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Shark and ray identification manual

for observers and crew of the western and central Pacific

Shark and ray identification manual for observers and crew of the western and central Pacific tuna fisheries

Timothy Park, Lindsay Marshall, Aymeric Desurmont, Boris Colas and Neville Smith

Noumea, , October 2019 © Pacific Community (SPC) 2019 All rights for commercial/for profit reproduction or translation, in any form, reserved. SPC authorises the partial reproduction or translation of this material for scientific, educational or research purposes, provided that SPC and the source document are properly acknowledged. Permission to reproduce the document and/or translate in whole, in any form, whether for commercial/for profit or non-profit purposes, must be requested in writing. Original SPC artwork may not be altered or separately published without permission.

Original text: English

Pacific Community Cataloguing-in-publication data

Park, T.

Shark and ray identification manual for observers and crew of the western and central Pacific tuna fisheries / Timothy Park, Lindsay Marshall, Aymeric Desurmont, Boris Colas and Neville Smith

1. — Oceania — Identification. 2. Rays (Fishes) — Oceania — Identification. 3. Fishes — Identification. 4. Shark fisheries — Oceania. 5. Ray fisheries — Oceania.

I. Park, T. II. Marshall, Lindsay III. Desurmont, Aymeric IV. Colas, Boris V. Smith, Neville VI. Title VII. Pacific Community

639.20995 AACR2

ISBN: 978-982-00-1187-8

This document may be cited as: Park T., Marshall L., Desurmont A., Colas B. and Smith N. 2019. Shark and ray identification manual for observers and crew of the western and central Pacific tuna fisheries. Noumea, New Caledonia: Pacific Community. 79 p.

Prepared for publication at SPC’s Noumea headquarters, B.P. D5 98848 Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia, 2019 (www.spc.int | [email protected])

ii Table of contents

Acknowledgements...... iv Introduction...... 1 Main shark and ray external features and measurements...... 3 Main shark external features...... 4 Main ray external features...... 5 Shark and ray measurements...... 6 Keys for shark and ray identification...... 7 illustrations and details...... 23 Sharks Cow sharks (Hexanchidae)...... 24 Sleeper sharks ()...... 25 Kitefin sharks ()...... 26 Hammerhead sharks (Sphyrnidae)...... 28 Thresher sharks (Alopiidae)...... 33 sharks (Rhincodontidae)...... 36 Basking sharks (Cetorhinidae)...... 37 sharks ()...... 38 Megamouth sharks (Megachasmidae)...... 42 sharks (Pseudocarchariidae)...... 43 Sandtiger sharks (Odontaspididae)...... 44 Requiem sharks (Carcharhinidae)...... 45 Pelagic rays Devil rays (Mobulidae)...... 62 Cownose rays (Rhinopteridae)...... 68 Stingrays (Dasyatidae)...... 69 WCPFC shark and ray handling guidelines for purse-seiner and longliner crew...... 71 Purse seiners...... 73 Longliners...... 76 Indexes...... 78 Glossary...... 80

iii Acknowledgements

Key and species illustrations, including ventral line drawings, are originals created by Dr Lindsay Marshall. The shark and ray handling guidelines and most of the associated illustrations were agreed to by the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) and reproduced with the authorisation of the International Seafood Sustainability Foundation.

Additional figures, as required, were designed in-house at the Pacific Community (SPC) by Boris Colas. The two shark underwater pictures were reproduced courtesy of Jason Arnold (https://www.jasonarnoldphoto.com/) (p. 32) and Tomas Kotouc (https://www. shutterstock.com/fr/g/tomas+kotouc ) (p. 50). Common names for each species were provided by Dr Nan Yao (Cantonese and Mandarin), Dr Yukio Takeuchi and Dr Ken Okaji (Japanese), Dr Seonjae Hwang (Korean), and extracted from the FAO ASFIS list of species (English, French and Spanish). Advice on species names and verification of the key and illustrations were provided by Dr William White and Dr Malcolm Francis. This manual has been produced with the assistance of the Common Oceans ABNJ Tuna Project, which is funded by the Global Environment Facility and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The Common Oceans ABNJ Tuna Project harnesses the efforts of a large and diverse array of partners, including the five tuna regional fisheries management organisations, governments, inter-governmental organisations, non-governmental organisations, and the private sector, to achieve responsible, efficient and sustainable tuna production and conservation in the areas beyond national jurisdiction. The funding was organised with the support of Dr Shelley Clarke.

iv Step

Introduction

The SPC Shark and ray identification manual for observers and crew of the western and central Pacific tuna fisherieshas been developed to improve the identification of shark and ray species encountered in the tropical and subtropical tuna fisheries of the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO), as well as informing on correct methods for their handling and release. The manual is designed to be a concise field guide for use by fisheries observers and fishers who collect the operational data and whose reports are the principal sources of catch information for fisheries management in the world’s largest tuna .

Although sharks and rays are an incidental of pelagic tuna fisheries, these fisheries are accredited with causing significant declines in the populations of some shark and ray species. The 44 shark and ray species in this guide include those with to being pinnacle predators, huge planktonic feeders or small parasitic predators of large pelagic fish and mammals. These species are included because they are caught incidentally, or are set on because of their association with tuna, or interact with fishing operations through their depredation of the catch in the WCPO tropical and subtropical tuna fisheries.

Because pelagic shark and ray populations are adversely affected by tuna fisheries, the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) has designated 14 shark species and six mobulid species as Key Shark Species (for data provision) in the WCPO. Vessels fishing in the WCPO and fisheries observers are required to report their catch for each of the 14 Key Shark Species, which are listed below. • (Prionace glauca) – since 2008 • Mako sharks ( oxyrinchus, I. paucus) – since 2008 • ( longimanus) – since 2008 • Thresher sharks (Alopias superciliosus, A. pelagicus and A. vulpinus) – since 2008 • (C. falciformis) – since 2009 • shark ( nasus) – (south of 20°S) since 2010 • Hammerhead sharks (Eusphyra blochii, Sphryna lewini, S. mokarran and S. zygaena) – since 2010 • (Rhincodon typus) – since 2012

1 • Manta and mobulid rays (Mobula spp.) – since 2017. Note that the manta and mobulid species identified as Key Shark Species by SC131 have since undergone a revision of nomenclature, which is reflected in the species listed in this guide (Mobula alfredi, M. birostris, M. tarapacana, M. mobular, M. thurstoni, and M. kuhlii).

Furthermore, some of these Key Shark Species have been designated as Species of Special Interest (SSI). The shark and ray SSI are the oceanic whitetip, the silky shark, the whale shark and the mobulid rays. These are regulated as no-retention, no-live landing species (OCS, FAL), no-targeted-set by purse- seine vessels (RHN), and all require specific data to be collected by observers, including location, length, sex, fate and condition. Observers should also record their interactions with the primary fishing gear.

This guide is organised in three tools: 1. The first provides a pathway of 43 identification key steps. It is preceded by illustrated definitions of shark and ray key external features. 2. The second consists of detailed illustrations of the 44 species of sharks and rays to show key features and their natural colouration when alive. 3. The third details the WCPFC best handling guidelines for the safe release of whale sharks and mobulids (since 2018), and other sharks (since 2019) incidentally caught during fishing operations. Reference sources are also provided.

1 WCPFC-SC13-2017/ST-WP-07

2 Step

Main shark and ray external features and measurements Main shark and ray external features and measurements features external Main shark and ray 3 Shark external features

First Second dorsal fin Caudal fin Nostril Gill openings Interdorsal ridge Precaudal pit Eye (upper)

Caudal keel(s)

Mouth Anal fin Caudal peduncle Pectoral fins Pelvic fins

Snout Head Trunk Tail

Vent Anal fin

Claspers (males only)

Nasal flap Upper and lower labial furrows Front edge Posterior edge Fin origin Fin spines Free rear tip

Fin base Fin insertion

Interdorsal ridge

Tooth serrations

Tooth cusplet Main shark external features Main shark external 4 Ray external features Step

Lobes (horns or Eyes cephalic fins)

Spiracles

Wings or pectoral fins

Dorsal ridge

Dorsal fin Tail spine (stinging spine) Disc (width)

Head length Tail Snout Mouth Gills

Disc (length)

Vent No horns or cephalic fins Eyes Pelvic fins

Spiracles

Wings or pectoral fins

Dorsal ridge No dorsal fin with thorns

Tail spine (stinging spine) Tail Main ray external features external Main ray 5 Shark and ray measurements

TL UF PC

PS DS

DB

PX TL Tip of snout to posterior tip of tail on longest caudal lobe (total length) UF Tip of snout to posterior edge of caudal fork PC Tip of snout to anterior origin of dorsal caudal lobe (to precaudal pit if present) DS Anterior origin of first dorsal to anterior origin of second dorsal DB Dorsal fin base from anterior fin origin to posterior fin insertion PX Length of pectoral fin from its anterior origin to fin apex (fin tip)

TW

TA

TL

TW Pectoral fin tip to pectoral fin tip (total width of rays) TA Tip of snout to anal fin insertion (disc length of rays) TL Tip of snout to tip of tail (total length of rays) Shark and ray measurements Shark and ray 6 standardised keyfeatures by scientific shark experts. species. looking The keyfeatures usedinthecouplets have beenidentified and as verified andrayssharks that are eithernotalready orto helpdistinguishamongsimilar known, This keyhasbeendeveloped to provide asimplestandardised process for identifying separate andrays). sharks removes ofspeciesoridentifies onefrom aselection the rest (e.g. keystep 1,below, used to year andacross therange )andclearormeasurable. Eachcouplet isabranch that either live anddeadforms andbothsexes ofthespecies),consistent (are present throughout the exclusive couplets) identifying orcontrasting features that are reliable (are always found in A dichotomous keyrelies onapathway ofsteps ofpaired alternative (mutually descriptions featuresseen external hasbeendeveloped training. for fielduseandobserver To improve identification and oftheshark ray speciesadichotomous keybasedon readily identification Key forsharkandray species key intraining willstandardise theprocess followed to identify andrays. by sharks observers illustrations in thefollowing canthenbeusedto confirm identification. section Theuseofthis pelagic andrays. sharks The keyshouldbeusedroutinely to identify speciesandthedetailed The keyfor andray shark identification has43 couplet pairsthat identify 44species of to distinguishthefinalspeciespair. species, suchasinthefamilyCarcharhinidae, identification takesup to 26steps of couplets , identifies thespeciesfrom theothers. thekeyquickly Where there are many similar also affectsthenumberofsteps to identify aspecies. Where there isonlyonespeciesofa sharks, andtheidentification groups thespeciesintheirfamilies. The useofkey features The keycouplets identify clearfeatures for identification the andso systematicsreflect of gills onsideof head go to step 2 gills onunderside ofhead go to step 37 7 1 Key steps Step Key steps 4 3 2 8 5 gill openingsoneachsideofhead 6 gill openingsoneachsideofhead dorsal nswithoutspines dorsal nswithsmallspines griseus(Bluntnose sixgillshark) Zameus squamulosus (Velvet dog sh) (sometimes small) anal npresent anal nabsent 1 dorsal n 2 dorsal ns go to step 6 go to step 4 go to step 3 go to step 5 p. 25 p. 24 not wing-like and shorter relatively broad, lateral bladesofhead and wing-like long,very narrow lateral bladesofhead no dark collarno dark around head collardark around headat gill region dorsal nslocated well backonbody head hammer-shaped go to step 7 rst dorsalwell infront ofpelvic n (Black shark, Kite n licha(Blackshark, shark) Dalatias (Cookie-cutter shark) brasiliensis (Cookie-cutter head widthmuchlessthanhalf of total length rst dorsalover pelvic ns Eusphyra (Wingheadshark) blochii head widthalmosthalfoftotal length head nothammer-shaped go to step 10 go to step 8 p. 28 p. 27 p. 26 9 5 7 6 Key steps Step 10 Key steps 9 8 2 rst dorsal nsemi-falcate, onlymoderately high smaller thanorequalto thelengthof3 half oftotal length length ofcaudal ngreater thanorequalto half oftotal length length ofcaudal nmuchlessthan rst dorsalfalcate, tallinadults very 2 greater thanthelengthof3 10 nd nd dorsal nheight dorsal nheight zygaena hammerhead) (Smooth without amedianindentation anterior pro le ofhead rd rd gill slit p. 29 Sphyrna mokarran () Sphyrna hammerhead) lewini (Scalloped anterior pro le straight ofheadnearly with amedianindentation anterior pro le ofhead (slightly convex insmalljuveniles) anterior pro le ofheadconvex ... goto step 13 ... goto step 11 go to step 9 p. 31 p. 30 with orbits lateralwith orbits onhead eyes smaller, head withoutadeepgroove onto dorsal head surface onto dorsalheadsurface large,eyes very extending aroundextending eachside head withdeepgroove anks above andpelvicnsnotwhite pectoral ending below orbehindeye mouth notat front ofhead ending infront ofeye mouth at front ofhead anks above andpelvicnswhite pectoral and pelvicbases, orcloserto nbases pectoral base of rstdorsal naboutequidistant between pectoral labial furrows absent labial furrows present than to bases pectoral base of rstdorsal ncloserto pelvicbases (Bigeye superciliosus Alopias thresher) (Pelagic pelagicus Alopias thresher) no checkerboard colour pattern Alopias vulpinusAlopias shark) (Thresher (Whale shark) (Whale typus Rhincodon checkerboard colour pattern snout short head broad, snout elongated head narrow, straight andbroadly pectoral ns curved nscurved pectoral and sharply pointedand sharply pectoral ns nearly nsnearly pectoral go to step 14 go to step 12 pointed p. 36 p. 35 p. 34 p. 33 11 11 13 12 Key steps Step Key steps 16 15 14 12 extend onto surface ofthehead ontoextend surface large gills very attened andstrongly serrated upper teeth broadly triangular, longer thanlower lobe upper lobelessthan1.5times caudal nlunate teeth minute (White shark) (White Cetorhinus shark) maximus (Basking and ventral surface go to step 15 p. 37 p. 38 teeth blade-like, muchlarger teeth blade-like, without serrations upper teeth long, narrow, and head orventral surface of the gills onto donotextend surface longer thanlower lobe upper lobemore than1.5times caudal nheterocercal go to step 19 go to step 17 go to step 16 rst dorsal- norigin over baseorinnermargin ns ofpectoral rst dorsal- norigin posterior to ns pectoral (subterminal) ofthehead mouth located onundersurface mouth hugeandterminal anal norigin opposite middleofsecond dorsal n anal norigin behindsecond dorsal ninsertion dorsal n free rear tipof white patch on dorsal n free rear tipof no white patch on no secondary keeloncaudalpeduncle no secondary caudal pedunclewithtwo keels preoral longerthaneye distance diameter distinctly () (Megamouth pelagios (Short n mako) (Short n Isurus oxyrinchus Isurus paucus(Long n mako) lower jaw to extending snouttip Lamna nasus(Porbeagle)Lamna teeth withoutsmall teeth withsmall pectoral nslonger pectoral lateral cusplets pectoral nsmuch pectoral lateral cusplets thanorequalto go to step 18 go to step 20 shorter than shorter head length head length p. 42 p. 40 p. 41 p. 39 13 17 19 18 Key steps Step Key steps 22 21 20 14 dorsal surface ofhead dorsal surface gill onto openingsextending more thanhalfthegreatest height ofsnout large,eyes very eyelids xed, notcapable ofclosingover eyes second dorsal nsmallerthanhalfheight of rstdorsal n second dorsal nhigherthanorequalto halfheight of rstdorsal n (Bigeye noronhai sandtiger) Pseudocarcharias kamoharai () p. 43 p. 44 onto dorsal surface ofhead onto dorsalsurface gill openingsnotextending less thanhalfthegreatest height ofsnout eyes smaller, Triaenodon tipreef shark) (White obesus eyelids capableofclosingover eye (nictitating) go to step 22 go to step 21 go to step 23 p. 45 prominent lateral keelspresent oncaudalpeduncle brilliant bluecoloration above (whenfresh) rst dorsal nmidway andpelvic nsorcloserto between pectoral ns pectoral rst dorsal nmuchcloserto ns pelvic nsthanpectoral tapering withpointedtapering tips ns rst dorsalandpectoral ns notmottledwhite; with rounded andwhite mottledtips broad nsvery rst dorsalandpectoral extending infrontextending ofeyes upper labialfurrows long, very Galeocerdo cuvier()Galeocerdo p. 46 Carcharhinus longimanus (Oceanic whitetip) (weak keelspresent intheBlueshark) lateral keelsabsent from caudalpeduncle do not extend infrontdo notextend ofeyes upper labialfurrows low lateral keelsoncaudalpeduncle Prionace glauca (Blueshark) no lateral keels go to step 24 go to step 25 go to step 26 p. 47 p. 48 15 23 25 24 Key steps Step Key steps 28 27 26 16 without white tips pelvic andcaudal ns rst dorsal n,pectoral, and posterior edges with conspicuous white tips pelvic andcaudal ns rst dorsal n,pectoral, Carcharhinus brachyurus (Bronze whaler) bent, hooked, narrow cusps largest upperteeth with no blacktipon rstdorsal n(sometimeswhite tip) if caudal nposterior edgeisblackthen rstdorsal ntip p. 52 (Silvertip shark)Carcharhinus (Silvertip albimarginatus Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos () but never withbent, hookedcusps largest upperteeth variably shaped caudal nwithprominent posterior blackedge posterior blackedgesorplain caudal nwithprominent go to step 29 go to step 27 go to step 28 p. 49 p. 51 rst dorsal ntipnarrowly rounded (notpointed) rst dorsal- ntippointed rst dorsal- norigin infront oforover free pectoral rear tips rst dorsal norigin well free behindpectoral rear tips than to insertions nfreepectoral rear tips its origin closer to backonbody, rst dorsal nlocated further its origin almostopposite ninsertions pectoral rst dorsal nlocated forward onbody, no interdorsal ridge dorsal ns(interdorsal ridge) present between ofskin ridge a distinct (longer in the ) (longer intheDusky thansecond dorsal nheight usually shorter second dorsalfree rear tipshorter, longer thanheight ofsecond dorsal n second dorsalfree long, rear tipvery usually Carcharhinus falciformis shark) (Silky go to step 34 go to step 30 go to step 33 go to step 32 go to step 31 p. 53 17 29 31 30 Key steps Step Key steps 34 33 32 lower rst dorsaln high very rst dorsaln 18 body lessstocky body very stocky body very rst dorsal nhigher rst dorsal nlower pectoral nsrelativelypectoral straight pectoral nscurved pectoral interdorsal distinct high,very ridge interdorsal low, ridge lessdistinct Carcharhinus galapagensis () () Carcharhinus (Sandbar plumbeus Carcharhinus altimus (Bignoseshark) Carcharhinus shark) obscurus(Dusky largest upperteeth broad, triangular Carcharhinus leucas (Bullshark) largest upper teeth narrow and sometimesserrated upper teeth relatively low andinconspicuous broad andoblique relatively narrow upper teeth high andtriangular anterior nasal aps anterior nasal aps and serrated go to step 35 p. 58 p. 55 p. 54 p. 57 p. 56 rst dorsal nmay ormay nothave blacktipAND blacktipAND distinct rst dorsal nwithavery forward ninsertions ofpectoral rst dorsal norigin over orjust (height <2.2 timesininterdorsal space) rst dorsal ntaller freebehind pectoral rear tips rst dorsal norigin over orjust (height >2.2 timesininterdorsal space) rst dorsal nrelatively low elongate lobeson each sideofhead snout modi edinto apairof head notelevated above disc that joins black marking alongtheposterior margin that joinsblackmarking onlower lobe blackmarking ...caudal nwithstriking that joins the black marking onthelowerthat lobe joinstheblackmarking ...caudal ndoesnothave blackposterior margin go to step 38 Carcharhinus melanopterus(Blacktipreef shark) Carcharhinus (Common limbatus blacktipshark) lobe-like process or pairofrounded lobes lobe-like snout formed asasingle, convex, head elevated above disc Carcharhinus brevipinna (Spinnershark) usually shorter thandistance between teeth usually shorter usually tallerthandistance between teeth teeth size, ofnormal teeth inmiddlerows teeth very short, teeth inmiddlerows short, teeth very largest upperteeth without largest upperteeth with coarse basalserrations coarse basalserrations go to step 43 go to step 36 p. 59 p. 61 p. 60 19 35 37 36 Key steps Step Key steps 40 39 38 20 embedded spinepresent behinddorsal n calci ed masscontaining an present behinddorsal n no calci edmassofspine large , reaching well over 2mdiscwidth mouth terminal onhead dorsal to ns theplaneofpectoral spiracles long, slit-like and emanating gill from slits bothofthe fth emanating gill from slits bothofthe fth a large, black, semi-circular spot a large, semi-circular black, a small black semi-circular spot a smallblacksemi-circular go to step 39 go to step 41 mouth subterminal on ventral surface ofhead mouth subterminal onventral surface small animals, not reaching 2mdiscwidth ventral to ns theplaneofpectoral spiracles small, subcircular and Mobula birostris(Giant manta) (Reefmanta)Mobula alfredi shoulderpatches parallel anterior margin ofwhite anterior margin ofwhite curving posteriorly curving withfront ofhead shoulder patches go to step 40 go to step 42 p. 62 p. 63 by adeepnotch snout withapairofbroad lobesseparated dorsal nplain disc greyish, base oftaildepressed Rhinoptera javanica (Javan cownose ray) tail base located nearthe a smallcaudalsting double curvature anterior margin nswith ofpectoral strongly falcate ns pectoral Mobula tarapacana (Chilean devilray) Mobula thurstoni (Bent ndevilray) strong bony ridge on dorsalmidline no caudalspine dorsal n a single p. 68 p. 64 p. 66 Pteroplatytrygon violacea (PelagicPteroplatytrygon ) prominent white tip dorsal nwith disc blackish, down thetail spine, located farther a large caudal sting ns pectoral not separated from snout withsingleconvex rostral lobe, base oftailquadrangular moderately falcate ns pectoral or slightly convex anterior margin nstraight ofpectoral (GiantMobula mobular devilray) (Short n devilray)Mobula kuhlii (Short n usually present behind serrated caudalspine no dorsal n or withoutwhite tip on dorsalmidline weak bony ridge dorsal nwith dorsal n p. 65 p. 67 p. 69 21 41 43 42 Key steps Step

Species details and illustrations

The following 44 species of pelagic sharks and rays have been carefully illustrated to show the key features as well as their natural colouration when alive. The species are in the same order as they are identified in the keys. As a result, species are naturally grouped into families, allowing the page edges to be colour-coded for ease of use. The sequence in which the families and species appear is not the one traditionally found in taxonomic guides.

Similarly, the species are arranged with the most similar ones placed on opposing pages to help a visual comparison of characteristic features.

This guide has been developed with the intention of providing illustrations as anatomically and colour correct as possible to facilitate identification in the field.

Each page also provides:

• the scientific and common English names of the species, and of the family it belongs to;

• vernacular names in six other languages – Cantonese, French, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin and Spanish – to facilitate exchanges among observers, crew and other fisheries agency field staff;

• the chain of specific keys used to identify the species – when identification

reaches family level, the keys become orange;

• other characteristic features that distinguish similar species; and

• a figure to compare the maximum known size of each species with that of a six-foot tall being. It is an important feature, as some similar looking species may have significant size differences. Species illustrations details and 23 HXT Hexanchidae: Cow sharks Cow Hexanchidae: Bluntnose sixgill shark sixgill Bluntnose Six pairs of gill slits gill Six pairs of fin A single dorsal 2 1

Identification keys Identification

灰六鳃鯊 gris Cañabota 灰六鳃鲨 Requin griset カグラザメ

Hexanchus griseus Hexanchus

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

24 Cantonese: 31 SSQ Somniosidae: Sleeper sharks 4 Velvet Small spines present on dorsal fins on dorsal Small spines present than first dorsal fin Second dorsal fin larger 1 2 3 Identification keys

chica Bruja boca ビロウドザメ 異鱗鮫 (刺鯊) 异鳞鲨 velouté Squale grogneur

Zameus squamulosus squamulosus Zameus

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French: Cantonese: 25 ISB Dalatiidae: KitefinDalatiidae: sharks Dark collar around head at gill Dark around collar origin dorsal fin base over First 4 5 Cookie-cutter shark 1 2 3 1 2

Identification keys Identification

雪茄鮫 (巴西達摩鯊) cigarro Tollo 巴西达摩鲨 Squalelet féroce ダルマザメ

Isistius brasiliensis Isistius

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

26 Cantonese: 31 SCK Dalatiidae: Kitefin sharks First dorsal well in front of pelvic fin in front dorsal well First without spines Dorsal fins of equal size No dark collar around head No dark collar around 4 5 1 2 3 Black shark,

Identification keys

Carocho Squale liche ヨロイザメ 黑鮫 (黑豬罐) 铠鲨

Dalatias licha

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French: Cantonese: 27 EUB Sphyrnidae: HammerheadSphyrnidae: sharks 7 Lateral blades of head very long, narrow and wing-like of head very blades Lateral narrow long, length almost half of total Head width Winghead 1 2 3 6 3 6 1 2

Identification keys Identification

Cornuda planeadora Cornuda Requin marteau planeur インドシュモクザメ 丁字ㄚ髻鮫 (翼頭鯊) 丁字双髻鲨 Eusphyra blochii Eusphyra

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese:

French:

28 Cantonese: 31 SPZ Sphyrnidae: HammerheadSphyrnidae: sharks Front profile of head convex with lateral indentations and no middle indentation indentations and no middle with lateral of head convex profile Front 7 8 1 2 3 6

Identification keys

Cornuda cruz Cornuda Requin marteau commun ㄚ髻鮫 (黑皮仔) 锤头双髻鲨 シロシュモクザメ 귀상어

Sphyrna zygaenaSphyrna

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

Cantonese: 29 SPL Sphyrnidae: HammerheadSphyrnidae: sharks Front of head convex with a middle and paired lateral indentations lateral with a middle and paired convex of head Front high only moderately dorsal fin semi-falcate, First fins with straight posterior edges Pelvic 7 8 9 7 8 1 2 3 6 3 6 1 2

Identification keys Identification

Cornuda común Cornuda Requin marteau halicorne アカシュモクザメ 홍살귀상어 紅肉ㄚ髻鮫 (白皮仔) 路氏双髻鲨 Sphyrna lewini Sphyrna

Spanish:

Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

30 Cantonese: 31 SPK Sphyrnidae: HammerheadSphyrnidae: sharks Front edge of head nearly straight, with middle indentation Front very dorsal fin falcate, tall First posterior edges concave fins with Pelvic 7 8 9 Great hammerhead Great 1 2 3 6

Identification keys

八鰭ㄚ髻鮫 (尖旗) 八鰭ㄚ髻鮫 gigante Cornuda 无沟双髻鲨 marteau requin Grand ヒラシュモクザメ

Sphyrna mokarran Sphyrna

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

Cantonese: 31 (Alopias superciliosus), © Jason Arnold 31 BTH Alopiidae: Thresher Alopiidae: Thresher sharks 11 Head with deep groove of head extending top Huge eyes to pectoral bases pelvic bases than to Base of first dorsal fin closer to thresher Bigeye

1 2 3 6 10 Identification keys

Zorro ojón Zorro ハチワレ 深海狐鮫 (大目午仔) 大眼长尾鲨 yeux à gros Renard

Alopias superciliosus

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French: Cantonese: 33 PTH Alopiidae: Thresher Thresher Alopiidae: sharks Pectoral fins nearly straight and broadly pointed fins nearly and broadly straight Pectoral dark pectoral colour pelvic fins uniform and above Flanks 11 12 11 thresher Pelagic 1 2 3 6 10 3 6 1 2

Identification keys Identification

淺海狐鮫 (小目午仔) pelágico Zorro 浅海长尾鲨 pélagique Renard ニタリ 환도상어

Alopias pelagicusAlopias

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

34 Cantonese: 31 ALV Alopiidae: Thresher Alopiidae: Thresher sharks Pectoral fins curvedPectoral and sharply pointed pectoral and pelvic fins base colour extends flanks above to ventral White 11 12 11 Thresher 1 2 3 6 10

Identification keys

マオナガ 흰배환도상어 狐鮫 (反種午仔) 浅海长尾鲨

Alopias vulpinus

Spanish: Zorro Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: Renard French: Cantonese: 35 RHN Rhincodontidae: Whale sharks 13 Broad, flat head with a wide terminal flat head with a mouth Broad, Clear pattern of light spots and vertical stripes Whale shark Whale 1 2 3 6 10 3 6 1 2

Identification keys Identification

鯨鯊 (豆腐鯊) ballena Tiburón 鲸鲨 Requin baleine ジンベエザメ 고래상어

Rhincodon typus

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

36 Cantonese: 31 BSK Cetorhinidae: BaskingCetorhinidae: sharks 15 Conical head pointed snout head pointed Conical Very small teeth head slits extending almost around Huge gill

1 2 3 6 10 13 14 Identification keys

ウバザメ 돌묵상어 象鮫 (姥鯊) 姥鲨 Requin pélerin

Cetorhinus maximus Cetorhinus

Spanish: Peregrino Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French: Cantonese: 37 WSH Lamnidae: MackerelLamnidae: sharks Large serrated triangular teeth Large below with distinct dorsal colour white Grey to change fin caudal Crescent-shaped 16 white Great

1 2 3 6 10 13 14 15 14 10 13 3 6 1 2 Identification keys Identification

食人鮫 (大白鯊、油煙) blanco Jaquetón 噬人鲨 blanc requin Grand ホホジロザメ 백상아리

Carcharodon carcharias Carcharodon

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

38 Cantonese: 31 POR Lamnidae: Mackerel sharks First dorsal fin origin over base of pectoral fins over dorsal fin origin First tip of dorsal fin rear on free patch White caudal keels Two 16 17 1 2 3 6 10 13 14 15 1 2 3 6 10 13 14 15 Porbeagle shark Porbeagle

Identification keys

sardinero Marrajo ニシネズミザメ 비악상어 鼠鯊（大西洋鯖鯊） 鼠鲨 Requin-taupe commun

Lamna nasus Lamna

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French: Cantonese: 39 SMA Lamnidae: MackerelLamnidae: sharks Head and snout pointed Head and snout and silveryBrilliant blue above sides fins shorter than head length Pectoral dorsal fin middle of second opposite Anal fin origin 16 17 18 17 18 16 Shortfin shark mako 1 2 3 6 10 13 14 15 14 10 13 3 6 1 2

Identification keys Identification

灰鯖鮫 (馬加鯊、煙仔鯊) dientuso Marrajo 尖吻鲭鲨 bleue Taupe アオザメ 청상아리

Isurus oxyrinchus Isurus

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French: 40 Cantonese: 31 LMA Lamnidae: Mackerel sharks Head pointed but snout rounded but snout rounded Head pointed head length to than or equal greater Very long pectoral fins, behind second dorsal fin insertionAnal fin origin 16 17 18 1 2 3 6 10 13 14 15 Longfin

Identification keys

carite Marrajo バケアオザメ 단순청상아리 長臂灰鯖鮫 (馬加舅、水煙) 长鳍鲭鲨 taupe Petite

Isurus paucus

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French: Cantonese: 41 LMP Megachasmidae: Megamouth sharks 19 Large soft with short, head Large snout rounded broadly eye behind Mouthto snout tip extending from Megamouth shark

1 2 3 6 10 13 14 10 13 3 6 1 2 Identification keys Identification

巨口鮫 (大嘴鯊) bocudo Tiburón 大口鲨 gueule Requin grande メガマウスザメ

Megachasma pelagiosMegachasma

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

42 Cantonese: 31 PSK Pseudocarchariidae: Crocodile sharks Crocodile Pseudocarchariidae: Eyes veryEyes large slits extending dorsal surface onto gill Long head of jaw and protrusible slender teeth Prominent 20 Crocodile shark Crocodile

1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 Identification keys

cocodrilo Tiburón ミズワニ 강남상어 蒲原氏擬錐齒鮫 (貓公、鱷鮫) 拟锥齿鲨 Requin crocodile

Pseudocarcharias kamoharai kamoharai Pseudocarcharias

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French: Cantonese: 43 ODH Odonstapididae: sharks Sandtiger 21 Large eyes, no nictitating membrane eyes, Large pectoral fin dorsal close to First pelvic fin Second over fin origin dorsal Bigeye sandtiger shark sandtiger Bigeye

1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 20 19 20 14 10 13 3 6 1 2 Identification keys Identification

大眼砂錐齒鯊 (漾牙) ojigrande Solrayo 大眼砂锥齿鲨 Requin noronhai

Odontaspis noronhai

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

44 Cantonese: 31 TRB Carcharhinidae: Requiem sharksCarcharhinidae: Dorsal fins and upper caudal fin with white tips Dorsal fins and upper caudal fin with white half of first dorsal fin than or equal to Height of second dorsal fin greater 22 White tip reef shark tip reef White 1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 20 21 1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 Identification keys

Tiburón coralero ñato coralero Tiburón ネムリブカ 鱟鮫 (白翅尾仔) 灰三齿鲨 Requin corail

Triaenodon obesus Triaenodon

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French: Cantonese: 45 TIG Carcharhinidae: Requiem sharksCarcharhinidae:

Tiger-stripe markings,Tiger-stripe adults faded in snout head; short, rounded broad Large broad, of eyes in front extending well furrows Upper labial 22 23 22 Tiger shark Tiger 1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 20 21 19 20 14 10 13 3 6 1 2

Identification keys Identification

鼬鮫 (鳥鯊、虎鮫) tigre Tintorera 鼬鲨 Requin tigre イタチザメ 뱀상어

Galeocerdo cuvier Galeocerdo

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

46 Cantonese: 31 BSH Carcharhinidae: Requiem sharksCarcharhinidae: Brilliant blue colour above pelvic fins than pectoral fin midpoint much closer to dorsal fin midpoint First scythe-likeLong pectoral fins 22 23 24 Blue shark 1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 20 21 1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 Identification keys

Tiburón azul Tiburón ヨシキリザメ 청새리상어 鋸峰齒鮫 (水鯊、鰻鯊、爛鯊) 大青鲨 bleue Peau

Prionace glauca glauca Prionace

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French: Cantonese: 47 OCS Carcharhinidae: Requiem sharksCarcharhinidae: First dorsal and pectoral very fins with broad First tips mottled and white rounded 22 23 24 25 23 24 22 Oceanic whitetip shark whitetip Oceanic

1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 20 21 19 20 14 10 13 3 6 1 2 Identification keys Identification

污斑白眼鮫 (花鯊) oceánico Tiburón 长鳍真鲨 Requin océanique ヨゴレ 장완흉상어

Carcharhinus longimanus Carcharhinus

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

48 Cantonese: 31 ALS

Carcharhinidae: Requiem sharksCarcharhinidae: First dorsal fin, pectoral, pelvic and caudal fins dorsal fin, pectoral, First tips with conspicuous white ridgeInterdorsal present 22 23 24 25 26 Silvertip shark 1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 20 21 1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 Identification keys

blancas puntas Tiburón ツマジロ 白邊鰭白眼鮫 (白翅尾仔) 白边真鲨 blanches Requin à pointes

Carcharhinus albimarginatus albimarginatus Carcharhinus

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French: Cantonese: 49 Grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos), © Tomas Kotouc 31 AML Carcharhinidae: Requiem sharksCarcharhinidae: No black tip on first dorsal fin 22 23 24 25 26 27 Caudal fin with prominent posterior black edges fin with prominent Caudal Grey reef shark reef Grey

1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 20 21 1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 Identification keys

de arrecifes Tiburón オグロメジロザメ 黑印白眼鮫 韦氏真鲨, 黑尾真鲨 Requin dagsit

Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos Carcharhinus

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French: Cantonese: 51 BRO No interdorsal ridge No interdorsal Carcharhinidae: Requiem sharksCarcharhinidae: Bluntly pointed broad snout broad Bluntly pointed 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 27 25 26 23 24 22 Origin of first dorsal fin near insertion of first Origin of pectoral fin Largest upper teeth with bent, hooked, narrow cusps narrow bent, hooked, with upper teeth Largest Bronze whaler Bronze

1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 20 21 19 20 14 10 13 3 6 1 2 Identification keys Identification

短尾白眼鮫 (反種圓頭) cobrizo Tiburón 短尾真鲨 Requin cuivre クロヘリメジロザメ 무태상어

Carcharhinus brachyurus Carcharhinus

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

52 Cantonese: 31 FAL Narrow interdorsal ridge interdorsal Narrow Long, flat, rounded snout flat, rounded Long, Carcharhinidae: Requiem sharksCarcharhinidae: Second dorsal free rear tip very rear Second dorsal free long Origin of first dorsal fin well behind pectoral rear tips behind pectoral rear of first dorsal fin well Origin 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Silky shark

1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 20 21 1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 Identification keys

Tiburón jaquetón jaquetón Tiburón クロトガリザメ 미흑점상어 平滑白眼鮫 (黑鯊) 镰状真鲨 Requin soyeux

Carcharhinus falciformis Carcharhinus

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French: Cantonese: 53 CCP First dorsal fin very erect large, First Moderately long rounded snout Moderately long rounded Anterior nasal flaps low and inconspicuous and inconspicuous Anterior flaps low nasal Carcharhinidae: Requiem sharksCarcharhinidae: Origin of first dorsal fin over insertion dorsal fin over of first Origin of pectoral fin 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 30 31 28 29 27 25 26 23 24 22 Sandbar shark

1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 20 21 19 20 14 10 13 3 6 1 2 Identification keys Identification

高鰭白眼鮫 (大翅仔) trozo Tiburón 铅灰真鲨 dorsale à haute Requin gris メジロザメ／ヤジブカ 흉상어

Carcharhinus plumbeus Carcharhinus

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

54 Cantonese: 31 CCA Large long broad snout long broad Large Interdorsal ridgeInterdorsal very high, distinct Anterior and triangular nasal flaps high Carcharhinidae: Requiem sharksCarcharhinidae: 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

22 23 Origin of first dorsal fin over or slightly behind insertion of first dorsal fin over Origin of pectoral fin Bignose shark Bignose

1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 20 21 1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 Identification keys

Tiburón baboso Tiburón ハビレ 大鼻白眼鮫 (大撇仔) 高翅真鲨 Requin babosse

Carcharhinus altimus Carcharhinus

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French: Cantonese: 55 CCG Upper teeth relatively narrow narrow relatively Upper teeth Pectoral fins relatively straight fins relatively Pectoral Carcharhinidae: Requiem sharksCarcharhinidae: First dorsal fin high with mostly straight posteriordorsal fin high with mostly margin First 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 30 31 29 27 28 25 26 24

22 23 22 Galapagos shark

1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 20 21 19 20 14 10 13 3 6 1 2 Identification keys Identification

直翅真鯊 de Galápagos Tiburón 直直翅真鲨 Requin des Galapagos ガラパゴスザメ

Carcharhinus galapagensis Carcharhinus

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

56 Cantonese: 31 DUS Moderately large, curvedModerately large, pectoral fins Upper teeth relatively broad and oblique broad relatively Upper teeth Carcharhinidae: Requiem sharksCarcharhinidae: First dorsal fin low with curved dorsal fin low posterior margin First 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

22 23 Dusky shark

1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 20 21 1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 Identification keys

arenero Tiburón ドタブカ 灰色白眼鮫 大沙 Requin de sable

Carcharhinus obscurus Carcharhinus

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French: Cantonese: 57 CCE Body very stocky Short blunt snout Carcharhinidae: Requiem sharksCarcharhinidae: 24 25 26 27 28 29 34 29 27 28 25 26 24

Largest upper teeth broad, triangular and serrated broad, upper teeth Largest 22 23 22 Large second dorsal fin (larger than1/3 of first dorsal fin height) than1/3 of first fin (larger second dorsal Large Bull sharkBull

1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 20 21 19 20 14 10 13 3 6 1 2 Identification keys Identification

公牛白眼鮫 (闔目鳥) sarda Tiburón 灰六鰓鯊 Requin bouledogue ガラパゴスザメ

Carcharhinus leucas Carcharhinus

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

58 Cantonese: 31 BLR Carcharhinidae: Requiem sharksCarcharhinidae: 24 25 26 27 28 29 34 35 24 25 26 27 28 29 34

First dorsal with distinct black tip highlighted by white white distinct dorsal with by black tip highlighted First Body yellow-brown to brown-grey with pale flank stripe brown-grey to Body yellow-brown 22 23 Caudal fin with black tip on lower lobe that joins black posterior edge fin with black tip on lower Caudal Blacktip reef shark Blacktip reef 1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 20 21 1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 Identification keys

negras de puntas Tiburón ツマグロ 흑기흉상어 污翅白眼鮫 (烏翅尾仔) 乌翅真鲨 noires Requin à pointes

Carcharhinus melanopterus melanopterus Carcharhinus

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French: Cantonese: 59 CCB Carcharhinidae: Requiem sharksCarcharhinidae: Slender body and long narrow pointed snout snout pointed and long narrow Slender body Black tips on all fins except pelvic fins (NOT in juveniles) in juveniles) pelvic fins (NOT all fins except Black tips on 24 25 26 27 28 29 34 35 36 34 35 29 27 28 25 26 24

22 23 22 First dorsal fin relatively low, origin over or just behind pectoral free rear tips rear behind pectoral or just free over origin low, dorsal fin relatively First Spinner sharkSpinner

1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 20 21 19 20 14 10 13 3 6 1 2 Identification keys Identification

直齒真鯊 aleta negra Tiburón 短鰭真鯊斑鰭真鯊,蔷薇白眼鲛 Requin tisserand ハナザメ

Carcharhinus brevipinna Carcharhinus

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

60 Cantonese: 31 CCL Carcharhinidae: Requiem sharksCarcharhinidae: High or forward of pectoral fin base first dorsal fin over Black edges on first dorsal apex and dorsal caudal lobe Black edges on first dorsal apex and dorsal caudal 24 25 26 27 28 29 34 35 36 24 25 26 27 28 29 34

22 23 Black tips to pectorals, dorsals, pelvics and ventral caudal lobe (ALSO in juveniles) in caudal lobe (ALSO and ventral pelvics dorsals, pectorals, Black tips to Common Common 1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 20 21 1 2 3 6 10 13 14 19 Identification keys

オオメジロザメ 黑邊鰭白眼鮫 (黑翅尾仔) 黑梢真鲨, 污翅白眼鲛 Requin bordé

Carcharhinus limbatus limbatus Carcharhinus

Spanish: Peregrino Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French: Cantonese: 61 RMB Mobulidae: Devil rays Large black spot emanating from fifth slits gill emanating from black spot Large White shoulder patch anterior margins parallel to front of head front parallel to anterior margins patch shoulder White behind dorsal fin with embedded spine lump Calcified 38 39 38 manta Giant 1 37 1 37

Identification keys Identification

(鬼蝠魟、飛魴仔) gigante Manta オニイトマキエイ 雙吻前口蝠鱝 双吻前口蝠鱝 géante Mante Mobula birostris Mobula

Spanish:

Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

62 Cantonese: 31 RMA Mobulidae: Devil rays Small black spot emanating from fifth slits gill Small black spot emanating from very and terminal pale mouth Large, broad White shoulder patches curving inwards, not parallel to front of head front not parallel to curving shoulder patches White inwards, surface with variableVentral white dark markings 38 39 1 37 Reef manta Identification keys

ナンヨウマンタ (リーフオニイトマキエイ) 阿氏前口蝠鲼（礁蝠鲼） 阿氏前口蝠鱝 des récifs Raie mante

Mobula alfredi Mobula alfredi

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean:

Japanese: French:

Cantonese: 63 RMT Mobulidae: Devil rays Disc greyish, elongate and strongly falcate falcate strongly and elongate Disc greyish, grey;Dorsal uniform fin spine no caudal Pectoral fins strongly falcate fins strongly Pectoral ridge dorsal midline along bony Strong 38 39 38 devilray Chilean

1 37 1 37 Identification keys Identification

Manta cornuda Manta 台灣蝠魟 台湾蝠魟 chilienne Mante タイワンイトマキエイ

Mobula tarapacana Mobula

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

64 Cantonese: 31 RMM Mobulidae: Devil rays Blue-black falcate disc, front edge straight to slightly convex edge straight to Blue-black front disc, falcate tip; serrated caudal spine white Dorsal fin with prominent 38 39 devilray Giant 1 37 Identification keys

Manta mobula Manta Diable méditerranéen de mer (姬蝠魟、 无刺蝠鱝 飛魴仔、魔鬼魚) 光尾蝠鱝、印度蝠鱝 Mobula mobular Mobula mobular

Spanish:

Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

Cantonese: 65 RMO Mobulidae: Devil rays Base of tail depressed Base of tail Anterior margin of pectoral curved fins with double Anterior margin edge no caudal spine tip, white Dorsal with a prominent fin 38 40 42 40 42 38 devilray Bentfin 1 37 1 37

Identification keys Identification

無刺蝠魟、飛魴仔、鷹魴) sangre Chupa ヒメイトマキエイ 印度蝠鱝 (印度蝠魟、 光尾蝠鱝、印度蝠鱝 vampire Mante

Mobula thurstoni Mobula

Spanish:

Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

66 Cantonese: 31 RMK Mobulidae: Devil rays Caudal fin with a white tip fin with a white Caudal Base of tail quadrangular Anterior margin of pectoral fin straight or slightly convex of pectoral or slightly convex fin straight Anterior margin Disc blackish grey-brown to 38 40 42 1 37 Shortfin devilray Identification keys

Petit diable Petit 庫氏蝠鱝 库氏蝠鲼

Mobula kuhlii

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

Cantonese: 67 MRJ Rhinopteridae: Cownose rays Rhinopteridae: Cownose 43 ray cownose Javan Dorsal fin origin well behind pectoralDorsalfin insertions well origin fin Snout with a pair of broad lobes separated by a deep notch a deep by lobes separated a pair of broad Snout with edge front slightly behind pectoral eye than fins’ Spiracle larger

1 37 1 37 Identification keys Identification

gris Cañabota ウシバナトビエイ 叉頭燕魟 爪哇牛鼻鱝 javanaise Mourine

Rhinoptera javanica Rhinoptera

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

68 Cantonese: 31 PLS Dasyatidae: Stingrays stingray Pelagic 43 No dorsal fin Row of small thorns on back Flattened cone shaped disc, broad head broad cone shaped disc, Flattened 1 37 Identification keys

カラスエイ 紫魟 obispo látigo Raya 紫魟、吉勒氏魟 violette Pastenague

Pteroplatytrygon violacea

Spanish: Mandarin: Korean: Japanese: French:

Cantonese: 69

to for further detail.to for further chronological andshouldalsobereferred order pageofthissection onthenext standards andillustrations. The source documents are listed inreverse These guidelinesrepresent acompilation of WCPFC-recommended handling to isnottherole releaselandings. andrays. of anobserver thesharks It release. what mitigation procedures PIRFOsalsoreport are usedto avoid SSI the fate andcondition ofthereleased andrays sharks andnote themethodof The role ofthePacificRegional Islands (PIRFOs)is to Observers recordFisheries make theprocesses safe. onhowbe prepared equipment andinstructed to useitto withthenecessary released from directly thenetorlinewhilestillinwater. The crew should Preferablythe sharks, themfrom ornettingto thedeck. lift theyshouldbe released, theguidelinesrecommend theuseoftools suchasstretchers to carry crew safety isthetop priority. Where large anddangerous animalsare to be foras besthandlingpractices therelease andrays. ofsharks Maintaining Vessel operators andcrew are advisedby WCPFC to adopttheseguidelines whentheyare nottoreleased beretained withminimalinjury andfullyutilised. compulsory. The guidelinesshouldalsobeused for speciesto otherkeyshark be andstress. by mitigating ofinjury therisk their survival The release ofSSIsis is to create routine processes to release andrays sharks safely andenhance The ofthe objective WCPFC-recommended andray shark handlingguidelines release andrays to ofsharks sharks, rays to minimiseinjury andthecrew. andcrew ofthe observers WCPFC-recommended handlingmethodsfor the andrayThe oftheshark purpose handlingguidelinesinthismanualisto inform longliner crew and guidelines forpurse-seiner WCPFC sharkandray handling 71

Handling guidelines Step Handling guidelines 72 CMM 2010-07, (2010). Conservation and Management Measure andManagement forCMM 2010-07,(2010).Conservation II. Sharks Measure andManagement forCMM 2011-04(2011).Conservation Oceanic Measure andManagement forCMM 2012-04(2012).Conservation Protection of Measure andManagement ForCMM 2013-08.(2013).Conservation Sharks. Silky Measure andManagement ForCMM 2014-05.(2014).Conservation Sharks. WCPFC andmanagement to conservation measures sharksandrays pertaining Poisson F., Vernet A.L.,Seret B. L.2012. andDagorn Gilman E. (Ed.). for 2014.Methods longlinefishers to safely handleand release WCPFC. 2015.Guidelinesfor thesafe release ofencircled whalesharks. suppl_ for handlingpractices WCPFC. 2017.Best thesafe release ofmantas and andManarangi-Trott S.,Staisch K. Clarke L.2017.Clarification of WCPFCshark Common Oceans (ABNJ) Tuna Project. 2018.Safe release guidelinesfor sharks for handlingpractices WCPFC 15.2018.Best thesafe release (other ofsharks Grande J., M.,Murua RuizJ., Ferarios I.,Arregui J.M., I.,Zudaire H.,Krug Murua Justel-Rubio A.,Swimmer Y. andHutchinson M.2019.Graphics for besthandling Anon., . and 2019.Information paperfor conservation adraft Handling guidelines Reference sources WCPFC. WCPFC. Shark. Whitetip Whale from Sharks Purse Fishing Seine Operations. WCPFC. WCPFC. WCPFC. EB-IP-12 seiners. WCPFC-SC8-2012/ andrays ofsharks caught incidentally by thetropicalmortality tunapurse SC13-2017/ST-WP-07. WCPFC13 decisionsregarding manta andmobulid(devil)rays. WCPFC- requirements data collection designations andobserver inresponse to and rays 2018. WCPFC-SC14-2018/EB-IP-03. Report. Summary andmantas/mobulids).than whalesharks suppl_CMM2010-07. WCPFC15 California. IATTCIn: -9 programtuna purseseiners:bestpractices andbycatch releasing tools. N.andSantiago J.I., Goñi 2019.Bycatch ontropical mitigation actions forpractices thesafe release ofsharks. WCPFC-SC15-2019/EB-WP-14. inthefisheries WCPFC Convention area. WCPFC-TCC15-2019-DP05_rev management measure onmobulidrays caught inassociation with Fund, Secretariat ofthePacific Community, SafinaThe Center. unwanted andrays. sharks Luen Thai Fishing Venture, Resources Legacy CMM 2012-04, Report, WCPFC 12Summary Attachment P. Report, Summary mobulids. suppl_CMM2010-07. ,WCPFCSC13 WCPFC14 ISG-5Report. th Meeting ofthe Meeting Working Group onBycatch. Diego, San Good practices to practices reduce Good the PURSE SEINERS LLD PSD (e.g. backdown procedure, submerging corks, cuttingnet) andrays sharks Release whenever whiletheyare possible stillfree-swimming them usingahook andline. For net, consider that sharks cannotbereleased removing from thepurse-seine LLN PSN DOs and DON’Ts forDOs andDON’Ts longlinercrew crew forDOs andDON’Ts purse-seiner PSD2 PSD1 73

Handling guidelines Step Handling guidelines PSD3 PSD4 74 two people, oronepersonusingboth best to handleandrelease themwith carefully. thiscanbedonesafely, If itis fragile andneedto behandledvery Generally, andrays smallsharks are orhandledbylifted thecrew. deck railing, withouttheneedto be tothat anopeningonthetop connects onarampdirectly heldupat anangle also bereleased thebrail by emptying vessel layout allows, could thesesharks or canvas slingorsimilardevice cargo net large-mesh a purpose-built it ispreferable theyare released using safelybe lifted by handoutofthebrail, For andrays sharks that are too large to members usingastretcher bed. safelytransported ondeckby two crew andraysMedium-size sharks canbe hands. . If the If into the gill slits. hands do notinsert oraraya shark and kick notgaffor Do soon aspossible. rays. themto theseaas Return finished to and release sharks notwaitDo until haulingis ray’s body. through theshark’s or notcutorpunchholes Do with nonettingattached. aspossible sea asquickly andrelease itto the cut thenetaway from the if safe to doso, carefully When entangled innetting, by theheadlobes. not pullarayDo PSD5 PSN3 PSN2 PSN1 75

Handling guidelines Step Handling guidelines LONGLINERS LLD1 LLD3 LLD2 76 to theanimal). meters oflineattached leaving lessthan0.5 hook aspossible(ideally gear ascloseto the line cutter to cutthe hook oralong-handled dehooker to remove the water, ifpossible. Use a they are stillinthe andrayssharks while is to release all The preference deck as quickly aspossible. deck asquickly andrays allsharks Release brought on to thesea. gently return theanimal line at thehookand bolt cutters orcutthe either cutthehookwith hooks are embedded, by usingadehooker. If much gearaspossible board andremove as iton in adipnet, bring to beaccommodated or ray issmallenough difficult, andtheshark water proves to be inthe de-hooking If cover hatches/hoppers onpurseseiners;long-handledcutters anddehookers onlongliners). advance (e.g. canvas thatKnowing any fishingoperation may catch or sharks rays, several tools canbeprepared in ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS Install grid to coverInstall hatches/hoppers Example ofstretcher use visible. that isdeeplyingested andnot Do notattempt to dislodge ahook animal from theline. to removeagainst any surface the oraray ashark notstrike Do , net slings or stretchers for carrying or lifting; large meshnetorgrid to, netslingsorstretchers orlifting; for carrying LLN2 LLN1 body part. Do notcutthetail orany other pulling sharplyonthebranchline. toDo nottry remove ahookby gill slits. handsinto the insert and donot orarayshark a or kick notgaff Do LLN4 LLN3 LLN5 AR2 AR1 77

Handling guidelines Step FAMILY INDEX

SHARKS RAYS

ALOPIIDAE p. 33–35 DASYATIDAE p. 69 CARCHARHINIDAE p. 45–61 MOBULIDAE p. 62–67 CETORHINIDAE p. 37 RHINOPTERIDAE p. 68 DALATIIDAE p. 26–27 HEXANCHIDAE p. 24 LAMNIDAE p. 38–41 MEGACHASMIDAE p. 42 ODONTASPIDIDAE p. 44 PSEUDOCARCHARIIDAE p. 43 RHINCODONTIDAE p. 36 SOMNIOSIDAE p. 25 SPHYRNIDAE p. 28–31

FAO CODE INDEX

ALS Silvertip shark p. 49 OCS Oceanic whitetip shark p. 48 ALV Thresher shark p. 35 ODH Bigeye sandtiger shark p. 44 AML Grey reef shark p. 51 PLS Pelagic stingray p. 69 BLR Blacktip reef shark p. 59 POR Porbeagle shark p. 39 BRO Bronze whaler p. 52 PSK Crocodile shark p. 43 BSH Blue shark p. 47 PTH p. 34 BSK Basking shark p. 37 RHN Whale shark p. 36 BTH Bigeye thresher p. 33 RMA Reef manta p. 63 CCA Bignose shark p. 55 RMB Giant manta p. 62 CCB Spinner shark p. 60 RMK Shortfin devilray p. 67 CCE Bull shark p. 58 RMM Giant devilray p. 65 CCG Galapagos shark p. 56 RMO Bentfin devilray p. 66 CCL Common blacktip shark p. 61 RMT Chilean devilray p. 64 CCP Sandbar shark p. 54 SCK Black shark p. 27 DUS Dusky shark p. 57 SMA p. 40 EUB Winghead shark p. 28 SPK Great hammerhead p. 31 FAL Silky shark p. 53 SPL Scalloped hammerhead p. 30 HXT Bluntnose sixgill shark p. 24 SPZ Smooth hammerhead p. 29 ISB Cookie-cutter shark p. 26 SSQ Velvet dogfish p. 25 LMA Longfin mako shark p. 41 TIG Tiger shark p. 46 LMP Megamouth shark p. 42 TRB White tip reef shark p. 45 MRJ Javan cownose ray p. 68 WSH Great white shark p. 38 Indexes 78 SPECIES INDEX Isistius brasiliensis Hexanchus griseus Grey reef shark Great white shark Great hammerhead Giant manta Giant devilray Galeocerdo cuvier shark Galapagos Eusphyra blochii shark Dusky licha Dalatias Crocodile shark shark Cookie-cutter Common blacktip shark Chilean devilray Cetorhinus maximus Carcharodon carcharias Carcharhinus plumbeus Carcharhinus obscurus Carcharhinus melanopterus Carcharhinus longimanus Carcharhinus limbatus Carcharhinus leucas Carcharhinus galapagensis Carcharhinus falciformis Carcharhinus brevipinna Carcharhinus brachyurus Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos Carcharhinus altimus Carcharhinus albimarginatus Bull shark Bronze whaler Bluntnose sixgill shark Blue shark Blacktip reef shark Black shark Bignose shark Bigeye thresher Bigeye sandtigershark Bentfin devilray shark Basking Alopias vulpinus Alopias superciliosus Alopias pelagicu s p. 61 p. 64 p. 37 p. 38 p. 54 p. 57 p. 59 p. 48 p. 61 p. 58 p. 56 p. 53 p. 60 p. 52 p. 51 p. 55 p. 49 p. 58 p. 52 p. 24 p. 47 p. 59 p. 27 p. 55 p. 33 p. 44 p. 66 p. 37 p. 35 p. 33 p. 34 p. 26 p. 24 p. 51 p. 38 p. 31 p. 62 p. 65 p. 46 p. 56 p. 28 p. 57 p. 27 p. 43 p. 26 Mobula mobular Mobula kuhlii Mobula birostris Mobula alfredi shark Megamouth Megachasma pelagios Longfin makoshark Lamna nasus shark Kitefin Javan cownose ray Isurus paucus Isurus oxyrinchus Zameus squamulosus Winghead shark White tipreef shark Whale shark Velvet dogfish Triaenodon obesus Tiger shark Thresher shark Spinner shark Sphyrna zygaena Sphyrna mokarran Sphyrna lewini Smooth Silvertip shark Silky makoshark Shortfin devilray Shortfin hammerhead Scalloped shark Sandbar Rhinoptera javanica typus Rhincodon mantaReef violacea Pteroplatytrygon Pseudocarcharias kamoharai Prionace glauca Porbeagle shark Pelagic thresher Pelagic stingray noronhai Odontaspis Oceanic whitetip shark Mobula thurstoni Mobula tarapacana p. 65 p. 67 p. 62 p. 63 p. 42 p. 42 p. 41 p. 39 p. 27 p. 68 p. 41 p. 40 p. 25 p. 28 p. 45 p. 36 p. 25 p. 45 p. 46 p. 35 p. 60 p. 29 p. 31 p. 30 p. 29 p. 49 p. 53 p. 40 p. 67 p. 30 p. 54 p. 68 p. 36 p. 63 p. 69 p. 43 p. 47 p. 39 p. 34 p. 69 p. 44 p. 48 p. 66 p. 64 79

Indexes Step Glossary 80 snout serrated protrusible posterior mottled lunate lateral interdorsal ridge inconspicuous homocercal heterocercal flank falcate dorsal disc dichotomous denticle convex conspicuous concave bycatch apex anterior ventral terminal subterminal spiracle GLOSSARY region furthest fromregion themedianplane furthest lobes, column withthevertebral passinginto theupperlobe columnthe vertebral passinginto theupperlobe tail or entities fish. placoid scaleofcartilaginous opposite ofconcave opposite ofconvex opposite ofposterior the nostrils the nostrils opposite ofanterior (synonyms: homocercal, crescent shaped) lobes, column withthevertebral passing into theupperlobe part of a shark orray ofashark infront ofthemouthandeyes,part including having ordenotingajaggededge;sawlike capable ofbeingthrustforward, asthetongue backinposition; ofornearer therear orhindend; further withspotsorsmearsofcolourmarked (of thecaudalfin)having more orlessequalupperandlower situated ononesideorotherofthebody, especiallyinthe between thefirstandsecond dorsalfins ofskin a ridge not prominent orreadily noticeable; opposite ofconspicuous (of thecaudalfin)having more orlessequalupperandlower (of thecaudalfin)having unequalupperandlower lobes, with andthehip the sideofbodybetween theribs hooked likeasickle; curved opposite ofventralthe uppersideorbackofbody; (of rays) dorsalorventral excluding bodysurface, headand divided into two mutuallyexclusive groups orcontradictory andrays; ofsharks a small, tooth-like ontheskin structure ofacircle liketheexterior orsphere;having anoutlinecurved visible;oppositeclearly ofinconspicuous liketheinterior ofacirclehaving anoutlinecurved orsphere; speciescaughtfish orothermarine unintentionally pointthe uppermost nearer thefront ofthebody, ornearer to theheadorforepart; the underside of the body; opposite ofdorsal the underside of thebody; at theendofsomething positioned nearbutnotat theend ofsomething respiratory opening external