Jurnal Ilmu Budaya Vol. 3, No. 4, Oktober 2019 e-ISSN 2549-7715 Hal: 504-517 SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ON PETER PARKER AND SPIDERMAN IN THE FILM SPIDER-MAN 1 (2002) Muhammad Asri Devandi1,*, Satyawati Surya2, Anjar Dwi Astuti3 1 Department of English Literature, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Mulawaman University 2,3 Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Mulawaman University * E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT There were two objectives in this study. First was to find out the types of social action performed by Peter Parker both as himself and his other identity as the hero, Spider-Man. In this objective, Weber’s types of social action was used to find out Peter Parker’s types of social action. Meanwhile, the second was to explore the way Peter Parker behaved in his front-stage as the Spider-Man and in his back-stage as his true self. Goffman’s dramaturgy theory was used to explore Peter Parker’s behaviours in his front and back stages. The form of this study was a qualitative research for this study used words as its data taken from Spider-Man 1 (2002) film script. The result of this study showed that there were four types of social action performed by Peter Parker and his behaviours during the two stages were based on his two different identites, as the real Peter Parker and as the Spider-Man. Peter Parker performed four types of Weber’s social action: (1) rational instrumental social action; (2) rational value social action; (3) affective social action; and (4) traditional social actions. Peter Parker’s behaviours were divided according to which stage he was playing at the moment. In his front-stage, Peter Parker behaved according to his role as the hero, Spider-Man. While, in his back-stage, Peter Parker behaved as his real and usual self, the photographer. Keywords: sociology, social action, dramaturgy ABSTRAK Terdapat dua tujuan dalam penelitian ini. Pertama untuk mencari tahu mengenai tipe-tipe tindakan sosial yang dilakukan oleh Peter Parker baik sebagai dirinya sendiri maupun sebagai seorang pahlawan bernama Spider-Man. Dalam tujuan yang pertama, teori Weber mengenai tipe-tipe tindakan sosial digunakan untuk mencari tahu tipe-tipe tindakan sosial apa yang dilakukan oleh Peter Parker. Disisi lain, tujuan yang kedua yaitu untuk mengekplorasi bagaimana Peter Parker berperilaku dalam front- stage (panggung depan) sebagai Spider-Man dan back-stage (panggung belakang) sebagai dirinya sendiri. Teori dramaturgi milik Goffman digunakan untuk mengeksplorasi perilaku Peter Parker dalam dua panggung miliknya, panggung depan dan belakang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan kata-kata sebagai datanya yang diambil dari skrip film Spider-Man 1 (2002). Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat empat tipe tindakan sosial yang dilakukan oleh Peter Parker dan bentuk perilakunya berdasarkan dua identitas berbeda yang dimiliki Peter Parker yaitu sebagai Peter Parker yang biasanya dan sebagai si pahlawan Spider-Man. Peter Parker melakukan empat tipe tindakan sosial seperti yang dijelaskan oleh Weber: (1) tindakan sosial instrumental rasional; (2) 504 Jurnal Ilmu Budaya Vol. 3, No. 4, Oktober 2019 e-ISSN 2549-7715 Hal: 504-517 tindakan sosial nilai rasional; (3) tindakan sosial afektif; dan (4) tindakan sosial tradisional. Perilaku Peter Parker dibagi berdasarkan panggung mana yang akan ia mainkan perannya. Di panggung depannya, Peter Parker berperilaku sesuai dengan perannya sebagai si pahlawan Spider-Man. Sementara itu, di panggung belakangnya, Peter Parker berperilaku sebagai dirinya yang biasanya dam sebagai seorang fotografer. Kata kunci: sosiologi, tindakan sosial, dramaturgi A. INTRODUCTION Humans are social beings. They need social aspects such as values or norms to guide and direct their behavior, to provide order and predictability in social relationships and to make sense of and understanding each other’s actions in their interactions with one another (McLeod). Good and bad behaviors happen because of an interaction between the individual with another individual or groups. A neighborhood or any forms of social group can also directly affect a social behavior of an individual. Studying human behavior is a part of discipline, called sociology. Human behaviour covered its social actions, interactions to their societal enviroment that influneced their lives. Weber classifies the social action into four types: rational instrumental social action, rational value social action, affective social action, and traditional social action (115). Each social action occurs in the life of society and it is related to individual, group or society. Weber’s theory contains both ethics and social values. While social interaction among humans is being seen as a theatrical performance where people in everyday life act as actors on a stage, in which a variety of roles is played by people (Goffman 70). Based on the explanation of Weber and Goffman about humans’ social actions and interactions in daily life, this study concerned on analysing the types of social action and behaviours of Peter Parker as the main character in Spider-Man 1 (2002) film. B. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1. Weber’s Social Action Social action is defined as a behavior to which human beings attach a specific meaning or set of meaning that is guided by or taken account of the behavior of other human beings both individual and group (Weber 115). Generally, human performs the social action to reach a certain purpose or goals. Weber also classifies four types of social action as follow: a. Rational Instrumental Social Action Rational instrumental social action is a system of discrete individual ends stated through expectations as to the behaviour of objects in the external situation and of other human individuals, making use of these expectation as ‘conditions’ or ‘means’ for the successful attainment of the actor’s own rationally chosen ends (Weber 115). It means that the actions are undertaken to reach a certain goal. Here, the indicators of rational instrumental of social action are evaluating different anticipated alternative result, choosing the best alternative action, evaluating the judgement of the desired positive result, and achieving certain goal. b. Rational Value Social Action Weber states that rational value social action is related to the value in the society (115). That in term of rational orientation to an obsolete value, it involves conscious beliefs in the absolute value of some ethical, aesthetic, religious, or other form of behaviour, 505 Jurnal Ilmu Budaya Vol. 3, No. 4, Oktober 2019 e-ISSN 2549-7715 Hal: 504-517 entirely for its own sake and independently of any prospects of external success (115). So, the indicators of this social action are using conscious beliefs in the absolute value, evaluating action based on a value judgement relating with norm in the society, and considering the action based on the aspect of normative and moral value. c. Affective Social Action In term of affectual orientation, especially emotional, is determined by the specific affects and states of feeling of the actor (Weber 115). Thomas states affectual action does not arise from deliberation because affectual action is more to individual problems. Yang states that emotions are spontaneous, self-induced, or externally produced self-feelings, such as positive feelings of love, loyalty, pride, joy, and enthusiasm while negative feelings such as hatred, sympathy, fear, anger, sorrow, sadness, jealousy, shame, and dejection. Yang further points out that emotions have a distinct social character: however they often occur in social situations and arise out of social interactions. d. Traditional Social Action Weber states traditionally oriented through the habituation of long practice of the tradition and the custom (115). Adekola in his article states every society, group or entity evolves with certain identities or ways of life, which is often referred to as culture (120). Culture goes with a set standard or code of behaviour which embedded in the customs, traditions, values, norms of the society: for culture to be truly a complete way of life (120). In this part, traditional social actions are more established based on the tradition and the custom. Adekola defines tradition refers to the beliefs, objects, or customs performed or believed in the past, originating in it, transmitted through time by being taught by one generation to the next, and are performed or believed in the present (121). Traditions are often presumed to be ancient, unalterable, and deeply important, though they may sometimes be much less “natural” than is presumed, and also in the practice, belief or object be seen as traditional (121). Traditional action is conducted or celebrated with lot of people so, it can be a tradition conducted in a particular day celebration or a death ceremony. No. Types Definitions Indicators Examples 1. Rational The social Evaluating action based Freddy works instrumental actions/or on different anticipated as a shop social action behaviors are alternative results. keeper to get established to Choosing the best some money. reach a certain alternative ways. The money will goal by using a Judging the desired be used to help certain instrument. positive results. poor people. Achieving a certain goal. 2. Rational value The social Using conscious beliefs Some young social action actions/behaviors in the absolute value. mosque activist are performed by a Evaluating action based are working conscious belief in on a value judgement together to the absolute values relating with norm in the clean mosque in the society. society. without Considering action payment. based on the aspect of 506 Jurnal Ilmu Budaya Vol. 3, No. 4, Oktober 2019 e-ISSN 2549-7715 Hal: 504-517 normative and moral value. 3. Affective social The social Using specific affects A girl is angry action actions/behaviors in doing social action. and slaps a are determined by Using states of civilian in a bus the person/actor’s feelings in doing social because he specific affects and action. touches her states of feelings. chin and she finds it disturbing.