DOCSLIB.ORG

The Status of the Worldls Land and Marine Mammals: Diversity, Threat

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Status of the Worldls Land and Marine Mammals: Diversity, Threat RESEARCH ARTICLES nized species, including marine mammals, were not covered in previously published analyses. Here, we present the results of the most com- The Status of the World’s Land prehensive assessment to date of the conservation status and distribution of the world’s mammals, covering all 5487 wild species recognized as and Marine Mammals: Diversity, extant since 1500. This 5-year, IUCN-led col- laborative effort of more than 1700 experts in Threat, and Knowledge 130 countries compiled detailed information on species’ taxonomy, distribution, habitats, and pop- 1,2 1,2 3 1,2 1,2 Jan Schipper, * Janice S. Chanson, Federica Chiozza, Neil A. Cox, Michael Hoffmann, ulation trends, as well as the threats to, human 1 1,4 5,6 1,2 7 Vineet Katariya, John Lamoreux, AnaS.L.Rodrigues, Simon N. Stuart, Helen J. Temple, use of, ecology of, and conservation measures for 8 3 2,4 2 Jonathan Baillie, Luigi Boitani, Thomas E. Lacher Jr., Russell A. Mittermeier, these species. All data are freely available for 9 10 2,4 11 2,12 Andrew T. Smith, Daniel Absolon, John M. Aguiar, Giovanni Amori, Noura Bakkour, consultation and downloading (11). 13,14 15 8,16 17 18 Ricardo Baldi, Richard J. Berridge, Jon Bielby, Patricia Ann Black, J. Julian Blanc, Diversity. Mammals occupy most of the 2,19,20 21,22 23,24 25 Thomas M. Brooks, James A. Burton, Thomas M. Butynski, Gianluca Catullo, Earth’s habitats. As in previous studies (8, 12), 26 8 8 27 28 Roselle Chapman, Zoe Cokeliss, Ben Collen, Jim Conroy, Justin G. Cooke, we found that land species (i.e., terrestrial, 29,30 31 32 33 Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca, Andrew E. Derocher, Holly T. Dublin, J. W. Duckworth, including volant, and freshwater) have particularly 34 35 36 2 37 Louise Emmons, Richard H. Emslie, Marco Festa-Bianchet, Matt Foster, Sabrina Foster, high levels of species richness in the Andes and 38 39 40 41 David L. Garshelis, Cormack Gates, Mariano Gimenez-Dixon, Susana Gonzalez, in Afromontane regions in Africa, such as the 42 43 44 Jose Fernando Gonzalez-Maya, Tatjana C. Good, Geoffrey Hammerson, Albertine Rift. We also found high species 45 46 46 47 48 Philip S. Hammond, David Happold, Meredith Happold, John Hare, Richard B. Harris, richness in Asia, most noticeably in the 49,50 51 52 33 Clare E. Hawkins, Mandy Haywood, Lawrence R. Heaney, Simon Hedges, Hengduan mountains of southwestern China, 34 7 53 54 Kristofer M. Helgen, Craig Hilton-Taylor, Syed Ainul Hussain, Nobuo Ishii, peninsular Malaysia, and Borneo (Fig. 1A). The 55 56,57 9 58 Thomas A. Jefferson, Richard K. B. Jenkins, Charlotte H. Johnston, Mark Keith, ranges of many large mammals have recently Jonathan Kingdon,59 David H. Knox,60 Kit M. Kovacs,61,62 Penny Langhammer,9 Kristin Leus,63 contracted substantially in tropical Asia (13), so on October 10, 2008 64 65 66 16 Rebecca Lewison, Gabriela Lichtenstein, Lloyd F. Lowry, Zoe Macavoy, local diversity was once undoubtedly even 16 67 25 68 Georgina M. Mace, David P. Mallon, Monica Masi, Meghan W. McKnight, higher. Overall, the species richness pattern for 69 70,71 72 73 Rodrigo A. Medellín, Patricia Medici, Gus Mills, Patricia D. Moehlman, land mammals is similar to that found for birds 74,75 76 77 78 79 Sanjay Molur, Arturo Mora, Kristin Nowell, John F. Oates, Wanda Olech, and amphibians (12), which suggests that 80 34 52 55 William R. L. Oliver, Monik Oprea, Bruce D. Patterson, William F. Perrin, diversity is similarly driven by energy avail- 1 7 81 82 56 Beth A. Polidoro, Caroline Pollock, Abigail Powel, Yelizaveta Protas, Paul Racey, ability and topographic complexity (14, 15). 1 37 83 84 55 Jim Ragle, Pavithra Ramani, Galen Rathbun, Randall R. Reeves, Stephen B. Reilly, Marine mammals concentrate in tropical and 85 3 86 25 John E. Reynolds III, Carlo Rondinini, Ruth Grace Rosell-Ambal, Monica Rulli, temperate coastal platforms, as well as in off- Anthony B. Rylands,2 Simona Savini,25 Cody J. Schank,37 Wes Sechrest,37 Caryn Self-Sullivan,87 shore areas in the Tasman and Caribbean seas, www.sciencemag.org 88 89 2 37 Alan Shoemaker, Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, Naamal De Silva, David E. Smith, east of Japan and New Zealand and west of Cen- 90 91 92 93 Chelmala Srinivasulu, Peter J. Stephenson, Nico van Strien, Bibhab Kumar Talukdar, tral America, and in the southern Indian Ocean. 55 94 95 96,97 Barbara L. Taylor, Rob Timmins, Diego G. Tirira, Marcelo F. Tognelli, As with land species, marine richness seems to 98 99 1 100 Katerina Tsytsulina, Liza M. Veiga, Jean-Christophe Vié, Elizabeth A. Williamson, be associated with primary productivity: Where- 2 101 44 Sarah A. Wyatt, Yan Xie, Bruce E. Young as land species’ richness peaks toward the equator, marine richness peaks at around 40° N Knowledge of mammalian diversity is still surprisingly disparate, both regionally and and S (16) (fig. S4), corresponding to belts of taxonomically. Here, we present a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status and high oceanic productivity (17). An interesting Downloaded from distribution of the world’s mammals. Data, compiled by 1700+ experts, cover all 5487 species, exception is the low species richness in the high- including marine mammals. Global macroecological patterns are very different for land and marine ly productive North Atlantic Ocean (17). Only species but suggest common mechanisms driving diversity and endemism across systems. one species’ extinction [Sea Mink, Neovison Compared with land species, threat levels are higher among marine mammals, driven by different macrodon (18)] and one extirpation [Gray Whale, processes (accidental mortality and pollution, rather than habitat loss), and are spatially distinct Eschrichtius robustus (19)] are recorded from (peaking in northern oceans, rather than in Southeast Asia). Marine mammals are also this region, yet evidence for many local extinc- disproportionately poorly known. These data are made freely available to support further scientific tions comes from historical records of species developments and conservation action. exploitation where they no longer occur ([e.g., Harp Seal, Phoca groenlandica, in the Baltic ammals play key roles in ecosystems traits associated with high extinction risk (3, 4), Sea (20); Bowhead Whale, Balaena mysticetus, (e.g., grazing, predation, and seed dis- and prioritization of species for conservation off Labrador (21); Walrus, Odobenus rosmarus, Mpersal) and provide important benefits action (5). However, the 1996 assessment was in Nova Scotia (22)]. Past human exploitation to humans (e.g., food, recreation, and income), based on categories and criteria that have now may therefore have depleted natural species yet our understanding of them is still surpris- been superseded, and the assessments are of- richness in the North Atlantic—as it probably ingly patchy (1). An assessment of the conser- ficially outdated for about 3300 mammals never did with land mammals in Australia (23) and vation status of all known mammals was last assessed since. Previously compiled global dis- the Caribbean (24). undertaken by the International Union for Con- tribution maps for terrestrial mammals (6, 7) Phylogenetic diversity is a measure that takes servation of Nature (IUCN) in 1996 (2). These have been used in a variety of analyses, including account of phylogenetic relationships (and hence, IUCN Red List classifications of extinction risk recommending global conservation priorities evolutionary history) between taxa (16, 25)(fig. (fig. S1) for mammals have been used in nu- (7–9), and analyzing the coverage of protected S3). It is arguably a more relevant currency of merous studies, including the identification of areas (10). However, nearly 700 currently recog- diversity and less affected by variations in taxo- www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 322 10 OCTOBER 2008 225 RESEARCH ARTICLES nomic classification than species richness. Spe- million km2 (Red Fox, Vulpes vulpes;Eurasia Cameroonian, and Ethiopian Highlands) (Fig. cies richness (Fig. 1A) and phylogenetic diversity and North America). For marine species, ranges 1C). Marine restricted-range species are al- (Fig. 1B) are very closely related for land spe- vary from 16,500 km2 (Vaquita, Phocoena sinus; most entirely found around continental plat- cies (r2 = 0.98) (fig. S5), but less so in the ma- Gulf of California), to 350 million km2 (Killer forms, particularly in the highly productive rine environment (r2 = 0.73). Disproportionately Whale, Orcinus orca; all oceans). Despite these waters off the Southern Cone of South Amer- high phylogenetic diversity in the southern oceans extremes, most species have small ranges (fig. ica (Fig. 1C) (17). Both land and marine patterns suggests that either species here are less related S6): Most land taxa occupy areas smaller than of endemism are thus apparently associated than elsewhere, or that current species may in the UK, and the range of most marine mam- with highly productive areas subject to strong fact be poorly known complexes of multiple spe- mals is smaller than one-fifth of the Indian Ocean environmental gradients (altitudinal in land; cies, with new species awaiting discovery (con- (fig. S6). depth in marine). sistent with the poor species knowledge in this Among land mammals, restricted-range spe- A different perspective on patterns of spe- area, see below). cies (those 25% of species with the smallest cies’ endemism is obtained by mapping global The size of land species’ ranges varies from ranges) are concentrated on highly diverse is- variation in median range size (Fig. 1D). For land a few hundred square meters (Bramble Cay lands (e.g., Madagascar, Sri Lanka, and Sulawesi) species, there is a strong association between Melomys, Melomys rubicola; Australia), to 64.7 and tropical mountain systems (e.g., Andes, landmass width and median range size: The 1International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) stitution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Giant's Comeback
    W INT E R 2 0 1 0 n o s d o D y l l i B Home to elephants, rhinos and more, African Heartlands are conservation landscapes large enough to sustain a diversity of species for centuries to come. In these landscapes— places like Kilimanjaro and Samburu—AWF and its partners are pioneering lasting conservation strate- gies that benefit wildlife and people alike. Inside TH I S ISSUE n e s r u a L a n a h S page 4 These giraffes are members of the only viable population of West African giraffe remaining in the wild. A few herds live in a small AWF Goes to West Africa area in Niger outside Regional Parc W. AWF launches the Regional Parc W Heartland. A Giant’s Comeback t looks like a giraffe, walks like a giraffe, eats totaling a scant 190-200 individuals. All live in like a giraffe and is indeed a giraffe. But a small area—dubbed “the Giraffe Zone”— IGiraffa camelopardalis peralta (the scientific outside the W National Parc in Niger, one of name for the West African giraffe) is a distinct the three national parks that lie in AWF’s new page 6 subspecies of mother nature’s tallest mammal, transboundary Heartland in West Africa (see A Quality Brew having split from a common ancestral popula- pp. 4-5). Conserving the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro tion some 35,000 years ago. This genetic Entering the Zone with good coffee. distinction is apparent in its large orange- Located southeast of Niamey, Niger’s brown skin pattern, which is more lightly- capital, the Giraffe Zone spans just a few hun- colored than that of other giraffes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Status and Distribution of Mediterranean Mammals
    THE STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF MEDITERRANEAN MAMMALS Compiled by Helen J. Temple and Annabelle Cuttelod AN E AN R R E IT MED The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ – Regional Assessment THE STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF MEDITERRANEAN MAMMALS Compiled by Helen J. Temple and Annabelle Cuttelod The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ – Regional Assessment The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or other participating organizations, concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or other participating organizations. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK Copyright: © 2009 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Red List logo: © 2008 Citation: Temple, H.J. and Cuttelod, A. (Compilers). 2009. The Status and Distribution of Mediterranean Mammals. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK : IUCN. vii+32pp. ISBN: 978-2-8317-1163-8 Cover design: Cambridge Publishers Cover photo: Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus © Antonio Rivas/P. Ex-situ Lince Ibérico All photographs used in this publication remain the property of the original copyright holder (see individual captions for details).
    [Show full text]
  • Why Lizards Need Elephants to Survive
    Why lizards need elephants to survive May 22, 2015 Somewhere in Africa, a lizard survives thanks to an elephant. Ecosystems are nuanced arrangements, and it isn’t always obvious how the different pieces of the ecological puzzle snap into place. Lizards, it turns out, rely on the debris created by elephants as they trample trees. Shards of wood and leaves haphazardly left behind by marching pachyderms provide good cover for a small lizard to escape the piercing talons of a hungry raptor. Kill the elephants, and the lizards could suffer. Some 10,000 years ago as the Pleistocene unfolded across the planet, 80 percent of mega- herbivores – those critters larger than 1,000 kilograms, like modern elephants – would become wiped out. Some of them suffered due to climate-related changes that swept across the globe, but many of them were ultimately driven to extinction through overhunting. In the late Pleistocene, there were some 42 such mega-herbivores. Today, only eight remain. Together with other large herbivores (between 100 and 1,000 kilograms), Earth’s plant eaters are in serious decline. Indeed, the waves of extinction and biodiversity loss that began in the Pleistocene may be continuing today in Africa and in Southeast Asia, where the very recent extinction of Western black rhinos is a salient reminder of our own species’ disproportionate affect on our planet’s wildlife. Today, there are 74 herbivores larger than 100 kilograms still grazing and browsing the leaves, branches, and stems of our pale blue dot. Earlier this month in the journal Science Advances, a group of researchers led by Oregon State University ecologist William J.
    [Show full text]
  • Vz Schipper Et Al 2008 Scienc
    The Status of the World's Land and Marine Mammals: Diversity, Threat, and Knowledge Jan Schipper, et al. Science 322, 225 (2008); DOI: 10.1126/science.1165115 The following resources related to this article are available online at www.sciencemag.org (this information is current as of October 9, 2008 ): Updated information and services, including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online version of this article at: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/322/5899/225 Supporting Online Material can be found at: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/322/5899/225/DC1 A list of selected additional articles on the Science Web sites related to this article can be found at: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/322/5899/225#related-content This article cites 30 articles, 8 of which can be accessed for free: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/322/5899/225#otherarticles on October 9, 2008 This article appears in the following subject collections: Ecology http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/collection/ecology Information about obtaining reprints of this article or about obtaining permission to reproduce this article in whole or in part can be found at: http://www.sciencemag.org/about/permissions.dtl www.sciencemag.org Downloaded from Science (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. Copyright 2008 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved. The title Science is a registered trademark of AAAS.
    [Show full text]
  • (Agro Pontino, Central Italy): New Constraints on the Last Interglacial
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The archaeological ensemble from Campoverde (Agro Pontino, central Italy): new constraints on the Last Received: 29 June 2018 Accepted: 14 November 2018 Interglacial sea level markers Published: xx xx xxxx F. Marra1, C. Petronio2, P. Ceruleo3, G. Di Stefano2, F. Florindo1, M. Gatta4,5, M. La Rosa6, M. F. Rolfo4 & L. Salari2 We present a combined geomorphological and biochronological study aimed at providing age constraints to the deposits forming a wide paleo-surface in the coastal area of the Tyrrhenian Sea, south of Anzio promontory (central Italy). We review the faunal assemblage recovered in Campoverde, evidencing the occurrence of the modern fallow deer subspecies Dama dama dama, which in peninsular Italy is not present before MIS 5e, providing a post-quem terminus of 125 ka for the deposit hosting the fossil remains. The geomorphological reconstruction shows that Campoverde is located within the highest of three paleosurfaces progressively declining towards the present coast, at average elevations of 36, 26 and 15 m a.s.l. The two lowest paleosurfaces match the elevation of the previously recognized marine terraces in this area; we defne a new, upper marine terrace corresponding to the 36 m paleosurface, which we name Campoverde complex. Based on the provided evidence of an age as young as MIS 5e for this terrace, we discuss the possibility that previous identifcation of a tectonically stable MIS 5e coastline ranging 10–8 m a.s.l. in this area should be revised, with signifcant implications on assessment of the amplitude of sea-level oscillations during the Last Interglacial in the Mediterranean Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): a Review Based on Morphology and Cladistic Analysis
    Blackwell Science, LtdOxford, UKZOJZoological Journal of the Linnean Society0024-4082The Lin- nean Society of London, 2005? 2005 143? 126 Original Article J.-R. BOISSERIEHIPPOPOTAMIDAE PHYLOGENY AND TAXONOMY Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 143, 1–26. With 11 figures The phylogeny and taxonomy of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): a review based on morphology and cladistic analysis JEAN-RENAUD BOISSERIE1,2* 1Laboratoire de Géobiologie, Biochronologie et Paléontologie Humaine, UMR CNRS 6046, Université de Poitiers, 40 avenue du Recteur, Pineau 86022 Cedex, France 2Laboratory for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Integrative Biology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California at Berkeley, 3101 Valley Life Science Building, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160, USA Received August 2003; accepted for publication June 2004 The phylogeny and taxonomy of the whole family Hippopotamidae is in need of reconsideration, the present confu- sion obstructing palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography studies of these Neogene mammals. The revision of the Hip- popotamidae initiated here deals with the last 8 Myr of African and Asian species. The first thorough cladistic analysis of the family is presented here. The outcome of this analysis, including 37 morphological characters coded for 15 extant and fossil taxa, as well as non-coded features of mandibular morphology, was used to reconstruct broad outlines of hippo phylogeny. Distinct lineages within the paraphyletic genus Hexaprotodon are recognized and char- acterized. In order to harmonize taxonomy and phylogeny, two new genera are created. The genus name Choeropsis is re-validated for the extant Liberian hippo. The nomen Hexaprotodon is restricted to the fossil lineage mostly known in Asia, but also including at least one African species.
    [Show full text]
  • Deer from Late Miocene to Pleistocene of Western Palearctic: Matching Fossil Record and Molecular Phylogeny Data
    Zitteliana B 32 (2014) 115 Deer from Late Miocene to Pleistocene of Western Palearctic: matching fossil record and molecular phylogeny data Roman Croitor Zitteliana B 32, 115 – 153 München, 31.12.2014 Institute of Cultural Heritage, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Bd. Stefan Cel Mare 1, Md-2028, Chisinau, Moldova; Manuscript received 02.06.2014; revision E-mail: [email protected] accepted 11.11.2014 ISSN 1612 - 4138 Abstract This article proposes a brief overview of opinions on cervid systematics and phylogeny, as well as some unresolved taxonomical issues, morphology and systematics of the most important or little known mainland cervid genera and species from Late Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene of Western Eurasia and from Late Pleistocene and Holocene of North Africa. The Late Miocene genera Cervavitus and Pliocervus from Western Eurasia are included in the subfamily Capreolinae. A cervid close to Cervavitus could be a direct forerunner of the modern genus Alces. The matching of results of molecular phylogeny and data from cervid paleontological record revealed the paleozoogeographical context of origin of modern cervid subfamilies. Subfamilies Capreolinae and Cervinae are regarded as two Late Miocene adaptive radiations within the Palearctic zoogeographic province and Eastern part of Oriental province respectively. The modern clade of Eurasian Capreolinae is significantly depleted due to climate shifts that repeatedly changed climate-geographic conditions of Northern Eurasia. The clade of Cervinae that evolved in stable subtropical conditions gave several later radiations (including the latest one with Cervus, Rusa, Panolia, and Hyelaphus) and remains generally intact until present days. During Plio-Pleistocene, cervines repeatedly dispersed in Palearctic part of Eurasia, however many of those lineages have become extinct.
    [Show full text]
  • IUCN Red List Mediteranean Mammals.Indd
    THE STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF MEDITERRANEAN MAMMALS Compiled by Helen J. Temple and Annabelle Cuttelod AN E AN R R E IT MED The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ – Regional Assessment IUCN Red list mediteranean mammals.indd 1 14/9/09 10:06:40 IUCN Red list mediteranean mammals.indd 2 17/8/09 10:50:42 THE STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF MEDITERRANEAN MAMMALS Compiled by Helen J. Temple and Annabelle Cuttelod The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ – Regional Assessment IUCN Red list mediteranean mammals.indd 1 17/8/09 10:50:42 The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or other participating organizations, concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or other participating organizations. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK Copyright: © 2009 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Red List logo: © 2008 Citation: Temple, H.J. and Cuttelod, A. (Compilers). 2009. The Status and Distribution of Mediterranean Mammals. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK : IUCN. vii+32pp.
    [Show full text]
  • City of Wyoming City Code
    Chapter 8 ANIMALS* __________ *Cross references: Environment, Ch. 16; RR rural residential district, § 40-136 et seq. State law references: Authority to regulate the keeping of animals, Minnesota Statutes § 412.221, subd. 21. __________ ARTICLE I. IN GENERAL Sec. 8 – 1. Definitions. Sec. 8 – 2. Running at large prohibited. Sec. 8 – 3. Seizure of an animal running at large. Sec. 8 – 4. Muzzling proclamation. Sec. 8 – 5. Specific Prohibitions. Sec. 8 – 6. Premises entry right. Sec. 8 – 7. Number of animals permitted. ARTICLE II. POUND Sec. 8 – 41. Authorized. Sec. 8 – 42. Impoundment of animals. Sec. 8 – 43. Redemption. Sec. 8 – 44. Selling of impounded animals. Sec. 8 – 45. Disposition of proceeds of sale. Sec. 8 – 46. Breaking pound. ARTICLE III. URBAN FOWL Sec. 8 – 71. Authorized. Sec. 8 – 72. Facilities. 35 ARTICLE I. IN GENERAL Sec. 8 – 1. Definitions. The following words, terms and phrases, when used in this chapter, shall have the meanings ascribed to them in this section, except where the context clearly indicates a different meaning: (1) Agricultural Purposes: Means animals that are raised, kept, or bred as commodities and are sold, or their offspring sold, whole or in part for meat, food, fur, skin, fiber, or egg production. (2) Buildable: Means an area of land excluding surface waters, wetlands or floodplains. (3) Domestic Animal: Domestic animal means, animal species that have been selectively bred for hundreds of generations to accept humans or live with humans, and are commonly considered to be domesticated in the United States. Domestic animals include companion animals and livestock. (4) Companion Animal: Means any animal that is commonly kept by persons as a pet or for companionship.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Hippopotamus
    Husbandry Guidelines for the Common Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius Mammalia: Hippopotamidae Author: Rebecca Jones Date of Preparation: 2008 Western Sydney Institute of TAFE, Richmond Course Name and Number: Certificate III Captive Animals - 1068 Lecturer: Graeme Phipps 1 DISCLAIMER 2 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS WARNING This animal is classified as DANGEROUS and is capable of inflicting a potentially fatal injury. Caution should be taken when working with the Hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius. Keepers are not to work in the enclosure with these animals and are to carry a working two-way radio at all times. There should be two padlocked gates between keepers and these animals when working in their enclosures. There should be appropriate signage on the outside of exhibits and nightyards identifying them as dangerous animals. Hazards to keepers when working with Hippopotamuses fall into several categories; physical, chemical, biological, manual handling, psychological and radiation. These hazards as well as preventative measures are outlined in Table 1.0. Table 1.0 – Hazards Associated with Working with Hippopotamuses and Preventative Measures to Avoid Injury. Hazard category Type of Hazard Preventative Measures Physical Large canine tusks – injury Keepers are not to work in through bite. Large size the enclosure with these and speed – injury through animals and are to maintain crush or trampling. two padlocked gates between them and the animal when working in enclosures. Thorough staff training. Chemical Exposure to chemicals used Use PPE (Personal in cleaning – Wonderclean, Protective Equipment) Bleach. Medicines for when handling chemicals treatment and diet and have Material Safety supplements. Data Sheet (MSDS) in proximity. Ensure medicines and supplements are labeled correctly and read instructions.
    [Show full text]
  • Choeropsis Liberiensis ) in and Around the Gola Rainforest National Park
    Studying the distribution and abundance of the Endangered pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis ) in and around the Gola Rainforest National Park in southeastern Sierra Leone by Jerry C. Garteh A Dissertation in the Department of Biological Sciences submitted to the School of Environmental Sciences of Njala University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of Degree of Master of Science in Biodiversity Conservation December 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ i List of Tables ................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures ................................................................................................................ v List of Appendices ......................................................................................................... vi Abstract ......................................................................................................................... vii Dedication ..................................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................... ix Certification ................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Agrion Newsletter of the Worldwide Dragonfly Association
    AGRION NEWSLETTER OF THE WORLDWIDE DRAGONFLY ASSOCIATION PATRON: Professor Edward O. Wilson FRS, FRSE Volume 12, Number 2 July 2008 Secretary: Linda Averill. 49 James Road, Kidderminster, Worcester, DY10 2TR, UK. Email: [email protected] Editors: Keith Wilson. 18 Chatsworth Road, Brighton, BN1 5DB, UK. Email: [email protected] Graham Reels. C-6-26 Fairview Park, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong. Email: [email protected] ISSN 1476-2552 AGRION NEWSLETTER OF THE WORLDWIDE DRAGONFLY ASSOCIATION AGRION is Worldwide Dragonfly Association’s (WDA’s) newsletter, published twice a year, in January and July. The WDA aims to advance public education and awareness by the promotion of the study and conservation of dragonflies (Odonata) and their natural habitats in all parts of the world. AGRION covers all aspects of WDA’s activities; it communicates facts and knowledge related to the study and conservation of dragonflies and is a forum for news and information exchange for members. Members can download previous issues of AGRION from the WDA website at http://ecoevo.uvigo.es/WDA/dragonfly.htm. WDA is a Registered Charity (Not-for- Profit Organization), Charity No. 1066039/0. ________________________________________________________________________________ Editorial Keith Wilson [[email protected]] Only one article, previously published in AGRION, features odonates from the Arabian Peninsula. The article, titled, ‘Soqotra - The Island of Dragon’s Blood’ by Wolfgang Schneider, was published in 1999 (AGRION 3[2]: 27- 28). It describes a brief visit, made by Wolfgang and Henri Dumont to Yemen’s Socotra Island in 1996, where they collected 14 of the 18 species known from Socotra. In this issue of AGRION there is a distinct flavour of Al Jazirah (= Arabia) as there are three articles devoted to the region including one from Oman and two from Oman and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
    [Show full text]