Tilburg University Spaces of Culture Van Schaik, Marjo
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Tilburg University Spaces of culture van Schaik, Marjo Publication date: 2018 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in Tilburg University Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): van Schaik, M. (2018). Spaces of culture: A trialectic analysis of the recent developments of cultural venues in Amsterdam. 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Download date: 26. sep. 2021 Spaces of Culture A trialectic analysis of the recent developments of cultural venues in Amsterdam Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan Tilburg University op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. E.H.L. Aarts, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties aangewezen commissie in de aula van de Universiteit op vrijdag 23 februari 2018 om 10.00 uur door Maria Johanna van Schaik geboren te Venlo Promotores: Prof. dr. ir. J.T. Mommaas Prof. dr. W.G.M. Salet Promotiecommissie: Dr. I. van Aalst Prof. dr. ir. J. Janssen Prof. dr. R.C. Kloosterman Prof. dr. G.W. Richards Prof. dr. A. Schramme TABLE OF CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 9 1.1 HOW IT ALL STARTED ........................................................................................ 10 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION AND SCOPE ...................................................................... 14 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION IN PRACTICE .................................................................... 14 1.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE THESIS ....................................................................... 15 1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH .......................................................................... 16 2. TRANSITIONS IN THE LEGITIMATION OF ARTS AND CULTURE ............ 19 2.1 DEFINING ‘ARTS AND CULTURE’ ........................................................................ 21 2.2 DIMENSIONS OF LEGITIMATION: PRISM OF ARTISTIC, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC VALUES ......................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.1 Source of inspiration, innovation and imagination ..................................................... 23 2.2.2 Economic profitability .............................................................................................. 26 2.2.3 Participatory art ...................................................................................................... 28 2.3 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................... 32 3. GLOBALISATION, CREATIVE CLUSTERS AND CULTURAL PROCESSES35 3.1 NETWORK DEVELOPMENTS ................................................................................ 36 3.2 THE PRODUCTION-DISTRIBUTION-CONSUMER MODEL CHANGES INTO A PARTICIPATION MODEL ................................................................................................. 38 3.3 URBAN DEVELOPMENTS AND CREATIVE CLUSTERS ............................................. 39 3.4 IMPACT ON CULTURAL PROCESSES ..................................................................... 40 3.5 TO CONCLUDE .................................................................................................. 43 4. THE MEANING OF PLACE ................................................................ 46 4.1 DIMENSIONS OF PLACE ..................................................................................... 46 4.2 PLACE AND PROCESSES OF CHANGE .................................................................. 49 4.3 PLACEMAKING ................................................................................................. 50 4.4 THE SENSE OF CULTURAL PLACES ...................................................................... 51 4.4.1 Interaction between economy and cultural places. ....................................................... 52 4.4.2 Interaction between society and cultural places. .......................................................... 52 4.4.3 Interaction between artistic practice and cultural places. .............................................. 54 4.5 CONCLUDING ................................................................................................... 55 5 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ 57 5.1. SOJA’S TRIALECTICS .......................................................................................... 58 5.1.1 Firstspace ............................................................................................................ 59 5.1.2 Secondspace ........................................................................................................ 60 5.1.3 Thirdspace .......................................................................................................... 62 5.2 METHOD AND SET UP ........................................................................................ 63 5.3 SAMPLING CASES ............................................................................................... 66 5.4 TIME ................................................................................................................. 68 5.5 TO CONCLUDE .................................................................................................. 69 6. FIRSTSPACE: CASES & CITY DEVELOPMENT ........................................ 71 6.1 FIRST OVERALL IMPRESSIONS ............................................................................. 73 6.1.1 Construction costs, exploitation and ownership ........................................................... 74 6.1.2 Time span ............................................................................................................... 78 6.1.3 Changing numbers of activities, seats and audience ..................................................... 78 6.2 CULTURE VENUES AND CHANGING CITY SPACE .................................................. 79 3 Spaces of Culture 6.3 IN CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 86 7. SECONDSPACE: CITY PLANNING, CULTURAL POLICY AND VENUES .... 87 7.1 CITY PLANNING ................................................................................................ 89 7.1.1 Y-banks .................................................................................................................. 93 7.1.2 Westergasfabriek area .............................................................................................. 98 7.1.3 Bijlmer area ........................................................................................................... 100 7.1.4 Art factories policy .................................................................................................. 104 7.1.5 Recap .................................................................................................................... 105 7.2 CULTURE POLICY ............................................................................................ 105 7.2.1 Key representations in Art Programmes Amsterdam from 1992 till 2016 ..................... 106 7.2.2 Relation between cultural policy and city planning .................................................... 111 7. 3 VENUES AND REPRESENTATIONS ...................................................................... 114 7.4 GRID OF CATEGORIES AND INTEGRATED SCHEME OF CASES .............................. 118 7.5 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 123 8. THIRDSPACE: VENUES AS THEY ARE EXPERIENCED IN PRACTICE ..... 125 8.1 OVERALL VIEW OF INDIVIDUAL CASES. ............................................................ 127 8.2 CULTURAL IDENTITY AND CONNECTIVITY ........................................................ 128 8.2.1 Cultural identity and architecture ............................................................................ 129 8.2.2 Cultural identity and location .................................................................................. 130 8.2.3 Connectivity between location, audience, and community .......................................... 132 8.3 CULTURAL STRATEGIES ................................................................................... 134 8.4 LEADERSHIP ................................................................................................... 140 8.5 IN CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 142 9. REFLECTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ................................................ 145 9.1 IMPACT OF DOMINANCE OF ECONOMIC VALUE ................................................. 147 9.2 STRATEGIES RELATED TO PLACE .....................................................................