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ECOTROPICA 10: 123–147, 2004 © Society for Tropical Ecology

REVIEW OF THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF FAUNA OF THE XINGU RIVER BASIN,

Mauricio Camargo, Tommaso Giarrizzo & Victoria Isaac

Laboratório de Biologia Pesqueira e Manejo de Recursos Aquáticos, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil

Abstract. This study is a comprehensive review of fish fauna data for the Xingu River system. Information was compiled from seven field surveys (conducted between 2001 and 2002), bibliographic references, and museum collection records. To provide data on the spatial distribution of fish species, the river basin was divided into six areas according to geographical and hydrological characteristics. Fish species from 14 orders and 47 families were recorded; the most diverse orders were (210 species), Siluriformes (146 species), Perciformes (62 species) and Gimnotiformes (20 species). Of the 467 species identified, 69 were common to the whole river basin. Based on these results, two priority conservation areas were identified: 1) headwater rivers, which are characterized by a diverse range of small characid and species and intense anthropogenic disturbance, and 2) middle section of the Xingu, from its confluence with the Irirí River to its downstream waterfalls near Belomonte village. This region is characterized by a high diversity of Cichlidae, particularly Teleocichla, and families. Conserving these areas will help to maintain hydrological connectivity of the Xingu River system. Accepted 17 October 2004. Key words: Amazonian biogeography, fish diversity, Xingu River.

INTRODUCTION Along its 1800 kilometers, the Xingu River basin drains different geochronological units (RADAM- Of all Brazil’s regions, the Amazonian biome has Brasil 1978). In contrast to Andean Amazon tribu- suffered most from political turmoil. While numerous taries, the Xingu River is characterized by stable pro- projects promoted economic development and land cesses of erosion and sedimentation (Sioli 1984). A use, parallel measures were taken to protect the bio- series of geological events occurred from the upper to diversity of Amazonian fauna and flora (Capobianco the lower Xingu estuary, which led to the formation et al. 2001). However, these activities were hampered of numerous waterfalls and rapids. These landscape by a shortage of concise data indicating key areas of features favored biodiversity and greatly influenced the ecological value, such as regions of hydrological con- distribution patterns of aquatic fauna. It is estimated nectivity, and a deficiency of pertinent criteria and re- that close to 600 species of fish inhabit the Xingu commendations to define suitable areas for regional basin, most of them frugivores and rheophilores (Ca- development. margo et al. 2002, Isaac et al. 2002). The Xingu River basin is a classic example of “un- The results of various surveys conducted along the planned development”. Incentives initiated by the Xingu River and its tributaries have already been state government in the 1970s and 1980s led to un- published (Lowe-McConnell 1991, Bergleiter 1999, controlled land use, road construction, and the estab- Zuanon 1999, Camargo et al. 2002, Isaac et al. 2002). lishment of various hydroelectric projects (Kohlhepp However, to properly understand the ecological value 2001). However, the presence of indigenous com- of the river basin and its fish fauna for regional bio- munities inhabiting the banks of the Xingu (Vieira diversity, a synthesis of available data and discussion & Andrade 1989), together with protests by ecolo- of fish species distribution throughout the river basin gical organizations, succeeded in minimizing the ex- is necessary. This information will enable the defini- tent of some of these activities in favor of natural land- tion of conservation priorities, and highlight know- scape protection. ledge gaps so that future research may be conducted in unexplored areas. In addition, it will provide data e-mail: [email protected] to test the hypothesis of a biogeographical relation- 123 Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 124

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ship between the Guianas and the Central Brazilian Irirí Rivers, which also act as natural barriers for Shield (Géry 1969, Amorim & Pires 1996). This study many aquatic organisms. therefore, compiles all available data on the fish species 3) Upstream Xingu: This drains geomorphologically of the Xingu River and its major tributaries, giving different areas, such as the denuded pediplain and special emphasis to the spatial distribution of diffe- zones of dissected structures, before joining the rent taxa, to help establish conservation priorities. Irirí River. The vegetation cover is relatively hetero- geneous and characterized mainly by small patches MATERIAL AND METHODS of seasonal savannas dispersed in larger areas of ombrophilous dense and open forest. Data collection. Data on the fish fauna of Xingu 4) Middle Xingu: This extends from the Xingu-Irirí River, including fish identification and location, were confluence to the Belomonte waterfalls, an area based on: 1) results of seven field surveys conducted with a rather uniform profile characterized by a between October 2001 and June 2002 in the middle geomorphologically dissected unit, occasionally and lower sections of the Xingu River; 2) a biblio- interrupted by strongly dissected units and uni- graphic review of taxonomic descriptions and species formly covered by ombrophilous open forests. listings, and 3) records from collections of national Currently suffering from strong anthropogenic and international museums, available in NEODAT disturbance. Numerous rapids and waterfalls are II (2002) and FishBase (Froese & Pauly 2003) data- responsible for a high water flow and well-oxy- bases. Rainy season sampling took place in Decem- genated waters. ber, February and May, while the dry season collec- 5) Bacajá River microbasin: An area of dissection that tions occurred during July, August, October and sustains a dense ombrophilous forest. Its “U-shaped” November. Eleven locations, along a 189 kilometer well-defined watershed drains water from a large stretch between the confluences of the Xingu and rocky area that is characterized by high particle Iriri Rivers, and the town of Senador José Porfírio, levels, in contrast to Xingu River water. were sampled bimonthly. Over 24 hours, 116 fishing 6) Lower Xingu: Downstream of the Belomonte falls procedures were completed; gillnets of eight different to the mouth of the Xingu, is included in the geo- mesh sizes, 54 m in length and 2.5 m in height were morphological unit of the alluvial Amazon plain, used. Additionally, field sampling with cast nets and which acts as a border between two dissection hand nets were conducted in two tributaries of the units. Ombrophilous open forest predominates in during a “rapid assessment program” (RAP) the whole area, joining up with the pioneer herba- carried out in the dry season of 2002. Taxonomic ceous communities near the mouth of the Xingu. fish identification was made using various keys, such Here the river is wider and the effects of the Ama- as Géry (1979), Vari (1989a, b, c; 1991; 1992a, b; zon waters are pronounced. 1995), Ploeg (1991), Planquette et al. (1996) and Le Bail et al. (2000). A list with fish species scientific RESULTS names and geographical coordinates was produced. Fish fauna diversity. In the Xingu River basin 467 fish Based on 1) geomorphologic features, 2) hydro- species, belonging to 14 orders and 47 families, were logical characteristics, and 3) the forest classification identified (Appendix 1). The most diverse orders were: of “International Conservation of Brazil” along the Characiformes (210 species), Siluriformes (146 spe- Xingu River basin, the basin was subdivided into six cies), Perciformes (62 species) and Gimnotiformes (20 areas (fig. 1): species). Other groups with a notably high biodi- 1) Xingu headwaters: A geomorphological unit of versity were the Clupeiformes (10 species) and Raji- fluvial plain deposition, with a pioneer phytoso- formes (6 species). The richer families, in terms of spe- ciological unit. Waters in this area are usually clear, cies number, were: (118 species), Cichlidae as vegetation cover supplies relatively few organic (57 species), Loricariidae (55 species), Anostomidae compounds. (33 species), Pimelodidae (21 species), Curimatidae 2) Irirí River microbasin: This area drains a denuded (18 species), (17 species), Auchenipteridae pediplain and zones of dissected structures, with (16 species) and Hemiodontidae and Heptapteridae a continual ombrophilous open forest. This is an (12 species each). area of distinct geographical heterogeneity, gene- Of all of these, small rheophilous fish were the rated mainly by the waterfalls of the Curuá and most common. The replacement of those species with 124 Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 125

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FIG. 1. Hydrographic areas of the Xingu River basin.

opportunistic and allochthonous feeding habits (com- River usually include organisms with high ontogenetic mon in the headwaters), by species which feed on plasticity, capable of dealing with sudden environ- autochthonous food sources, such as bottom feeders, mental change. This group of fish includes the pacus perilithon suckers, and grazers of the seasonal flood- – Serrasalmidae Myleus rubripinnis, M. schomburgki, plain, was recorded. M. torquatus; piranhas – Serrasalmus humeralis, S. Regional fish fauna similarities. Although fish records rhombeus, S.serrulatus; the trairas and jejus – Erythri- for the Xingu depend on fishing equipment, fishing nidae Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus, Hoplias malabaricus effort, seasonality and the heterogeneity of habitats, and H. macrophthalmus, and the cachorras – Chara- factors that reduce the reliability of data on the geo- cidae Hydrolicus tatauaia and Rhaphiodon vulpinus. graphic distribution of organisms, it is still possible, Headwaters were characterized by a relatively large based on taxonomic stability and known natural number of endemic species of small size, such as history of the fish, to understand the differing geo- Doradidae Rhynchodoras xingui; Characidae Macrop- graphical distribution patterns of the hydrographic sobrycon xinguensis, Hyphessobrycon mutabilis and H. areas defined. Taxa widely dispersed along the Xingu loweae, other Characiformes like Astyanax saltor, A. 125 Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 126

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scintillans, A. symmetricus, Myleus arnoldi, Exodon pa- that by updating records in the museum collections radoxus and Hemigrammus cf. iota, H. cf. levis, H. cf. consulted, to include recent systematic revisions and marginatus, H. cf. tridens, H. rodwayi and Hyphes- descriptions of new species, it would be possible to sobrycon agulha, H. macrolepis, H. pulchripinnis, and bring knowledge on both distribution areas and taxo- a number of Moenkhausia such as M. cotinho and nomic stability of various species up to date. M. gracilima. Fish fauna similarity between the river A greater understanding of the taxonomic stabi- headwaters and the upstream Xingu was mainly at- lity and natural history of fish species is fundamental tributed to the wide geographical distribution of some to understanding geographical distribution patterns , such as Apistograma commbrae and Meso- and similarities within the ichthyofauna in the geo- nauta acora. graphical areas defined. The wide distribution of fish Similarities observed between the middle Xingu groups within the Xingu system, also largely distrib- and lower Xingu sections are indicated by the fish uted in the Amazonian basin, the Guianas systems, fauna that inhabits the main river channel of deeper the Orinoco basin, and the São Francisco and Paraná or shallow waters, and greater spatial heterogeneity. basins, usually includes fish taxa with a high degree These living environments sheltered large predators of adaptability, capable of inhabiting a range of dif- such as Phractocephalus hemiliopterus, Zungaro zun- ferent habitats. garo and Brachyplatystoma filamentosum, and fish in- Species widely distributed in the Xingu system and habitants of stagnant and shallow waters such as neighboring basins reveal long dispersal processes that Hemiodus unimaculatus and Bivibranchia fowleri. must have begun before the formation of the current However, it has to be noted that some fish, such as hydrographic basins. The upper Xingu, where small Teleocichla gephyrogramma, and streams characterized by strong water column seasonal Pseudanos trimaculatus, inhabit areas of rapids. variations predominate, is inhabited by small chara- The middle Xingu includes endemic species of cids and cichlids (Lowe-McConnell 1991). The high Gymnotiformes, including Magadontognathus kaitu- diversity of these small endemic fish species, widely kaensis, Porotergus sp., Sternarchogiton sp., Sternarcho- dispersed between the Xingu River and other neigh- rhynchus curvirostris, Brachyhypopomus beebei, and boring rivers like Tapajós and Araguaia, and in the Characiformes such as Roeboexodon geryi, Bryconops Guianas systems, indicates radiation and diversifica- giacopinii, and two Creagrutus species. tion processes. These processes occurred before the The current geographical distribution of endemic geological formation of the current basins, from the species that are rare in terms of population abundance, early Cretaceous (120 mya) up to vicariant processes and so have a restricted distribution area, showed a during the middle Miocene (11 mya), confirming a taxa continuum from the headwaters to the waterfalls, high biogeographical affinity between the Guianas upstream of Belomonte village, before the Xingu is and the Central Brazilian Shield (Géry 1969, Amo- influenced by the Amazon waters. These fish assem- rim & Pires 1996). blages include organisms typical of small and shallow Typical examples of these dispersal and vicariant waters with slow currents, such as Callichthyidae – processes are shown in the actual distribution of fish Corydoras xinguensis, Characidae – Moenkhausia xin- species with taxonomic stability. For instance, fish di- guensis, Cichlidae – Crenicichla rosaemariae, C. vitta- spersal from the headwaters is reported in callichthids, such as Corydoras, differentiated at the end of the ta and Hypselacara temporalis, Sternopygidae – Sterno- Paleocene (43 mya) (Reis 1998). The fact that these pygus xingu, and Aspredinidae – coracoi- fish are better adapted to small streams indicates a deus and B. knerii. headwater differentiation and a subsequent down- stream dispersal process. Another example is given by DISCUSSION the Teleocichla, which shows a high diversity The creation of interactive databases such as FishBase (nine species) upstream of the Belomonte falls. Cur- (Froese & Pauly 2003) and NEODAT II (2002) rent distribution patterns of this genus indicate a di- facilitates access to Neotropical fish systematics and spersal process from the Tocantins River towards the geographical distribution. Unfortunately, the quan- neighboring systems like the Xingu and the Guianas tity of information available is still limited, as various that occurred during the Miocene (Ploeg 1991). scientific publications and museum records have yet The great diversification of Loricariidae in the to be incorporated into these databases. We believe rapids is indicated by the overlap of niches of sub- 126 Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 127

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families such as , Ancistrinae and Lo- quatic defaunation, as a consequence of uncontrolled ricariinae (Montoya-Burgos et al. 1998). This over- human activities such as fishing and gold washing, are lap indicates that a differentiation at the family level often imperceptible. occurred before the actual Amazonian basin drainage According to the hydrological connectivity theory genesis, and that subsequent vicariance processes by (Pringle 2001), when aiming to secure a longitudinal rivers like the Xingu isolated present-day endemic spe- natural process, such as the linkage between the head- cies such as Hypancistrus zebra, and another conge- waters and the lower Xingu, it appears to be of prime neric taxon, and Glyptoperichthys xinguensis. importance to make the headwaters area a priority Distribution patterns of fish groups confirm the area for conservation, based on the relatively numerous hypothesis of biogeographical affinities between the anthropogenic disturbances occurring in that area. Guianas and the East Amazon drainage systems, in- Another priority area for conservation would be the dicated also by some amphibians and lizards (Ron large river bend (cotubelo) downstream of the town 2000), and birds (Prum 1988), with distribution pat- of Altamira, as present fish records from this area show terns in the Guianas, Orinoco, and upper Tapajós, a relatively high percentage of endemic species. Xingu and Tocantins Rivers. Current knowledge on the biodiversity of the Xingu River fish fauna shows ACKNOWLEDGMENTS that more efforts should be deployed to provide data The authors are grateful to Dr. Jansen Zuanon and on the estimated 600 species (Camargo et al. 2002) Jaime Ribeiro Carvalho Junior for their help on bi- that have not yet been properly studied. We have a bliographical, data collection and fish identification; detailed knowledge of the main channel fish fauna, to Dr. Horacio Higuchi for the identification of the but studies in small Xingu tributaries are rare. Ques- Doradidae; to Dr. Ricardo Rosa and Patricia Char- tions such as why the genus Parodon, recorded in vet Almeida MSc. for the identification of the Po- the Tapajós and Tocantins Rivers is absent from the mamotrygonidae, and to Dr. Lilian Cassati for help Xingu, have yet to be elucidated. Similarly, the ab- with the bibliographical search. We also thank our sence of Creagrutus in previous phylogenetic analyses trainees, especially Jonilton Paschoal for their hard (Vari & Harold 2001) demonstrates gaps in the know- work throughout this study. ledge of the Xingu River ichthyofauna. We conclude that the present geographical dis- REFERENCES tribution of the fish fauna is a response to the various Albert, J.S., & W.L. Fink. 1996. Sternopygus xingu, a new geological and environmental processes that led to the species of electric fish from Brazil (Teleostei: Gymno- formation of the Xingu system. 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Crenicichla rosemariae, a new species thyol. Explor. Freshwat. 5: 289–296. of pike cichlid (Teleostei, Cichlidae) from the upper Myers, G.S., & A.L. Carvalho. 1959. A remarkable new Rio Xingu drainage, Brazil. Ichth. Expl. Freshwat. 7: genus of Anostomin characid fishes from the upper Rio 279–287. Xingu in Central Brazil. Copeia 2: 148–152. Kullander, S.O. 2003. Family Cichlidae (Cichlids). Pp. NEODAT II. 2002. Inter-institutional database of fish bio- 605–654 in Reis, R.E., Kullander, S.O., & C.J. Ferra- diversity in the Neotropics. http://www.neodat.org (ver- ris. Check list of the freshwater fishes of South Ame- sion 04 June 2003). rica and Central America. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre. Nijssen, H., Isbrücker, I.J.H., & J. Géry. 1976. On the spe- Langeani-Neto, F. 1996. 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Revision of the South American cichlid in Malabaraba, L.R., Reis, R.E., Vari, R.P., Lucena, genus Crenicichla Heckel, 1840, with descriptions of Z.M.S., & C.A.S. Lucena (eds.). Phylogeny and classi- fifteen new species and considerations on species groups, fication of neotropical fishes. Porto Alegre. phylogeny and biogeography. Academisch Proefschrift, Le Bail, P.Y., Keith, P., & P. Planquette 2000. Atlas des Universiteit van Amsterdam. poissons d´eau douce de Guyane. Tomo 2, fascicule 2: Pringle, C.M. 2001. Hydrologic connectivity and the ma- Siluriformes. nagement of biological reserves: a global perspective. Lima, F.C.T., Malabarba, L.R., & P.A. Buckup. 2003. Ge- Ecological Applications 11: 981–998. nera Incertae Sedis in Characidae. Pp. 106–169 in Reis, Prum, R.O. 1988. Historical relationships among avian for- R.E., Kullander, S.O., & C.J. Ferraris. Check list of the est areas of endemism in the Neotropics. Pp. 2663–2572 freshwater fishes of South America and Central Ame- in Ouellet, H. (ed.). Acta XIX Congressus internatio- rica. Porto Alegre. nalis Ornithologici. XIX Internat. Ornithology Con- Lovejoy, N.R., & B.B. Collette. 2003. Family Belonidae gress. Ottawa. (needlefishes). Pp. 586–588 in Reis, R.E., Kullander, Radam-Brasil. 1978. Levantamento de recursos naturais. Rio S.O., & C.J. Ferraris. Check list of the freshwater fishes de Janeiro. of South America and Central America. Porto Alegre. Reis, R.E. 1997. Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Lowe-McConnell, R.H. 1991. Natural history of fishes in Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi, Siluriformes, Callichthyi- Araguaia and Xingu Amazonian tributaries, Serra do dae), with the description of two new genera. Ichth. Roncador, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Ichth. Expl. Freshwat. Explor. Freshwat. 7: 299–326. 2: 63–82. Reis, R.E. 1998. Systematics, biogeography, and the fossil Lucinda, P.H.F. 2003. Family (livebearers). Ge- record of the Callichthyidae: a review of the available nera Incertae Sedis in Characidae. Pp. 555–581 in Reis, data. Pp. 351–3652 in Malabaraba, L.R., Reis, R.E., R.E., Kullander, S.O., & C.J. Ferraris. Check list of the Vari, R.P., Lucena, Z.M.S., & C.A.S. Lucena (eds.). freshwater fishes of South America and Central Ame- Phylogeny and classification of neotropical fishes. Porto rica. Porto Alegre. Alegre. Mendes dos Santos, G., & M. Jegú. 1987. Novas ocorrências Reis, R.E. 2003. Family Callichthyidae (armored ). de Gnathodolus bidens, e des- Pp. 291–309 in Reis, R.E., Kullander, S.O., & C.J. crição de duas espécies novas de Sator (Characiformes, Ferraris. Check list of the freshwater fishes of South Anostomidae). Amazoniana. 10: 181–196. America and Central America. Porto Alegre.

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Ron, S.R. 2000. Biogeographic area relationships of lowland Vari, R.P.A. 1992a. Systematics of the Neotropical Characi- neotropical rainforest based on raw distribution of verte- form genus Cyphocharax Fowler (Pisces: Ostariophysi). brate groups. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 71: 379–402. Smith. Contr. Zool. 529: 1–137. Sioli, H. 1984. The Amazon. Limnology and landscape eco- Vari, R.P.A. 1992b. Systematics of the Neotropical Chara- logy of a mighty tropical river and its basin (Monogra- ciform genus Curimatella Eigenmann & Eigenmann phiae Biologica, Vol. 56). Junk, Dordrecht. (Pisces: Ostariophysi), with summary comments on the Schaefer, S.A. 2003. Subfamily Hypoptopomatinae (armo- Curimatidae. Smith. Contr. Zool. 533: 1–48. red catfishes). Pp. 321–329 in Reis, R.E., Kullander, Vari, R.P.A. 1995. The Neotropical fish family Ctenoluci- S.O., & C.J. Ferraris. Check list of the freshwater fishes idae (Teleostei: Ostariiophysi: Characiformes): supra and of South America and Central America. Porto Alegre. intrafamilial phylogenetic relationships, with a revisio- Soares-Porto, L.M. 1998. Monophyly and interrelationships nary study. Smith. Contr. Zool. 564: 1–97. of the Centromochlinae (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae). Vari, R.P., & A.S. Harold. 2001. Phylogenetic study of the Pp. 331–350 in Malabaraba, L.R., Reis, R.E., Vari, R.P., Neotropical fish genera Creagrutus Günther and Piabina Lucena, Z.M.S., & C.A.S. Lucena (eds.). Phylogeny and Reinhardt (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes), with classification of neotropical fishes. Porto Alegre. a revision of the cis-andean species. Smith. Contr. Zoo- logy. 613. Stawikowski, R. 1989. Ein Erdfresser mit verschiedenen Ge- Vieira, C.E. de, & L.M.M. de Andrade. 1989. Hidrelétri- sichten Geophagus altifrons. Die Aquarien-und Terrarien- cas do Xingu: O estado Contra as sociedades indígenas. Zeitschrift 42: 476–480. Pp. 7–24 in Ayer, L., Santos, U., & L.M.M de Andra- Toledo-Piza, M., & N.A. Meneses. 1996. Taxonomic redefi- de (eds.). As hidrelétricas do Xingu e os povos indíge- nition of the species of Acestrorhynchus of the microlepis nas. São Paulo. group, with the description of Acestrorhynchus apurensis, Weitzman, S.H., & M.J. Weitzman. 1982. Biogeography a new species from Venezuela. (Ostariophysi: Characi- and evolutionary diversification in Neotropical fresh- formes: Characidae). American Mus. Novitates 3160: water fishes, with comments on the refuges theory. Pp. 1–23. 403–422 in Prance, J.T. (ed.). Biological diversification Vari, R.P.A. 1989a. Phylogenetic study of the Neotropical in the tropics. New York. Characiform family Curimatidae (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Winterbottom, R. 1980. Systematics, osteology and phylo- Smith. Contr. Zool. 471: 1–71. genetic relationships of fishes of the ostariophysan sub- Vari, R.P.A. 1989b. Systematics of the Neotropical Characi- family Anostominae (Characoidei, Anostomidae). Life form genus Curimata Bosc (Pisces: Characiform). Smith. Sciences Contributions 123. Contr. Zool. 474: 1–63. Zuanon, J. 1999 História natural da ictiofauna de corredeiras Vari, R.P.A. 1989c. Systematics of the Neotropical Characi- do rio Xingu, na região de Altamira, Pará. Ph.Sc.-Thesis, form genus Psectrogaster Eigenmann & Eigenmann (Pis- UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil: 198 pp. ces: Characiformes). Smith. Contr. Zool. 481: 1–43. Zuanon, J., & I. Sazima. 2002. Teleocichla centisquama, a Vari, R.P.A. 1991. Systematics of the Neotropical Chara- new species of rapids-dwelling cichlid from Xingu River, ciform genus Steindachnerina Fowler (Pisces: Ostario- Amazonia (Perciformes: Cichlidae). Ichthyol. Explor. physi). Smith. Contr. Zool. 507: 1–118. Freshwat. 13: 373–378.

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Appendix I. Fish species of the Xingu River basin.

Order / Family Irirí River Xingu Xingu Middle Bacajá Lower Xingu Main Species micro- head- upstream Xingu River Xingu River reference basin waters microbasin Batrachoidiformes / Batrachoididae Thalassophryne amazonica Steindachner, 1876 X Collette 2003 Beloniformes / Belonidae Potamorrhaphis guianensis (Jardine, 1843) X X INPA4199 Pseudotylosurus angusticeps (Günther, 1866) X Lovejoy & Collette 2003 Pseudotylosurus microps (Günther, 1866) X This study Carcharhiniformes / Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus leucas (Muller & Henle, 1839) X Bergleiter 1999 Characiformes / Acestrorhynchidae Lowe-McConnell 1991 / Acestrorhynchus falcatus (Bloch, 1794) X X X X Bergleiter 1999 / This study Acestrorhynchus falcirostris (Cuvier, 1819) X X X Lowe-McConnell 1991 / Bergleiter 1999 / This study Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Lütken, 1875) X Lowe-McConnell 1991

Acestrorhynchus microlepis (Schomburgk, 1841) XXXX X Toledo-Piza & Meneses GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE XINGUFISHFAUNA 1996 / INPA4182 Anostomidae Anostomoides laticeps (Eigenmann, 1912) X X This study Anostomus intermedius Winterbottom, 1980 X X Winterbottom 1980 / This study Anostomus sp. X X This study Anostomus ternetzi Fernández-Yépez, 1949 X X GÈry 1977 / Zuanon 1999 Anostomus trimaculatus (Kner, 1858) X INPA4194 Laemolyta garmani (Borodin, 1931) X Géry 1977 Laemolyta petite Géry, 1964 X X This study Laemolyta proxima (Garman, 1890) X X This study Laemolyta taeniata (Kner, 1859) X X X This study Laemolyta varia (Garman, 1890) X Garavello & Britski 2003 Leporellus vittatus (Valenciennes, 1850) X X INPA3975

131 Leporinus affinis Günther, 1864 X Garavello 1979 Leporinus brunneus Myers, 1950 X X This study /Zuanon 1999 Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 132

CAMARGO ET AL. endes dos Santos & endes dos Santos INPA4195 Jegú 1987 Jegú NRM19542 & Britski 2003 & Britski INPA4150 X This study X MCZ 20430 / Garavello microbasin basin waters 1950 X X M Myers & Fernandez-Yepez, & Fernandez-Yepez, Myers Borodin, 1929 Borodin, (Kner, 1858) (Kner, (Fowler, 1913)(Fowler, X This study (Linnaeus, 1758) X 1991 Lowe-McConnell Müller & Troschel, 1844Troschel, Müller & X X X INPA3976 Gunther, 1863Gunther, X 1999 Zuanon Steindachner, 1910Steindachner, X INPA4192 Valenciennes, 1849Valenciennes, X 1991 Lowe-McConell Müller & Troschell, 1845Troschell, Müller & X 2003 & Pauly Froese Eigenmann, 1914Eigenmann, X X X X This study Fowler, 1914Fowler, X X X This study (Bloch, 1794)(Bloch, X X X 1979 Garavello (Bloch, 1794)(Bloch, X X X INPA4211 (Valenciennes, 1850)(Valenciennes, X X This study Borodin, 1929Borodin, X X INPA4099 Gosline, 1951Gosline, X X X Géry 1979 / INPA4076 Eigenmann, 1908Eigenmann, X 1991 Lowe-McConnell (Cope, 1878) X This study Eigenmann, 1912Eigenmann, X X INPA4042 Eigenmann, 1908Eigenmann, X 1979 Garavello (Kner, 1858)(Kner, X X & Carvalho 1959 / Myers Travassos, 1960Travassos, X MNRJ9199 Santos, Jégu & Lima,1996Santos, X X INPA10987 sp. “pa” “psi”sp. “verde”sp. X X X X X X X 1999 Zuanon This study / 1999 /This study Zuanon 1999 Zuanon This study / sp. X X / MNRJ5600 / INPA9504 Schizodon vittatus Schizodon cingulatus Synaptolaemus Leporinus Sartor respectus Leporinus Leporinus Leporinus tigrinus Pseudanos trimaculatus Pseudanos Acestrocephalus sardina Acestrocephalus normani Acnodon Agoniates anchovia anchovia Agoniates halecinus Agoniates Astyanax bimaculatus Astyanax gracilior Astyanax longior Astyanax saltor Leporinus granti Leporinus desmotes Leporinus elongatus Leporinus fasciatus Leporinus friderici Leporinus julii Leporinus maculatus Leporinus megalepis Leporinus parae Leporinus pellegrini Leporinus Leporinus cylindriformis Characidae Continued Appendix / FamilyOrder Species River Irirí Xingu Xingu micro- Middle head- Bacajá upstream Lower Xingu Xingu River Main Xingu River reference 132 Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 133

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE XINGU FISH FAUNA . 2003 et al A4233 / MZUSP 34581 1982.9.24.111 MZUSP31793 / MNRJ 9176 X 1999 Bergleiter XX X MZUSP34684 MZUSP51237 X 1999 Zuanon X 1999 Zuanon XXXXX X INP X This study (Urley, 1894)(Urley, X X 1999 Bergleiter Ellis, 1911Ellis, X 1991 Lowe-McConnell (Cope, 1878) X X This study (Valenciennes, 1850)(Valenciennes, X This study (Günther, 1864)(Günther, X X X X 4315 MZUSP36799 / INPA Costa & Géry, 1994Costa & Géry, X Costa & Géry 1994 Eigenmann, 1907Eigenmann, X 1991 Lowe-McConnell Durbin, 1909Durbin, X This study Cuvier, 1817Cuvier, X X INPA4181 Eigennman, 1912Eigennman, X X This study Durbin, 1909Durbin, X 1991 Lowe-McConnell (Steindachner, 1882)(Steindachner, X 1999 Bergleiter Fowler, 1913Fowler, X This study Durbin, 1908Durbin, X 1991 Lowe-McConnell Weitzman, 1984Weitzman, X Costa & Géry 1994 Costa & Géry, 1994Costa & Géry, X Lima Durbin, 1909Durbin, X 1991 Lowe-McConnell Müller & Troschel, 1844Troschel, Müller & X X This study Eigenmann, 1908Eigenmann, X 1991 Lowe-McConnell (Bloch, 1794) (Bloch, (Fernández-Yépez, 1950)(Fernández-Yépez, X MZUSP51238 Myers, 1928Myers, X 1991 Lowe-McConnell herbertaxelrodi Müller & Troschel, 1844Troschel, Müller & X 1991 Lowe-McConnell iota levis marginatus tridens (Eigenmann, 1908)(Eigenmann, X X INPA4234 (Günther, 1864)(Günther, X This study (Linnaeus, 1758) X This study aff. aff. Müller & Troschel, 1844Troschel, Müller & X X X X / BMNH INPA4225 cf. cf. cf. cf. cf. cf. sp. “fireline” sp. X INPA4010 Müller & Troschel, 1845Troschel, Müller & X X X X X INPA4152 sp. 1 sp. sp. 2 sp. sp. “B” sp. sp. XXXX X sp. X X X X MNRJ5601 / INPA4226 Bryconops Bryconops Chalceus macrolepidotus gibbosus Charax Creagrutus Brycon Bryconamericus diaphanous Bryconops affinis Bryconops alburnoides Bryconops caudomaculatus Brycon pesu Bryconops giacopinii Bryconops gracilis Bryconops melanurus Creagrutus Astyanax symmetricus orbicularis Brachychalcinus minimus Hyphessobrycon mutabilis Hyphessobrycon Brycon falcatus Hyphessobrycon Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus Hyphessobrycon Exodon paradoxus Exodon Hemigrammus Hemigrammus macrolepis Heterocharax elachys Hyphessobrycon Hemigrammus Hemigrammus agulha Hyphessobrycon Hemigrammus ocellifer Hemigrammus Hemigrammus Hemigrammus Hemigrammus rodwayi Hemigrammus Astyanax Astyanax scintillans Hyphessobrycon loweae loweae Hyphessobrycon

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CAMARGO ET AL. . 2003 et al Bergleiter 1999 / This study 1999 / Bergleiter MCP16951 Bergleiter 1999 Bergleiter Lowe-McConnell 1991 Lowe-McConnell nell 1991 / This study nell 1991 / 1991 Lowe-McConnell Lima X 1999 Bergleiter X 1999 Bergleiter X 1999 Bergleiter microbasin X X INPA4308 XXXX X basin waters Ahl, 1937 Géry, 1973Géry, X X INPA4316 (Müller & Troschel, 1845)Troschel, (Müller & X X X 1991 / Lowe-McConnel Géry, 1973Géry, X 1991 Lowe-McConnell Eigenmann, 1909Eigenmann, X X This study Eigenmann, 1908Eigenmann, X X X This study (Cope, 1870) X X Géry 1979 / Ahl, 1937 X This study (Eigenmann, 1908)(Eigenmann, X 1999 Lowe-McConnell (Günther, 1864)(Günther, X X 1991 Lowe-McConnell Eigenmann, 1908Eigenmann, X 1991 Lowe-McConnell (Eigenmann, 1907)(Eigenmann, X MZUSP30718 (Kner, 1858) (Kner, (Steindachner, 1908)(Steindachner, X Géry 1992 (Steindachner, 1882)(Steindachner, X X 1991 / Lowe-McConnell Eigenmann, 1908Eigenmann, X 1999 Lowe-McConnell (Müller & Troschel, 1844)Troschel, (Müller & X X X GÈry 1979 /Lowe-McCon- (Günther, 1864) (Günther, (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903) & Kennedy, (Eigenmann X This study (Kner, 1858)(Kner, X Géry 1979 / (Eigenmann, 1909)(Eigenmann, X This study (Travassos, 1964)(Travassos, X MZUSP36800 (Géry, 1965)(Géry, X X 1991 Lowe-McConnell (Eigenmann, 1908)(Eigenmann, X 1999 Zuanon comma (Günther, 1864)(Günther, X X X X X MZUSP46857 / justae sp. “rose” sp. sp. 2sp. X This study purusi cf. cf. aff. aff. af sp. minor aff. aff. Moenkhausia intermedia Moenkhausia Moenkhausia megalops Moenkhausia oligolepis Moenkhausia Moenkhausia lepidura Moenkhausia Moenkhausia gracilima Moenkhausia grandisquamis Moenkhausia Moenkhausia cotinho Moenkhausia Moenkhausia collettii Moenkhausia Microschemobrycon elongatus Microschemobrycon Moenkhausia Hyphessobrycon scholzei Hyphessobrycon Hyphessobrycon Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis Hyphessobrycon Iguanodectes Hyphessobrycon lippincottianus Metynnis maculatus Metynnis Iguanodectes spilurus Iguanodectes Iguanodectes Macropsobrycon xinguensis hypsauchen Metynnis Knodus moenkhausii Knodus heteresthes Jupiaba abramoides Jupiaba anteroides Jupiaba Jupiaba polylepis Jupiaba Continued Appendix / FamilyOrder Species River Irirí Xingu Xingu micro- Middle head- Bacajá upstream Lower Xingu Xingu River Main Xingu River reference 134 Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 135

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE XINGU FISH FAUNA 2003 / INPA4318 et al. nell 1991 / This study nell 1991 / 0003 / INPA6535 X This study X 1999 / this study Bergleiter XX This study 1999 Bergleiter X 1999 Bergleiter X X INPA3989 (Steindachner, 1907)(Steindachner, X X INPA4235 Norman, 1929 Norman, Cuvier, 1816Cuvier, X X X This study (Fowler, 1941)(Fowler, X 1991 Lowe-McConnell (Steindachner, 1882)(Steindachner, X X X MZUSP36806 Fink, 1979Fink, X X 1991 Lowe-McConnell Kner, 1858 Kner, (Cuvier, 1818) (Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850Valenciennes, X X X X Géry 1979 / this study (Linnaeus, 1766) X X X X X Géry 1979 / this study (Valenciennes, 1850)(Valenciennes, X X X Géry 1977 / this study (Steindachner, 1908)(Steindachner, X X Géry 1979 Kner, 1858Kner, X X X This study Eigenmann, 1915Eigenmann, X INPA3988 (Fernández-Yépez & Ramírez, 1967) & Ramírez, (Fernández-Yépez X X This study (Couvier, 1818)(Couvier, X 1999 Jégu 1992 / Zuanon (Jardine & Schomburgk, 1841)(Jardine X X X INPA4151 (Günther, 1864)(Günther, X MZUSP34712 (Popta, 1901)(Popta, X This study Jégu, 1992 X X Jégu 1992 / MNHN1992- Géry, 1964Géry, X This study (Spix & Agassiz, 1829)(Spix X 1991 Lowe-McConnell (Müller & Troschel, 1844)Troschel, (Müller & X X X X Géry 1979 / INPA4148 (Ulrey, 1894) (Ulrey, (Günther, 1864)(Günther, X X X INPA4206 Myers, 1960Myers, X X X X Lima sp. X X INPA4171 calverti (Kner, 1858)(Kner, X X X X Géry McCon- 1979 / Lowe- Eigenmann, 1912Eigenmann, X X X This study (Ahl, 1936) X Géry 1979 eigenmanni (Steindacher, 1878)(Steindacher, X This study cf. cf. sp. X X MZUSP36007 sp. “blacktaip” sp. 1 sp. 2 sp. X X This study This study affinis (Jardine & Schomburgk, 1841)(Jardine X X X INPA13033 sp. cf. cf. sp. X MZUSP46861 cf. cf. Tetragonopterus argenteus Tetragonopterus Serrasalmus Stethaprion Tetragonopterinae Serrasalmus spilopleura Serrasalmus Serrasalmus serrulatus Serrasalmus Roeboides dayi Roeboides Serrasalmus rhombeus Serrasalmus Roeboides thurniRoeboides humeralis Serrasalmus manueli Serrasalmus Serrasalmus hollandi Serrasalmus Roeboides Roeboexodon geryiRoeboexodon Rhinopetitia myersi Ossubtus xinguensis Ossubtus Phenacogaster Phenacogaster brachypomus Piaractus compressa Poptella longipinnis Poptella aureus Pristobrycon striolatus Pristobrycon maxillaris Pristella Pygocentrus nattereri Moenkhausia rhomboidalis Myleus schomburgki Myleus torquatus Myleus Moenkhausia xinguensis Moenkhausia Moenkhausia Moenkhausia arnoldi Myleus pacu Myleus rubripinnis Myleus Moenkhausia phaenota Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae Moenkhausia

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CAMARGO ET AL. ari 1989b / MZUSP28650 / USNM120436 / INPA4268 INPA4145 McConnell 1991 / This study 1991 / McConnell This study XXX 1999 Bergleiter 1992a Vari 1992a Vari microbasin X INPA4237 basin waters Buckup, Buckup, 1993 X X 1993 / Zuanon1999 Buckup Buckup, 1993Buckup, X 1993 Buckup (Kner, 1858)(Kner, X X X MZUSP36839 (Fernández-Yépez, 1948)(Fernández-Yépez, X XThis study 1992b / Vari (Kner, 1859) (Kner, (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889) & Eigenmann, (Eigenmann X XThis study 1992a / Vari Spix & Agassiz, 1829Spix X X MZUSP36814 / (Valenciennes, 1850)(Valenciennes, X X This study (Jardine, 1841)(Jardine, X X X This study Vari, 1992 Vari, Vari, 1982 Vari, (Linnaeus, 1766) X XThis study 1989a / Vari (Günther, 1864)(Günther, X X INPA4156 (Agassiz, 1829) X X XThis study 1995 / Vari Vari, 1992Vari, X This study (Cuvier, 1816)(Cuvier, X X / Lowe-McConnell1991 Eigenmann, 1909Eigenmann, X This study Vari, 1989Vari, X X V (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889) & Eigenmann, (Eigenmann X X This study Weitzman, 1957Weitzman, X X INPA4200 Cope, 1872 X X INPA4140 (Kner, 1858)(Kner, X 1989b Vari sp. X X X MZUSP31682 / Lowe- sp. X X INPA4230 sp. sp. “xingu”sp. X X X INPA11742 Cyphocharax abramoides Cyphocharax festivus Cyphocharax gouldingi Cyphocharax leucostictus Cyphocharax Triportheus albus Triportheus boehlkei Thayeria Tometes elongatus Triportheus rotundatus Triportheus Triportheus ocellata Curimata immaculata Curimatella crypticusCurimatopsis Curimata vittata Curimata Curimata Tetragonopterus chalceus Tetragonopterus Caenotropus labyrinthicus Caenotropus Crenuchidae Characidium cyprinoides Curimata inornata Curimata Characidium zebra zebra Characidium dispilomma Melanocharacidium cuvieri Boulengerella lucius Boulengerella maculata Boulengerella Melanocharacidium depressum Melanocharacidium Continued Appendix / FamilyOrder Species River Irirí Xingu Xingu micro- Middle head- Bacajá upstream Lower Xingu Xingu River Main Xingu River reference Chilodontidae Curimatidae Ctenoluciidae 136 Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 137

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE XINGU FISH FAUNA INPA4105 / This study / INPA4105 This study Zuanon 1999 / This study 1999 / Zuanon MCP16895 This study 1982 Weitzman INPA4107 USNM 00310737/This study Bergleiter 1999 Bergleiter X 1996 Langeani-Neto X This study X & GéryWeitzman 1973 / XXXX X (Myers, 1927)(Myers, X This study (Steindachner, 1876)(Steindachner, X 1991 Vari (Agassiz, 1829) X X X 1991 / Lowe-McConnell Roberts, 1971Roberts, X This study (Géry, 1964)(Géry, X X X 1996 / Langeani-Neto (Pellegrin, 1907)(Pellegrin, X X X XThis study / INPA9391 (Bloch, 1794)(Bloch, X X X 1996 / Langeani-Neto (Cuvier, 1816)(Cuvier, X X / MZUSP48005 INPA4034 (Steindachner, 1874)(Steindachner, X X XThis study 1991 / Vari Kner, 1858Kner, X X This study Kner, 1858Kner, X Géry 1977 Vari, 1992Vari, X X 1992a / MZUSP41759 Vari Spix & Agassiz, 1829 Spix (Günther, 1864)(Günther, X X X X This study Kner, 1858Kner, X MZUSP36838 (Steindachner, 1908)(Steindachner, X X X 1996 / Langeani-Neto (Bloch, 1794)(Bloch, X X X X XThis study / INPA4064 Miranda-Ribeiro, 1908Miranda-Ribeiro, X MZUSP47715 Pellegrin, 1908Pellegrin, X X X X X INPA4019 Toledo-Piza, Menezes & dos Santos, 1999 & dos Santos, Menezes Toledo-Piza, X X CAS97484 (Jardine & Schomburgk, 1841)(Jardine X X X X (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889) & Eigenmann, (Eigenmann X 1989c Vari (Günther, 1864) (Günther, (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) (Spix (Eigenmann & Myers, 1927) & Myers, (Eigenmann X X 1998b / Langeani-Neto Myers, 1927Myers, X INPA4284 Langeani, 1999 X X 1998a / Langeani-Neto multilineatus Steindachner, 1908 Steindachner, Spix & Agassiz, 1829Spix X X X MZUSP32587 aff. aff. lacerdae aff. aff. Hemiodus vorderwinkleri Hemiodus sugillatus Micromischodus Hemiodus argenteus Hemiodus Hemiodus goeldi Hemiodus Hemiodus ternetzi Hemiodus Hemiodus immaculatus Hemiodus microlepis Hemiodus semitaneatus Hemiodus unimaculatus Hemiodus Bivibranchia velox Bivibranchia Cyphocharax spilurus Cyphocharax stilbolepis Cyphocharax Psectrogaster falcata Psectrogaster Potamorhina latior Potamorhina Bivibranchia fowleri Bivibranchia Cyphocharax Steindachnerina bimaculata Steindachnerina elegans Steindachnerina gibbus Cynodon armatus Hydrolycus scomberoides Hydrolycus tatauaia Hydrolycus Rhaphiodon vulpinus Carnegiella strigata Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus malabaricus Hoplias robertsi Argonectes Hoplias macrophthalmus Hoplias Hoplias Cynodontidae Gasteropelecidae Erythrinidae Hemiodontidae 137 Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 138

CAMARGO ET AL. Bergleiter 1999 Bergleiter X 2003 Lucinda X Costa 2003 XX 1999 Bergleiter 1999 Bergleiter X 1999 Bergleiter X This study X This study X 1999 Bergleiter XX This study X This study This study XX This study This study X This study microbasin basin waters Costa, 1991 Steindachner, 1876Steindachner, X 1999 Bergleiter (Linnaeus, 1766) (Henn, 1916)(Henn, X 1991 Lowe-McConnell Roberts, 1984 Roberts, Spix & Agassiz, 1829Spix X X INPA4187 (Bleeker, 1866)(Bleeker, X X This study (Garman, 1895)(Garman, X X X 1991 / Lowe-McConnell Agassiz, 1829 X X X INPA4154 (Steindachner, 1908) (Steindachner, (Valenciennes, 1847) (Valenciennes, (Swainson, 1839) (Swainson, Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 & Kennedy, Eigenmann X 1991 Lowe-McConnell Eigenmman , 1894 Eigenmman Steindachner, 1876 Steindachner, (Günther, 1868) (Günther, (Valenciennes, 1836) (Valenciennes, Myers, 1927 Myers, (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920)(Miranda-Ribeiro, X X This study sp. sp. sp. X MZUSP35999 sp. Nannostomus unifasciatus Nannostomus australis Pyrrhulina Pyrrhulina Parodon nigricans Prochilodus Semaprochilodus brama Semaprochilodus Nannostomus eques Nannostomus scintilla Amazonsprattus Lycengraulis batesii Lycengraulis Anchovia surinamensis Anchovia vaillanti Anchoviella Anchovia clupeoides Anchovia Cetengraulis Pamphorichthys minor Pamphorichthys Pamphorichthys hollandi Pamphorichthys Pamphorichthys araguaiensis Pamphorichthys Ilisha amazonica Ilisha castelnaeana Pellona parae Pellona flavipinnis Pellona atherinoides Pterengraulis Rivulus zygonectes Rivulus Parodontidae Prochilodontidae Continued Appendix / FamilyOrder SpeciesLebiasinidae Clupeiformes / Engraulidae River Irirí Xingu Xingu micro- Middle head- Bacajá upstream Lower Xingu Xingu River Main Xingu River reference Pristigasteridae / Poeciliidae Rivulidae 138 Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 139

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE XINGU FISH FAUNA . 1976/This study et al ijssen INPA9798 INPA9798 Bergleiter 1999 Bergleiter MZUSP48374 NRM24316 / MZUSP32674 This study INPA3930 X This study XX This study This study X INPA3937 X INPA4209 Campos-da Paz, 1999Campos-da Paz, X 1999 / Campos-da-Paz (Boulenger, 1887)(Boulenger, X 3931 INPA (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920)(Miranda-Ribeiro, X X N Castelnau, 1855 X This study (Cuvier, 1829) (Cuvier, Hoedeman, 1962 Hoedeman, (Schultz, 1944) X This study (Linnaeus, 1766) X X This study (Eigenmann & Allen, 1942)(Eigenmann X X This study Linnaeus, 1766 X X XThis study 1999 / Bergleiter (Valenciennes, 1842)(Valenciennes, X X INPA3929 (Castelnau, 1855) X X INPA3938 (Boulenger, 1897)(Boulenger, X X X 1991 / Lowe-McConnell (Schreinir & Miranda-Ribeiro, 1903) & Miranda-Ribeiro, (Schreinir X X This study (Linnaeus, 1766) X X / MZUSP 30084 INPA3936 (Müller & Troschel, 1849)Troschel, (Müller & X This study Kullander, 1995Kullander, X X X X / 1995 INPA4220 Kullander (Steindachner, 1880) (Steindachner, Albert & Fink, 1996Albert & Fink, X X X 1996 / Albert & Fink Korringa, 1970Korringa, X X 1998 / Alves-Gomes sp. X INPA3939 (Schinz, 1822) (Heckel, 1840)(Heckel, X X 1999 Bergleiter anguillaris sp. sp. cf. cf. Apteronotus albifrons Apteronotus bonaparti Apteronotus kaitukaensis Megadontognathus Porotergus Sternarchella terminalis Sternarchella Sternarchogiton curvirostris Sternarchorhynchus electricus Electrophorus Gymnotus Steatogenys elegans Steatogenys Brachyhypopomus beebei Brachyhypopomus Hypopomus Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni Gymnorhamphichthys Arapaima gigas Arapaima bicirrhosum Osteoglossum heckelii Acarichthys michaeli Aequidens Sternopygus xingu Sternopygus nassa Acaronia Eigenmannia virescens Eigenmannia Rhamphichthys marmoratus blax Archolaemus Rhamphichthys rostratus Eigenmannia limbata Eigenmannia macrops Eigenmannia Gymnotiformes / Apteronotidae Gymnotiformes Gymnotidae Hypopomidae Rhamphichthyidae Osteoglossiformes / Arapaimidae Osteoglossiformes Osteoglossidae / Cichlidae Perciformes Sternopygidae 139 Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 140

CAMARGO ET AL. loeg 1991 / MZUSP 50841 36879 / NRM24316 INPA4176 / NRM14843 INPA4176 Lowe-McConnell 1991 Lowe-McConnell Zuanon 1999 Zuanon NRM 12029 NRM 23663 XX 1999 Bergleiter 1999 Bergleiter XX 1999 Bergleiter 1999 Bergleiter microbasin X X MZUSP36881 / basin waters (Steindachner, 1875)(Steindachner, X 1999 Bergleiter Heckel, 1840Heckel, X X NRM 44596 (Regan, 1906)(Regan, X This study Heckel, 1840 Heckel, Kullander, 1997Kullander, X 1997 / Kullander Kullander, 1983Kullander, X 2003 Kullander Pellegrin, 1904Pellegrin, X X P Kullander, 1991Kullander, X 1991a / Kullander Günther, 1862Günther, X X MZUSP32771 Norman, 1929Norman, X 1999 Zuanon Kullander, 1980 Kullander, Steindachner, 1911Steindachner, X MZUSP32775 Heckel, 1840Heckel, X This study Ploeg, 1989Ploeg, X NRM 32141 (Heckel, 1840)(Heckel, X X X USNM257698 / MZUSP Kullander, 1980 Kullander, (Steindachner, 1875)(Steindachner, X X MZUSP31610 Heckel, 1840Heckel, X X 1991 Ploeg Heckel, Heckel, 1840 X 4082 MZUSP50840 / INPA (Linnaeus, 1758) X X 1999 Bergleiter (Spix & Agassiz, 1831)(Spix X INPA4008 Kullander, 1991Kullander, X X 1991a / Kullander Ploeg, 1991Ploeg, X XThis study 1991 / Ploeg Bloch & Schneider, 1801 & Schneider, Bloch regani ternetzi sp. X X This study sp. “laranja”sp. “preta”sp. X X X 1999 Zuanon This study cf. cf. cf. sp. sp. nov. “xingu” nov. sp. X X X X This study / Aequidens tetramerus Aequidens Apistogramma commbrae Apistogramma gephyra Apistogramma Crenicichla Crenicichla Cichla ocellaris Cichla Cichla Crenicichla cametana Crenicichla inpa Crenicichla johanna Crenicichla labrina Crenicichla lugubris Crenicichla Caquetaia spectabilis Caquetaia flavescens Chaetobrancus acutirostris Crenicichla macrophthalma Crenicichla marmorata Crenicichla Apistogramma regani Apistogramma Apistogramma orbicularis Chaetobrancopsis araguaiense Cichlasoma Crenicichla percna Crenicichla Crenicichla phaiospilus Crenicichla Crenicichla saxatilis Crenicichla Crenicichla Crenicichla rosaemariae Crenicichla Crenicichla Crenicichla reticulata Crenicichla Continued Appendix / FamilyOrder Species River Irirí Xingu Xingu micro- Middle head- Bacajá upstream Lower Xingu Xingu River Main Xingu River reference 140 Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 141

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE XINGU FISH FAUNA . et al ullander & Silfvergrip 1991 ullander & Silfvergrip NRM25932 MZUSP31609 NRM31787 MZUSP33061 1998 INPA4173 / 1998 INPA4173 NRM25933 USNM199197 / MZUSP36877 / / CAS67473 INPA4213 INPA4256 / MZUSP INPA4256 32906 / NRM13981 INPA4168 / NRM 18472 INPA4168 XX 1999 Bergleiter MNHN0000-4549 X 1999 Bergleiter Pellegrin, 1904Pellegrin, X 1904 / Pellegrin Kullander, 1988Kullander, X X1988/INPA4175/ Kullander Heckel, 1840 Heckel, Kullander, 1988Kullander, X X Kullander 1988/INPA4174/ Helckel, 1840 Helckel, Zuanon & Sazima, 2002 & Sazima, Zuanon X 2002. & Sazima Zuanon Kullander, 1991Kullander, X X X X 1991b Kullander Kullander, 1988Kullander, X X 1988 / Farias Kullander (Günther, 1862)(Günther, X 1991 Lowe-McConnell (Heckel, 1840)(Heckel, X X X X NRM24319 / Gosse, 1971Gosse, X X X 1971 / INPA4282 Gosse Kullander, 1988Kullander, X INPA4177 (Schultze, 1823) (Schultze, (Castelanau, 1855) X X This study Heckel, 1840Heckel, X X 1989 / Stawikowski Gunther, 1862Gunther, X XThis study 1991 / Ploeg (Heckel, 1840)(Heckel, X X USNM331331 Heckel, 1840Heckel, X This study (Regan, 1905)(Regan, X 1989 & Nijssen Kullander (Castelnau, 1855) X X K Heckel, 1840Heckel, X X X MZUSP29782 sp. nov.sp. sp. “LS”sp. “PR”sp. X X X X X NRM13366 NRM24315 / 1999 Zuanon 1999 Zuanon sp. “7 bandas”sp. X 1991 Lowe-McConnell Teleocichla Teleocichla Teleocichla Teleocichla proselytus proselytus Teleocichla Teleocichla Uaru amphiacanthoides Monocirrhus polyacanthus Monocirrhus Teleocichla monogramma Teleocichla Teleocichla centisquama Teleocichla Teleocichla centrarchus Teleocichla Teleocichla gephyrogramma Teleocichla Symphysodon aequifasciatus Symphysodon Satanoperca jurupari Satanoperca Retroculus xinguensis Retroculus Geophagus proximus Geophagus severus Heros temporalis Hypselecara guianensis Krobia Laetacara acora Mesonauta festivus Mesonauta Pterophyllum scalare Pterophyllum Geophagus argyrostictusGeophagus Crenicichla strigata Crenicichla vittata Crenicichla altifrons Geophagus Polycentridae 141 Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 142

CAMARGO ET AL. MNRJ9417 X 1999 Bergleiter microbasin X X 4065 INPA basin waters (Kner, 1858)(Kner, X X This study (Heckel, 1840)(Heckel, X X X MZUSP34132 / INPA4048 (Cope, 1874) X INPA4117 (Steindachner, 1915)(Steindachner, X X This study (Muller & Henle, 1834) & Henle, (Muller X X This study (Steindachner, 1878)(Steindachner, X X X X This study Bloch, 1794Bloch, X X This study Rössel, 1962 X X X 1998 / Soares-Porto (Günther, 1862)(Günther, X X This study (Spix & Agassiz, 1829)(Spix X X X This study (De Filippi, 1853) Filippi, (De X X This study (Castelnau, 1855) X X This study Castex & Castello, 1970 X X X This study Castelnau, 1855 X X X This study (Jardine, 1843)(Jardine, X X Casatti 2001 (Muller & Henle, 1841) & Henle, (Muller X This study Steindachner, 1882Steindachner, X This study (Muller & Henle, 1841) & Henle, (Muller X X 1999 Zuanon sp. X X INPA4132 Steindachner, 1908Steindachner, X X This study (Linnaeus, 1766) X X X This study hystrix Soares & Casatti, 2002Soares X X X Casatti 2002 aff. aff. sp. sp. nov.sp. X This study sp. Pachyurus junki Pachyurus grunniens Petilipinnis magdalenae Plagioscion squamosissimus Plagioscion mentalis Hypoclinemus Pristis Paratrygon aiereba Paratrygon Potamotrygon Platystacus cotylephorusPlatystacus Potamotrygon orbignyi Potamotrygon Potamotrygon coracoideus Bunocephalus knerii Bunocephalus inermis Ageneiosus Ageneiosus ucayalensis Ageneiosus vittatus Ageneiosus Potamotrygon motoro Potamotrygon Auchenipterichthys thoracatus Auchenipterichthys Potamotrygon leopoldi Potamotrygon nuchalis Auchenipterus Centromochlus heckelii Centromochlus schultzi Centromochlus Pseudepapterus hasemani Pseudepapterus Continued Appendix / FamilyOrder Species River Irirí Xingu Xingu micro- Middle head- Bacajá upstream Lower Xingu Xingu River Main Xingu River reference Sciaenidae Pleuronectiformes / Achiridae Pleuronectiformes Pristiformes / Pristidae Pristiformes Rajiformes / Potamotrygonidae Auchenipteridae Siluriformes / Aspredinidae Siluriformes 142 Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 143

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE XINGU FISH FAUNA MZUSP 38974 This study MZUSP51209 This study This study X 2003 Reis XX This study X This study This study X This study X INPA4052 X 1999 Zuanon X XThis study 1999 / Bergleiter 1888) X X Valenciennes, 1840Valenciennes, X 1989. Burguess (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, & Eigenmann, (Eigenmann (Linnaeus, 1766) X This study sensu Higuchi Sensu Higuchi Sensu Britto, 1998Britto, X 1998 / MCP 19295 Britto (Valenciennes, 1833)(Valenciennes, X X This study (Linnaeus, 1758) X X X 1991 / Lowe-McConnell (Kner, 1855)(Kner, X X 1991 / Lowe-McConnell (Kner, 1855)(Kner, X X This study (Valenciennes, 1821)(Valenciennes, X X X This study (Spix & Agassiz, 1829)(Spix X This study Cope, 1872 (Valenciennes, 1840)(Valenciennes, X X 1997 / NRM15436 Reis Nijssen, 1972Nijssen, X X 1989 / Burguess Klausewitz & Rössel, 1961 X Klausewitz & Rössel 1961 (Linnaeus, 1758) X X XThis study MZUSP36859 / (Eigenmann, 1925)(Eigenmann, X X This study (Lichtenstein, 1819) X X This study Nijssen &Isbrucker, 1976 &Isbrucker, Nijssen X 2003 Reis (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920)(Miranda-Ribeiro, X X X INPA4069 (Steindachner, 1877)(Steindachner, X X This study sensu Higuchi (Linnaeus, 1766) X X This study (Kner, 1858)(Kner, X USNM 320045 (Valenciennes, 1821)(Valenciennes, X This study sp. X 1991 Lowe-McConnell (Steindachner, 1875)(Steindachner, X X X XThis study 1989 / Burguess sp. sp. sp. Megalechis thoracata Megalechis Dianema longibarbis Cetopsis coecutiens Cetopsis candiru Hemicetopsis Pseudoceptosis Anduzedoras Corydoras xinguensis Corydoras Doras carinatus Doras orestis Hassar uranoscopus Megalodoras Aspidoras poecilus Aspidoras callichthys Callichthys humeralis Nemadoras ternetzi Opsodoras Orinocodoras niger Oxidoras eigenmanni Petalodoras nov. sp. Doradidae costatus Platydoras granulosus Pterodoras lentiginosus Pterodoras brevis Stenodoras trachyparia Trachydoras xingui Rhynchodoras dorbignyi Rhinodoras Trachelyopterus galeatus Trachelyopterus Tocantinsia piresi Tocantinsia coriaceus Trachelyopterus microgalaeus Aspidoras Tatia Tatia aulopygia Tatia intermedia Tatia Cetopsidae Doradidae Callichthyidae 143 Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 144

CAMARGO ET AL. . 1988 et al 1994 / INPA 1994 / INPA et al. 4227 / ANSP172621 NRM19544 / MZUSP 34176 Guazzelli 2003 Guazzelli Lowe Mc-Connell 1991 Mc-Connell Lowe microbasin XX X X INPA4342 INPA4197 X X Muller X X INPA4058 X INPA10733 X 1999 Zuanon basin waters & Zuanon, 1994 & Zuanon, (Castelnau, 1855) X X INPA4062 Eigenmann, 1912Eigenmann, X MZUSP30804 (Steindachner, 1864)(Steindachner, X X This study (Miranda Ribeiro,1964)(Miranda X MNRJ9549 / Bockmann & Muller, Rapp Py-Daniel Rapp Py-Daniel Muller, (Müller & Troschel, 1848)Troschel, (Müller & X This study Spix & Agassiz, 1829Spix X Burgos Montoya Mees & Cala, 1989Mees X X 1999 / Zuanon sp. X X MZUSP48352 sp. X MZUP30813 sp. sp. “aba”sp. “amarello”sp. “pg”sp. “pp”sp. “preto”sp. X X X X X X X 1999 Zuanon This study 1999 / Zuanon This study This study This study sp. sp. sp. “pinta”sp. X X This study sp. sp. sp. X X X X X 4073 MZUSP36860 / INPA sp. “pinta branca” “pinta sp. “preto”sp. X X X This study This study sp. “bola branca”sp. X This study Ancistrus Ancistrus Ancistrus Baryancistrus niveatus Baryancistrus Cetopsorhamdia Chasmocranus longior Chasmocranus Heptapterus Myoglanis Phenacorhamdia Rhamdella Pimelodella cristata Pimelodella altipinnis Pimelodella Pimelodella Ancistrus Ancistrus ranunculus Ancistrus Baryancistrus Baryancistrus Baryancistrus Baryancistrus Baryancistrus Cochliodon Imparfinis pristos Imparfinis Leptorhamdia shultzi Rhamdia histrix Acanthicus Continued Appendix / FamilyOrder Species River Irirí Xingu Xingu micro- Middle head- Bacajá upstream Lower Xingu Xingu River Main Xingu River reference Heptapteridae Loricariidae 144 Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 145

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE XINGU FISH FAUNA . 2000 et al INPA4338 INPA4158 BMNH1889.11.14.65 X Schaefer 2003 X Le Bail X INPA4358 X 1999 Bergleiter X This study X This study XX X X INPA4184 INPA4012 X This study X INPA4011 (Holmberg, 1893)(Holmberg, X X 1999 This study / Bergleiter (Kner, 1853)(Kner, X This study (Steindachner, 1881)(Steindachner, X XThis study 1999 / Zuanon Weber, 1991Weber, X X X This study (Valenciennes, 1840)(Valenciennes, X MNHM1889-0298 / Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989 & Nijssen, Isbrücker (Fowler, 1914)(Fowler, X This study (Castelnau, 1855) X X X INPA4037 ( Steindachner, 1908)( Steindachner, X X 1999 Bergleiter (Valenciennes, 1840)(Valenciennes, X X INPA4210 (Castelnau, 1855) X INPA4095 (Valenciennes, 1840)(Valenciennes, X X This study Isbrucker & Nijssen, 1989 & Nijssen, Isbrucker X 1999 Zuanon Regan, 1904Regan, X 1991 Lowe-McConnell (Peters, 1877)(Peters, XThis study / INPA3965 (Eigenmann, 1909)(Eigenmann, X X USNM00041527 / (Günther, 1864) (Günther, Cope, 1878 X This study Isbrucker & Nijssen, 1991 & Nijssen, Isbrucker X X 1991 / & Nijssen Isbrücker Regan, 1904 Regan, Steindachner, 1879Steindachner, X MNRJ9522 sp. X XThis study 1999 / Zuanon inexspectatum (Steindachner, 1881)(Steindachner, X X 1989 / INPA4029 Burguess sp. X INPA4068 sp. sp. cf. cf. sp. “bola branca”sp. X X X This study sp. sp. “pão” sp. sp. simillima vermiculata sp. “bola azul”sp. X X This study sp. cf. cf. sp. X X X / NRM19543 INPA4191 cf. cf. sp. 2 Glyptoperichthys xinguensis Glyptoperichthys Farllowella amazona Farllowella acipenserinus Hemiodontichthys Corymbophanes tricornis Hopliancistrus Hypancistrus Hypancistrus zebra Hypancistrus Hypoptopoma Loricariichthys Loricaria Loricariidae sp.Microlepidogaster punctatissimus Oligancistrus Oligancistrus vittatus Otocinclus X X X X This study aurantiacus Parancistrus Panaque nigrolineatus Panaque Parancistrus Parotocinclus Hypostomus Hypoptopoma gulare Hypoptopoma Squaliforma emarginata Peckoltia vittata Peckoltia Oxyropsis carinata Peckoltia Lasiancistrus heterodon Leporacanthicus griseus Limatulichthys Pseudacanthicus spinosus Pseudacanthicus barbatus Pseudancistrus Pseudancistrus Pseudacanthicus leopardus Pseudacanthicus Pseudoloricaria laeviuscula Pseudoloricaria

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CAMARGO ET AL. cConnell 1991 / This study This study This study X This study X This study X This study microbasin X / MZUSP34311 INPA4157 X X This study XXXX X Lowe-M basin waters (Lichtenstein, 1819) X X This study (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) & Schneider, (Bloch X X X MZUSP36853 Steindachner, 1908Steindachner, X X 1989 Burguess (Valenciennes, 1840)(Valenciennes, X X X INPA4023 Valenciennes, 1840Valenciennes, X X This study (Linnaeus, 1766) (Valenciennes, 1840)(Valenciennes, X This study Kner, 1858 Kner, Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989 & Nijssen, Isbrücker X INPA4035 (Jardine, 1841) (Jardine, Spix & Agassiz, 1829Spix X This study (Kner, 1858)(Kner, X This study Burgess, 1994Burgess, X X This study (Günther, 1868)(Günther, X X 1991 / Lowe-McConnell (Lichtenstein, 1819) X This study (Spix & Agassiz, 1829)(Spix X X X This study Steindachner, 1877Steindachner, X X X This study (Kner, 1853) (Kner, (Boulenger, 1898)(Boulenger, X This study Kner, 1858Kner, X XThis study 1999 / Zuanon (Humboldt, 1821)(Humboldt, X X X This study sp. X 1999 Zuanon sp. X MZUSP36017 (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) & Schneider, (Bloch X X This study sp. sp. sp. “olhudo”sp. X XThis study 1999 / Zuanon sp. X X 1991 / Lowe-McConnell Scobinancistrus pariolispos Spatuloricaria Scobinancistrus aureatus Spectracanthicus Pimelodus sturio Platystomatichthys tigrinum Pseudoplatystoma Sorubim lima multimaculatus Zungaropsis zungaro Zungaro Pinirampus pirinampu Pinirampus notatus Platynematichthys fasciatum Pseudoplatystoma Rineloricaria lanceolata “Reganella” depressa “Reganella” Brachyplatystoma filamentosum Brachyplatystoma ornatusPimelodus Pimelodus Calophysus macropterus Calophysus flavipinnis Pimelodina Goslinia platynema Goslinia platyrhynchos Hemisorubim marginatus Hypophthalmus Megalonema hemiliopterus Phractocephalus Hypophthalmus edentatus Hypophthalmus fimbriatus Hypophthalmus Continued Appendix / FamilyOrder Species River Irirí Xingu Xingu micro- Middle head- Bacajá upstream Lower Xingu Xingu River Main Xingu River reference Pimelodidae 146 Umbruch 04.05.2005 13:26 Uhr Seite 147

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE XINGU FISH FAUNA This study X This study X INPA4190 XX INPA12929 INPA11599 Bloch, 1795Bloch, X X X MZUSP37002 / INPA4180 Myers, 1927Myers, X MZUSP30373 (Valenciennes, 1840)(Valenciennes, X INPA4188 (Boulenger, 1887) (Boulenger, Schaefer, Weitzman & Britski, 1989 & Britski, Weitzman Schaefer, X X MZUSP39065 / INPA4159 (Schneider, 1801)(Schneider, X X 1999 Bergleiter Valenciennes, 1846Valenciennes, X 1991 Lowe-McConnell (Eigenmann, 1912)(Eigenmann, X 1991 Lowe-McConnell (Mûller & troschell, 1849)(Mûller & troschell, X X 1999 / Lowe-McConnell sp. X INPA4247 sp. X X X / MZUSP 30449 INPA4196 sp. X INPA4163 sp. sp. X 1991 Lowe-McConnell sp. sp. sp. X MZUSP46772 Pseudopimelodus Batrachoglanis raninus Batrachoglanis Microglanis Scoloplax distolothrix Haemomaster venezuelae Haemomaster punctatus Colomesus psittacus Trichomycterus Typhlobelus Plectrochilus Stegophilus Ituglanis gracilior Ituglanis Ochmacanthus Colomesus asellus Synbranchus Vandellia cirrhosa Vandellia marmoratus Synbranchus Pseudopimelodidae Scoloplacidae Museum codes Museum ANSPBMNH USA. Philadelphia, Sciences of Philadelphia, of Natural – Academy London, UK. History, of Natural Museum – British CASINPA USA. Francisco, of Sciences, San – California Academy MCP Brazil da Amazônia, Manaus, de Pesquisas Nacional Instituto – Museu MCZ Brazil Alegre, - Porto do Sul Cátolica do Rio Grande Universidade Pontifícia Tecnologia, de Ciências e – Museu MNHN USA Cambridge, Massachusetts, Zoology, France. of Comparative – Museum Paris, Naturelle, d’Histoire National – Muséum MNRJ Brazil. Rio de Janeiro, MZUSP Nacional, – Museu Brazil. São Paulo, de São Paulo, da Universidade de Zoologia – Museu NRMUSNM Sweden. riksmuseet, Stockholm, – Naturhistoriska D.C., USA. Washington, Institution, Smithsonian History, of Natural Museum – National Tetraodontiformes / Tetraodontidae / Tetraodontiformes Synbranchiformes / Synbranchidae Synbranchiformes 147