leaders where elites, political retto twrs srn pltcl leader political strong a towards orientation Georgia's ectations

hs te at that fact the Thus,

. Citizens werecharacterized interest withlow . Citizens political processesand in very oiia scene political of -

- right wing right the economic problems, and national characteristics national and problems, economic

ruling elite a

others. The evolution of the Georgian political Georgian the of evolution The others. e yas g mr sgiiat hne hpee i te om of form the in happened changes significant more ago years few tcl utr t sm etn. hrfr, t Therefore, extent. some to culture itical dependen parties or a specific ideology. The problem is the same inside same the is problem The ideology. specific a or parties Ivanishvili received only moderate 54,97% of votes may may votes of 54,97% moderate only received Ivanishvili a been has In this thesis In this .

the cy on a charismatic leader is decreas is leader charismatic a on cy to a to abilities of the personality to bring welfare and good and welfare bring to personality the of abilities

ofita ad unstable and conflictual particular ideology, rather than than rather ideology, particular 58 , I, and their actions. actions. their and

a assumed national characteristicand

a rmie vr srn utl now. until strong very remained has the that political culture existing in thein existing politicalculture that specific character of a person and and person a of character specific on of

count h g The wih prevent which , – e oiia clue in culture political he

ing by various elements various by all of these element these of all nrl rn in trend eneral culture was quite a quite was culture

the o mc o the on much too ing. a Soviet legacy.Soviet personality of of personality

I argued ed

elites

Post that that – s

CEU eTD Collection fo characterized is which society in views Intolerant of responsibility towardpeople. the day; one power up give and term their serve should they that forget to leaders the allowed expectations and attitudes People's minister. revo Shevardnadze war, positions. elections. the of fate the p were leaders Georgian the of all because These consensus. reach or power up give to 3) and aims, authoritarian pursueand population easythe manipulateis to it that feelsrulingelite the 2) support, popular because leader, the towards obedient extremely becomes itself elite the authoritarianThe practices parochialrise gave politicalon culture to of the society assist further have would which savior new a seek to starts electorate the not and society the dominate wh a as culture impact directly politics on views Primitive realized. be to unlikely are which an people manipulate easily to ability the politicians gives situation This there that indicates ideologies wing right left particularfor vote not do and processes political the awareof not are people that fact The rces under one particular idea or policy. Radicalism is still characteristic of Georgian Georgian of characteristic still is Radicalism policy. or idea particular one under rces lution. This explains for instance why Saakashvili w Saakashvili why instance for explains This lution. o instance, For l, hc i tr las to leads turn in which ole, a increased the presidential term to 5 years and resigned only after the the after only resigned and years 5 to term presidential the increased particular realistic program realistic particular by

this For the same reasons it is hard to remove to hard is it reasons same the For

conflict ruling the

ha in making dysfunctional. the party system

may explain explain may ve a ve the After contrary. ual direct impact on the attitudes of attitudes the on impact direct

elite

political culture and makes it difficult to unite political unite to difficult it makes and culture political

overestima is still still is , h Gmahri' eie led elite Gamsakhurdia's why

erceived as erceived

ahr hn okn fr nw dooy r p or ideology new a for looking than rather factors have been have factors furthermore 59 h eeto o te elite the of election the

a for the the low level of political education in society. society. in education political of level low

tes development. disappointment of people with people of disappointment

saviors and their and saviors its its , leaders do not ha not do leaders , anted to serve a third term as as term third a serve to anted own a role problem in Georgia in problem The the the , which makes it difficult it makes which , the the

ruling elites from their their from elites ruling elite and counter and elite hc i epce to expected is which p elite levelelite

arochial orientation arochial the personality decided decided personality ve the make d coun a strong feeling feeling strong edr enjoys leader the

because: 1) because: 1) r t civil to try 's promises the political

reality, reality, prime - elite, elite, elite, arty arty s - -

CEU eTD Collection prepare may which politics, Georgian the for precedent is stability and should coordination. of skills good demonstrate and flexibility keep to manage successfully quite citizens. ordinary characteristic different with parties of development Dream. Georgian coalition opposition political united for demand and processes political c The suit where verticalpower, creates andauthoritarianism to oriented directly is selection such because authoritarianism, of establishment the for chances fr inherited legacy undoubtedly is recruitment elite of criterion This injustice. of feeling a creates which com it When people's will. justify elite political a means which officials, to support and preferences their change quickly voters Also, views. confrontation political civil for grounds dangerous prepared which views, radical have On consensus. beneficial mutually reaching and cooperating from forces political prevented trend This views. political different tolerate not does which politics, n

reality, Georgian In views. and practices authoritarian the for element important h wl o te edr A a eut such result, a As leader. the of will the the urr also preferences ofone and interests person. n stain hw ta tee r sm avne. nraig neet f epe in people of interest Increasing advances. some are there that shows situation ent be noted that that noted be es to elite recruitment, loyalty towards to the leader outweighs professionalism, outweighs leader the to towards loyalty recruitment, elite to es

still sustained still a consensual model of democracy. The coalition represented various political various represented coalition The democracy. of model consensual Despite the fact that that fact the Despite om communist selection of nomenclature of selection communist om the the that parties lack loyal voters. Lac voters. loyal lack parties that confrontational policy towards opponents with the fact that it is it that fact the with opponents towards policy confrontational a few . h e The The s The

members members tability of the multi the of tability s tbihet f uh oe was power such of stablishment

n rsetvl hd ihr legitim higher had respectively and the decid coalition has a very diverse composition, they still still they composition, diverse very a has coalition 60

ed to ed the a leave whole ytm a smlrte wt Soviet with similarities has system - party ruling coalition is coalition ruling party k of tolerance in the political elite is elite political the in tolerance of k the . Also, such practi such Also, . the coalition the system is managed in the way to way the in managed is system ground for the establishment of establishment the for ground e t the to led a

so a ,

cietal level, people people level, cietal the degree of unity unity of degree the c in acy step forwards the the forwards step

ces increase the the increase ces creation wards elected elected wards an the the interesting ae on based a eyes of of eyes Soviet Soviet f the of the the

CEU eTD Collection past. the in been has it as Georgia modern in strong as not is governance of method based clan that mentioned be also should It transparent. more become has scene political the and ele criminal and Corruption 1990s. the during getting oftheGeorgian from which negativeelements were free isslowly some strong politics groundsprepare the fertile establishment of for recognized post a for fine be to seems still which happened, conflict Despite democracy. considere be should which 2012, in established was government the of precedentfirst The society. has culture political participatory to necessary not is action radical a whereas sufficiently, interests their pursuing not if reelected be can government any and hands their th wasas revolution orwar civil without 2012 in transition democratic first the achieve to managedGeorgians that was culture political participatory towards shift this view, my In culture. shift of tendency a is there and process of terms In negative the from learning confrontation civil experience of ignite to trying not are elites of political rules the on consensus of amount small a least at be to seems There crisis. and confrontation major cause not does problem this least at but conflictual, m and consensual

political culture political eet n paeul gv up gave peacefully and defeat the the 1990s. ore pragmatic politics. pragmatic ore e case in the past. This change shows that people know that authority is in in authorityis that know people that shows change This past. the in case e

, m , - retd htrc rm oh ie, o ao violence major no sides, both from rhetoric oriented ore and more people show their interest in the policy the in interest their show people more and ore the - opposition coexistence together in togethercoexistence opposition potential for further development and mobilization of mobilization and development further for potential ing

Thus, the government and opposition are still quite still are opposition and government the Thus,

from 61 uhrt i as aohr ucs, which success, another also is authority ments have significantly declined in the country country the in declined significantly have ments ensure democratic

being

d as d - a political transition. political a oit tt. h fc ta Saakashvili that fact The state. Soviet a a tradition parochial to participatory political participatory to parochial crucial achievement for Georgian Georgian for achievement crucial s.

the the the oiia gm and game political marked This shift This executive branch executive

by the fact the by

- towards towards making may has has -

CEU eTD Collection elements mentioned above. countries neighboring the to compared standards democratic fit not does which especially it but region, the in trends the of one been has authoritarianism towards attraction The politics. o an represents undoubtedly this and countries Caucasian South characteristics thecommon of the of isone andpolitical intolerance mentioned that radicalism from suffer Armenia and Azerbaijan value and challenges, geopolitical some orientations, characteristics common some have to regard With mattersnation. important for the how important also is It coalitions. new form Georgia elites, political Georgian society of past For space. political the of monopolization from elite ruling the is prevent to actors important is political which visible, between competition Strong attention. more receiving is life political coun the and society Civil . The success in creation of civil society with high po high with society civil of creation in success The . further development of political c political of development further

worse

depend o vroe eaie set o te neie political inherited the of aspects negative overcome to

, which may be determined by factors such as national character, religion, religion, character, national as such factors by determined be may which , remains and

comparing the South Caucasian states, it should be mentioned that countries that mentioned be should it states, Caucasian South the comparing s

on clan

the strong in Azerbaijan, where power was transferred from father to son, to father from transferred was power where Azerbaijan, in strong - ae governanc based

stability of the ruling coalition and coalition ruling the of stability l n tr dvlpet f h cnesa mdl f eorc in democracy of model consensual the of development term ong

ter elite have become more demanding of the ruling elite and and elite ruling the of demanding more become have elite ter

- orientations. , ulture, it is important not to not important is it ulture, ie eedny on dependency like underdeveloped underdeveloped e.

. and managed to overcome some of the negative negative the of some overcome to managed and liaey G Ultimately, oe onre hv better have countries Some 62 the

ut ie h Goga cs, p case, Georgian the like Just elites will manage to cooperate on various various on cooperate to manage will elites eorgia eorgia oiia culture. political litical culture depends culture litical a the hrsai lae, parochia leader, charismatic has ability of the other actors to to actors other the of ability bstacle for process for bstacle

repeat achieve

utr. ih ead to regard With culture.

oiia culture political

the mistakes of the the of mistakes the t hud lo be also should It d

relative

the ost - oriented oriented success -

ability ability Soviet Soviet

and l CEU eTD Collection rfso Nika Professor Interviewpolitical culture conducted Georgi inTbilisi, party. knowledgeHis experienceGeorgianand provideinformation interesting about duringpositions Saakashvili'smembers oneof period of theprominent and UNM represents Andro Respondents of List 10, 2015 groups. working different in consortiums Program Peace" for "Partnership the of Member Georgia; of also club Experts is Independent He of member universities. other in lectures delivering also while University, International havin Vakhtang Professor GeorgiaInterviewconducted 15,2015. inTbilisi, onApril language.English Georgianbothand publicationsin and books multiple has alsoscience, she a in professor visiting well a is She universities. other of number a is she also and University Sea Black International at Sciences Caucasus Internatio the at Program Relations International of Head is Kiknadze Tamara Professor GeorgiaTbilisi, 8,2015. onApril publications. and books multiple of author an is also he and past key held has He University. Sea Black International at Sciences Social of Faculty the at coordinator program PhD and MA as well as Professor

Appendix 1 Appendix g published various books and articles. He continues academic career in Caucasus Caucasus in career academic continues He articles. and books various published g

Barnov memberanis acurrent opposition ofthe Georgian

nal University and former Dean of the Faculty of Business, andSocialFacultyof theManagement and Dean former of nal University

Chitadze is a famous expert in political science in Georgia. He serves as as serves He Georgia. in science political in expert famous a is Chitadze

Maisaia is an expert in Georgian politics and international security, security, international and politics Georgian in expert an is Maisaia

- known and influential expert in Georgian p Georgian in expert influential and known 63

Interview conducted in Tbilisi on April on Tbilisi in conducted Interview posi a onApril 11,2015. tions in Georgian government in the in governmentGeorgian in tions

d has ontheleading worked

neve cnutd in conducted Interview

olitical

CEU eTD Collection After establishment of independence to which extent and in which direction has the political the has direction which in and extent which to independence of establishment After W you would What parochial say about political culture? and participative typeWhat isthepolitical are eliteWhat culture traditions andcharacteristics? its ofGeorgia? Ispolitical elite culture? conflict that youlike inGeorgia is How thesituation would evaluate view from thepointof asked of questions List to theinterviews during respondents Which typeWhich ofpolitical dominates inthe culture post factors formationWhich ofpoliticalin Arme determined culture inGeorgiaexisting like inArmeniaAzerbaijan? just and problems the settle to time same the approximately need Georgia will say you would What an elite political Georgian Azeri or theArmenian elites? political the between differences the and similarities the are What you would What the sayelite of about thetransitionalof times 1990s? e political extent AndGeorgia changed,changed? ifit direction has tookthe inwhich change place? what to independence, of obtaining upon opinion, your In you would What parochial say about political culture? and participative How strongare theelements ofthepolitical tolerance inthe Georgian politics? role its inthe Geonational is What characteristic? you would What Is the sayrole leader? about ofthe legacy charismatic thatthe soviet or Does legacy Soviet significant playofGeorgian inthe formation role political culture? you would What existence sayofthe about criminal elements in you would What the saypolitical elite ofthe about transitional period? between them? difference the was What governments? the between polarization about say you would What typeWhich ofpolitical dominates inthe culture post culture changed?

hich typeI ofpolitical dominated inGeorgia? culture governments. mean various Appendix 2 Appendix

oriented orconsensus oriented

rgianculture? political - - soviet po Soviet South Caucasus South Soviet political elites?

- oriented? litical elites? nia and Azerbaijan? Azerbaijan? nia and the Georgian politics?

lite culture of of culture lite of the

the d

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