Table of Contents Executive Summary 1

Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Table of Contents Executive Summary 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ...... 9 1.2 THE PROJECT ...... 9 1.2.1 Project Description ...... 9 1.2.2 Objectives of the Assignment ...... 11 1.2.3 Scope of EIA ...... 12 1.3 METHODOLOGY FOR EIA ...... 12 1.3.1 Review of Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ...... 13 1.3.2 Assessment of Baseline Environmental Status ...... 13 1.3.3 Assessment of Alternatives ...... 13 1.3.4 Assessment of Potential Impacts ...... 13 1.3.5 Integration of Environmental Assessments in the Design Process ...... 13 1.3.6 Conduct of Community Consultations ...... 13 1.3.7 Identified Mitigation & Environmental Enhancement Measures ...... 13 1.3.8 Preparation of the Preliminary Environmental Management Plan (EMP) ...... 13 1.4 PROJECT BENEFITS ...... 14 1.5 STRUCTURE OF REPORT ...... 14 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 15

2.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES ...... 15 2.2 PROJECT CORRIDOR CHARACTERISTICS ...... 15 2.2.1 Existing Right-of-Way (RoW) ...... 15 2.2.2 Traffic Scenario ...... 16 2.2.3 Land Use and Road side Environments ...... 17 2.2.4 Major Settlements Enroute ...... 19 2.3 SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 21 2.4 IMPROVEMENT PROPOSALS ...... 21 2.4.1 Widening Scheme ...... 21 2.4.2 Proposed Bypasses ...... 25 2.4.3 Proposed RoW Width ...... 26 2.4.4 Proposed Median Width ...... 26 2.4.5 Proposed Road Features ...... 26 TOLL PLAZA ...... 28 2.5 INTERSECTIONS ...... 28 2.6 ROAD DRAINAGE ...... 30 2.6.1 Covered Drain below Footpath in Urban Areas...... 30 2.6.2 Road-side Drain ...... 30 2.6.3 Chute Drains ...... 30 2.6.4 Additional Culvert for Field Channel ...... 30 2.6.5 Additional Culvert at Cross Road ...... 30 2.7 SOURCE OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ...... 31 2.7.1 Quarries for Sand ...... 31 2.7.2 Source for Water ...... 31 2.8 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS ...... 32

Environmental Impact Assessment Report 1 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

2.9 HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ...... 32 2.10 ROAD SAFETY MEASURES ...... 32 2.10.1 Carriageway Markings ...... 32 2.10.2 Traffic Signs ...... 33 2.10.3 Safety Barriers ...... 33 2.11 LAND REQUIREMENT ...... 33 3. LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ...... 35

3.1 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 35 Legislation and Regulations: Environmental legislation, regulations and policy guidelines that may apply to this project and government agencies that administer them are summarized in Table 2.1...... 35 3.2 THE LEGAL SETTING ...... 35 3.3 CLEARANCE PROCEDURES ...... 39 3.3.1 The EIA Notification ...... 39 3.3.2 Categorisation and Clearance Requirement for the Present Project ...... 40 4. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS ...... 41

4.1 BACKGROUND...... 41 4.2 STUDY REGION DELINEATION...... 41 4.3 COLLECTION & COLLATION OF DATA ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL FEATURES ...... 42 4.3.1 Primary Data Collection ...... 42 4.3.2 Secondary Data Collection ...... 42 4.4 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 42 4.4.1 Climate and Meteorology ...... 43 4.4.2 Physiography and Terrain ...... 44 Soil ...... 45 Land Use ...... 46 Noise Quality ...... 49 Ecology ...... 57 Institutional Facility...... 58 Coastal Regulation Zone ...... 60 4.5 SOCIAL & CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 60 4.5.1 Social Environment ...... 60 4.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE ...... 61 4.6.1 Population Distribution ...... 61 4.6.2 Population Density ...... 61 4.6.3 Sex Ratio ...... 62 4.6.4 Vulnerable Population ...... 62 4.6.5 Literacy Rate ...... 62 4.6.6 Workforce Participation ...... 63 4.6.7 Right of Way ...... 63 4.6.8 Cultural Environment ...... 64 5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 65 5.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 65 5.2 WITH OR WITHOUT PROJECT SCENARIO...... 66 5.3 ALIGNMENT SELECTION ...... 66 5.4 ALTERNATIVE PROPOSALS FOR BYPASSES ...... 67 Environmental Impact Assessment 2 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

5.4.1 Bypasses Proposed by R&B ...... 67 5.4.2 Bypasses Proposed by STUP ...... 72 6. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION ...... 83 7. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS ...... 97

7.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 97 7.2 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 97 7.2.1 Borrow Pits for Construction of Embankment and Sub-grade ...... 98 7.2.2 Quarries for Aggregates ...... 98 7.2.3 Quarries for Sand ...... 99 7.2.4 Water Resources ...... 99 7.2.5 Air Quality ...... 100 7.2.6 Noise Levels ...... 101 Roadside Trees ...... 102 7.2.7 Fauna ...... 102 7.3 SOCIAL & CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 102 7.3.1 Impact on Educational Institutes and Hospitals ...... 102 7.3.2 Impact on Cultural Environment ...... 103 8. MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 106

8.1 MITIGATION OF IMPACTS ...... 106 8.1.1 Land Resources ...... 106 8.1.2 Soil Resources ...... 106 8.1.3 Water Resources ...... 110 8.1.4 Air Pollution Control Measures ...... 113 8.1.5 Noise Control Measures ...... 114 8.1.6 Safety Measures during ...... 117 8.1.7 Construction: ...... 117 8.1.8 Bus Stop ...... 120 8.1.9 Avoidance / Enhancement Measures for Cultural Properties ...... 121 8.1.10 Highway Landscaping ...... 121 9. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 123

9.1 PRE-CONSTRUCTION STAGE ...... 123 9.1.1 Pre-construction activities by PIU ...... 123 9.1.2 Pre-construction activities by BOT Concessionaire/Independent Engineer ...... 123 9.2 CONSTRUCTION STAGE ...... 123 9.2.1 Construction Stage activities by BOT Concessionaire ...... 123 9.2.2 Construction Stage Activities by PIU...... 124 9.3 OPERATION STAGE ...... 124 9.4 OTHER ACTIVITIES ...... 124 10. ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PLAN ...... 141

10.1 PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ...... 141 10.2 PLAN FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ...... 142 REPORTING SYSTEM ...... 146 10.3 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS ...... 147 10.4 TRAINING ...... 147 Environmental Impact Assessment 3 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

11. ENVIRONMENTAL BUDGET ...... 148

11.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ...... 148

Environmental Impact Assessment 4 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

List of Tables

Table 2.1: Existing RoW ...... 16

Table 2.2: Homogenous sections on project corridor ...... 16

Table 2.3: Projected Traffic ...... 16

Table 2.4: Summary of landuse ...... 17

Table 2.5: Urban Areas along the Project Corridor ...... 19

Table 2.6: Length of Widening Options Considered ...... 21

Table 2.7: Summary of Cross Drainage Structures ...... 26

Table 2.8: List of Bus stop along the Project Corridor ...... 27

Table 2.9: Tollplaza Locations ...... 28

Table 2.10: Proposed intersection Improvements ...... 28

Table 2.11: Details of Major Intersections ...... 29

Table 2.12: Details of Intersections of Minor Intersection ...... 30

Table 2.13: Details of Quarry Area for Aggregates ...... 31

Table 2.14: Details of Sand Quarry ...... 31

Table 2.15: Location details of Water Sample ...... 32

Table 2.16: Land Requirement ...... 34

Table 3.1: Summary of Relevant Legal Requirements considered for this Project and Institution responsible ...... 36

Table 3.2: Statutory Clearance Requirements ...... 40

Table 4.1: Temperature of the Project Region ...... 43

Table 4.2: Monthly Average Humidity of the Project Region (in %) ...... 44

Table 4.3: Rainfall in the Project Districts (in mm)] ...... 44

Table 4.4: Mean Wind Speed (Kmph) ...... 44

Table 4.5: Landuse in the Project RoW ...... 46

Table 4.6: Ambient Air Quality Results ...... 47

Table 4.7: Noise Quality Results ...... 49

Table 4.8: River Crossing the Project stretch ...... 51 Environmental Impact Assessment 5 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Table 4.9: Ponds along the alignment ...... 53

Table 4.10: Depth to ground water level along the corridor ...... 54

Table 4.11: Water Quality Results ...... 55

Table 4.12: Road Side Tree Species ...... 58

Table 4.13: Educational Institutes along the project road ...... 58

Table 4.14: Number of Settlements along the Project Corridor ...... 60

Table 4.15: Population Distribution in talukas along the Project Corridor, 2011 ...... 61

Table 4.16: Population Distribution and Density along Project Corridor, 2011 ...... 61

Table 4.17: Sex Ratio along Project Corridor, 2011 ...... 62

Table 4.18: Share of Vulnerable Groups along Project Corridor, 2001 ...... 62

Table 4.19: Literacy Rate along Project Corridor, 2011 ...... 63

Table 4.20: Type of Workers within the Project Influence Area, 2001 ...... 63

Table 4.21: Landuse along the Project Corridor ...... 63

Table 4.22: Protected and Conserved Monuments Located in the Project Districts ...... 64

Table 7.1: Probable Soil Borrow Pits ...... 98

Table 7.2: Details of Quarry Area for Aggregates ...... 98

Table 7.3: Details of Sand Quarry ...... 99

Table 7.4: Water Contaminants, sources & receptors ...... 100

Table 7.5: Roadside Schools along project corridor ...... 102

Table 7.6: Roadside Religious Properties along project corridor ...... 103

Table 8.1: Measures to minimize air pollution during the progress of work ...... 113

Table 8.2: Locations proposed for Vegetative Barriers ...... 115

Table 8.3: Locations of Underpasses ...... 117

Table 9.1: Environmental Management Measures ...... 125

Table 10.1: Performance Indicators for the Project ...... 141

Table 10.2: Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 144

Table 10.3: Summary Details of Reporting Formats ...... 146

Table 11.1: Environmental Costs ...... 148

Environmental Impact Assessment 6 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

List of Figures

Figure 1.1: Project Corridor...... 10

Fig – 2.2: Typical cross section for 2-Lane Highway without Service Road ...... 22

Fig – 2.3: Typical Cross Section for 2-Lane Highway without Service Road ...... 22

Fig – 2.4: cross section of 4-lane with service road ...... 23

Fig – 2.5: Typical cross section of 4-lane Flyover/Underpass with slip road ...... 23

Fig – 2.6: Typical cross section of 6-Lane with service road ...... 24

Fig – 2.7: Typical cross section of 6-Lane Flyover / Underpass with Slip Road ...... 24

Fig 5.1: Adhewada Bypass ...... 68

Fig 5.2: Budhel Bypass Option ...... 68

Fig 5.3: kobadi Bypass ...... 69

Fig 5.4: Bhandaria Bypass Option ...... 70

Fig 5.5: Tansa Bypass Option ...... 70

Fig 5.6: Trapej Bypass Option ...... 71

Fig 5.7: Una Bypass Option ...... 72

Fig 5.8: Talaja Bypass Options ...... 73

Fig 5.9: Bhadrad Bypass Options ...... 74

Fig 5.10: Datardi Bypass Options ...... 75

Fig 5.11: Hemal Bypass Options ...... 76

Fig 5.12: Samter Bypass Options ...... 77

Fig 5.13 Dholasa Bypass Option ...... 77

Fig 5.14: Chorwad Bypass Option ...... 78

Fig 5.15: Prachi Bypass Options ...... 79

Fig 5.16: Kukasawada bypass Option ...... 80

Fig 5.17: Madhavpur Bypass Options...... 81

Fig 5.18: Porbandhar Bypass Options ...... 82

Figure 8.1 Stone Pitching ...... 108

Environmental Impact Assessment 7 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Figure 8.2 Oil Interceptor ...... 109

Figure 8.28.3: Channelised Embankment: Chute Drain ...... 110

Figure 8.4: Cross-section of Silt Fencing ...... 112

Figure 8.5: Layout Plan of Silt Fencing ...... 112

Environmental Impact Assessment 8 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

1. INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes the objectives and scope of Environmental and Social study.

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), Government of India, has decided to take up the development of various National Highway Corridors for augmentation of capacity and for safe and efficient movement of traffic by widening to four/six lanes. Accordingly NHAI has proposed to implement the development projects for few selected sections/corridors through Public – Private Partnership (PPP) under Design, Build, Finance, Operate & Transfer (DBFOT) Pattern.

The alignment starts at Bhavnagar (km 03.200) and extends up to Dwarka (km 473.000) for a length of approximately 470 km in the State of Gujarat. In discussions with NHAI officials, the project has been extended from Dwarka to Okha for a length of approximately 30 kms that is presently SH-25. The present study corridor is the existing National Highway – 8E passing through five districts of the state of Gujarat namely, Bhavnagar, Amreli, Junagadh, Porbandar and Jamnagar. The project road is approximately 500 km long. It starts at Bhavnagar, runs almost parallel to the southern coast of Gujarat and ends at Okha. Initially, the highway was up to Veraval and continued northwards as NH8E from here. Later on, a link was made to Chorwad from NH8E and this link continues as NH8E up to Dwaraka. From Dwarka to Okha, the existing highway is SH-25.

The project road passes through many towns like Trapej, Pipavav, Una, Somnath, Veraval, Madhavpur and Porbander, Dwarka before it ends at Okha. It also passes through many villages enroute. The project corridor has been indicated in fig 1.1.

1.2 THE PROJECT

1.2.1 Project Description

The corridors selected for the project are indicated below

1. Bhavnagar (km 3.200) to Dwarka (km 473.000) section of NH – 8E.

2. Dwarka (km 231.000) to Okha (km 261.100) section of SH – 25.

The present report on EIA deals with the environment analysis of Bhavnagar to Okha section of NH-8E and SH-25.

Environmental Impact Assessment 9 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Figure 1.1: Project Corridor

Environmental Impact Assessment 10 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

1.2.2 Objectives of the Assignment

The main objective would be to alleviate the current unsafe conditions of the road network connecting the villages and towns by providing better quality and safe roads to the users in a sustainable and Environment friendly manner.

 Enhanced safety of the traffic, the road users and the people living close to the highway

 Enhanced operational efficiency of the highway

 Fulfilment of the access needs of the local population

 Minimal adverse impact on the road users and the local population due to construction

 Feasible and constructible options for the project with least cost option.

Government of India (GOI) through Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) enforces Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 towards Environment Protection of new projects/ expansion/ modernization and existing projects based on their Environmental Impacts.

The present report is prepared in accordance with MoEF/ MoRTH Guidelines on EA and to meet the statutory requirement of MoEF, GSPCB, state forestry department, etc.

The objectives of this study are stated below:

 To present to decision makers a clear assessment of potential impact associated with the proposed project intervention,

 To apply a methodology which assesses and predict potential impacts and provides a) the means for impact prevention and mitigation, b) the enhancement of project benfits, and c) the minimization of long-term impacts;

 To provide a specific forum in which consultation is systematically undertake in a manner that allows stakeholders to have direct input to the environmental management process.

 To assess the analysis of alternatives to bring environmental considerations into the upstream stages of development planning as well as the later stage of site selection, design and implementation, and

 To recommend the environment al management measure to reduce adverse impacts.

IN order to achieve these objectives, details surveys and other studies have been carried out along the project roads to identify Valued Ecosystem components (VEC) and corridor specific significant environmental issues (SEI). For investigation/monitoring purpose the study are has been defined as under

 Corridor of Impact, CoI: is the 20 m wide strip on either side, beyond Right of Way, RoW.

Environmental Impact Assessment 11 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

 Project Influence Area, PLA: is the 10 km area on either side along the alignment.

 Project District, PD is/are the district/districts through which project road is passing.

1.2.3 Scope of EIA

The key environmental issues with regards to physical and Biological Environment highlighted during screening includes

Tree felling in forest and non-forest stretches: Since roadside trees have to be felled for road widening, adequate compensatory plantation have to be carried out to mitigate the impacts.

Generation of Solid waste: Efforts have to be made to strike a balance between cutting and filling. The remaining solid waste will be disposed off to designated dumping site after permission from local statutory authority.

With regards to the social and cultural environment the following issues are of major concern in the proposed project:

Removal of Encroachments & Squatters: In stretches of dense developments along the roadside, removal of encroachments and squatters assume a critical issue. In addition to local resistance to shifting, identification of ways and means to rehabilitate the vulnerable communities becomes significant. Though preliminary consultations reveal acceptance of the proposed project a continuous interaction with the affected communities in the later stages of the project is of immense importance.

Land Acquisition: Along with the issue of structure removal, acquisition of land too is a critical issue in India primarily in case of high value residential, commercial and agricultural lands. In the subsequent stages of the project further attempts shall be made to minimize land acquisition primarily in stretches of high land values.

Impact on utilities: Impact on utilities cause disruption to the local public during the construction stage. Widening of the corridor shall also affect permanent utilities like taps, tube wells, wells, etc. It needs to be ensured that replacement of such utilities is in place before the existing ones are closed.

Impact on Religious properties: These are sensitive properties and relocation of some may generate local resistance. Consultations in such properties shall be initiated after horizontal designs are firmed up so that the extent of impact and likely mitigation measures can be discussed with the stakeholders.

1.3 METHODOLOGY FOR EIA

The methodology followed for the Environmental Impact Assessment consists of the following steps.

Environmental Impact Assessment 12 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

1.3.1 Review of Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

This step discussed the policy, legal framework within which the Environmental Assessment (EA) is prepared and also reviewed the existing institutions and legislations relevant to the project corridor, at the, national level and at the state level.

1.3.2 Assessment of Baseline Environmental Status

Baseline conditions within the defined area were determined as per MoEF / WB requirements for EA of highway projects. The database for working out the baseline status was from both secondary and primary sources.

1.3.3 Assessment of Alternatives

Assessment of various environmental issues due to various cross sections alternatives has been carried out.

1.3.4 Assessment of Potential Impacts

Based on the baseline conditions, the significant impacts needing mitigation have been identified. The direct and indirect impacts likely to be induced due to the project have been adequately identified and addressed.

1.3.5 Integration of Environmental Assessments in the Design Process

The design and decision-making process integrated with environmental, resettlement and rehabilitation issues have been carried out. This has prompted the early identification of appropriate actions. Such actions included, for example, shifts in alignments based on awareness of the locations of cultural resources, and biological resources.

1.3.6 Conduct of Community Consultations

Public participation and community consultation has been taken up involving public understanding of the processes and mechanisms through which developmental problems and needs are investigated and solved.

1.3.7 Identified Mitigation & Environmental Enhancement Measures

Positive actions to not only avoid adverse impacts, but also to capitalize on opportunities to correct environmental degradation or improve environmental conditions have been determined.

1.3.8 Preparation of the Preliminary Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared to specify the steps necessary to ensure that the mitigation measures have been suggested. It includes the monitoring plan and gives details of the resources budgeted and the implementation arrangements.

Environmental Impact Assessment 13 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

1.4 PROJECT BENEFITS

The widening/ upgradation of the project highway have direct benefits and are indicated below: a. Improved quality of living in the project area b. Economic benefits to the local population c. Provide Employment d. Easy accesses to Agricultural Marketing e. School, Health facilities f. Enhance Environmental measures for aesthetic impacts

1.5 STRUCTURE OF REPORT

The report has been organized under the following heading, which contains the details as described below.

Chapter 2 – Project Description: The existing features present along the project corridor have been discussed in this chapter

Chapter 3 – Legal and Institutional Framework: The Legal requirements applicable to the project have been discussed in this chapter along with the Institutions enforcing them.

Chapter 4 – Environmental and Social Baseline: The physical, biological, social and cultural environments have been assessed to establish a comprehensive picture of the existing environmental / socio-economic scenario along the project corridor and its area of influence.

Chapter 5 – Analysis of Alternatives: Alternative widening and alignment options adopted to minimize impacts on the environmental, social and cultural assets have been discussed in this chapter.

Chapter 6 – Community Consultation Public consultation carried out during the project preparation stage and people’s perceptions of the project benefits and the potential impacts.

Chapter 7 – Potential Impacts: Likely impacts on environmental, social and cultural features along the roadside have been analyzed.

Chapter 8 – Mitigation Measures presents an elaborate listing of the nature of impacts on each of the environmental components and the avoidance and mitigation measures.

Chapter 9 – Environment Management Plan presents an elaborate description of the various management measures to be taken during various stages of the project.

Chapter 10 – Environment Monitoring Plan presents a monitoring plan for all performance indicators, reporting formats and necessary budgetary provisions.

Chapter 11 – Environmental Budget presents the environmental budget for the various environmental management measures proposed in the EMP.

Environmental Impact Assessment 14 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This chapter describes the project background and also discusses the methodology adopted and structure of the present report.

2.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES

2.2 PROJECT CORRIDOR CHARACTERISTICS

2.2.1 Existing Right-of-Way (RoW)

The project corridor, in general, under present consideration falls under NH divisions of R&B Department of Govt. of Gujarat namely Rajkot Divisions.

The existing RoW available in the project stretch is indicated below in table 2.1.

Environmental Impact Assessment 15 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Table 2.1: Existing RoW From (Km) To (Km) Width (m) Left (m) Right (m) 3.200 48.000 33.5 3.5 30.0 48.000 408.000 30.0 15.0 15.0 408.000 473.000 46.0 23.0 23.0 231.000 261.000 30.0 15.0 15.0

In the seven bypasses proposed by R&B, 45m RoW is available.

2.2.2 Traffic Scenario

Passenger traffic dominates project corridor, however, the review of the data provides the impression of having considerable percentage of commercial traffic movement. The volume/capacity ratio based on available traffic data come out to be greater than one, and calls for attention towards capacity augmentation. The average speed on project corridor is about 45 kmph, which is moderate.

Looking at the corridor specific and regional characteristics along the project corridor, the project corridor can be divided into three homogenous sections as given in the Table 2.2 below. Table 2.2: Homogenous sections on project corridor

Section Homogenous Sections Length of Section (km) 1 Bhavnagar (Km 3.200) to Mahuva (Km 89.000) 85.800 2 Mahuva (Km 89.000) to Kodinar (Km 226.700) 137.700 3 Kodinar (Km 226.700) to Veraval (Km 263.000) 36.300 4 Veraval (Km 263.000) to Urang (Km 443.000) 180.000 Urang (Km 443.000) to Dwarka (Km 473.000) 5 61.100 Dwarka (Km 231.000) to Okha (Km 261.100)

Projected Traffic Table 2.3: Projected Traffic (PCU)

Homogeneous Sections 2011 2015 2020 2025 2030 2036

Bhavnagar (Km 3.200) to 32000 38896 49643 63358 80862 108362 Mahuva (Km 89.000)

Mahuva (Km 89.000) to 20000 24310 31027 39599 50539 67729 Kodinar (Km 226.700)

Environmental Impact Assessment 16 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Homogeneous Sections 2011 2015 2020 2025 2030 2036

Kodinar (Km 226.700) to 31000 37681 48091 61378 78335 104979 Veraval (Km 263.000)

Veraval (Km 263.000) to 9000 10940 13962 17819 22743 30477 Urang (Km 443.000)

Urang (Km 443.000) to Dwarka (Km 473.000) 20000 24310 31027 39599 50539 71115 Dwarka (Km 231.000) to Okha (Km 261.100)

2.2.3 Land Use and Road side Environments

The project roads start from km 3.200 at Bhavnagar to Dwarka at km 473.000 and from Dwarka at km 231.000 and traverses till Okha at km 261.100. The land use plan has been indicated in table 2.1. The following table indicates the distribution of length of project road and percentage length in terms of landuse and roadside environments. The existing landuse with the project influence area is indicated in table 2.4.

Table 2.4: Summary of landuse

S. No. Land Use % of Total Length

1 Agriculture 51

2 Commercial 9.6

3 Residential 7.4

4 Barren 32

Total 100

Environmental Impact Assessment 17 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Project corridor Project

Landuse Plan of Landuse Plan the

: :

2 Fig Fig

Environmental Impact Assessment 18 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

2.2.4 Major Settlements Enroute

Agriculture is the predominant land use along the corridor. Several educational institutions, cement concrete blocks/bricks manufacturing units have also been observed along the corridor. The project corridor has already bypassed towns of Mahuva, Kodinar, and Veraval. Apart from these, there are many settlements and ribbon developments on the corridor. Generally commercial and residential land use is seen in most of them. Details of urban areas and settlements are given in Table 2.5. Table 2.5: Urban Areas along the Project Corridor Sr.No Km From Km to Length City/Town/Villege 1 3.200 4.000 0.800 Bhavnagar 2 4.000 6.000 2.000 Adhewada 3 9.400 10.500 1.100 Budhel 4 15.400 16.300 0.900 Kobadi 5 21.100 22.500 1.400 Bhandaria 6 29.300 30.500 1.200 Tansa 7 33.200 33.600 0.400 Rajpara 8 39.750 40.400 0.650 Trapaj 9 51.000 52.400 1.400 Talaja 10 54.100 54.300 0.200 Sobhavad 11 61.400 62.100 0.700 Pasvi 12 67.400 68.200 0.800 Borda 13 70.300 70.800 0.500 Jagdhar 14 74.300 75.100 0.800 Longadi 15 86.400 87.400 1.000 Bhadrod 16 90.000 99.300 9.300 Mahua/Mahua Bypass 17 101.700 102.000 0.300 Devadia 18 107.300 108.000 0.700 Madhiya 19 109.600 110.000 0.400 Vangar 20 114.200 114.600 0.400 Datardi 21 122.000 122.100 0.100 Pipavav Port Junction 22 132.900 133.100 0.200 Chatadiya 23 134.000 134.500 0.500 Dungar parada 24 149.000 149.500 0.500 Nagasari 25 157.700 159.000 1.300 Hemal 26 161.200 161.800 0.600 Chalana 27 170.300 170.700 0.400 Goingada 28 174.800 175.200 0.400 Samter 29 180.000 186.200 6.200 Una 30 192.000 193.000 1.000 Nadholi 31 195.900 196.400 0.500 Kesariya 32 201.300 202.200 0.900 Simasi 33 205.200 207.200 2.000 Dholasa

Environmental Impact Assessment 19 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Sr.No Km From Km to Length City/Town/Villege 34 211.700 211.800 0.100 Malgam 35 222.250 226.600 4.350 Kodinar/Kodinar Bypass 36 230.900 231.200 0.300 Bittawada 37 232.000 232.400 0.400 Mordiya 38 237.000 237.600 0.600 Parasli 39 240.500 242.500 2.000 Prachi 40 248.800 250.000 1.200 Gorakhmandhi 41 256.900 257.400 0.500 Athoda 42 258.300 258.700 0.400 Sutrapada phatak 43 261.000 261.400 0.400 Kajali 44 262.800 262.900 0.100 Gadu 45 269.200 271.100 1.900 Chorwad 46 274.000 274.800 0.800 Kukasawada 47 278.400 278.900 0.500 Arena 48 285.900 290.000 4.100 Mangrol 49 292.600 293.300 0.700 Rahej 50 295.100 295.300 0.200 Loej 51 298.100 299.000 0.900 Shil 52 304.300 304.800 0.500 Aadhroli 53 309.000 309.500 0.500 Goard Madhavpur 54 310.000 312.700 2.700 Madhavpur (Ghed) 55 322.000 322.400 0.400 Gorsur 56 322.600 322.800 0.200 Mucha 57 328.000 328.300 0.300 Balach 58 332.400 332.500 0.100 Ratia 59 347.600 348.000 0.400 Ghosa 60 351.250 351.800 0.550 Gurda 61 364.000 375.800 11.800 Porbandar 62 382.100 382.500 0.400 Kuchhadi 63 386.100 386.400 0.300 Kantela 64 390.300 390.500 0.200 Ratadi 65 393.400 393.700 0.300 Palkheda 66 397.100 397.500 0.400 Visawada 67 400.600 401.300 0.700 Tukada 68 404.000 404.500 0.500 Bhavpara 69 407.400 408.300 0.900 Milyani 70 430.900 431.400 0.500 Bhogat 71 465.000 465.100 0.100 Bordiya 471.000 473.000 2.000 Dwaraka 72 231.000 233.500 2.500 Dwaraka 73 237.200 238.000 0.800 Varvala 74 251.500 254.700 3.200 Mithapur 75 255.800 256.600 0.800 Arambada Environmental Impact Assessment 20 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Sr.No Km From Km to Length City/Town/Villege 76 245.700 245.950 0.250 Mojab

2.3 SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Environmental impact assessment of the project will include:  Collection of baseline information on various components of the environment.  Identification of areas and aspects that is environmentally or socially significant.  Conducting community consultations on various environmental and social aspects of the project and documenting the same.  Determining the magnitude of environmental impacts and formulation of mitigation measures for consideration and incorporation during planning/design, construction and operational phases of the project implementation.  Preparation of environmental management plans including a program for monitoring environmental impacts, implementation schedule and responsibilities. It also specifies requirements of Institutional strengthening, if any, supervision program and contracting procedures for execution of environmental mitigation works.

2.4 IMPROVEMENT PROPOSALS

2.4.1 Widening Scheme

A detailed evaluation of the information collected and options described in the preceding subsections has enabled formulation of widening scheme that best suits the different stretches of the Project Road. The tentative length of proposed individual widening options along the project corridor is given in table, 2.6, below: Table 2.6: Length of Widening Options Considered Total Length S.No Widening Option Code (Km) 1 Eccentric widening on LHS while moving towards Somnath EL 62.642 2 Eccentric widening on RHS while moving towards ER 144.799 Somnath 3 Concentric CON 151.740 4 Bypass, Realignments & Curve Improvement BYP/RE 100.133 5 Flyover/ VUP/ CUP/ PUP/ RoB 38.075

Environmental Impact Assessment 21 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

CL OF CARRIAGEWAY LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE RIGHT OF WAY 2000 2000 1500 7000 1500 2000 2000 PROPOSED

CARRIAGEWAY

CORRIDOR CORRIDOR

UTILITY UTILITY

SHOULDER SHOULDER

EARTHEN SHOULDER PAVED PAVED EARTHEN SHOULDER

3.0% 2.5% 2.5% 3.0% 2 2 1000 1 1 1000

G.L. G.L. 1000 1000 TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONFig – 2.2: Typical FOR cross 2-LANE section for HIGHWAY 2-Lane Highway WITHOUT without Service SERVICE Road ROAD (CONCENTRIC WIDENING)CL OF CARRIAGEWAY LEFT SIDE (TYPE-1) RIGHT SIDE RIGHT OF WAY 2000 2000 1500 7000 1500 2000 2000 PROPOSED

CARRIAGEWAY

CORRIDOR CORRIDOR

UTILITY UTILITY

SHOULDER SHOULDER

EARTHEN SHOULDER PAVED PAVED EARTHEN SHOULDER

3.0% 2.5% 2.5% 3.0% 2 2 1000 1 1 1000

G.L. G.L. 1000 1000 Fig – 2.3: Typical Cross Section for 2-Lane Highway without Service Road TYPICAL CROSS SECTION FOR 2-LANE HIGHWAY WITHOUT SERVICE ROAD Environmental Impact Assessment (NEW CONSTRUCTION) 22 Rev – R0 (TYPE-2) Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

CL OF CARRIAGEWAY LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE RIGHT OF WAY 2000 1500 7000 15001500 2000 1500 7000 250 4500 250 7000 1500 2000 15001500 7000 1500 2000 (SERVICE ROAD) PROPOSED MEDIAN PROPOSED (SERVICE ROAD)

CARRIAGEWAY CARRIAGEWAY

DRAIN DRAIN

CORRIDOR CORRIDOR

UTILITY UTILITY

EARTHEN SHOULDER

SHOULDER SHOULDER

EARTHEN SHOULDER EARTHEN SHOULDER PAVED PAVED EARTHEN SHOULDER EARTHEN SHOULDER EARTHEN SHOULDER

2.5% SLOPE 3.0% 2.5% SLOPE 2.5% SLOPE 3.0% 2.5% SLOPE G.L. G.L. FENCE EXISTING FENCE CARRIAGWAY

Fig – 2.4: cross section of 4-lane with service road TYPICAL CROSS SECTION FOR 4-LANE HIGHWAY WITH SERVICE ROAD (ECCENTRIC WIDENING IN RHS) (MIRROR IMAGE FOR ECCENTRIC WIDENING IN LHS) (TYPE-7)CL OF CARRIAGEWAY LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE 46800 23400 23400 10001750 9900 3500 9900 17501000

PROPOSED CARRIAGEWAY MEDIAN PROPOSED CARRIAGEWAY

DRAIN BLOCK PAVER BLOCK DRAIN 2000 7000 PAVER 7000 2000

SLIP ROAD 2.5% SLOPE 2.5% SLOPE SLIP ROAD

CORRIDOR CORRIDOR

UTILITY UTILITY 2.5% / 3% SLOPE 2.5% / 3% SLOPE 2 2 1 1

G.L. G.L.

1000 1000

Fig – 2.5: Typical cross section of 4-lane Flyover/Underpass with slip road TYPICAL CROSS SECTION FOR 4-LANE FLYOVER/UNDERPASS WITH SLIP ROAD Environmental Impact Assessment (TYPE-12) 23 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

CL OF CARRIAGEWAY LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE RIGHT OF WAY

2000 7000 15001500 2000 1500 10500 250 4500 250 10500 1500 2000 15001500 7000 1500 2000

(SERVICE ROAD) PROPOSED CARRIAGEWAY MEDIAN PROPOSED CARRIAGEWAY (SERVICE ROAD)

DRAIN DRAIN

CORRIDOR

UTILITY

CORRIDOR

UTILITY

EARTHEN SHOULDER

SHOULDER SHOULDER

EARTHEN SHOULDER PAVED PAVED EARTHEN SHOULDER EARTHEN SHOULDER EARTHEN SHOULDER FENCE 2.5% SLOPE 3.0% 2.5% SLOPE 2.5% SLOPE 3.0% 2.5% SLOPE G.L. G.L. FENCE EXISTING CARRIAGWAY

TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONFig – 2FOR.6: Typical6-LANE HIGHWAYcross section WITH SERVICEof 6-Lane ROAD with (ECCENTRIC service road WIDENING IN RHS) (EXISTING CARRIAGEWAY AS LHS SERVICE ROAD) (TYPE-21)CL OF CARRIAGEWAY LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE 53800 26900 26900 1000 1750 13400 3500 13400 1750 1000

PROPOSED CARRIAGEWAY MEDIAN PROPOSED CARRIAGEWAY

DRAIN PAVER BLOCK

PAVER BLOCK 2000 7000 DRAIN 7000 2000 SLIP ROAD SLIP ROAD

2.5% SLOPE 2.5% SLOPE

CORRIDOR CORRIDOR

UTILITY UTILITY 2.5% / 3% SLOPE 2.5% / 3% SLOPE 2 2 1

G.L. 1 G.L.

1000 1000

TYPICAL CROSS SECTION FOR 6-LANE FLYOVER/VEHICULAR/CATTLE/PEDESTRIAN UNDERPASS Fig – 2.7: Typical cross section of 6-Lane Flyover / Underpass with Slip Road WITH SLIP ROAD (TYPE-25)

Environmental Impact Assessment 24 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

2.4.2 Proposed Bypasses

Alternative options have been studied to identify the most suitable alignment for the proposed improvement of the project road.  Along existing alignment  Along the bypass alignment

The following eighteen locations have been considered for the study of bypass:  Adhewada, Km. 4.400 – Km. 7.000  Budhel, Km. 8.500 – Km 11.060  Kobadi, Km.14.540 – Km. 17.300  Bhandaria, Km. 20.080 – Km. 23.000  Tansa, Km. 28.650 – Km. 31.150  Trapej, Km. 39.200 – Km. 41.050  Talaja, Km. 49.600 – Km. 53.500  Bhadrad, Km. 85.610 – Km. 89.000  Datardi, Km. 113.240 – Km. 115.450  Hemal, Km. 157.200 – Km. 159.850  Samter, Km. 174.025 – Km. 176.400  Una, Km. 180.400 – Km. 188.000  Dholasa, Km. 204.950 – Km. 207.000  Prachi, Km. 240.080 to Km. 243.390  Chorwad, Km. 268.600 – Km. 271.400  Kukasawada, Km. 272.800 – Km. 276.550  Madhavpur, Km. 308.600 to Km. 312.650  Porbandar, Km. 356.860 – Km. 376.300

As indicated above, total 18 nos of bypasses have been considered for the study of detailed alternative alignment of the Project Road. Out of these 18 nos of bypasses, the following 7 nos of bypasses have already been proposed by R&B department.  Adhewada, Km. 4.400 – Km. 7.000  Budhel, Km. 8.500 – Km 11.060  Kobadi, Km.14.540 – Km. 17.300  Bhandaria, Km. 20.080 – Km. 23.000  Tansa, Km. 28.650 – Km. 31.150  Trapej, Km. 39.200 – Km. 41.050

Environmental Impact Assessment Report 25 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

 Una, Km. 180.400 – Km. 188.000

2.4.3 Proposed RoW Width

The proposed Right of Way is 60 m from Bhavanagar (km3.2+000) to Veraval (km263+000).

The proposed Right of Way is 30 m from Veraval (km 263+000) to Urang (km 443+000).

The proposed Right of Way is 60 m from Urang (km 443+000) to Okha (km 501+700).

2.4.4 Proposed Median Width

The proposed median width is 4.5m in rural areas and 2.0m in urban areas.

2.4.5 Proposed Road Features

Bridges and Culverts: There are 578 numbers of Bridges and CD structures found in the entire project corridor as per Bridge inventory and condition survey.

The condition of bridges is found to be in fair condition and in few cases the carriageway has been narrowed by providing a barrier wall in order to restrict the traffic on central portion only. All such bridges have been proposed for reconstruction. The remaining bridges are mostly in good condition and just need some repair work.

The culverts found on the stretch are overall in good condition. The culverts proposed to be reconstructed are mainly those which are below 900mm diameter or fully choked in case of pipe culverts or in very poor condition in case of slab or arch culverts. The existing culverts shall be widened based on improvement proposal. All retained culverts need minor repair work only. The rehabilitation of the pipe culverts mainly require repair of headwall, cleaning of siltation in pipes and cleaning of waterway. Bed protection is to be provided for the Slab/Slab and arch culverts.

Table 2.7: Summary of Cross Drainage Structures Summary of Bridges

Sr. No. Structure Type Numbers 1 Major Bridges 30 2 Minor Bridges 187

Summary of Culverts

Sr. No. Culvert Type Numbers 1 Slab 170 2 Pipe 191

Environmental Impact Assessment 26 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Bus Stops: The list of bus stops along the project corridor is given in Table 2.8. Table 2.8: List of Bus stop along the Project Corridor Sl.No Chainage Side 1 3.200 RHS 2 4.000 RHS 3 17.700 RHS 4 19.800 RHS 5 42.700 LHS 6 133.200 LHS 7 144.000 LHS 8 148.800 LHS 9 154.000 RHS 10 161.600 LHS 11 173.700 LHS 12 178.700 LHS 13 228.000 LHS 14 232.100 LHS 15 234.600 RHS 16 251.800 RHS 17 256.600 LHS 18 281.400 RHS 19 288.500 RHS 20 292.000 RHS 21 295.300 LHS 22 300.200 LHS 23 306.600 LHS 24 325.900 LHS 25 336.500 RHS 26 350.500 LHS 27 385.200 LHS 28 389.400 RHS 29 402.950 RHS 30 405.200 RHS 31 405.950 RHS 32 424.800 LHS 33 426.800 LHS 34 436.800 RHS

Environmental Impact Assessment 27 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Toll Plaza

It is proposed to provide seven toll plazas in the project stretch. The details are indicated below in table 2.9. Table 2.9: Tollplaza Locations Sl. No Existing Km No of lanes 1 11.600 10+2 2 78.000 10+2 3 168.800 10+2 4 245.400 10+2 5 294.000 4+2 6 356.200 4+2 7 445.300 6+2

2.5 INTERSECTIONS

There are more than 224 cross roads with various categories of roads all along the corridor. All of these intersections are at-grade. Apart from these intersections, there are some additional intersections that have come up at the start and end of proposed bypasses at various urban settlements. All these new intersections are considered as important ones. There is deletion of some intersections and there is change of intersection type from T-intersection to x-intersection due to introduction of bypasses.

Accordingly, total number of intersections is divided into different categories of varying importance and developments are proposed to each category as mentioned in Table 2.10.

Table 2.10: Proposed intersection Improvements

S.NO Type Proposed Improvement Type-I: Intersections of At-grade/Grade separated intersection with Acceleration 1 prime Importance /Deceleration lane /service road and median opening Type-2:Intersections of At- Grade channelised intersections with median opening. 2 secondary importance No Acc/Dec lanes

Typical intersection drawings indicating the various elements of intersections have been developed and presented in drawing volume of this report. A) Major Intersection:

These are intersections with major category of roads like NH, SH and MDR carrying good amount of cross road traffic. Details of these intersections are given below:

Environmental Impact Assessment 28 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Table 2.11: Details of Major Intersections

Type of Road Going to village Sr. Existing (SH/MDR/VR) No. Km Type Left Right Left Right

1 8.990 4 Leg Ghogha Sidsar SH

2 95.800 Rotary Mahua Savarkundala

3 223.100 4 Leg Kodianar Amreli

4 262.800 Tee Veraval NH

5 262.800 Tee Jetpur NH

6 286.300 Tee Mangrol MDR

7 288.000 4 Leg Mangrol Keshod SH SH

8 367.100 Tee Porbandar MDR

9 369.400 Tee Rajkot NH

10 372.200 Tee Porbandar MDR

11 375.600 Tee Jamnagar MDR

12 407.800 Tee Harshad Bagvodar VR MDR

13 431.100 Tee Bhatia MDR

14 443.500 Tee Jamnagar SH

15 473.000 Tee Dwarka Khambaliya VR SH

16 251.920 Tee LHS Mithapur CR

17 260.100 Tee LHS Okha City CR b) Minor Intersection:

This type of improvement is proposed at junctions with cross-roads of villages and access roads carrying moderate to low traffic. There are 207 minor junctions along the project corridor. Details of type of minor intersections are indicated below:

Environmental Impact Assessment 29 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Table 2.12: Details of Intersections of Minor Intersection Sl. No. Type of Intersection Number of Intersections

1 T 137

2 + 39

3 Y 29

4 5 Legged 2

2.6 ROAD DRAINAGE

Presence of a good drainage system is essential. In the project alignment, the following types of drains have been proposed: i) Covered Drain below Footpath in Urban Areas ii) Road-side Drain in Rural Areas iii) Chute Drains at High Embankments

2.6.1 Covered Drain below Footpath in Urban Areas

These drains are provided in urban areas, wherever there is service road. A covered rectangular RCC drain, having width of 1.5 m, with varied depth has been proposed below footpath on both sides, to drain off water from main carriageway and service road.

2.6.2 Road-side Drain

In rural areas, open unlined trapezoidal drains with 0.6 m widths and 1V: 2H side slope have been proposed near ROW on both sides of the road as per guidelines given IRC SP-42

2.6.3 Chute Drains

When the height of the embankment is more than 3.0m, the possibility of erosion of embankment slopes and shoulders increases. In such cases longitudinal kerbed drains at edge of roadway are provided to channelise the flow and are led down by lined chute drains. And these chute drains are ultimately discharged into roadside drains.

2.6.4 Additional Culvert for Field Channel

On demand by the local people, additional culvert of 1.0m dia HP (NP-4) for field channel shall be provided at bypasses to allow the water to pass from one side to other side if the lands on both side of the road belong to the same owner.

2.6.5 Additional Culvert at Cross Road

Additional culvert of 1.0m dia HP is to be provided at the cross road joining Main Carriage Way (i.e. at intersections etc.) wherever drains are passing. This size shall be increased to fulfill the

Environmental Impact Assessment 30 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd. road drainage requirement. If there is existing culvert at the crossroad, the size of the culvert shall be the maximum of the existing size of the culvert and 1.2m dia HP.

2.7 SOURCE OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Quarry Areas:

Aggregates to be used for base, surface courses and concrete works have been collected from the crushers under operation in the existing quarries. The locations, estimated quantity and the approximate distance from each source to the nearest point on the project road are compiled in Table 2.13. Table 2.13: Details of Quarry Area for Aggregates

Sr.No Chainage Side Distance Location 1 9.000 Left 2 Km Bhikada 2 17.000 Left 3 Km Ukhalla 3 51.000 Right 10 Km Palitana Road 4 134.000 Right 20 Km Rajula 5 184.000 Left 17 Km Girgaradha 6 204.000 Right 5 Km Near Dolasa 7 223.000 Right 35 Km Dronaki 8 240.000 Right 15 Km Rampara 9 331.000 Left 2 km 10 408.000 Right 6 Km

2.7.1 Quarries for Sand

Sand samples have been collected from two sand sources and tested. Table 2.14 shows the location of these sand quarries. Locations of these quarries are provided in Table 2.14. Table 2.14: Details of Sand Quarry

Existing km Source of Sand

149.426 Nagasari 175.000 Datakdi

2.7.2 Source for Water

There are no perennial rivers in the vicinity of the project corridor. The discharges of the rivers are maximum during rainy with visible impurities such as clay and discharge reduces to minimum in dry season.

A total of nine water sources were identified and details are shown in Table 2.15.

Environmental Impact Assessment 31 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Table 2.15: Location details of Water Sample

Existing km Name of the source

49.565 Shetranji River 86.655 Bhadrodi River 88.937 Butiyo River 94.380 Malan River 134.593 Datakdi River 183.179 Machchundari River 223.215 Shingoda River 262.122 Hiranya River 339.223 Bhadar River

The suitability of these identified water sources is to be checked before incorporation of construction works as per IS 456-2000.

2.8 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS

Geotechnical Investigations have been carried at proposed bridge locations to explore subsurface conditions by drilling boreholes to different depths in order to identify the thickness and sequences of various strata and to ascertain the subsurface profile of soils and bed rock to determine the most suitable foundation level of structures.

2.9 HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

All the hydraulic data for bridges has been collected from the field and it has been analyzed and studies carried out to determine the adequacy of waterway of the existing bridges proposed to be retained and new bridges to be constructed as per provisions of IRC: 5-1998 and IRC: SP-13.

2.10 ROAD SAFETY MEASURES

2.10.1 Carriageway Markings

Carriageway markings have been designed primarily to delineate lane positions to encourage lane discipline and safety. The MOST details in "Type Design for Intersection on National Highways" provide good guidelines. Also IRC Code IRC: 35-1997 gives recommendations regarding carriageway markings.

Notable features of the provisions are: i) Traffic lane lines shall be single broken lines. Their width shall be 100 mm and the length of segments and gaps shall be as under.

 On straight reaches, 1.50 m segments and 3.0 m gaps.

Environmental Impact Assessment 32 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

 On curves and approaches to intersections 1.50 m segments and 1.50m gaps.

The colour of lane markings is white and it is visible in the dark under car/truck head lights. ii) Continuous white lines, 150 mm wide are used to show the extent of the travelled carriageway.

2.10.2 Traffic Signs

The traffic sign’s design is standardised for mandatory/regulatory types are as per standard IRC- 67 design.

Some of the signs will be in the verges mounted on steel posts in the usual manner. On the approaches to junctions, overhead signs mounted on gantries have been designed. This enables the signs to span the road and allow the driver on the moderately high speed road to easily read the sign and take appropriate action.

The signs are proposed to be bi-lingual, in English and Hindi.

The minimum letter size is 150mm and is in accordance with the guidelines.

Hectometer/Kilometer stones and Marker Posts, Marker Stones are proposed at each kilometer as is the practice on the Urban Roads.

2.10.3 Safety Barriers

Two types of safety barriers have been proposed: i) Rigid Barriers  Rigid barriers are proposed on bridges, the details of which are provided in the volume containing the design of standard drawings. ii) Flexible Barriers

Flexible metal beam crash barriers are proposed at high embankment locations & bridge/flyover approaches & the details are indicated in drawings volume.

2.11 LAND REQUIREMENT

For widening of project road land needs to be acquired. The total land required for the project is 1280.64 ha. Details are indicated in table 2.16.

Environmental Impact Assessment 33 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Table 2.16: Land Requirement S. No. Land Use Land (ha) 1 Agriculture 653.13 2 Commercial 122.94 3 Residential 94.77 4 Barren 409.80 Total 1280.64

Environmental Impact Assessment 34 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH- 35 8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

3. LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

The present chapter discusses the legal framework of the present project and the stakeholder agencies that have to be duly consulted for its effective implementation.

3.1 LEGAL FRAMEWORK

The environmental regulations, legislation, policy guidelines and control that may apply to this project are the responsibility of a variety of government agencies. The following agencies would play an important role in this project.

Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF): The primary responsibility for administration and implementation of the Government of India’s (GoI) policy with respect to environmental management, conservation, ecologically sustainable development and pollution control rests with the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). Established in 1985, the MoEF is the agency primarily responsible for the review and approval of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) pursuant to GoI legislation. The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has set up regional offices, with each region having an office. The office for the present project is located at Gandhinagar.

Gujarat State Forest Department: The Gujarat State Forest Department is responsible for the protection and managing the forest designated areas within the state. At the state level, the Government of Gujarat through Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (PCCF) is empowered to declare reserved and protected forests. It has also been given the authority to acquire land for extension and preservation of forests. The Forest Department works out Forest Working Plans for the various forest divisions to manage and protect the forest resources. These plans form the basis for managing the forest resources and for chalking out specific plans and policies with respect to the conservation, protection and development of the forest areas. The department is also responsible for granting clearances for projects as per the provisions of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.

Legislation and Regulations: Environmental legislation, regulations and policy guidelines that may apply to this project and government agencies that administer them are summarized in Table 2.1.

3.2 THE LEGAL SETTING

The Government of India has laid out various policy guidelines, acts and regulations for protection of environment, which have been summarized in the table below:

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Table 3.1: Summary of Relevant Legal Requirements considered for this Project and Institution responsible

National Level Acts Responsible National Act Year Objective Institution Environment (Protection) Act. To protect and improve the overall 1986 MOEF, CPCB environment Notification on Environment Impact To provide environmental clearance Assessment of Development projects to new development activities (and amendments) (referred to as the 2006 following environmental impact MOEF, CPCB Notification on Environmental assessment. Clearance) Coastal Regulation Zone Regulations, To restrict the establishment or 1991 & and Notifications on Coastal Regulation expansion of industries, operation subsequent MOEF zone. or process between the High Tide amendments and Low Tide Lines. Wildlife Protection Act To protect wild animals and birds 1972 through the creation of National MoEF Parks and Sanctuaries Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 To protect and manage forests MoEF Water (Prevention and Control of To provide for the prevention and Pollution) Act (and subsequent control of water pollution and the 1974 CPCB amendments) maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) To provide for the prevention, Act (and subsequent amendments) control and abatement of air CPCB and 1981 pollution, and for the establishment Transport of Boards to carry out these Department purposes. Central Motor Vehicle Act Central Motor To control vehicular air and noise Vehicle Rules 1988 pollution. To regulate development Motor Vehicle 1989 of the transport sector, check and Department control vehicular air and noise pollution. Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Conservation of Cultural and Archaeological sites and Remains Act historical remains found in India. Dept. GOI, Indian Heritage Society 1958 and Indian National Trust for Art and Culture Heritage (INTACH).

I. Summary of National Acts:

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 resulted in the establishment of the Central Pollution Control Board whose responsibilities include managing water quality and effluent standards, as well as monitoring water quality, processing offenders and issuing licenses for construction and operation of any facility. This includes the generation of liquid effluent during road construction, including from residential construction camps.

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 empowers Central Pollution Control Board to set air quality and emission standards, monitoring air quality, prosecute offenders and issuing licenses for the construction and operation of any facility. Air quality includes noise level standards. This act has notified National Ambient Air Quality Standards for different activities, e.g. Industrial, Residential and Sensitive.

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Environment Protection Act 1986: This act was passed as an overall comprehensive act for protection and improvement of the environment. The requirements for Environmental Clearance under this Act have been described above. Under this Act rules have been specified for discharge/emission of effluents and different standards for environment quality. These include standards for Ambient Noise, Emission from Motor Vehicles, Mass Emission Standards for Diesel and Petrol Driven vehicles, and General Effluent Standards. These standards are of direct relevance for road construction projects.

Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification: Through the CRZ Notification dated 19th February 1991, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India declared the coastal stretches of seas, bays, estuaries, creeks, rivers and backwaters which are influenced by tidal action (in the landward side) up to 500 metres from the High Tide Line (HTL) and the land between the Low Tide Line (LTL) and the High Tide Line (HTL) as Coastal Regulation Zone and imposed certain restrictions on the setting up and expansion of industries, operations or processes, etc in the said Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ).

The CRZ areas are classified into four categories based on their environmental and ecological sensitivity and significance. Their permissible and prohibitory activities are also classified accordingly.

Protection of Cultural Places: With regard to the cultural aspects of the environment, the Indian constitution states that, ’it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to value and preserve the rich heritage in the nation, both government agencies and NGOs concerned with the preservation and conservation of this heritage have been established.

The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is the oldest organization concerned with conservation in India and continues to be an important organization, working on the protection and conservation of monuments and archaeological sites. It is supported in its endeavors by the State level Directorates of Archaeology and it administers the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 1958. There are numerous NGOs interest groups involved in the conservation of cultural property in India including the Indian Heritage Society (HIS). The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) has regional chapters in most states and is the largest such NGO. It acts as a reference for government agencies on conservation issues. However, there are no such archaeological sites in this project area.

II. Summary of State Acts:

The Saurashtra Felling of Trees (Infliction of Punishment) Act 1951: This act is for taking the permission from Forest and Environment Department of Government of Gujarat for felling of tress of Limdo, Baval, Kanji, Khijdo, Ambo and Amli under Saurashtra Felling of Trees (Infliction of Punishment) Act, 1951 and this shall be required in case of above trees cut within the distance of 200 meters from the edge of the National Highways, State Highways and District Roads, Notified urban areas and notified ecosensitive areas and within 5 Kms of the boundary of Reserved Forest, Sanctuaries, National Parks, Sea coast and Desert. Environmental Impact Assessment 37 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Gujarat State Pollution Control Board: The Gujarat State Pollution Control Board has the mandate for environmental management at the state level, with emphasis on air and water quality. The board is responsible for:  Planning and executing state-level air and water initiatives;  Advising state government departments on air, water and industry issues;  Establishing standards based on National Minimum Standards;  Enforcing and monitoring of all the activities within the state under the Air Act, the  Water Act, the Water Cess Act and the Environment Protection Act; and  Issuing No-objection certificates (NOC) for the projects in accordance with the water  (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974, the Water Cess Act of 1977 and the  Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981.

Gujarat State Coastal Zone Management Authority: The Central Government constituted an authority to be known as the Gujarat State Coastal Zone Management Authority in supersession of the Notification of the Government of India in the Ministry of Environment and Forests Number 999 (E) dated, the 26th November, 1998. The Authority has the power to take the following measures for protecting and improving the quality of the coastal environment and preventing, abating and controlling environmental pollution in the coastal areas of the State of Gujarat and examine proposals for changes or modifications in classification of Coastal Regulation Zone areas and in the Coastal Zone Management Plan (CZMP) received from the Gujarat State Government and making specific recommendations to the National Coastal Zone Management Authority therefor . Authority has its headquarters at Gandhinagar, Gujarat. The Authority deals with environmental issues relating to Coastal Regulation Zone which may be referred to it by the Gujarat State Government, the National Coastal Zone Management Authority or the Central Government. The Authority identifies:

- Ecologically sensitive areas in the Coastal Regulation Zone and formulate area-specific management plans for such identified areas.

- Coastal areas highly vulnerable to erosion or degradation and formulate area specific management plans for such identified areas.

- Economically important stretches in Coastal Regulation Zone and prepares Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plans for the same.

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 resulted in the establishment of the State Level Pollution Control Board whose responsibilities include managing water quality and effluent standards, as well as monitoring water quality, processing offenders and issuing licenses for construction and operation of any facility. This includes the generation of liquid effluent during road construction, including from residential construction camps.

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 empowers State Pollution Control Board to set air quality and emission standards, monitoring air quality, prosecute offenders and issuing licenses for the construction and operation of any facility. Air quality includes noise level standards. This act has notified National Ambient Air Quality Standards for different activities, e.g. Industrial, Residential and Sensitive. Environmental Impact Assessment 38 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Quarrying and Other Materials Extraction: All rock, aggregates and sand for construction will be obtained from designated quarries and other sources such as river beds which are under the regulatory control of the Department of Land and Land Revenue of GOG. Mining projects (including quarries) with leases of more than 5 hectares fall into the Schedule I group of activities requiring Environmental Clearance from MOEF. Other quarrying activities require Environmental Clearance from DOE. Where quarries are located on forested lands, Forest Clearance is required from the MOEF or the GOG Forests Department.

3.3 CLEARANCE PROCEDURES

3.3.1 The EIA Notification

As per the provisions of the new amended EIA Notification dated 14th September 2006, the requirement for Environmental clearance has been quoted below: REQUIREMENT FOR SEEKING ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE

“Categorization of projects and activities i) All projects and activities are broadly categorized into two categories-Category A and Category B….. ii) Category A: New National Highways and Expansion of National Highways greater than 30 km involving additional right of way greater than 20m involving land acquisition. iii). Category B: New State Highways and Expansion of State Highways greater than 30 km involving additional right of way greater than 20 m involving land acquisition.”

Procedure for Environmental Clearance: The application seeking prior environmental clearance is to be made in the prescribed Form I annexed to the notification and Supplementary Form IA, if applicable, as given in Appendix II of the notification, after the identification of prospective site for the project and /or activities to which the application relates, before commencing any construction activity, or preparation of land, at the site by the applicant. The environmental clearance process for new projects comprises of four steps, which are,

Screening ( only for Category B projects or activities) will entail the scrutiny of application (Form 1) by the concerned State Level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) for determining whether or not the project requires further environmental studies and preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment Report for grant of environmental clearance. Projects requiring EIA Report are termed Category B1 and the remaining as Category B2.

In Scoping, the EAC (for Category A projects) and SEAC (for Category B projects) determine detailed comprehensive Terms of Reference (TOR) for the preparation of the EIA Report in relation to the project for which environmental clearance is sought. The TOR would be determined on the basis of information furnished in Form 1/1A.

Public Consultation: All Category A and B1 projects have to undertake Public Consultation (except expansion of Roads and Highways which do not involve any further acquisition of land). Public Hearing and Consultation shall be done by the SPCB.

Appraisal of the Final EIA.Report by EAC/ SEAC for grant of environmental clearance.

Environmental Impact Assessment 39 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

3.3.2 Categorisation and Clearance Requirement for the Present Project

The present project alignment is a National Highway greater than 30 km in length and involves additional right of way greater than 20 m, hence has been considered under Category A. Thus, environmental clearance is required for the project (as per MOEF Notification, September 2006). In view of this, a screening report along with Form 1 (duly filled in) and Draft Terms of Reference (TOR) has been submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) for their perusal and comment.

The existing legislation and policies relevant to the project at the National and State levels have been reviewed and identified. The clearance requirement for the project at various stages of the project is described below. Table 3.2: Statutory Clearance Requirements Sl Statute under which clearance is Clearance Required for Statutory Authority No required 1. Environmental Clearance EIA Notification, 2006 issued under Ministry of Environment and Forest, GOI, EP Act, 1986 New Delhi 2. Coastal Zone Clearance Coastal Zone Regulation,1991 Gujarat Coastal Management Authority, Ministry of Environment and Forest, GOI, New Delhi It is observed that about 63 kms of land is observed in the coastal regulatory zone and adequate clearances shall be obtained from the concerned Authority 3. Permission for felling of The Saurashtra Felling of Trees Forest Department, Gujarat. Roadside trees (Infliction of Punishment) Act 1951 Tree Enumeration along with Girth and Height parameters have been completed on the field and the same has been submitted to the concerned forest officials for verification. 4. No Objection Certificate EIA Notification, 2006 issued under Gujarat Pollution Control Board. EP Act, 1986 Water (P&CP) Act, 1974 & Air (P&CP) Act, 1981

Environmental Impact Assessment 40 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH- 41 8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

4. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS

The present chapter describes the physical, biological, social and cultural environment along the project corridor and its immediate influence area.

4.1 BACKGROUND

Previous chapters have highlighted scope of environment assessment, existing features of the road and proposed improvement, methodology and regulations applicable to environmental assessment. In this chapter an attempt has been made to prepare a baseline environmental setting so as applicability of Government of India (GoI) regulatory requirements could be envisioned. Based on the existing environmental scenario potential impacts of road improvement will be identified and accordingly management plan will be proposed in forthcoming sections. The baseline environmental conditions will help in comparing and to monitor the predicted negative and positive impacts, significant less adverse revised impact, resulting from the project during construction and operation phases.

Data was collected from secondary sources for the macro-environmental setting like climate, physiography (Geology and slope), biological and socio-economic environment. First hand information have been collected to record the micro-environmental features within and adjacent to the project corridor. Collection of first hand (Primary) information includes preparation of base maps, extrapolating environmental features on proposed road design, tree enumeration, location and measurement of socio-cultural features abutting project road.

Data was also recorded at sites used for extraction of materials for construction but generally outside the project corridor e.g. borrows areas and quarries. Ambient Air, Noise and water quality sample were collected at important locations in terms of environment quality to prepare a baseline database. Consultation was another source of information to explain local conditions like submergence, recent floods etc. However, these consultation results were largely base on short term memories like information on floods, submergence but still it was helpful in comparing secondary information.

Following section describes the nature, type and characteristics of the physical, biological, cultural and socioeconomic components along the project roads.

4.2 STUDY REGION DELINEATION

The study region has been divided into:

Corridor of Direct Impact: This includes the area adjacent to the existing road, roughly 60m on either side of the existing centerline. Minor alignment changes, widening, curve improvements, etc. is expected to directly affect the land and assets located in this region.

Environmental Impact Assessment 41 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Corridor of Indirect Impact: This includes the region within 15km offset of the road centerline on either side.

4.3 COLLECTION & COLLATION OF DATA ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL FEATURES

The data on the various environmental and social components relevant to decisions about project location, design and operation have been assembled from:  Primary Survey of the corridor, and  Secondary information collected from various organizations, institutes, publications, etc.

4.3.1 Primary Data Collection

The primary data collection along the project corridor has been carried out with respect to the following features:

Environmental Features: Environmental features that may be directly impacted are trees along the roadside, water bodies like ponds, wells and water crossings, agriculture lands, plantations, forest stretch etc. Apart from these, environmentally sensitive locations like educational institutions; hospitals etc have also been recorded.

Social Features: Social features that may be affected include loss of land and structures within the proposed RoW. The type of structures i.e. residential, commercial, mixed uses (residential cum commercial), public, educational institutions and health facilities have been recorded. The structures have been further classified as kutcha, semi-pucca and pucca. To ascertain the impact on land and structures, the RoW limits are being verified on the field.

Cultural Component: The cultural properties along the project corridor including shrines, temples, mosques, churches and graveyards have been listed.

4.3.2 Secondary Data Collection

Secondary data collection has been collected primarily on regional environmental and social features from various Government Agencies/Institutions and through literature reviews. Such information includes:

Hydrogeological Atlas of Gujarat, Central Ground Water Board,

Socio-economic profile of the influence area along the project corridor: The database for analysis has been taken from Census of India (1991 & 2001) and other secondary sources.

4.4 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

The physical environment consists of environmental attributes such as meteorology, physiography, geology, soil quality, land use, water resources, air quality and noise levels. Each attribute has been detailed subject to the available data constraints. Environmental Baseline

Environmental Impact Assessment 42 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd. characteristics of the project area have been described for the region comprising of a 15 km offset on either side of the road centerline for the project corridor.

4.4.1 Climate and Meteorology The climate of both the districts is characterized by a hot summer and dryness in the non-rainy seasons. The cold season from December to February is followed by the hot season from March to May. The south-west monsoon season is from June to September and is followed by the post monsoon season from October to November.

Temperature: The mean maximum temperature in the region reaches 41C in the warmer months from March to June. During the winter season, in December-January, the minimum temperature dips to 12.2C and the maximum temperature remains around 29C. The lowest average monthly minimum temperature is around 21C. The average monthly maximum and minimum temperature of the project region as recorded during the period 2009 by the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) is presented in Table 4.1 below. Table 4.1: Temperature of the Project Region

Months Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Bhavnagar Mean 12.2 16.9 18.8 22.9 25.9 27 25.6 24.5 24.2 21.7 19.2 14.1 Minimum Mean 28.9 32.1 35.6 41.1 41.2 38.1 33.3 31.6 33.2 35.8 34.4 29.7 Maximum Amreli Mean 12.3 16.2 18.2 22.7 25.9 27.1 24.8 25.4 24.8 22.3 18.2 15.2 Minimum Mean 29.3 32 35.5 38.6 36.6 37.6 34.6 32.4 34.2 34.9 33.4 27.4 Maximum Junagarh Mean 16.2 18.9 20.4 24 27 27.7 27.7 25.7 25.9 23.1 21.1 18 Minimum Mean 30 30.1 32.9 33.5 32.3 33.3 31.6 29.9 31.3 34.2 33.4 30.7 Maximum Porbander Mean 13.2 15.4 17.3 23.5 26.5 ------Minimum Mean 30.1 32.1 34.5 38.5 37.4 ------Maximum Jamnagar Mean 14.2 18.4 21.2 26 26.6 28.1 26.8 24.8 26.4 24.2 20.1 17.6 Minimum Mean 29 29.8 31.4 34.5 31.4 32.1 30.9 30.2 31.8 34.3 34.2 29.5 Maximum Based on IMD Observation from 2009

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Humidity: The maximum humidity is observed to be 92.00 percent (Amreli) during the month of August. The minimum humidity is recorded at Jamnagar (26 percent) during the month of January. The monthly variation of humidity in the project region is presented in Table 4.2 below. Table 4.2: Monthly Average Humidity of the Project Region (in %) Months Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Bhavnagar 8.30 56 75 67 76 79 82 87 87 78 68 63 57 17.30 54 68 62 71 81 86 81 85 81 65 59 62 Amreli 8.30 54 73 60 73 82 84 88 92 86 65 67 58 17.30 51 64 67 72 74 80 85 88 80 65 68 54 Junagarh 8.30 55 76 67 74 78 79 85 83 79 82 79 82 Porbander 8.30 54 72 65 75 79 ------17.30 52 69 61 66 85 ------Jamnagar 8.30 55 79 62 76 76 80 88 91 89 72 74 66 17.30 26 36 22 19 32 56 69 76 65 35 36 36 Based on IMD Observation from 2009

Rainfall: Maximum rainfall occurs under the influence of the South West monsoons (June- September). The annual rainfall is around 1097mm. Table 4.3: Rainfall in the Project Districts (in mm)] Months Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Bhavanagar 0 0 0 0 0 262.3 124.2 101.2 96 1.4 - - Amreli 0 0.5 0 0 0 211.3 142.2 109.2 255.8 0 0 0 Junagarh 0 1.3 0 0 0 185.3 132.6 121.3 194.3 0 0.6 0 Porbander 0 0 1 0.2 0 184.2 156.2 141.2 185.2 1.2 0 0 Jamnagar 0 1 0 0.1 0 195.4 176.3 221.3 156.2 0 29.2 0 Based on IMD Observation from 2009

Wind Speed: The most predominant wind speed in the region is 1-19 Kmph. Wind speed above 62 kmph is not found to occur, those in the range of 20-61 kmph is also rare for Keshod. Calm (0 kmph) conditions also prevail in Veraval. Table 4.4: Mean Wind Speed (Kmph) Months Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Veraval 12.16 13.49 15.15 14.5 15.2 20.3 25.15 19.64 10.8 11.68 9.9 13.795 Based on IMD Observation from 2009

4.4.2 Physiography and Terrain The project region is located in Bhavnagar, Amreli, Junagadh, Porbandar and Jamnagar districts in Gujarat. Bhavnagar district is situated in the south-east corner of the peninsular region of

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Gujarat known as ''Kathiawar of Saurashtra''. It lies between the parallels of latitude 200.59' and 220.16' and the meridians of longitude 710.23' and 720.18'. The length from north to south of this territory is about 151.7 kms and from east to west about 108.6 kms. Bhavnagar district forms a part of Kathiawar Peninsula and is subdivided into four submicro regions, namely, Bhavnagar Coastal Plain, Palitana-Savarkundal Upland, Songadh Forested Plain and Keri, Kalubhar and Ghelo Plain on the basis of topography, climate, geology, soils and natural vegetation. It is bounded in the north by Surendranagar and Ahmadabad districts and in the west by Rajkot and Amreli districts and in the south by the east by the Gulf of Kambhat. The area covered by the district is 9,981 Sq. kms.Areawise rank of this district is 6th among the districts of the state.

Amreli is located near the Gulf of Khambhat in the Arabian Sea, in the western part of Gujarat. It lies between the parallels of latitude 70.30º and 71.75º and the meridians of longitude 20.45º to 22.25º. The district has 11 talukas, of which the major ones are Amreli, Babra, Bagasara, Jafrabad, Rajula, Savarkundla and Vadi

Junagadh district is situated at Saurashtra region and form part of the Kathiawar peninsula. It lies between the parallels of latitude 20°41’ and 21°41’ and the meridians of longitude 69°56’ and 71°13’. It is sub divided into four sub-micro regions namely, Junagadh coastal plain, Bhadar, Ojat and Harna river plain, Girnar hills and Junagadh Gir forested Region. The elevation of the region falling in Mangrol, Manavadar, Keshod, Malia and Patan-Veraval talukas varies between 5 metres and 52 metres above the M.S.L in the Junagadh Coastal Plain. Some parts of Mangrol, Manavadar, Keshod, Malia, Patan-Veraval, Vanthali, Junagadh talukas falls in the Bhadar, Ojat and Harna River Plain which elevates between 45 metres and 241 metres above M.S.L.

Porbandar forms a part of the erstwhile Kathiawar peninsula located in the western part of Gujarat. It lies between the parallels of latitude 69.550 and 70.25and the meridians of longitude 21.15 to 21.5. The district comprises of 3 talukas viz. Porbandar, Ranawav, and Kutiyana It is famous for the birthplace of Mahatma Gandhi – the Father of the Nation.

Jamnagar is located in Saurashtra region of western Gujarat. It lies between the parallels of latitude 68°57’ and 70°37’ and the meridians of longitude 21°42’ and 22°57’. The district has 10 talukas, of which the major ones are Jamnagar (District Headquarter), Jodiya, Okha, and Khambhaliya. The district is famous for its brass products, (bandhani) tie-dyed fabric, and handicrafts The proposed alignment traverses through fertile plain terrain along its entire length.

Soil Salty land which is mainly the type of land in Morbi and Maliya and Black, loamy soil which is mainly present in Bhavanagar, Amreli and Dwaraka, districts. The soils of the project region that falls in Junagadh district are formed partly from sedimentary rocks and partly from igneous rocks. They are calcareous in nature, rich in potassium content but deficient in nitrogen and humus. The main types of soils in the district are black, medium black, alluvial soil in the low-lying area, calcareous and brackish.. Most of the villages in Junagadh have medium black soil. The alluvial Environmental Impact Assessment 45 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd. soil in the low-lying area, known as ‘Ghed’, comprises parts of Keshod, Mangrol and remains inundated during monsoon. The brackish soils are mostly found near the coastal belt of Mangrol, Malia and Veraval talukas and represent the degeneration of coastal alluvial soil due to ingress of sea water.

Land Use The geographical area in the five districts can be divided into two major classes: arable land: that includes net sown area, fallow land and non-arable land: that includes forest, area not available for cultivation and other uncultivable land excluding current fallow. The proposed alignment runs through five districts, major portion being through Junagarh. The alignment mainly runs through agriculture land; water bodies in the form of ponds, rivers and canals also fall within the proposed Right of Way (ROW). At places, the alignment also runs through a few settlements and structures.

The land use on either side of the cross roads is mostly agricultural, only at certain locations structures are being affected. The locations where comparatively more number of structures are present along the alignment are – Talaja, Veraval, Somnath and Porbandar.

The total landuse of the project corridor within the RoW is broadly classified and presented in Table 4.5. Table 4.5: Landuse in the Project RoW S. No. Land Use % To Total 1 Agriculture 51 2 Commercial 9.6 3 Residential 7.4 4 Mixed 32 Total 100

Air Quality Ambient air quality in a region is characterized by concentrations of various pollutants in the atmosphere. The presence of air pollutants and their concentrations depends on the type of polluting sources, and other factors that influence their flow and dispersion. In most cases vehicular emissions are the predominant source of air pollution. Existing ambient air quality data on various sections of the project corridors was collected to establish a baseline database. The aim was to identify areas that already have high pollution levels or are expected to experience so, on account of the road project, and to design adequate mitigation measures, as applicable.

The activities, which generate modify atmospheric air quality, are transportation (i.e, motor vehicle emissions, which are addressed in this study); industry; domestic and construction. The principal sources of air pollution due to road projects are hot mix plants and machineries used during construction phase and the vehicles that ply over it during the operation phase. The parameter of significance to roadside air quality, on account of vehicular emissions, are suspended particulate matter (SPM), Respirable particulate matter (RPM), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon-monoxide (C). Environmental Impact Assessment 46 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Dispersal of pollutants depends upon factors like prevailing wind direction and other weather conditions, height of the source, and characteristics of roadside plantation along the project corridor.

The air polluting sources in the project region primarily consist of industries and the vehicles plying on the roads. A total of 15 ambient air monitoring stations were identified based on the different existing land use pattern to study the ambient air quality along the project corridor and are indicated in fig 4.1. The ambient air quality in the corridor was found to be in compliance with the ambient air quality norms stipulated by CPCB/GPCB. The results of ambient air quality monitoring are indicated in table – 4.6. Table 4.6: Ambient Air Quality Results Pollutant Concentration (µg/m3) Monitoring Chainage Station Area Category 24 hourly mean values Location (km) RSPM TSPM SO2 NO2 HC CO

AQ1 Junction 8.900 179.45 345.69 12.85 21.06 Nil 654 Residential, AQ2 School 52.300 Rural & other 164.59 290.45 13.06 22.25 Nil 598 Areas AQ3 School 92.375 149.56 282.5 12.56 19.45 Nil 1452

AQ4 School 116.900 150.55 234.55 10.09 14.42 Nil 1236 Residential, AQ5 School 148.600 Rural & other 160.89 389.29 11.56 26.54 Nil 1090 Areas AQ6 Industry 184.270 178.45 384.88 15.46 21.45 Nil 1450

AQ7 School 188.450 165.75 290.56 14.45 20.52 Nil 1260 Residential, AQ8 School 211.900 Rural & other 167.48 301.15 12.5 15.12 Nil 1350 Areas AQ9 School 237.200 170.84 315.64 12.56 17.56 Nil 1058

AQ10 Junction 262.800 145.89 298.54 14.5 16.87 Nil 1265 Residential, AQ11 School 288.700 Rural & other 147.26 294.52 13.56 17.45 Nil 1165 Areas AQ12 School 322.100 170.84 269.89 15.45 14.6 Nil 1452

AQ13 Industry 366.000 139.11 350.45 10.56 14.56 Nil 1235 Residential, AQ14 Junction 443.500 Rural & other 147.26 309.12 13.56 15.46 Nil 658 Areas AQ15 Junction 473.000 156.12 312.54 10.12 12.09 Nil 985

NAAQ Norms* (8/24 Hourly Mean) 100 200 80 80 2000

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ting Air Quality Monitoring Locations along Project corridor Project along Locations Monitoring Quality Air ting

: Layout Map indica Map Layout :

4 Fig Fig

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Monitoring Results The TSPM range is 234.55 µg/Nm3 to 389.29 µg/Nm3. The total particulate concentration at 50% of location is less than 288 µg/Nm3. The higher concentrations of TSPM are attributed to anthropogenic activities, major settlements, unpaved road conditions, minor industrial areas, dryness, semi-arid conditions and loose dust particles along the project corridors.

In most of the samples, RSPM is 50% higher than the prescribed standard. All gaseous pollutants like SO2, NO2, HC and CO are well within the prescribed limits of statutory bodies.

Noise Quality

To assess background noise levels in the study area, ambient noise monitoring is conducted. A total of fifteen (15) locations were identified along the project road, based on different categories of area and are indicated in fig 4.2.

Ambient noise level or sound pressure levels (SPL) are measured by a portable sound level meter having built in facilities to read noise level directly in dB(A). From the SPL values, equivalent continuous sound pressure level values (Leq) are calculated. Noise measurement is conducted as per IS: 4954 as adopted by CPCB.

Ambient noise level monitoring has been carried out during Febraury 2011. At each location monitoring was conducted continuously over a period of twenty- four hours to obtain Leq values at uniform time intervals of 1 hour. From the hourly Leq values, day and night Leq values are calculated to compare with the national ambient noise standards. Description of the noise monitoring stations and the Leq values at each station are given in Table 4.7. Table 4.7: Noise Quality Results Noise Levels, dB(A) Day Time Night Time Overall Station Chainage Type Category (06:00-22:00 hrs.) (22:00-06:00 hrs.) Leqmin. Leqmax. Leqmin. Leqmax. Leqmin. Leqmax. NL1 8.900 Junction Commercial 37.1 62.56 34.0 58.6 34.0 62.56 NL2 52.300 School Commercial 40.5 65.33 33.4 57.6 33.4 65.33 NL3 92.375 School Commercial 44.7 67.86 36.8 61.9 36.8 67.86 NL4 116.900 School Commercial 43.2 66.78 36.8 63.2 36.8 66.78 NL5 148.600 School Commercial 41.2 64.23 36.1 57.2 36.1 64.23 NL6 184.270 Industry Commercial 39.1 61.87 30.4 61.3 30.4 61.87 NL7 188.450 School Commercial 40.5 65.23 33.4 60.8 33.4 65.23 NL8 211.900 School Commercial 38.7 66.23 34.0 55.1 34.0 66.23 NL9 237.200 School Commercial 34.0 61.28 33.2 57.2 33.2 61.28 NL10 262.800 Junction Commercial 40.3 66.83 37.6 58.4 37.6 66.83 NL11 288.700 School Commercial 40.5 68.56 34.0 55.1 34.0 68.56 NL12 322.100 School Commercial 34.8 60.88 34.2 54.8 34.2 60.88 NL13 366.000 Industry Commercial 37.2 64.46 34.9 58.5 34.9 64.46 NL14 443.500 Junction Commercial 34.4 62.43 33.8 58.3 33.8 62.43 NL15 473.000 Junction Commercial 36.5 61.48 34.6 55.4 34.6 61.48 Leq Norms for Residential Areas - 55 - 45 - - Leq Norms for Commercial Areas - 65 - 55 - - Environmental Impact Assessment 49 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Monitoring Locations along Project corridor Project along Locations Monitoring

Noise Level Noise

: Layout Map indicating indicating Map Layout :

4 Fig Fig

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Overall the Leq noise level range is 30.4 to 68.56 dB(A). During daytime, the noise level ranges from 34-68.56 dB(A). During the night time, the Leq range is 30.4 to 61.9 dB(A). The higher noise levels have been observed in commercial areas.

Water Resources

Surface Water: The project region Passes through five Districts i.e, Bhavnagar, Amerli, Jungadh, Poranbandar and Dwarka. The rivers that cross the project road are indicated in fig 4.3. All the rivers are non perennial, rainfed and are tributaries of the Arabian Sea which is the main Coastline of the project area. The rivers are used for washing, cleaning and cultivation. The list of rivers crossing the project highway is indicated in table 4.8.

Table 4.8: River Crossing the Project stretch Station Existing km Name of the source WQ1 49.565 Shetranji River WQ2 86.655 Bhadrodi River WQ3 88.937 Butiyo River WQ4 94.380 Malan River WQ5 134.593 Datakdi River WQ6 183.179 Machchundari River WQ7 223.215 Shingoda River WQ8 262.122 Hiranya River WQ9 339.223 Bhadar River

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onitoring Locations along Project corridor Project along Locations onitoring

er Quality m Quality er

Wat

: Layout Map indicating indicating Map Layout :

4 Fig Fig

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There are a number of ponds along the project road. Their locations have been indicated in table 4.9. Table 4.9: Ponds along the alignment Existing Km Side Existing Km Side 16.600 LHS 330.000 RHS 30.200 LHS 330.900 - 331.500 LHS 30.130 RHS 331.350 RHS 32.600 RHS 332.000 RHS 35.500 LHS 332.200 LHS 62.200 LHS 350.700 RHS 67.000 RHS 350.700 LHS 68.700 RHS 370.000 LHS 122.700 LHS 380.240 LHS 158.500 LHS 381.000 - 382.600 LHS & RHS 194.420 LHS 386.300 RHS 201.200 RHS 386.400 RHS 208.700 RHS 393.650 LHS 216.860 RHS 397.580 RHS 225.750 RHS 403.950 RHS 264.700 LHS 410.200 LHS 277.570 RHS 410.700 RHS 281.400 LHS 410.700 LHS 281.400 RHS 411.400 LHS 295.800 LHS 417.200 RHS 310.400 RHS 417.200 - 417.800 LHS 310.500 RHS 468.500 LHS & RHS 316.750 LHS

Ground Water: This categorization is attributed to the level of extraction of ground water against increased domestic, industrial and irrigation requirements. The extraction is higher in the region of Saurashtra.

The districts were categorised as Gray zone and the availability of the ground water along the corridor varied between from 5 to 20 m below ground level (bgl) during pre-monsoon (May 2002), while during post monsoon (November 2002) it has varied from less than 5 to 10 m bgl (Table 4.10). It is considerably depending on aquifer geology, geomorphology and rainfall. South-West monsoon is the main source of ground water recharge for the entire area of the corridor. Ground water is also a source of irrigation in the area. Drinking water is available through borewell.

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Table 4.10: Depth to ground water level along the corridor

Depth to Water level (mbgl) S.No. District Pre Monsoon Post Monsoon (May 2002) (November 2002) 1 Bhavnagar Greater than 20 m Greater than 20 m 2 Amerli 10 – 20 m 5 – 10 m 3 Junagadh 10 – 20 m 5 – 10 m 4 Poranbandar 5 – 20 m 5 – 10 m 5 Jamnagar 5 – 20 m 5 – 10 m

Source: Central Ground Water Board

Description / Km Km Km Km Km Km Sl. No. Location 15.115 90.865 174.900 248.150 340.150 467.100 1 pH 7.7 7.9 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 2 DO 4 6 5 3 2 4 3 BOD 1.8 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.9 4 COD 4 3 2 2 4 3 5 Chloride 208 293 280 217 229 262 6 Alkalinity 360 422 265 315 356 383 Total Coliform Count 7 Absent MPN/100 ml. 8 Total hardness 151 172 125 133 147 165

The ground water sources had agreeable colour, taste and odour. The pH value ranged between 7.5 to 7.9, generally above the neutral mark and within the permissible limits for dirinking water. Chloride values ranged from 208 mg/l to 293 mg/l thus, within ther permissible limits. BOD is also absent. There is no significant bacteriological contamination of these sources. Total alkalinity is found to be within permissible limits. Total hardness ranged between 125 – 172 mg/l. Heavy metals like iron, zinc, arsenic mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium and selenium are absent.

In general, the ground water quality in the project corridor is found to be in compliance with IS:10500 Standard for Drinking Water.

Surface Water Quality: The water quality of Setranji, Bhadrodi, Butiyo and Datakdi rivers were taken for monitoring the surface water quality. Borewells are the major source of water for drinking and other domestic purposes in villages and towns.

The results of the water quality tests are given in Table 4.11.

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Table 4.11: Water Quality Results RIVER Sl. IS:10500 Parameter No. WQ1 WQ2 WQ3 WQ4 WQ5 WQ6 WQ7 WQ8 WQ9 - 2001 Setranji Bhadrodi Butiyo Malan Datakdi Machchundari Shingoda Hiranya Bhadar

1 Colour Clear Colour Less - 2 Odour Odour Less - 3 Turbidity (NTU) 3 2 4 3 1 4 1 2 4 - 4 pH (Unit) 7.7 7.36 7.72 7.41 7.81 7.69 7.7 7.49 7.54 6.5-8.5 Temperature 5 28 31 33 29 32 30 31 29 31 - (Deg. C)

Total Dissolved 6 600 158 510 550 490 502 496 533 510 500 Solids (mg/l)

Ether Soluble 7 8 3 5 6 4 7 6 9 8 - (Oil & Greece)

Total Hardness 8 179 132 182 146 196 169 175 151 157 300 as CaCO3 (mg/l) 9 Chloride (mg/l) 131 210 180 173 165 202 217 184 192 250 10 Sulphate (mg/l) 78 65 58 52 60 55 69 49 65 200 11 Phosphate (mg/l) 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 -

Bio Chemical Oxygen Demand 12 5 8 3 16 7 5 8 11 13 - (3 Days at 27 C) (mg/l)

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RIVER Sl. IS:10500 Parameter No. WQ1 WQ2 WQ3 WQ4 WQ5 WQ6 WQ7 WQ8 WQ9 - 2001 Setranji Bhadrodi Butiyo Malan Datakdi Machchundari Shingoda Hiranya Bhadar

13 Lead (mg/l) NIL - 14 Arsenic (mg/l) NIL - 15 Iron (mg/l) NIL 0.3 Total Coliform 16 48 32 35 69 38 44 66 48 37 500 (MPN/100 ml)

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The pH value ranged between 7.36-7.81. TDS content ranged between 158-600 mg/l while Chloride values ranged from 131 to 210 mg/l respectively, well below the tolerance limits. Iron content is found to be nil. There is no significant presence of trace metals in the surface waters. There is no faecal contamination as the Oil and grease, toxic constituents like phenolic compounds and cyanides are found to be absent.

While comparing with the CPCB Norms for Surface Waters, all parameters are found to be within the standard limits.

Ecology

Forests

The forest areas of Gujarat are unevenly distributed. The major concentration of forests is found all along the eastern border of the state and the hilly portion of Saurashtra. Reserve forest for conservation of Neelgai has been identified on either side of the project stretch in Bhavnagar district. The forests are found mainly in the district Junagadh. Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests thrive in the region having the rainfall between 600 mm to 1200 mm. These forests are found in the central part of the state in parts of Saurashtra in the districts of Junagadh. Northern Tropical Thorn Forests occur in the region with less than 600 mm rainfall. These forests are found in Rajkot and Junagadh districts. These forests contain spare and stunted growth of species like Acacia and thorn bushes etc. Littoral and Swamp Forest, Mangrove forest are found in the coastal creeks in the districts of Junagadh. The main species found in these forests is Avicenia sp. Out of 207 subtypes of forests, recorded by Champion and Seth, 31 subtypes, (14.7%) have been identified in the state.

Sensitive Ecological Habitats/ Ecosystems

No sensitive ecological habitats or ecosystems are identified within the direct influence area of the project corridor. The details are discussed below.

Flora: Teak, dudhlo, khair, ber, desi baval, dhav, hermo, sadad, timru, ashitro, saledi, modad, khakhro etc.

Fauna: The Gir forests support a rich biodiversity comprising 32 species of mammals, 300 species of birds and 26 species of reptiles and thousands of species of insects.

Flora and Fauna in the Study Area

Flora: The flora in the project area comprises of roadside trees, fruit trees in certain villages besides the vegetables and crops grown in the agriculture lands.

Roadside Plantation: The common tree species found along the roadside are given in Table 4.12. Fruit trees are observed in certain locations along the corridor: Guava, mango, coconut, Sofeda and banana garden.

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Table 4.12: Road Side Tree Species Sl No Common Names Scientific Names 1. Amla Emblica officinalis 2. Arduso Ailanthus excelsa 3. Bor Zizyphus glabrata 4. Desibaval Acacia nilotica 5. Gando baval Prosopis juliflora 6. Gundo Cordia dichotoma 8. Jambu Syzygium cumini 9. Karanj Derris indica 10. Khair Acacia chundra 11. Khajuri Phoenix sylvestris 12. Khijdo Prosopis cineraria 13. Limdo Azaditachta indica 14. Mitosaragavo Moringa oleifera 15. Piplo Ficus religiosa 16 Rayan Manilkara hexandra 17. Sag Tectona grandis 18. Sisam Dalbergia latifolia 19. Vad Ficus benghalensis

Fauna: Local Fauna in the project area includes reptiles like crocodile, tortoise, gecko, garden lizard owing to the large number of water bodies and fruit gardens in the area. Common animals like dogs, cats and cattle are also present.

Institutional Facility

These include schools, colleges and hospitals along the project road. There are 55 institutions along the project road. There are primary schools upper primary high school and higher secondary schools. In most of the educational institutes, the boundary wall is located close to the existing road but the building is quite far from the road with a playground in front of the school building. They have been enlisted below.

Table 4.13: Educational Institutes along the project road

Sr.No Existing Km Side 1 9.460 Left 2 21.900 Left 3 30.085 Right 4 36.700 Left 5 39.570 Right 6 44.650 Right 7 52.300 Left 8 61.500 Left 9 86.776 Right

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Sr.No Existing Km Side 10 91.150 Left 11 92.375 Right 12 97.700 Right 13 98.630 Right 14 98.700 Left 15 99.600 Right 16 107.400 Left 17 116.900 Left 18 118.000 Left 19 148.600 Left 20 158.600 Right 21 160.500 Left 22 182.750 Right 23 174.950 Right 24 177.600 Left 25 182.800 Left 26 188.450 Right 27 192.850 Right 28 196.600 Right 29 201.500 Left 30 206.050 Left 31 211.900 Left 32 232.400 Left 33 237.200 Left 34 251.300 Left 35 256.400 Left 36 268.360 Right 37 274.400 Left 38 278.300 Right 39 278.850 Left 40 288.250 Right 41 288.700 Left 42 288.900 Left 43 295.200 Right 44 310.000 Right 45 322.100 Right 46 332.300 Right 47 344.000 Left

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Sr.No Existing Km Side 48 367.800 Right 49 369.400 Right 50 379.800 Left 51 385.500 Left 52 397.400 Right 53 404.250 Left 54 405.250 Right 55 427.200 Left

Coastal Regulation Zone The project corridor falls under CRZ –III as per Coastal Zone Regulation Notification, January, 2011 issued by MoEF, GOI. As per CRZ Notification, 2011, CRZ III includes areas that are relatively undisturbed and those which do not belong to either Category-I or II. These will include coastal zone in the rural areas (developed and undeveloped) and also areas within Municipal limits or in other legally designated urban areas which are not substantially built up. As per the guidelines of Gujarat Coastal Zone Management Authority for obtaining CRZ clearance, a map clearly demarcating HTL and LTL along with other proposed activities, landuse within 5 km radius, latitude and longitude has been prepared by an external agency authorized by MOEF and has been submitted with the State Department, Gandhinagar.

4.5 SOCIAL & CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

4.5.1 Social Environment The project corridor passes through five Districts namely Bhavnagar, Amreli, Junagadh, Porbandar and Jamnagar. 119 villages and 11 urban areas would be directly impacted, 37 in Bhavanagar, 18 in Amreli, 27 in Junagadh, 29 in Porbandar and remaining in Jamnagar District. Details of each of the districts are presented in Table 4.14. Table 4.14: Number of Settlements along the Project Corridor S. No District Urban Villages 1 Bhavanagar 4 37 2 Amreli 2 18 3 Junagarh 5 27 4 Porbandar 2 29 5 Jamnagar 1 12 Total 14 119

Therefore, in order to understand the socio-economic profile of the influence area of the project corridor, a micro-level analysis is essential. The aerial unit for analysis of the socio-economic profile of the influence area of the project corridor includes all traversed villages, urban and forest areas. Though the corridor passes through five administrative districts, for better appreciation, all socio-economic characteristics have been analyzed.

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4.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE The socio-economic profile along the project corridor takes into account the socio as well as the economic aspects:  Population Distribution;  Density of Population;  Gender Ratio;  Share of Vulnerable Groups and  Literacy Rate  Workforce Participation Ratio and  Sector-wise Distribution of Workers 4.6.1 Population Distribution The project influence area comprises of five districts namely, Bhavnagar, Amreli, Junagadh, Porbandar and Jamnagar. The growth rate of population in the project influence area is 3.17 % which is higher than the average growth rate of population in the state (2.06%). The highest population growth rate is 4.66% recorded in Veraval taluka of Junagadh district followed by 4.46% in Junagadh taluka. In rest of the talukas, growth ranges between 1% to 2%. Jetpur taluka of Rajkot district has registered the lowest growth rate of 0.77%. Talukawise demographic characteristics in project influence area are presented in Table 4.15. Table 4.15: Population Distribution in talukas along the Project Corridor, 2011 Population District AAGR (01-11) 2001 2011 Bhavanagar 2469630 2877961 0.87 Amreli 1,393,295 1513614 0.92 Junagarh 2448173 2742291 0.89 Porbander 536,854 586062 0.92 Jamnagar 1,913,685 2159130 0.89 Project Influence Area 8,761,637 9,879,058 0.89 Gujarat State 50671017 60383628 0.84 Source: Population Totals of Gujarat, Census of India, 2011 and 2001; Note: Figures are rounded of to first decimal place

4.6.2 Population Density The project influence area has population density of about 135 to 277 persons per sq.km in 2001 and 153 to 310 persons per sq.km in 2011. In 2011, the population density for Gujarat State is 382 persons per sq.km and 325 persons per sq.km in 2001 amongst all the districts (Table 4.16). Table 4.16: Population Distribution and Density along Project Corridor, 2011 Population Density(Persons/Sq km) District 2001 2011 Bhavanagar 247 288 Amreli 188 205 Junagarh 277 310 Porbander 234 255 Jamnagar 135 153 Gujarat state 325 382 Source: Census of India, 2011 Environmental Impact Assessment 61 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

4.6.3 Sex Ratio

As per the Census estimates (2011) number of Sex ratio (females/1000 male) of project influence area is about 931 to 964 The Sex ratio for the state of Gujarat is 940. All the districts have shown a decrease in sex ratio from 2001-2011 (Refer Table 4.17).Amongst all the districts, Porbandar district registered the highest sex ratio with an increase from 946 in 2001 to 947 in 2011. A decline in sex ratio is observed in four districts of project influence area during 2001- 2011 in accordance with the decline observed at state level. Table 4.17: Sex Ratio along Project Corridor, 2011 Sex Ratio (Number of Females per District 1000 Males) 2001 2011 Bhavanagar 937 931 Amreli 987 964 Junagarh 955 952 Porbander 946 947 Jamnagar 941 938 Gujarat state 933 940

Source: Population Totals of Gujarat, Census of India, 2011 Note: Figures are rounded of to first decimal place

4.6.4 Vulnerable Population

The percentage distribution of scheduled caste is higher than scheduled tribes in project influence area. Bhavnagar, Amreli, Junagarh and Jamnagar district has a higher percentage of SC population (percentage of SC population to total population in the state). Details indicated in Table 4.18. Table 4.18: Share of Vulnerable Groups along Project Corridor, 2001 Population 2001 % to Total Population District SC ST SC ST Bhavanagar 142198 7298 3.96 0.10 Amreli 115490 3256 3.21 0.04 Junagarh 235624 18832 6.56 0.25 Porbander 48233 6456 1.34 0.09 Jamnagar 154819 10459 4.31 0.14 Gujarat state 3592715 7481160 7.09 14.76 Source: Population Totals of Gujarat, Census of India, 2001 and 1991;

4.6.5 Literacy Rate

As per the Census estimates (2001), 69 percent of the population are literate in the State, where as the average literate rate is lower (67 percent) in the project influence area. Within the project influence area, Junagadh district has the highest literacy rate (76.88 percent) followed by Porbandar (75.63 percent) and Amreli (74.5 percent). The lowest literacy rate was observed in Bhavnagar (69.84 percent). Details indicated in Table 4.19.

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Table 4.19: Literacy Rate along Project Corridor, 2011 Literates Literacy Rate (%) District 2001 2011 2001 2011 Bhavanagar 1395205 1927573 66.98 69.84 Amreli 8141151 1001768 67.22 74.50 Junagarh 1432422 1876761 68.35 76.88 Porbander 320053 400196 69.09 75.63 Jamnagar 1048894 1417294 67.19 74.4 Gujarat State 29827750 41948677 69.97 79.31 Source: Census of India, 2011

4.6.6 Workforce Participation

As per the Census estimates (2001), Amreli district has 33.72 percent of main workers among males and 15.04 percent among females. The details are indicated in Table 4.20. Table 4.20: Type of Workers within the Project Influence Area, 2001 Main Workers Marginal Workers Total Workers Non- Workers S.No District Among Among Among Among Persons Persons Persons Persons Females Females Females Females 1 Bhavnagar 31.63 11.18 6.62 10.87 38.25 22.05 61.75 77.95 2 Amreli 33.72 15.04 9.38 15.98 43.1 31.02 56.9 68.98 3 Junagadh 32.09 11.86 8.79 14.67 40.88 26.52 59.12 73.48 4 Porbandar 32.34 11.1 7.74 12.32 40.07 23.42 59.93 76.58 5 Jamnagar 32.77 12.25 5.79 9.18 38.56 21.43 61.44 78.57

Source: Director of census operations, Gujarat state.

4.6.7 Right of Way

The extent of Public Land adjacent to the project Corridor was collected from the Department of Land Revenue. Knowledge of extent of land was required to restrict development within the public land and thereby reducing private land acquisition. District and Block wise land use is presented in the Table 4.21 below. Table 4.21: Landuse along the Project Corridor

Permanent Area Under Barren & Pasture & Geographical Reporting Non- District Forest Unculturable Other Area Area Agriculture Land Grazing Use Land

Amreli 6760 6720 339 385 225 471 Bhavanager 11155 9789 315 724 1017 709 Jamnagar 14125 10152 425 640 1562 774 Junagadh 10607 10561 1976 525 310 1115 Porbandar 11203 11042 359 698 1025 868 Gujarat 196117 188118 18648 11414 26038 8491 State

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Area Sown Total Culturable Other Current Net Area More Then Cropped Wasteland Fallow Fallow Sown Once Area 96 22 201 4981 234 5215 307 12 417 6288 206 6494 331 15 655 5750 181 5931 120 0 592 5923 550 6473 130 2 678 7282 323 7605 19818 131 9109 94989 12028 107017 Source: Census of India, 1991

4.6.8 Cultural Environment

Baseline Information on Cultural Environment is presented for the project corridor. This includes heritage structures as well as those having local and regional significance.

4.6.8.1 Protected Sites & Monuments

There are three significant protected sites or monuments in the immediate vicinity of the project corridor. Within the 10 km offset of the corridor the following monuments are of State level significance. Table 4.22: Protected and Conserved Monuments Located in the Project Districts Places of Interest / Distance District Taluka Religious Importance (in KM) Bhavnagar Talaja Jain Temple 1.00 Junagadh Veraval Somnath Temple 1.00 Jamnagar Dwarka Krishna Temple 2.00

4.6.8.2 Cultural Properties of Local /Regional Significance

There are about 123 religious structures that exist along the project road; most of them are stiuated within 30m from the edge of the carriageway. The widening has been designed such that most of these structures remain unaffected or least affected due to the proposed project.

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5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

This chapter presents the various alternatives considered for minimizing the impacts on natural, social and cultural environments, at the preliminary design stage.

5.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents a comparative analysis of various alternatives considered to avoid or minimize impacts that would be inevitable if technically (based on design speed and geometrics) best fit alignment is followed. Cross sections adopted for the upgradation component as presented in Chapter 1 are flexible in design to avoid most of the impacts within ROW. An analysis of various alternatives is attempted to arrive at the technically and environmentally best- fit alternative considering environmental and project attributes

There are large settlements as seen in the baseline environmental scenario along the corridors, where there is constricted ROW and traffic is higher leading to congestion, delay as well as various environmental impacts. Such locations are identified for bypassing the through traffic. Several alternatives are analyzed for avoiding localized environmental impacts & arriving at the best-fit alignment. Screening procedure for road links & alignments are presented in the following sections.

The project corridor passes through several urban & semi urban areas, which have series of developments with residential and commercial activities. There are few major urban sections along the project corridor namely Bhavanagar, Mahuva, Una, Kodinar, Veraval, Chorvad, Mangrol, Porbandar and Dwarka.

In the rest of the urban areas as mentioned above, continuous developments have come up on both sides almost in the entire length. The clear land width available between building lines at these urban settlements is much less than the minimum land required to accommodate 6/4 lanes plus service roads to segregate local traffic. Widening the project corridor through these urban settlements not only cause traffic safety hazards, congestion, delay, but also pose severe environmental and social concerns of resettlement and rehabilitation.

Thus the existing alignment of project corridor through these urban settlements experience insufficient land width, traffic congestion, high VOC and low Level of Service (Los) for through traffic, high potential for environmental degradation because of increase in noise and pollution levels due to frequent breaking and acceleration of traffic. Above all there will be severe threat to safety of pedestrians and road users. Hence, these urban areas qualify as potential candidates for bypasses and realignments. The bypasses to these settlements will not only provide a better level of service and economic benefits by way of reduced VOC's to through traffic, but will also improve the level of service and safety of local traffic on existing road and improve environmental conditions within the urban settlements.

Environmental Impact Assessment 65 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

The project corridor does not suffer from much of the commercial activity and local traffic at remaining minor settlements. The proposed improvements can be taken through all of the remaining minor settlements without any major concern.

Elaborate description of bypasses and re-alignments is presented in subsequent sections of this chapter.

5.2 WITH OR WITHOUT PROJECT SCENARIO

The with and without project scenarios are analysed with respect to the development of the state by the backdrop of requirement of reliable quality infrastructure of sustained growth economy and consequent well being of its citizens.

Providing better connectivity will ensure that goods and people from areas covered by the road can move in and out of the areas quicker and save time. Inceased trade and commerce activity are expected. Accounting just for the savings in the Vehicle Operation costs makes the project viable. The project roads have been designed to connect the important settlements with shorter & better road network. It provides greater impetus to religious and commercial establishments. It has a very good tourism potential due to famous religious and tourist places. The industrial activity will be getting a good boost due to this upgradation of the existing road to Gujarat Government plan of developing industrial region. The industrial activity will give rise to employment potential for people in and around the region. However, there would be an increase in the vehicular pollution air and noise, in the vicinity of the road. Some agricultural land will have to be diverted for road use to construct bypasses. In other settlements, some people will lose there properties close to the road to accommodated the proposed widening.

If the project is not implemented, there is every likehood that the project rods will deteriorate further. Only certain roads may be maintained regularly. There is every likehood of deterioration of the existing pavements. Increased air pollution, due to slow moving traffic and congestion, will follow. Noise levels will rise due to deterioration of the pavement as well as increased honking. Without the bypass, the traffic would continue passing through the built-up areas and continue to pose a safety risk for the residents in the already congested areas.

Therefore, the “with” project scenario, with its minor adverse impacts is more acceptable than the “without” project scenario which would mean an aggravation of the existing problems. Potential benefits of the proposed road improvements are substantial and far-reaching both in terms of the geographical spread and time. Hence, it is clear that the implementation of the project will be a definite advantage to project road in order to achieve all round development of its economy and progress for its people.

5.3 ALIGNMENT SELECTION

Alignment selection was carried out on the basis of evaluation of various alternative alignments for each bypass. The evaluation has been done both qualitatively and quantitatively for the various factors influencing the selection process. These factors can be broadly grouped under

Environmental Impact Assessment 66 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

main heads such as geometrics, cost, and social and environmental impacts. The qualitative evaluation rates the alternative as less desirable, desirable, and most desirable against each factor. The factors considered for qualitative comparison are:  Land availability  Effect on residential/commercial buildings  Ponds affected  Religious structures affected  Environmental Quality/ Ecology

Similarly quantitative evaluation was done for the following factors:

 Route length  Length of agricultural land affected  Length of barren land affected  Number of road crossings  Pucca / Kutcha - commercial / residential structures affected  Telephone/Electric poles to be shifted  Total Cost

The following sections describe the bypasses/ realignments considered on the project road

5.4 ALTERNATIVE PROPOSALS FOR BYPASSES

5.4.1 Bypasses Proposed by R&B

5.4.1.1 Comparative Studies for Bypass near Adhewada (Km. 4.400 – Km. 7.000)

Adhewada Existing Alignment Bypass Alt-1

Start/End Ch. Km. 4.400 – Km. 7.000 Km. 4.400 – Km. 7.000

Length along alignment 2.6 kms 2.62 kms

Encroachments Pucca – 85 Pucca – 5, Katcha – 3

Structures 1 Minor Bridge 1 Minor Bridge

Bypass alignment alternative – 1 has been proposed.

Environmental Impact Assessment 67 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Fig 5.1: Adhewada Bypass 5.4.1.2 Comparative Studies for Bypass near Budhel (Km. 8.500 – Km. 11.060)

Budhel Existing Alignment Bypass Alt-1

Start/End Ch. Km. 8.500 – Km. 11.060 Km. 8.500 – Km. 11.060

Length along alignment 2.1 kms 2.32 kms

Encroachments Pucca – 200 Pucca – 5, Katcha – 10

Structures Flyover - 1 No. Flyover - 1 No.

Bypass alignment alternative – 1 has been proposed.

Fig 5.2: Budhel Bypass Option

Environmental Impact Assessment 68 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

5.4.1.3 Comparative Study for Bypass near Kobadi (Km. 14.540 to Km. 17.300)

Kobadi Existing Alignment Bypass Alt-1

Start/End Ch. Km. 14.540 – Km. 17.300 Km. 14.540 – Km. 17.300

Length along alignment 2.76 kms 2.99 kms

Encroachments Pucca – 140 Pucca – 5

Structures ------

Bypass alignment alternative – 1 has been proposed.

Fig 5.3: kobadi Bypass

5.4.1.4 Comparative Study for Bypass near Bhandaria (Km. 21.080 to Km. 23.000)

Bhandaria Existing Alignment Bypass Alt-1

Start/End Ch. Km. 21.080 – Km. 23.000 Km. 21.080 – Km. 23.000

Length along alignment 2.92 kms 3.68 kms

Encroachments Pucca – 135 Pucca – 5

Structures ------

Bypass alignment alternative – 1 has been proposed.

Environmental Impact Assessment 69 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Fig 5.4: Bhandaria Bypass Option

5.4.1.5 Comparative Study for Bypass near Tansa (Km. 28.650 to Km. 31.150)

Tansa Existing Alignment Bypass Alt-1

Start/End Ch. Km. 28.650 – Km. 31.150 Km. 28.650 – Km. 31.150

Length along alignment 2.5 kms 2.65 kms

Encroachments Pucca – 240 Pucca – 1

Structures ------

Bypass alignment alternative – 1 has been proposed.

Fig 5.5: Tansa Bypass Option

Environmental Impact Assessment 70 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

5.4.1.6 Comparative Study for Bypass near Trapej (Km. 39.200 to Km. 41.050)

Trapej Existing Alignment Bypass Alt-1

Start/End Ch. Km. 39.200 – Km. 41.050 Km. 39.200 – Km. 41.050

Length along alignment 1.85 kms 1.73 kms

Encroachments Pucca – 210 Pucca – 3, Katcha – 3

Structures VUP – 1 No VUP – 2 Nos

Bypass alignment alternative – 1 has been proposed.

Fig 5.6: Trapej Bypass Option

5.4.1.7 Comparative Study for Bypass near Una (Km. 180.400 to Km. 188.000)

Option 1 Una Existing Alignment Bypass_Alt 1

Start/End Ch. Km. 180.400 – Km. 188.000 Km. 180.760 – Km. 187.750

Length along alignment 7.6 kms 8.9 kms

Encroachments Pucca – 500 Pucca – 15, Katcha – 10

Structures Major Bridge – 1 Major Bridge – 1

Environmental Impact Assessment 71 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Bypass alignment alternative – 1 has been proposed.

Fig 5.7: Una Bypass Option

5.4.2 Bypasses Proposed by STUP

5.4.2.1 Comparative Study for Bypass near Talaja (Km. 49.600 to Km. 53.500)

Option 1 Option 2

Talaja Existing Existing Bypass_Alt 1 Bypass_Alt 2 Alignment Alignment

Km. 49.600 – Km. 49.600 – Km. 48.200 – Km. 48.200 – Start/End Ch. Km. 53.500 Km. 53.500 Km. 54.500 Km. 54.500

Length along 3.9 kms 4.18 kms 6.3 kms 6.8 kms alignment

Pucca – 50 Pucca – 10 Pucca – 75 Pucca – 2 Encroachments Katcha – 10 Katcha – 1 Katcha – 10 Katcha – 10

Structures ---- Minor Bridge – 1No. ---- Major Bridge – 1 No.

Bypass alignment Alternative – 1 is recommended.

Environmental Impact Assessment 72 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Fig 5.8: Talaja Bypass Options

5.4.2.2 Comparative Study for Bypass near Bhadrad (Km. 85.610 to Km. 89.000)

Option 1 Option 2

Bhadrad Existing Existing Bypass_Alt 1 Bypass_Alt 2 Alignment Alignment

Km. 85.610 – Km. 85.610 – Km. 85.500 – Km. 85.500 – Km. Start/End Ch. Km. 89.000 Km. 89.000 Km. 89.200 89.200

Length along 3.39 kms 3.43 kms 3.7 kms 4.3 kms alignment

Pucca – 2 Encroachments Pucca – 80 Pucca – 80 ---- Katcha – 2

Structures ---- Minor Bridge – 1No ---- Major Bridge – 1 No.

Bypass alignment Alternative – 1 is recommended.

Environmental Impact Assessment 73 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Fig 5.9: Bhadrad Bypass Options

5.4.2.3 Comparative Study for Bypass near Datardi (Km. 113.240 – Km. 115.450)

Datardi Existing Alignment Bypass_Alt1 Bypass_Alt2

Km. 113.240 – Km. 113.240 – Km. 113.240 – Start/End Ch. Km. 115.450 Km. 115.450 Km. 115.450

Length along 2.21 kms 2.21 kms 2.41 kms alignment

Pucca – 3, Encroachments Pucca – 50 Katcha – 3 Katcha – 2

Structures Major Bridge – 1 No Minor Bridge – 1 No Minor Bridge – 1 No

Bypass alignment Alternative – 2 is recommended.

Environmental Impact Assessment 74 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Fig 5.10: Datardi Bypass Options

5.4.2.4 Comparative Study for Bypass near Hemal (Km. 157.200 to Km. 159.850)

Option 1 Option 2

Hemal Existing Existing Bypass_Alt 1 Bypass_Alt 2 Alignment Alignment

Km. 157.200 – Km. 157.200 – Km. 157.300 – Km. 157.300 – Start/End Ch. Km. 159.850 Km. 159.850 Km. 159.900 Km. 159.900

Length along 2.65 kms 2.93 kms 2.65 kms 2.7 kms alignment

Encroachments Pucca – 90 ---- Pucca – 90 ----

Structures ------

Bypass alignment Alternative – 1 is recommended.

Environmental Impact Assessment 75 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Fig 5.11: Hemal Bypass Options

5.4.2.5 Comparative Study for Bypass near Samter (Km. 174.025 – Km. 176.400)

Samter Existing Alignment Bypass_Alt1 Bypass_Alt2

Km. 174.025 – Km. 174.025 – Km. 173.900 – Start/End Ch. Km. 176.400 Km. 176.400 Km. 176.300

Length along 2.4 kms 2.4 kms 2.6 kms alignment

Pucca – 1, Pucca –1 Encroachments Pucca – 50 Katcha – 2 Katcha –2

Structures Major Bridge – 1 No Major Bridge – 1 No Major Bridge – 1 No

Bypass alignment Alternative – 2 is recommended.

Environmental Impact Assessment 76 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Fig 5.12: Samter Bypass Options

5.4.2.6 Comparative Study for Bypass near Dholasa (Km. 204.950 to Km. 207.000)

Dholasa Existing Alignment Bypass Alt-1

Start/End Ch. Km. 204.950 – Km. 207.000 Km. 204.950 – Km. 207.000

Length along alignment 2.05 kms 2.3 kms

Encroachments Pucca – 300 Pucca – 6, Katcha – 4

Structures ---- Minor Bridge – 1 No.

Bypass alignment alternative – 1 has been proposed.

Fig 5.13 Dholasa Bypass Option Environmental Impact Assessment 77 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

5.4.2.7 Comparative Study for Bypass near Chorwad (Km. 268.600 to Km. 271.400)

Chorwad Existing Alignment Bypass Alt-1

Start/End Ch. Km. 268.600 – Km. 271.400 Km. 268.400 – Km. 271.200

Length along alignment 2.8 kms 2.25 kms

Encroachments Pucca – 170 Pucca – 5, Katcha – 4

Structures ------

Cost Will be incorporated later

Bypass alignment alternative – 1 has been proposed.

Fig 5.14: Chorwad Bypass Option

5.4.2.8 Comparative Study for Bypass near Prachi (Km. 240.080 to Km. 243.390)

Prachi Existing Alignment Bypass_Alt1 Bypass_Alt2

Km. 240.080 – Km. 240.080 – Km. 240.080 – Start/End Ch. Km. 243.390 Km. 243.390 Km. 243.390

Length along 3.31 kms 3.6 kms 4.5 kms alignment Pucca – 2, Encroachments Pucca – 70 Katcha –3 Katcha – 5

Minor Bridge – 1 No Minor Bridge – 1 No Minor Bridge – 1 No Structures PUP – 1 No

Environmental Impact Assessment 78 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Bypass alignment Alternative – 1 is recommended.

Fig 5.15: Prachi Bypass Options

5.4.2.9 Comparative Study for Bypass near Kukasawada (Km. 272.800 toKm. 276.550)

Kukasawada Existing Alignment Bypass Alt-1

Start/End Ch. Km. 272.800 – Km. 276.550 Km. 272.800 – Km. 276.550

Length along alignment 3.75 kms 3.5 kms

Encroachments Pucca – 180 Katcha – 5

Structures ------

Bypass alignment alternative – 1 has been proposed.

Environmental Impact Assessment 79 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Fig 5.16: Kukasawada bypass Option

5.4.2.10 Comparative Study for Bypass near Madhavpur (Km. 308.600 to Km. 312.650)

Option 1 Option 2

Bhadrad Existing Existing Bypass_Alt 1 Bypass_Alt 2 Alignment Alignment

Km. 310.200 – Km. 310.200 – Km. 308.600 – Km. 308.600 – Start/End Ch. Km. 312.200 Km. 312.200 Km. 312.650 Km. 312.650

Length along 2.0 kms 2.1 kms 4.05 kms 3.6 kms alignment

Pucca – 5, Pucca – 250, Encroachments Pucca – 225 Pucca - 1 Katcha – 5 Katcha – 20

Structures ------

Bypass alignment alternative – 2 has been proposed.

Environmental Impact Assessment 80 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Fig 5.17: Madhavpur Bypass Options

5.4.2.11 Comparative Study for Bypass near Porbandar (Km. 356.860 to Km. 376.300)

Porbandar Existing Alignment Bypass_Alt1 Bypass_Alt2

Km. 356.860 – Start/End Ch. Km. 356.860 – Km. 356.860 – Km. Km. 376.300 Km. 376.300 376.300

Length along 19.44 kms 21.3 kms 21.7 kms alignment

Pucca – 10, Encroachments Pucca – 1200 Katcha – 35 Katcha – 40 Major Bridge – 2 Nos Major Bridge – 3 Nos Major Bridge – 2 No Minor Bridge – 1 No Minor Bridge – 1 No Structures Flyover – 1 No Flyover – 1 No Flyover – 1 No VUP – 1 No VUP – 1 No

Bypass alignment alternative – 1 has been proposed.

Environmental Impact Assessment 81 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Fig 5.18: Porbandhar Bypass Options

Environmental Impact Assessment 82 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

6. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION

Community consultation has been taken up as an integral part of environmental assessment process throughout the project preparation stage of this project.

Introduction The public consultation is an important tool of information, dissemination and awareness creation during the planning stage of the project. It provides valuable inputs regarding successful implementation of the project besides ensuring public participation and involvement in the process.

As per the requirements of the project, public consultations were conducted at strategic locations in the month of April 2011. The purpose of conducting public consultations was to inform and explain the features of the project including operational and safety requirements to local people and to understand their concerns and perceptions with regard to adverse impact on their property and assets, livelihood, social relations, access to various facilities and resources, etc. Before conducting the public consultations, a reconnaissance survey of the project road was undertaken to identify strategic locations for public consultations.

The project road as NH-8E starts from km 3.200 and ends at km 473.000 and as SH-25 starts at km 231.000 and ends at km 261.100 and is approximately 500 kms. The project road is in the state of Gujarat extending from Bhavnagar to Dwarka.

Public Consultation has been conducted in 11 villages on NH-8E from Bhavnagar to Dwarka in the state of Gujarat between April 07, 2011 and April 13, 2011. The villages in which Public consultation is conducted are indicated below:  Talaja  Bhadrod  Datardi  Hemal  Samter  Dolasa  Prachi  Chorwad  Kukaswada  Madhavpur  Porbandar Environmental Impact Assessment 83 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Selection of Stakeholders

Various categories of stakeholders ranging from Project Affected Persons to government officials to other opinion leaders were selected in order to discuss social and environmental impacts, including the issue of resettlement and rehabilitation. The participants from several categories were present during discussion and expressed their views  Elected representatives  PAPs  Government Official

Other stakeholders: businessmen, educationists, agriculturist, shopkeepers

Objective of Public Consultation Meetings

The purpose of the public consultation meetings was to promote public awareness and understanding and purpose of the proposed project. The main objective of conducting meetings was to disseminate information about the project and to notify stakeholders and provide opportunities to participate in consultation and assessment process. The objectives of the public consultation meetings were as follows 1) Disseminate the information about the proposed project to the general public 2) Create awareness about the project among the PAPs (Project Affected Persons) 3) Dispel the appearance of PAPs regarding the positive/adverse impact of the project. 4) Seek the suggestion of Gram Panchayat, PAPs and other stakeholders on the various involved including those related to compensation, resettlement and rehabilitation, social and environmental impacts. 5) To resolve the issues that has affect on common property.

Method of Information Dissemination

The team including social experts and meeting facilitator team had visited nearly all the affected villages and requested primary and secondary Stakeholders to attend the meeting

Following were the methods used for notifying the meeting to the Participants 1. Face to face meetings were organized to disseminate the information. 2. Discussion at individual and group level 3. The stakeholders were also reminded to attend the meeting through personal phone calls wherever possible.

Environmental Impact Assessment 84 Rev – R0 Preparation of Feasibility study forSix/Four/2 lane with paved shoulder of Bhavnagar-Pipavav-Porbandar-Dwarka section of NH-8E in the State of Gujarat (approx length 445 km) STUP Consultants P. Ltd.

Public consultations were organized at a pre-fixed place and time. Keeping the public needs in view, several consultations were conducted on the project road, details of which are as under:

Talaja

Public consultation has been conducted in Talaja on April 07, 2011. Two bypass alternatives have been proposed for this town, Alternative-1 on RHS and Alternative-2 on LHS.

The public demands are as follows: 1. Alignment alternative – 1 has been unanimously agreed by the villagers. 2. The alternative – 1 shall be modified so that the heavy structures shall not be required to be demolished. 3. Alternative – 1 shall be suitably modified so that it shall pass behind the existing market yard.