THE MONTHLY BULLETIN OF THE KU-RING-GAI ORCHID SOCIETY INC. (Established in 1947) A.B.N. 92 531 295 125 May 2015 Volume 56 No. 5 Annual Membership : $12 single, $15 family Patron : Keith Irvine web site : http:/kuringaiorchidsociety.org.au Committee C. Member : Pauline Onslow 9477 3516 President : Kevin Crocker 9484 7072 C. Member : Trevor Onslow 9477 3516 Secretary : Bob Ellis 9987 4403 C. Member : Cynthia Brydie 9476 3383 7 Meredith Avenue, Hornsby, 2077 C. Member : Bernie Britton 9451 9144 Treasurer : Lily Tan 0414 369 300 C. Member : Graeme Mohr 9449 8127 Membership Secretary: Angie Lyle 0418 963 164 - mail subscriptions to 9 Kerela Ave, Wahroonga, 2076 Vice President & Editor : Jim Brydie 9476 3383 - email = [email protected] Next Meeting : Monday, 18th May, 2015 Venue : The Lindfield Community Centre, corner of Bradfield Rd and Moore Avenue, West Lindfield. The Culture Class starts in the front room at 7.20pm and Doctor Trevor Onslow will be in session to try and help you diagnose those problem orchids that you bring in. Make sure you bring some patients in. We don’t want to see the Doctor with an empty waiting room. The meeting commences at 8pm. After the tea break, we have a special for you. David Banks will present on “The World of Orchids”. Dave is always so enthusiastic and entertaining, he never fails to make you want to just keep him going and going. He is one of the most popular speakers in Sydney and I just love his talks. I wonder what The World of Orchids will encompass? We will just have to come along to find out. Our supper volunteers this month are Marianna Patchett and Janine Angove. Thank you for helping. Best of the Evening Novice – Bulbophyllum Elizabeth Ann ‘Buckleberry’ (Janet Snodgrass) It must have been ‘Elizabeth Ann’ night at our last meeting. As well as this really lovely plant benched by Janet, there were two huge specimens benched by growers in the Open section. Bulb. Elizabeth Ann is the primary hybrid between the B. rothschildianum and B longissimum, and as often happens, the hybrid is hardier, more floriferous, and easier to grow and flower than either parent. The species B. rothschildianum and longissimum are quite similar and are from the Cirrhopetalum group of Bulbophyllums – these are the ones with circular heads of flowers like the spokes of an umbrella. There is also a 3rd very similar species (wendlandianum), even if the flower sizes of each of the 3 are a little different. Rothschildianum occurs from NE India to Yunan in China at perhaps 2000m elevation, wendlandianum is found in northern Myanmar and Thailand up to 1500m, and longissimum occurs from Thailand right down to Malaysia and Borneo at lower elevations and so is a warm grower. All have these long, narrow, typical Chirrhopetalum style flowers, with pinkish red lines down the lateral which make up the long lower part of the flower. As to sizes, rothschildianum has about 4 to 8 medium size flrs (12-15cm long), wendlandianum has fewer flowers (about 6), and slightly smaller (9-12cm long). Longissimum’s flowers are the biggies at around 35cm long, and it has 5 to 10 of them. Bulb Elizabeth Ann seems to have inherited the best from each parent. Longissimum gives it bigger flowers than rothschildianum, but rothschildianum gives it cold growing tolerance and hardiness. It also seems to be more free flowering that either parent. The clone Buckleberry is the best know by far. Of the 32 award records for Elizabeth Ann in Orchidwiz, 27 were awarded to the clone Buckleberry, including an FCC of 94 points from the AOS. At the April meeting, Garrie Bromley told us how he used to grow his Elizabeth Ann in the cold glasshouse but it has grown and flowered so much better since he followed Bill Dobson’s advice and moved it to the open shadehouse. Hanging high in bright conditions, just under the shadecloth, it not only tolerates the conditions, but thrives. Congratulations Janet. I am sure there will be many more ‘Bests’ to come. The opinions and recommendations published in this bulletin are those of the authors of the various items. The Ku-Ring-Gai Orchid Society Inc disclaims responsibility for any losses or damages that may be attributed to the use or misuse of any material or any opinion published in this bulletin. The bulletin and its content are protected by copyright and no part of them may be reproduced or re-used without the permission of the author. 1 Society News (if anyone has a news item, please phone Jim on 9476 3383, or email at [email protected] ) 1. Vale Adele May – It has already been widely published, but for those who have missed it, Adele passed away in late March this year after a short illness. She joined our society in 1983 and served on the committee for many years. She was a very private person but enjoyed orchids and the fellowship of the society. We held a minutes silence to reflect on her life at our last meeting. Farewell Adele. 2. Growing Comp – Its time to bring them in again please. ie Degamoara Olympia ‘Jacqui Louise’. Remember, we are not keeping a score. Each benching night there will be a lucky draw for two $5 sales table vouchers among those who bench. We will also see if we can find a couple of new reviewers this month. 3. Membership Fees – There are still a few outstanding renewals but a number who intended to pay at our last meeting were kept away by the horrendous weather. We will be following up shortly. 4. A New Bark Order is open – Please contact Ann Byron (9449 6860) to place your requests. As usual, we buy one pallet of 40 bags. First in best dressed. When we get to 40 bag total we send off the order and no further requests can be taken. Prices should be around $26 for bark (coarse, medium, fine etc), and about $20 for Cymbid mix. Don’t delay your ordering. This should be for delivery about Sept/Oct. 5. Don’t Forget the Bulletin article competition – The contest started this month but I got no contributors. Come on people, sharpen your pencils. Look what Bob Ellis did on Stanhopeas last month. Articles can be on anything orchid related, and be a minimum of about a half page including any pictures, maximum length is about 2 pages. Articles should be submitted to the editor ([email protected]) in Microsoft Word format and will be subject to editing by the editor. As editor, I assure you that I will work with anyone who submits an article and will discuss any suggested modifications or tune ups. If anyone wants any help, please call (9476 3383) The winner will be announced at the Christmas meeting (a $15 sales table voucher and a gift plant from me). 6. Social Dinner at Belrose Bowling Club – Our next social night out will be a chinese banquet dinner at the Belrose Bowling Club, Friday night the 3rd July 2015. The club is on Forest Way Belrose. The cost is $30 per head and consists of an entrée, followed by four different shared main dishes, with rice, and finishing with a dessert. Reports tell us the food is great and very good value. We are hoping for about 25 attendees. Why not come along and join us. Get to know a few members outside the rush and bustle of meeting nights. It is not only a good night out, its a great investment in social contact. Please contact Trevor or Pauline Onslow on 9477 3516 to put your name down. We have to tell the club the numbers so they can set up tables. 7. Orchids Out West – This is autumn Orchid Fair Season. Castle Hill has been and gone, Orchids Out West is next, and then Mingara. These are great fun. Many vendors from interstate, orchids to buy, and at Orchids Out West and Mingara there are orchid displays to wander around and admire. OOW is held at the Hawkesberry Racecourse ($5 entry). Why not make the trip. It is all under cover inside. Come out and find a bargain and stay for lunch. Coming Events Fri 15 to Sun 17 May - Orchids Out West orchid show and fair, Hawkesbury Racecourse, Clarendon Thur 21 to Sun 24 May – Bankstown OS show at Chester Square Shopping Centre. Thur 11 to Sat 13 June – Cumberland OS show at Carlingford Court shopping centre. Thur 11 to Sun 14 June – North Shore OS show at St Ives Shopping Village, Mona Vale Rd St Ives. Thur 18 to Sat 20 June – MWOS show, Dee Why Grand Shopping Centre, 15-19 Pacific Parade Dee Why. Fri 26 - Sun 28 June – Open days Royale Orchids. Brieses Rd, Peats Ridge. (includes Mt Beenak, Camira, & Orchids n’ More) Sat 27, Sun 28 June – Orchid Fair at Mingara Recreation Club, Mingara Drive, Tumbi Umbi It was a Dark and Stormy Night - An elderly couple were on a cruise and it was really stormy. They were standing on the back of the big boat watching the storm, when a wave came up and washed the old man overboard. They searched for days and couldn't find him, so the captain sent the wife back to shore with the promise that he would notify her as soon as they found something. The weeks went by, and finally the old lady got a fax from the boat. It read: 'Ma'am, sorry to inform you, we have finally found your husband, dead at the bottom of the ocean. We hauled him up to the deck and attached to his behind was an oyster, and in it was a pearl worth $50,000. Please advise.' The wife faxed back: 'Send me the pearl and re-bait the trap.' Gloria Cushway’s Notes on Growing Cattleyas (from the Culture Class last meeting) Our greenhouse has two sections of roof. The first half has a clear Sun Tuff roof with a 70% shadecloth cover built about 250mm above roof. On the second half we just have Opal Sun Tuff. The sides of the greenhouse are 70% shade cloth except the west side which is plastic. Our Mix : 6 parts jumbo perlite. 2 parts foam. 1 part peat pebbles on top to hold mix Peters Excel, quarter strength once a week in summer. Once a fortnight in winter depending on weather. Use Confidor to control mealy bug. 2 Best of the Evening Open Hybrid – Den. Kultana Classic ‘Violet’ - Garrie and Lesley Bromley Yet another of Garrie and Lesley’s fantastic hardcane Dens. They obviously have a great love of these, and especially the ‘pansy’ or peloric forms like this one. The first of these peloric forms is believed to be Den. D'Bush Pansy which was registered by the D'Bush Nursery in Kuranda Qld in 1988. It was a sensation among growers from the first time anyone saw it, and we all wanted one. However, the gene which creates the petaloid mutation is recessive so the effect is only expressed when both parents carry it, and supply was slow. Kuranda Classic was registered in 1989 by Coleman’s Orchids in Kuranda. (Colemans owned the D’Bush nursery but from 1989 began to list all registrations under the Colman name). As Kuranda Classic was registered only one year after the very first pansy – Den D’Bush Pansy, I suspect that the breeders had flowered the pansies much earlier and knew exactly what they had. Other pansy were already coming through their breeding program. Kuranda Classic is not bred from D’Bush Pansy but they share a common parent in D’Bush Classic. I can’t find any pictures of D’Bush Classic, but if it isn’t peloric itself, it obviously carries the recessive gene for expressing this trait. In 1988 and 1989 Colemans/D’Bush registered D’Bush Pansy, Classic Gem, Connie, Hot Flush, and Kuranda Classic. We know that at least the 3 in bold were pansy types, and Connie, as a parent of Kuranda Classic, must also be at least a carrier. While browsing Orchidwiz and the internet for background information, I was interested to note that Den Lady Gem, an earlier registration of D’Bush Nursery in 1981, has an unusually very open lip. What you might call semi peloric? It is in the background breeding of both D’Bush Pansy and Kuranda Classic. I wonder if this was a recognised trait and deliberately exploited by back breeding that recessive gene? I have never grown them myself but I understand that these types grow the same as any other hardcane, or bigibbum type. There is some cultural advice from Garrie in the following article on the Dendrobium bigibbum complex. Den Lady Gem Great growing as usual Garrie and Lesley. This one really lit up the bench. Magnificent. Best of the Evening Species – Den bigibbum - grown by Garrie and Lesley Bromley Well what can you say – maybe just wow? If I could grow a bigibbum as nice as that as well as that, I would be very happy. As there are some interesting facets to the bigibbum story, I have decided that this month I will depart from the usual BOE write up format, and instead, I will let it be the lead in to an article. So I will stop here with the usual “Congratulations Garrie and Lesley”. But then, I guess they must be pretty used to those. The Dendrobium bigibbum Complex - Jim Brydie This surely has to be Australia’s most beautiful native orchid, but at the same time, Den. bigibbum has been the centre of a confusing hotpot among taxonomists for a long, long time. Bigibbum is a member of a small group of about 3 to 6 closely related Dendrobium species in section Phalaenanthe. The section gets it name for the fancied resemblance of their flowers to butterflies. The reason I say ‘about 3 to 6 species’ is because the number depends on whether you regard some as species, or just as variations of Den bigibbum. For many years the understanding was that there was one species (known at the time as Den. phalaenopsis) that occurred in eastern Indonesia on the islands near Timor, and that everything that occurred on the Australian mainland, was Den bigibbum. However, work by Steve Clemesha in 1978 proposed that Den phalaenopsis was the same as Den bigibbum and he proposed the name Den bigibbum subspecies laratensis for the Indonesian form. Later, in 1989, after studying herbarium specimens in Europe, Mark Clements (one of Australia’s most eminent taxonomists) said that he believed that the type specimen being used to define Den phalaenopsis had actually been collected in (which would make it a bigibbum), but that Den phalenopsis and Den bigibbum were none- the-less valid and separate species. In his opinion, at the time, Den. phalaenopsis occurred mainly on the eastern side of the Great Dividing Range in northern Australia, and that Den. bigibbum was found on the drier, western side of the range as well as the and PNG. Clements also considered that the species, known for many years as Den. bigibbum variety 3 compactum, was a third, separate, Australian species, and gave it the name Dendrobium lithocola. The suggested changes left the Indonesian species without a name, and he therefore formally described it as Den. striaenopsis. That meant that the bigibbum complex now comprised 4 separate but very closely related species. (Den bigibbum, Den phalaenopsis, Den lithocola, and Den striaenopsis) Four populations is still ‘sort of’ where we stand today but there are a few more twists in the story, with which we need to grapple. In 2006, in his magnificent new edition of “Native Orchids of Australia”, among many other name changes, David Jones proposed a new name “Vappodes” for the Phalaenanthe group, which made Dendrobium bigibbum into Vappodes bigibba, and Den phalaenopsis into Vappodes phalaenopsis. I think this is a fantastic book, but the use of many proposed new names like “Vappodes” makes it difficult for hobby growers to use it without constant reference back to the index against the older names with which they are more familiar. Luckily for us, it seems hard to get a majority of taxonomists to agree on much at all, so these changes are not widely accepted (..yet?). This leaves us with much confusing variation among names for the same species. Also in 2006, in the new edition of “Dendrobium and its Relatives”, Lavarack, Harris, and Stocker also recognise 4 separate populations but they still regard the three Australian populations as varieties of Dendrobium bigibbum, and the Indonesian one as Dendrobium strianopsis. This is the nomenclature I favour, and their descriptions follow : - D. bigibbum variety bigibbum “occurs at low altitudes on the Cape York peninsular, the Torres Strait islands, and in southern New Guinea. It grows in hot conditions with an extremely dry winter, in open forests and on rocks. The pseudobulbs may reach 120cm (over a metre) but are usually 40 – 60 cm. The inflorescences can carry up to 20 flowers, about 3 to 5cm diameter. They usually have a white spot in the lip.” - D. bigibbum variety superbum (the one others call D. phalaenopsis) “occurs on the southern part of the Cape York peninsular in open forests and dry scrubs often near beaches. It is an epiphyte (trees) or lithophyte (rocks) in areas with a hot climate and extremely seasonal rainfall. The pseudobulbs are similar to variety bigibbum but often a little longer and stouter. The inflorescences are similar but the flowers are larger, at 3 to 7cm across. They are less reflexed than var bigibbum, and they lack the white spot on the lip.” - D. bigibbum variety compactum “occurs in a small area near the coast of the wet tropics in northern Queensland. It grows almost exclusively on rocks at an altitude of 250m. This area gets a little more rain in winter, but there is still a rather drier period in winter and spring. The pseudobulbs are commonly only 10 to 15cm long and 1 to 2cm thick. The flowers are similar to variety superbum but the inflorescence is shorter.” - D. straienopsis “has been recorded only from the island of Larat in the Tanimbar group south west of Irian Jaya. It grows on limestone cliffs, and on trees, just above sea level, in a hot seasonal climate. The pseudobulbs are long and slender, up to a metre long, and about 1cm thick. The inflorescences are long and arching and carry up to 30 flowers. The flowers are 4 to 7 cm across. Colour varies from deep purple, to white, and bicoloured flowers with purple and white.” (JB Many typical flowers exhibit darker pinkish striations on a paler pink background. Hence the name D. striaenopsis)

bigibbum var bigibbum variety superbum variety compactum Den striaenopsis For the pictures above, I selected rather good clones of each type, and as you can see, in select clones there is sometimes little difference between the flowers. Plants from the wild will exhibit a much wider range of variation, especially in characteristics like the folding back (reflexing) of the tips of the petals on variety bigibbum. In addition, although the white lip spot is distinctive in this picture of variety bigibbum, it varies dramatically and can be almost invisible in some cases. As you might imagine, all this makes it extremely hard to distinguish types when benched. Probably an even bigger problem for us hobby growers (and even the judges) however, is that man has hybridised and line bred the different forms of bigibbum between the varieties, and with just about every other compatible species and hybrid, about one thousand times. This breeding includes many where a parent is named as Den phalaenopsis, which is still a name accepted by the RHS hybrid registration board. Most of what we just call hardcane dendrobiums these days, are at least 75% bigibbum/phalaenopsis, sometime 90-95%, and look just like huge bigibbums on steroids. Some look more modest and might even just look like a very good bigibbum, despite the fact they may even contain genes from a number of other species from Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific Islands. Sometimes they are benched or sold as a bigibbum of one type or another, sometimes they themselves are used as ‘bigibbum’ parents in creating what are purported to be select forms of bigibbum. I am not saying that this applies to all line bred bigibbums, just that it is impossible to tell. 4 Ian Chalmers, the Registrar of Judges at the OSNSW, recently wrote : “Plants of the varieties of Dendrobium bigibbum exhibited are difficult to differentiate. It would be a brave person to be certain at monthly meetings or shows. … yes Den. phalaenopsis is recognised (by the RHS as a separate species). However, unless we have the providence proving the origins of the plant, it is better to treat them all as Dendrobium bigibbum complex. The RHS register has two problems - 1. The registered parent is what the breeder thought it was at the time. 2. There has been a history of name changes between phalaenopsis and bigibbum alternating over the years. So who knows what was really used? None of this is simple. The more research I do the less comfortable I am at differentiating between the cultivated varieties of bigibbum and between the species and the hybrids.” Just the same, no matter what they really are, these are all gorgeous orchids, and very popular. At our last Kuringai meeting, when discussing his lovely bigibbum, which was selected Best Species of the Evening, Garrie Bromley gave us a few tips on growing them. He said he grows his plant in an enclosed but unheated glasshouse but it can be grown in a shadehouse provided it is under a roof and can be given no water at all during its winter rest period. After the flowers finish at this time of year, Garrie says they should be hung up high where there is good light and air movement, and should be given no water at all until the new growths are well under way in spring. Something like the culture regime we have been taught for Catasetums in recent years. Mesophyll Cell Collapse in Orchid Leaves - Jim Brydie I recently re-read a great article on this subject in the Oct 2004 edition of the American Orchid Society bulletin, and it reminded me of leaf damage problems I have observed in my own collection. But first, what is mesophyll cell collapse? The ‘mesophyll’ in leaves, is the soft tissue inside the leaf, between the tough outer skin layers. It is mostly comprised of thin walled undifferentiated cells with air in between them and it is where the majority of ▲Phalaenopsis leaf ▲cell collapse in Cattleya photosynthesis takes place. The most common cause of mesophyll cell collapse, is exposure to temperatures below the limit that the cells can stand. When damaged by low temperature, or by sudden chill, sections of cells inside the leaf collapse permanently, but the damage may not be fully evident for up to 6 weeks after it occurs, obviously making it difficult to associate with the event that caused it. The initial symptoms are usually various patches of sunken/yellow areas which later may turn dry and black. Once a leaf is damaged in this way, the damage is permanent and the damaged sections may be colonized by fungi, leading the grower to believe the disorder is caused by a fungus. As you would expect, the temperature level at which cell damage occurs, will vary dramatically between the various genera and species of orchids, depending on the habitat conditions in which they have evolved and also perhaps, the conditions under which the orchid is being cultivated. To further complicate matters, the critical level is different for new leaves versus old leaves. One study showed that young Phalaenopsis leaves suffered mesophyll cell collapse after only 2 hours exposure to 7°C, with lower temperatures causing more rapid damage. Mature leaves withstood longer exposure at 1°C without detrimental effects. However, a later study found that the cell collapse only occurred when the low temperature exposure was combined with normal day/night temperature variations of approximately 6 to 12°C. By comparison, a study based on Paph. insigne, showed no cell damage at all after exposure to as low as minus 2°C for a full 24 hours. So where does this leave us from a practical point of view? I have seen what I believe to be this cell damage in a variety of orchids I have “tested” in shade-house conditions. I was trying to see whether I really needed them taking up space in the heated glass house. Without being very scientific about it, I have noticed that around 5°C seems to be a critical level for many with marginal low temperature tolerance. When the autumn/winter temperatures first dip below 5°C in my shadehouse, I check my “cold test” plants for damage spots developing on the leaves. I have found, for example, that in my conditions, all hybrid Ascocendas, even the blue ones, consistently get what become horrible black sunken patches on their leaves at these temperatures. Another example is Vanda tricolor variety suavis. It is reputed to V. tricolor grow cold in many parts of Sydney, but each year when I try it ‘unheated’, it gets those same sunken black patches. A third possible example is Zygopetalum mackayi, and the infamous black spots V. tricolor leaf damage 5 and blotches that appear on the leaves. Clearly the damage is mesophyll cell collapse but I can’t say whether this is from too low a temperature or too high. I have never paid sufficient attention to see whether the damage occurs in summer or winter. The final orchid I will mention is the species Octomeria grandiflora, a pretty little Pluerothallid species which has always been regarded as growing ‘cold’ here in Sydney. However, this is an example I am less sure about. Octomeria grandiflora does grow ok in temperatures down to 0°C, but when I grow it in my roofed shadehouse, where winter temperatures do reach 0°C from time to time, the plants always had those same unsightly black patches on the leaves. An unusual feature though, is that the damage shows up much worse under the leaves than on the top surface, but this might be due to characteristics of the tough upper leaf surface. Anyway, suspecting it might be cold damage, I cut off most of the worst marked leaves, moved my plants to the glasshouse for winter, and low and behold, when it regrew, all the new growths and leaves developed without the black blotches. Not proof, but if it were an infection, there should have been some new leaves affected. The case of Octomeria grandiflora is a bit odd. Orchidwiz tells us that it is a widespread, wet forest epiphyte from Nicaragua, Trinidad & Tobago, French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Octomeria grandiflora Brazil. Quite a range, but what is more, it is reported to occur at elevations from 100m to 2500m. This is a pretty remarkable range of habitat elevations. It is no surprise to find that the species was independently ‘discovered’ and described under at least 7 different names in different places before it was later decided that they were all Octomeria grandiflora. In my experience, orchids that have evolved to grow at elevations above 1500m in the tropics, will all easily tolerate Sydney’s version of winter, without artificial heat. The fact that this one doesn’t seem to, makes me suspicious. The more unusual species orchids were not a huge commercial interest in Australia 30 or more years ago, and there were only a few specialist nurseries importing them. It is quite possible that all the Sydney plants of this species happened to come from a just a few imports years ago, and that these all came from one of the lower elevation populations. Summary – Given that we each grow our orchids differently, there can’t be any hard and fast rules laid down for the tolerance of particular types. However, we can better understand that there are damage level limitations. We will all test these limits from time to time in our own collections, whether it is by deliberate action or by accident. From now on though, when you see those tell tale horrible marks on the leaves, you will know what they are and at least have a good idea what might have caused it. Furthermore, you can rest easy that it doesn’t spread throughout the plant beyond the initial damage, it isn’t contagious to other orchids, and you don’t need to spray with fungicides etc. It is best to leave the damaged leaves in place if you can, because the parts that are still green, are still working and photosynthesising, and helping to keep the plant going. Wait until you grow new clean foliage before you remove too much of the unsightly damaged leaves, and try to protect that orchid from whatever temperature limits might have caused the problem in the first place. References : 1. AOS bulletin October 2014; 2. “Physiological Disorders in Orchids: Mesophyll Cell Collapse: R. A. Cating, and A.J. Palmateer ( http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pp265 ) The Camping and Fishing Goods Store A lady customer goes up to the counter and asks, "Excuse me, sir. Can you tell me anything about this rod & reel?" He says, "Ma'am, I'm completely blind; but if you'll drop it on the counter, I can tell you everything from the sound it makes." She doesn't believe him but drops it on the counter anyway. He says, "That's a six-foot Shakespeare graphite rod with a Zebco 404 reel and 10-LB. test line. It's a good all-round combination and it's on sale this week for only $20.00." She says, "That’s amazing. You can tell all that just by the sound of it dropping on the counter? I'll take it!" As she opens her purse, her credit card drops on the floor. “That sounds like a Master Card," he says. She bends down to pick it up and accidentally breaks wind. She is really embarrassed, but then realizes that there is no way the blind clerk could know that she is the only other person in the store. He couldn’t tell who did it. The clerk rings up the sale and says, "That'll be $34.50 please." She is confused by this and asks, "Didn't you tell me the rod & reel were on sale for $20? How do you get 34.50?" He replies, "Well, the rod and reel is $20, but the Duck Call is $11 and the Grizzly Bear Repellent is $3.50." The Funeral - A service is being held for a man who has just passed away. At the end of the service, the pallbearers are carrying the casket out when they accidentally bump into a wall, jarring the casket. They hear a faint moan. They open the casket and find that the man is actually alive! He lives for ten more years, and then dies. Once again, a ceremony is held, and at the end of it, the pallbearers are again carrying out the casket. As they carry the casket towards the door, the widow cries out, 'Watch that wall!'

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