THE MASONTOWN AND UNIONTOWN QUADRANGLES

By Marius R. Campbell.

GEOGRAPHY. [Latitude 39° 53' 15.11". Longitude 79° 38' 38.67".] WYMP, MONONGALIA COUNTY, W. VA. PROSPECT, FAYETTE COUNTY. On high summit 1 mile southwest of Wymp Gap, in About If miles southeast of Eedstone and 7 miles To station Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. LOCATION OF THE QUADRANGLES. Chestnut Eidge, about 9 miles air-line distance north­ northeast'of Brownsville, on a flat, bald hill having a east of Morgantown, "W". Va., and 16 miles south of large apple tree on summit. The land is owned by the a 1 ll Meters. heirs of Thomas Murphy and is occupied by J. C. Murphy, By reference to the key map on the cover of 97 12 12 7 277 03 28.5 4.2915497 Uniontown, Pa. of Eedstone. the folio, it will be seen that the Masontown and Work...... 170 44 31.3 850 43 35.0 4.1119491 Station mark: A stone post 36 by 12 by 12 inches, set Station mark: A stone post 40 by 8 by 8 inches, set Union town quadrangles are adjacent and are flush with surface of ground, in the center of top of which is cemented a copper bolt. 36 inches in the ground, in the center of top of which located in the southwestern part of Pennsylvania. KEENER, FAYETTE COUNTY. is cemented a bronze tablet marked a U. S. Geological [Latitude 39° 42' 57.71". Longitude 79° 45' 40.28".] They extend from latitude 39° 45' on the south to About 8 miles west of Uniontown, 1| miles north of Survey Pennsylvania." 40° on the north, and from longitude 79° 30' on the McClellandtown, and 23.3 feet west of a lone locust tree To station Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. [Latitude 40° 03' 15.98". Longitude 79° 47' 19.34".] east to 80° on the west. Each includes one-six­ on a bare knob owned by Ben Keener, who lives 300 yards south of station. To station Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. teenth of a square degree of the earth's surface, 0 / /' Meters. and they cover an aggregate area of 458 square Station mark: A stone post 40 by 8 by 8 inches, set St. Glair ...... 78 48 54.2 258 42 43.2 A. 14.Q4-31Q 36 inches in the ground, in the center of top of which is Morley 94 13 55.6 274 03 51.4 4.3536430 0 / // 0 / // Meters. miles. Keener :...... 23 38 12.3 203 35 01.7 4.2448965 cemented a bronze tablet marked "IT. S. Geological Pondfield...... 214 23 09.0 34 25 25.3 3.9532404 The quadrangles lie entirely within the State of 74 26 58.4 254 22 24 1 4.0209121 Survey Pennsylvania." Mellon...... 261 57 14.8 82 07 39.3 4.8709214 Pennsylvania, their southern boundary extending Eeference mark: A stone post 36 by 12 by 12 inches, to within 2 miles of the West Virginia Areaand set 34 inches in the ground, in the center of top of WORK, FAYETTE COUNTY. ST. CLAIB, MONONGALIA COUNTY, W. VA. which is cemented an aluminum bolt; azimuth from line. The major portion of the terri- ^vision's On land owned by John Work, about 5 miles west of tory belongs to Fayette County, but station, 275° 27' j distance, 20 feet. In a pasture on a bald hill owned by Mr. E. H. St. Glair, about 4 miles northeast of Morgantown and 1J Connellsville and 9 miles north of Uniontown. A row [Latitude 39° 54' 33.86". Longitude 79° 52' 16.00".] the Masontown quadrangle extends west across miles south of Stewartstown. of locust trees crosses top of hill along a north-south Monongahela River and includes a part of Greene Station mark: A bronze tablet countersunk and fence. County and the extreme southeast corner of Wash­ To station- Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. cemented in a dressed stone 42 by 12 by 12 inches, set Station mark: A stone post 36 by 8 by 8 inches, set ington County. The quadrangles are named from flush with surface of ground. 30 inches in the ground, in the center of top of which a 1 il Meters. is cemented a bronze tablet marked "TJ. S. Geological the most important ,towns within their boundaries. Fast ...... 10 45 03.1 190 44 15.0 3.9804006 [Latitude 39° 41' 28.58". Longitude 70° 55' 21.04".] Survey Pennsylvania." T^n v\f A"\r 51 08 33.2 231 04 02.8 4 10Q7QR4. Eeference mark: A nail driven at foot of locust tree TRIAlSTGULATIOlSr POINTS. 93 07 26.3 273 01 04.2 4.1512351 To station Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. 25! feet distant, magnetic bearing of which is N. 30° E. 166 57 58.6 346 56 35.3 4. 1346 i 30 [Latitude 40° 00'09.20". Longitude. 79° 40'06.44".] The exact location of these quadrangles with "Pv/~* c Y~\ A f* "t" 203 35 01.7 23 38 12.3 4. 244R8fif! a 1 n Meters. reference to latitude and longitude is determined Work...... 239 05 15.9 59 13 04.4 4.3047205 Morley ...... 116 48 34.2 296 44 41.3 3.9880410 To station Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. from certain points the position of which has been 277 03 28.5 97 12 12.7 4.2915497 TP n i*li" c*~\r 160 46 31.0 340 43 59.6 A OQO7Q/lft Fast ...... 190 00 37.0 10 01 47.4 4. 1777734. ascertained accurately by triangulation. The 0 / /' Meters. survey of the two quadrangles is controlled by FAST, FAYETTE COUNTY. Wymp,...... 258 42 43.2 78 48 54.2 4. 14.Q4.R1Q * TTpp-npt" 59 13 04.4 239 05 15.9 4.3047205 98 17 22.0 278 08 09.5 4 3136372 five triangulation stations located within their About 2 miles southeast of Masontown, on road to . MORLEY, GREENE COUNTY. 350 43 35.0 170 44 31 3 4.1119491 boundaries and eight other stations situated in Smithfield, 8 feet north of an east-west fence on land close proximity thereto. For the convenience of owned by Mr. Fast, who lives about 300 yards south of On a flat, bald ridge owned by D. W. Morley, 1 mile engineers the following descriptions of these sta­ station. southeast of Bald Hill and one-half mile north of Penn­ PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC RELATIONS. Station mark: A stone post 36 by 10 by 10 inches, sylvania-West Virginia line. There are few trees under tions are given, together with the triangulation set 36 inches in the ground, in the center of top of which brow of hill on east side. In their physiographic and geologic relations data from which their positions have been deter­ is cemented a bronze tablet marked "U. S. Geological Station mark: A stone post 42 by 12 by 12 inches, set these quadrangles form a part of the Appalachian mined: Survey Pennsylvania." flush with surface of ground, in the center of top of which province, which extends from the Atlantic Coastal is cemented a copper bolt. PROSPECT [Latitude 39° 49' 29.36". Longitude 79° 53' 30.97".] Plain on the east to the Mississippi lowlands on [Latitude 39° 43' 50.65". Longitude 80° 01' 25.65".] the west, and from central Alabama to Canada. To station Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. To station Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. THE APPALACHIAN PROVINCE. Meters. With respect to the topography and the atti­ St. Glair ...... 10 01 47.4 190^00 37.0 4.1777734 o / - /; 0 1 II Meters. M^orlev 47 17 02 2 227 11 58.5 4.1871165 T^iTplrpv 194 30 55.5 14 32 17.4 4.0842057 tude of the rocks, the Appalachian province may Tm'Trpv 99 01 56.6 278 58 14.5 3.9215699 Fast ...... 227 11 58.5 47 17 02 2 4.1871165 be divided into two nearly equal parts by a line 129 24 42 4 309 19 08.7 4.2041975 Wymp...... 274 03 51.4 94 13 55.6 4.3536192 which follows the Allegheny Front throughout K^eener 1 Qft /I A 1 ^ 0 10 45 03.1 3.9804006 St. Glair...... 296 44 41.3 116 48 34.2 3.9880410 Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia and the eastern escarpment of the Cumberland Plateau TURKEY, GREENE COUNTY. JEFFERSON, GREENE COUNTY. across Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama. About 1 mile north of Sigsbee and 4 miles south of About 1 mile southeast of Jefferson, on a high, bald East of this line the rocks are greatly disturbed knob owned by Lawrence Kraft. Carmichaels, on Turkey Knob, in a cultivated field by faults and folds and in many places they are owned by Leroy Hartley. Station mark: A stone post 36 by 8 by 8 inches, Station mark: A stone post 42 by 10 by 10 inches, set set 36 inches in the ground, in the center of which is so metamorphosed that the determina­ flush with surface of ground, in the center of top of which cemented a bronze tablet marked "U. S. Geological tion of their original character is diffi- is cemented a bronze tablet marked "U. S. Geological Survey Pennsylvania.'' cult. West of the line the rocks are FIG. 1. Diagram showing triangulation stations upon which ,. 111 T irt i raphy which the survey of the quadrangles is based. Survey Pennsylvania.' ? [Latitude 39° 54' 58 46". Longitude 80° 02' 11.35".] less disturbed ); theyJ lie nearlyJ flat,> and subdivisions.distinguish [Latitude 39° 50' 11.72". Longitude 79° 59' 17.60".] the few folds which break the regular­ . ' PONDFIELD, FAYETTE COUNTY. To station Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. ity of the structure are so broad that they are On a high timbered summit of Chestnut Bidge, about To station Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. scarcely appreciable. 4 miles air-line distance south of Fairchance and one-half Of/' Meters. The general topographic features of the north­ 0 1 II 0 I'll Krepp ...... 221 23 32 6 41 28 31.9 4 2228713 mile north of Robert Rankin's house. Theodolite was Meters. TYT<"VI*1 AV 14 32 17.4 194 30 55.5 4.0842057 273 01 04.2 93 07 26.3 4.1512351 ern part of the province are well illustrated by elevated 25 feet and lines of sight were cut through T A~fiPA i*cr^ TI 154 58 31.5 334 56 40.0 3.9895121 TPdcf 309 19 08.7 129 24 42 4 4.2041975 fig. 27, Illustration sheet. East of the dividing timber toward other stations. Kfepp ...... 197 57 02.7 18 00 10.1 4.3515150 ^PlTptpV 334 56 40.0 154 58 31.5 3.9895121 Station mark: A stone post 36 by 12 by 12 inches, line the topography consists of alternating ridges 231 04 02.8 51 08 33.2 4.1097964 set flush with surface of ground, in the center of top of and valleys, designated the Greater Appalachian. Fast ;...... 278 58 14.5 99 01 56.6 3.9215699 which is cemented a copper bolt; 3 feet south of stump. KREPP, WASHINGTON COUNTY. Valley, and of a slightly dissected upland, like St. Glair ...... 340 43 59.6 160 46 31.0 4.2327348 About 1J miles northwest of Brownsville, on a promi­ the Piedmont Plain of eastern North Carolina and [Latitude 39° 46' 57.92". Longitude 79° 42' 07.17".] nent and well-known bald knob owned by James Mck- Virginia. West of the line the surface is com­ MELLON, FAYETTE COUNTY. son. posed of more or less elevated plateaus, broken by To station Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. About 2 miles north of Markleysb'urg and 600 feet Station mark: A sandstone post 40 by 8 by 8 inches, a few ridges, where minor folds have affected the north of Mellon's store, on hill covered with timber. set 36 inches in the ground, in the center of top of which Meters. Theodolite raised 18 feet on stump of tree and lines of is cemented a bronze tablet marked "U. S. Geological rocks, and is greatly dissected by streams. In Wymp ...... 34 25 25.2 214 23 09.0 3.9532404 sight cut out to other stations. Survey Pennsylvania." contradistinction from the lowlands of the Mis­ Mellon ...... 282 48 22 5 102 56 31.1 4.2706993 sissippi Valley west of the province and the Station mark: A stone post 36 by 12 by 12 inches, set [Latitude 40° 01'44.55". Longitude 79° 54'25.69".] flush with surface of ground, in the center of top of which regularly alternating ridges and valleys on the is cemented a copper bolt. f DUNBAR, FAYETTE COUNTY. To station Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. east, this part of the province has been called by [Latitude 39° 44' 43.18". Longitude 79° 29' 23.30".] Powell the Allegheny Plateaus. The Masontown On a bald summit of Chestnut Eidge, one-fourth mile o.i- It Meters. and Uniontown quadrangles are entirely within east of State Orphan School and about 5 miles by wagon T f* "flP A VC/^T1 41 28 31.9 221 23 32.6 To station Azimuth. Back azimuth. Log. distance. 4 2228714 the western division of the province. road southeast of Uniontown. "P TV* c n o/"»"f" 254 22 24 1 74 26 58.4 4.0209121 Station mark: A stone post 42 by 8 by 8 inches, set 0 III a l II Meters, "Work?...... 278 08 09.5 98 17 22.0 4.3136372 ALLEGHENY PLATEAUS. 36 inches in the ground, in the center of which is "K" ^ ATI A"l* Wymp ...... 82 07 39.3 261 57 14.8 4.3709214 346 56 35.3 98 17 22.0 4.1346730 The Allegheny . Plateaus are characterized by cemented a bronze tablet marked "TJ. S. Geological Pondfield...... 102 56 31.1 282 48 22 5 4.2706993 nPiTrlrAv 18 00 10.1 197 57 02.7 4.3515150 Survey Pennsylvania .''* distinctive types of geologic structure, of surface features, and of drainage arrangement, which are ward-flowing streams not only drain the Alle­ is more difficult to determine. It appears to rise line is the so-called mountain region of western described below. gheny Plateaus, but many of them have their from an altitude of 700 or 800 feet in Indiana to Pennsylvania. In the southern part of the State Geologic structure of Allegheny Plateaus. sources upon the summit of the Blue Ridge and 1000 feet in Ohio, 1200 to 1300 feet in southwest­ the most westerly mountain ridge bears several The structure of the Allegheny Plateaus is com­ cross the Greater Appalachian Valley as well as ern Pennsylvania, and probably 1600 to 1800 feet names. North of Youghiogheny River it is paratively simple. The strata lie nearly flat and the Allegheny Plateaus. It is probable that this throughout the northern part of the State and the known as Chestnut Ridge, and south of that their regularity is broken only by small faults drainage has been readjusted also, but the changes southern part of New York. stream it is usually called Laurel Ridge. and low, broad folds which usually .have little occurred much farther back in geologic time than The surface features of this plateau are variable, Parallel with the Chestnut-Laurel ridge and _. effect upon the general structural features of the the change which has taken place in the northern but there is not so much diversity as in the higher distant about 12 miles to the southeast The moun- region. part of the province. The original divide between plateau. In Kentucky and Tennessee it is pre­ is Laurel Hill, one of the most pro- The most pronounced fold is a low, broad arch, some of the streams flowing into Mississippi River served in large areas as a nearly featureless plain, nounced mountain ridges of this region. mi i T i ,1 TT vania; the known as the Cincinnati anticline. The main and those draining southward into the Gulf was but in other States it was less perfectly developed 1ms rid^e° does not occur in the Union- Laurel ridge, axis of the fold enters the Allegheny probably along the eastern margin of the Alle­ and has suffered greatly from dissection since it town quadrangle, but the high land aSdrLig"ni4r Plateaus from the direction of Chicago, gheny Plateaus, but through some crustal move­ was elevated. along the National Pike in the south- Valley- a i i basins and but a minor told irom the western end theing interven=arch. ment the westward-flowing streams secured an West of the Highland Plateau there is a third east corner of the quadrangle lies upon its flank. of Lake Erie joins the major axis near advantage over those flowing to the south and plain which is developed in the Central Basin of Both ridges are deeply trenched by Youghio­ the type locality. From Cincinnati the axis of the drainage from the southern part of the Greater Tennessee and in the western portion of Kentucky gheny River, which cuts through the Chestnut- the anticline passes due south to Lexington, Ky., Appalachian Valley was directed to the Missis­ and Indiana. Laurel ridge above Connellsville in the northeast and there curves to the southwest, parallel with sippi Basin. corner of the Uniontown quadrangle and through the Appalachian Valley, as far as Nashville, Tenn. Surface relief of Allegheny Plateaus. As the TOPOGRAPHY OF THE QUADE ANGLES. Laurel Hill above Ohiopyle, which is located

Its maximum development is in the vicinity of name Allegheny Plateaus implies, the surface of DRAINAGE. east of the eastern edge of the territory. Cheat Lexington, where the Trenton limestone is exposed this division of the province is composed of a River also has cut a deep, narrow gorge through at the surface at an altitude of 1000 feet above number of plateaus. The highest and most The size and arrangement of the streams which the Chestnut-Laurel ridge a few miles south of sea level. In Tennessee it again swells out into extensive plateau lies along the south- drain a region are prominent factors in both its this territory in West Virginia. . ,, -, T . . :. The high topographic development and its usefulness to a dome-like structure which is represented topo­ eastern margino 01 ^the division and formerplateau; ex= its The altitude of the Chestnut-Laurel ridge graphically by the Central Basin of Tennessee. extends throughout its length. This man. The part which the streams have played varies from about 1900 feet above sea level on This anticline separates the Allegheny Plateaus feature is very old and consequently remnants- in shaping the surface features of these quadran­ the edge of the Youghiogheny gap to 2778 feet into two structural basins, which are best known is so greatly dissected that its plateau character gles is important, but it will be discussed in a at Pondfield triangulation station, near the head from the coal fields which they contain. The is not always apparent. Its surface rises from section devoted to that subject. The effect of of Hector Hollow, in the southern part of the western basin extends far beyond the limit of the beneath the Cretaceous cover in central Alabama main drainage lines upon human affairs is readily Uniontown quadrangle. From this high point province, and contains the Eastern Interior coal at a height of 500 feet above sea level. From seen in the industrial development that generally the altitude of the summit decreases southward field of Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky. The this altitude it ascends to 1700 feet at Chatta­ marks the river valleys of western Pennsylvania. to the gorge of Cheat River. Laurel Hill is low eastern basin lies entirely within the limits of the nooga, 2400 feet at Cumberland Gap, 3500 feet Monongahela River is the principal stream in near the southern margin of this quadrangle, but Allegheny Plateaus, and is generally known as at New River, and probably 4000 feet at its cul­ the Uniontown and Masontown quadrangles. Its it increases in altitude toward the north, so that the Appalachian coal field. minating point in central West Virginia. From upper valley is not marked by so much mining north of Youghiogheny River it rises to as great By reference to the map (fig. 28) showing the this point it descends to about 2800 feet on the and manufacturing as characterize the lower a height as the Chestnut-Laurel ridge. northern extremity of the coal basin, it will be southern line of Pennsylvania, and 2300 to 2400 course of the stream, but the time will come when Between these two ridges is a strip of country seen that the Uniontown and Masontown quad­ feet in the central part of the State. North of mines will be opened and manufacturing plants that is a few hundred feet lower, in altitude than rangles are situated well within the boundaries this point the plateau is widely developed in the established along the river in this territory. the summits of the ridges on either side. It is of the latter field, hence a somewhat detailed northern counties of Pennsylvania and throughout During ordinary stages of water the stream generally spoken of as the Ligonier Valley, from description is necessary in order to present a southern New York, and it ranges in altitude is not navigable, but by means of a the town of this name in Westmpreland County. series of locks and dams steamboats Across this broad valley, as well as the adjacent clear idea of the geologic features of the quad­ from 2000 to 2400 feet. gation and rangles. The surface of this 'topographic feature is best andi coal11 barges can make-i thej i passage ridges, Youghiogheny River has cut a ^orge from Since the Appalachian coal field lies in a canoe- preserved in Alabama and Tennessee, where it from Pittsburg, Pa., to Morgantown, 600 to 1300 feet in depth. ThQ tributary .streams shaped basin, the strata around its margin dip constitutes the Cumberland Plateau. North of W. Va., at any season of the year, except when both of this system and of Cheat River have also prevented by ice. ogenerally J toward the center of the field. Structuralc+ . , Tennessee it doubtless was once well developed, cut deep V-shaped valleys, leaving the upland This is particularly noticeable on the but now is difficult to identify. In northern The construction of these dams was begun by much dissected by the numerous small streams of two sides of the basin, the rocks on the West Virginia and northern Pennsylvania occur private enterprise at Pittsburg about 1840, and the region. pecially in northwestern side. -, dipping-, . . gentlyT ibut a few remnants of high-level land which appear by 1854 dams Nos. 5 and 6 had been built near Generally it has been assumed that the even- regularly to the southeast, and those Vir«lnia- to be parts of the original surface of this plateau, the northern boundary of the Masontown quad­ crested summits of these ridges are the sole sur­ on the southeastern side dipping more strongly to but it is generally so dissected that only the hill­ rangle. Since that time the system has been viving remnants of an extensive pene­ extended, until slack-water navigation is secured the northwest. tops mark its former position. plain1 that once_ existed over much of ations of the In Pennsylvania and West Virginia the regu­ Throughout most of the province there are to beyond the West Virginia line. the Appalachian region. In these LigonsieVnd larity of the dip near the southeastern margin of knobs and ridges which rise to a greater height The altitude of the surface of the water in the quadrangles there is not much evidence Valley< the trough is interrupted by parallel folds, which than the surface of the high plateau, but generally various pools is as follows: in favor of the existence of such a plain. The in many cases give rise to anticlinal ridges and they may be distinguished by the fact that they summit of Laurel Ridge appears to be too irregu­ Altitudes of water surface of Monongahela River between synclinal valleys. These undulations are similar stand above the general level of the surrounding Pittsburg and Morgantown. lar to suit such a hypothesis, and accurate maps to the great folds east of the Allegheny Front, hills. Feet above of the other ridge are not available to show its tide. except that they are developed on a very much The surface of the high plateau slopes to the Pool of Davis Island dam, Pittsburg...... 703 . 00 form and altitude. It is possible that some part smaller scale and they have not been broken by west, but it is generally separated from thei next - Pool No. 1...... 707.40 of the present surface coincides with the surface Pool No. 2...... 715.10 faults, as have many of the great folds farther lower plateau by a more or less regular Western es. Pool No. 3...... 723.10 of such a peneplain, but from the topography of east. These minor folds are a constant feature westward - facing escarpment. This the'nYlh* of Pool No. 4...... 733.48 this quadrangle it is not apparent. along the southeastern margin of the basin from escarpment is most pronounced in plateau> Pool No. 5...... 746.41 A close examination of the altitude of the sur­ Pool No. 6...... 760.15 central West Virginia to southern New York. Tennessee, where it has a height of 1000 feet and Pool No. 7...... 769.99 face of Ligonier Valley about Farmington .and Across the northern extremity of the basin the separates the Cumberland Plateau on the east Pool No. 8...... 780.80 Fayette Springs shows that there is a large area minor folds are developed in large number, from the Highland Plateau on the west. Toward Pool No. 9...... T. .. 793.40 of the surface at about 2000 feet above sea level ; extending at least halfway across Pennsylvania the north the height of the escarpment diminishes Most of the territory west of Laurel Ridge is also that many divides between principal streams near its northern boundary. In the southern to 500 feet in central Kentucky, and north of drained by tributaries of Monongahela River. .are at about the same level. It is true that two part of the State there are only six pronounced Ohio River it is so indistinctly developed that it The principal streams are Redstone, Dunlap, and of the principal divides, one near Mount Wash­ anticlines, and two of these disappear near the has not been recognized. In southern Pennsyl­ George creeks and Browns Run. On the west side ington and one south of Farmington, are cut West Virginia line. Farther south the number vania it becomes more pronounced where the of the river the principal tributaries are Dunkard below the 1900-foot contour, but these appear to is less, until on Kanawha River the regular west­ hard rocks of Chestnut Ridge rise abruptly above Creek, near the southern border of this territory ; be exceptions to the general rule. The existence ward dip is interrupted by only one fold of small the plain formed on the soft rocks of the Monon­ Whiteley Creek, a little farther north, and Muddy of so much surface at 2000 feet above tide and proportions. gahela Valley, but the surface of the uppermost Run, in the vicinity of Carmichaels. Most of the the reduction of so many divides to about the Drainage of Allegheny Plateaus. The drain­ plateau is so greatly dissected that it can be drainage basins of these streams lie outside of same level seems to indicate that at the stage of age of the Allegheny Plateaus is almost entirely recognized only with difficulty. Toward the these quadrangles, only their lower courses cross­ uplift in the region when Fayette Springs (Chalk into Mississippi. River, but the northeastern end central part of the State the plateau surfaces that ing that part of the Masontown quadrangle which Hill) was near sea level the movement of the of the region drains either into the Great Lakes are usually separated by this .escarpment seem to is west of Monongahela River. land ceased long enough for erosion to broaden on the northwest or through the Susquehanna, approach each other and the escarpment is merged Youghiogheny River crosses the northeast the valleys and reduce much territory nearly to Delaware, or Hudson into the Atlantic Ocean on in a mass of irregular hills which represent all corner of the Uniontown quadrangle. It drains drainage level. If this period of quiescence had the southeast. that remains of the higher plateau. that part of Ligonier Valley which Youghio. been of great duration, most of the land would In the northern part of the province the arrange­ A second plateau surface is welFcTe'veloped as lies north of the National Pike and a rf^y River. have been reduced approximately to this level ment of the drainage is largely due to the advance a distinct feature in Tennessee and Kentucky. small area west of Laurel Ridge. Its principal and a peneplain would have been formed, but the of the ice sheet from the north during It is known in the former State by the tributaries are Indian and Dunbar creeks and period was evidently short and served simply to the Glacial epoch. Before that time it rangement name of the Highland Plateau, and in teau-tnela= Meadow Run. record one stage of the. uplift and .erosion of the L of streams I T Highlander is supposed that all of the streams witnr?osrmer the latter by the name ot the Lexmg- k?ateaguon South of the National Pike is Big Sandy Creek, region. So far as the writer is aware, this stage north of central Kentucky flowed to sys ems' ton Plain. It slopes to the west, but which discharges into Cheat River a few miles has not been recognized in adjacent regions and the northwest and discharged their waters through along its eastern margin it holds throughout these south of this territory. hence its age is problematical. the St. Lawrence system. The encroachment of States a constant altitude of 1000 feet above sea Viewed from the Chestnut-Laurel ridge the the great ice sheet closed this northern outlet and level. In the territory north of Ohio River this SURFACE BELIEF. country to the west appears like a nearly feature­ new drainage lines were established along the plateau was developed on harder rocks "than in According to surface relief, this territory is less plain. Slight irregularities in detail may be present courses of the streams. Kentucky and Tennessee, and the result is that naturally divided into two parts by a line along noted, but the summits of the hills fall into line In the southern half of the province the west­ the surface is less regular and its exact position the western base of Laurel Ridge. East of this with remarkable uniformity. In such a view the 3 valleys are lost from sight, and the surface prob­ entire surface, including the Chestnut-Laurel ridge, most southerly abandoned channel in the Mason- sharply to the east, by Grays Landing and up Cats ably appears in much the same condition as it did would have been reduced to a common level, but town quadrangle extends from Dam No. 8 to New Creek, to Masontown, where it bent in a sharp before these valleys were cut. When the existence of this ridge of hard rock, as well Geneva. On leaving this channel the river chose return curve and crossed the present channel of examined in detail the surface is found thsepsurfa°ce as of other areas of high land already described, a more circuitous route, although the new course the river at Hatfields Ferry. The channel cut by to be far from regular,o " being° decid- Laurelchestnut- ridge. shows that the period was limited in its duration differs only a little from that which the stream the river when it followed this course would have edly hilly in almost all parts of the and that the time was sufficient only to reduce formerly maintained. The new channel, however, an abrupt bend at the mouth of Whiteley Creek, quadrangles. From the contoured maps it will such areas as were located near the major drain­ is distinct from the old and is separated from it but on a stream of this size the curve presumably be observed that the altitudes of these hills ing streams and those in which the surface was by a small hill composed of rock in place. Owing would not have been much sharper than that range generally from 1200 to 1300 feet above sea composed of soft rocks. to the existence of this hill, the river could not which shows at the end of the Masontown bend. level. Along the major streams where erosion The geologic age of this peneplain has not been have reached its present position by swinging to It certainly could not have produced the angle has been most active the summits rise but little definitely ascertained. It has been correlated the left. It is apparent that the stream has been now visible at that point, which is made by the over 1200 feet above tide. This may be seen in with a peneplain in the eastern part of the State transferred bodily from one course to the other, bluff north of the river and that which borders the high land west of Morris Crossroads, on the that is regarded as of early Tertiary age, but the but the reason for pursuing a more circuitous the old valley west of the mouth of Whiteley ridge between Old Frame and New Geneva, and evidence is not conclusive. Nevertheless, the route than formerly is not apparent. Creek. The only adequate explanation of the also on the ridge north of Jacobs Creek. North assumption that it was formed during the Eocene In comparing the two valleys, ancient and straight bluff west of the mouth of Whiteley of Masontown the land rises somewhat higher, period is in harmony with the facts observed in modern, it is interesting to note that the aban­ Creek is that it was formed when the course of but in the immediate vicinity of the river the these quadrangles, and it is here provisionally doned channel is much wider than the one now the stream was down Whiteley Creek and along spurs generally have an altitude of about 1200 accepted. occupied by the stream, and also that the slopes the present river valley to Hatfields Ferry. This feet. This is particularly true in Luzerne Town­ A careful study of the topographic maps shows leading into the upper valley are low and much means that the Masontown channel was aban­ ship, which lies in the great bend of the river that there is a second stage, or substage, of Ter­ less precipitous than those which border the doned first and that the stream flowed through between East Riverside and Brownsville. On tiary erosion recorded in this region. West of present stream. The abandoned valley has the the Mapletown valley and along the present this projecting point erosion has been very effec­ Monongahela River it may be seen in the upland appearance of maturity, while the modern chan­ course of the river to Hatfields Ferry, and thence tive and the surface is reduced to an altitude of at an altitude of 1100 feet. East of the river nel is so youthful that its bounding walls are into the great Carmichaels valley to the west. about 1200 feet. On the west side of the river this level is not so pronounced, but it may be extremely steep and the river itself is flowing on The last change appears to have been the aban­ the 1200-foot level is not so striking, but it may recognized on the headwaters of George Creek a rock bottom. In the abandoned channel the donment of the Mapletown valley by the cutting be seen in the high land north of Carmichaels and on many of the principal divides of the main body of clay and sand extends from the of a new channel across the bend from Dam No. 7 and also in the elevated region east of that village. region. It is most apparent on the ridge sepa­ rock floor, which has an altitude of about 920 to Grays Landing. South of Little Whiteley Creek the 1200-foot rating Dunlap Creek from Monongahela River, feet, up to an altitude of about 1000 feet above The Mapletown and Masontown bends are level is not well developed; in fact, the surface but it is also noticeable on several other dividing sea level. Deposits of gravel occur at higher deeply filled with clay, sand, and gravel. In the is eroded to a lower level, which will be described ridges. altitudes, but they are probably isolated exposures former the main body of the filling rises to an in a subsequent paragraph. It is possible that the agreement in altitude and not parts of a continuous sheet. Professor altitude of about 1000 feet above sea level; in The 1200-foot level is well developed along the between these various features is simply a coin­ Stevenson observed them on the road from New the latter it has a thickness of 100 feet, and rises western front of Laurel Ridge. The rocks out­ cidence, but it seems probable that it marks a Geneva to Point Marion at an altitude of about to an altitude of 1020 feet. Above the principal cropping in this locality are prevailingly soft, substage in the erosion of the region. It may 1060 feet. deposits which cover the rocky floors a thin veneer and the surface is worn down into a broad, nearly easily be accounted for on the assumption of a From New Geneva to Jacobs Creek the stream of sand and pebbles is frequently found on the level valley, the altitude of which on the summit regional uplift of about 100 feet, and then a ces­ follows its original channel, but a part of the valley slopes at a considerably greater altitude. south of Uniontown is about 1170 feet. This sation of movement which permitted the reduc­ old floor of the upper channel is still to be seen In the Mapletown bend such deposits were noted divide is slightly lower than the one which sepa­ tion of many of the divides, and also of large areas as a rock shelf on the west side of the river. at the forks of the road on the hill between the rates Redstone Creek from the drainage that in the immediate vicinity of the rivers, nearly to Since traces of a similar shelf may be observed abandoned channel and the river at an altitude of unites with the Youghiogheny River at Connells- drainage level. This substage of supposed late on the east side in the village of New Geneva 1050 feet, and at the same altitude in the vicinity ville. The latter divide has an altitude of approxi­ Tertiary erosion. has not been generally recog­ and at the mouth of Jacobs Creek, it seems prob­ of Mapletown. mately 1200 feet, as has also much of the high nized, and it is possible that it is a feature due to able that the old valley had a breadth of about The best example of abandoned channels is the land in the drainage basin of Redstone Creek. local conditions. one-half mile and that the present channel occupies Carmichaels bend, now occupied in part by Muddy In this region there are certain areas which are only a part of the floor of the older valley. Run and Little Whiteley Creek. The Masontown ABANDONED CHANNELS OF MONONaAHELA RIVER. marked by summits that rise above the 1200-foot In the vicinity of Grays Landing the old chan­ channel formerly crossed the present river valley level. These may be observed west of Union- , Below the 1100-foot level just described the nels are rather complicated. From Jacobs Creek at Hatfields Ferry; it extended west about 3 miles town and in the region about Juniataville and streams have cut sharp valleys, but the slopes are to the mouth of Whiteley Creek the original and then swung to the north by Carmichaels in a Elm Grove. The presence of high summits along interrupted by a system of rock terraces and course lay in a curve to the west near Mapletown broad curve and reached the present channel at this line is explained by the fact-that they are abandoned channels along the main stream, which and along the lower course of Whiteley Creek. East Riverside. Near Arensburg Ferry the old located on a pronounced arch of the strata, which mark a second substage of late Tertiary or Pleis­ An old channel also leaves the present course at valley again swings to the left and makes a short brings to the surface harder rocks than those tocene erosion. These terraces and abandoned Grays Landing and returns with a sharp bend by detour on Pumpkin Run, but the channel is not which outcrop on either side. These hard beds channels are from 140 to 150 feet above water Masontown to the present stream at Hatfields clearly outlined. have resisted erosion more successfully than those level, and they are of frequent occurrence from Ferry. Instead of following the present course of The central part of the Carmichaels channel is in adjacent areas, and consequently they form a Pittsburg, Pa., to Morgantown, W. Va. Several the river below Hatfields Ferry, the old channel filled to a depth of 70 feet with alternating beds low ridge along the anticlinal fold. High land notable cases occur in this territory; in fact, from pursued a westerly course up Little Whiteley of clay and quicksands, and scattering gravels also occurs in Greene County on the west side of Dunkard Creek to East Riverside the river has Creek for 3 miles and then in a broad sweep by have been traced to an altitude of 1080 feet. In the river. In this case it is not due to geologic deserted its original, broadly meandering channel Carmichaels reached the present course at East the upper end of the valley the filling has been structure, but to the fact that the rocks in the for a direct course through the upland and across Riverside. largely removed by Little Whiteley Creek, but upper part of the series are more arenaceous than the broad meanders of its former course. The valley near Mapletown is excellently devel­ in every sheltered place clay is found above the those lower down, and consequently they are Generally the channels have been silted up to oped, with a breadth on its rock floor of about gravel pavement at the bottom, showing that more resistant to the action of erosion than the depths ranging from zero to 100 feet, but in many one-half mile. It is separated from the present originally the floor was well covered with fine softer rocks to the east. cases the filling has been removed by the small river valley by a group of hills a mile in width material. In the lower end of the valley the If the sharply cut valleys were filled to an alti­ streams, which not only have carried off the soft and rudely triangular in shape, with the longest rock floor has been considerably dissected by tude of about 1200 feet the country would have silt of the valley but have cut deep channels in side of the triangle facing the present channel of Muddy Run, but for about a mile from the river a gently undulating surface bearing so the rock floor beneath. The partial filling and the stream. The hills reach an altitude of 1150 a wide shelf is preserved on the east side of the close a resemblance to a uniform plain J?aep^sio= erosion has destroyed many of the original char­ feet, and since they are composed of rock in place stream. This shelf is covered by a thin coating that it might be classed as a peneplain, th^efion acteristics of the valleys, leaving them with much it is manifestly impossible for the river to have of sand and gravel, evidently belonging to the ° , , .., west of the feucn a surface may be produced either Laure"r*d e more irregular floors and outlines than they origi­ reached its present position by lateral swing. gravel pavement which was deposited by the by the cutting action of waves or by nally possessed. In the Masontown bend it is not so apparent stream before the heavy masses of clay and sand subaereal erosion. There is no evidence that the The valley filling is composed of various mate­ that the cut-off is not due to lateral corrasion by in the vicinity of Carmichaels accumulated. sea has occupied this region since Paleozoic rials, ranging from the finest clay to bowlders the stream near the mouth of Whiteley Creek. Along Whiteley and Little Whiteley creeks, time; hence the first explanation is not appli­ having a diameter of 4 to 5 feet. Usually the If the change was produced by lateral corrasion where the conditions of erosion have been essen­ cable. The second is generally accepted, and rock floor is overlain, by a thin deposit of sand at the base of the promontory on the inside of the tially the same as along the lower course of it seems to satisfy all of the conditions. When and well-rounded gravel, evidently the material curve, the ridge north of Cats Creek should nar­ Muddy Run, clay is found in every protected the peneplain was produced the land in this transported by an active stream before the channel row to a point at its western extremity, but this locality overlying the gravel pavement on. the region stood nearly 1200 feet lower than at was abandoned. Resting upon this basement ridge, as shown on the map, is square-ended next rock floor. This shows that the abandoned val­ gravel is a varied assortment of material, some the river and gives no indication of having been leys above Carmichaels were originally silked up the present time. On that land rains and run­ O « * ' . ' ning streams operated until it was reduced to a coarse, some fine, apparently deposited without cut through by the river as it swung in against and that the streams have succeeded in removing gently undulating plain. It was subsequently much system of arrangement or distribution. its base in the sharp turn from the Whiteley only a part of the. filling. The absence of clay on uplifted to its present position and dissected by The bulk of the material is composed of clay and Creek,channel to its course up Cats Creek. From Muddy Run is due to lack of deposition, and the very streams which had been instrumental in sand rudely stratified, like flood-plain deposits of the amount of erosion noticeable on the slopes indicates that the conditions in this part of the producing it. To-day we see only the remnants an active stream. Conditions of sedimentation bordering the Masontown bend, and from the valley were different from those which prevailed here and there of the original surface; the rest is varied greatly from place to place, giving to the great reduction which the point of land on the at the same time either above or below this local­ washed away, and its place is occupied by the deposits local characteristics. Thus in the sand inside of the bend has suffered, it seems probable ity. This fact is important, since it affords a clue deep valleys which the streams have cut. pits at Bellevernon, a few miles north of this ter­ that this valley marks the original course of the to the conditions which then prevailed and which This peneplain records an important epoch in ritory, large subangular bowlders are found in stream. The same is true of the Mapletown val­ were responsible for the abandonment of the well- the physiographic development of this region. It the midst of fine deposits, where apparently they ley, consequently the river in late Tertiary time established channels of the region. carries us back to a time when the land did not had been dropped from floating ice, while in the presumably flowed from Dam No. 8 direct to New Cause of abandonment of channels. These move up or down appreciably during an epoch bend at Carmichaels beautifully laminated clay Geneva, thence in a broad gentle curve by Dam abandoned channels constitute the most striking which was so long that the hills wasted away, shows that quiet conditions prevailed which per­ No. 7 into the present valley of Whiteley Creek. topographic feature of the region. They have except where the rocks were hard. If the period mitted undisturbed sedimentation to take place. Instead of continuing to the north along the pres­ been recognized as abandoned valleys by Steven­ of quiescence had been extended indefinitely the Descriptions of the abandoned channels. The ent course of the river the stream probably swung son, White, Lesley, Wright, and Chamberlin, but Masontown and Uniontown. 4 no adequate explanation of their origin has been places up to altitudes of 1050 to 10TO feet was Sequence of events on Monongahela River. ogheny River, and its course is marked by a num­ offered. They have been described as " oxbows " deposited in the ponded waters at the time of the The general sequence of events has been roughly ber of abandoned channels of the same character or "abandoned channels," as though, it were the formation of the Allegheny-Ohio river. In fact, outlined. The river's old course appears to have and at approximately the same altitude as those most natural thing in the world for a stream, to Monongahela Valley may have been filled by extended from its present course at Dam No. 8 previously described. None of the channels of abandon its channel. If western Pennsylvania these gravel deposits to a depth of 1050 feet, but directly northwestward to New Geneva. From Youghiogheny River occur in this territory, but were a country of low relief, it might be possible if so they were almost completely removed before Dam No. 7 it followed the Mapletown channel a small one is to be seen at Ohiopyle, just east of for a stream during its normal development to the Carmichaels valley was abandoned. to the mouth of Whiteley Creek, where it turned the eastern margin of the Uniontown quadrangle. cut off oxbows, as the Mississippi does on its low The irregularities of the principal deposits indi­ eastward to Masontown and crossed the present Youghiogheny River enters the village of Ohio­ flood plain below Cairo, 111.; but western Penn­ cate that local conditions controlled the deposition course to Carmichaels. The first change is hypo­ pyle from the east, but instead of turning to the sylvania is a rugged region, with a general upland of material and also that they were responsible thetical, but it seems probable that an ice gorge north in a simple curve it turns to the south and rising 500 feet above the water level of the prin­ for the change in the alignment of the river. The was formed in the Masontown channel either forms a loop about 2 miles in length and returns cipal stream. In such a region it is an extremely question now presents itself, what local conditions below Grays Landing or between Masontown and to within a few hundred yards of its course at the difficult and slow process for a stream to cut off could produce such profound changes in the Hatfields Ferry. The height of the dam is also falls. The promontory around which it flows is any of its meander, and it is manifestly impossi­ drainage of the region? The changes evidently problematical, but it probably had a height of high and rocky, except at its base, where it is but ble for it to establish a totally new course unless occurred during the prevalence of an arctic nearly 100 feet, reaching to the summit of the 15 to 20 feet higher than the channel of the river the conditions under which it operates are very climate, and if so, it seems probable that ice ridge on the concave side of the bend. The water above the falls. This low neck of land is covered different from those which normally affect the was the instrument by which the abandonment found an outlet south of Hatfields Ferry and a new with a thick deposit of well-rounded river bowlders development of a stream. of these stream courses was accomplished. The course was established along this line. A second resting upon a rock floor only a little higher than Prof. I. C. White has recognized the anomalous Glacial ice sheet did not reach so far south, dam was formed in the vicinity of Mapletown and that upon which the stream is flowing above the character of the deposits and physical features of and hence it could not have been directly instru­ the water was forced over a low divide at Grays town. It is obvious that at one time the stream the region, and in a vague way he has attributed mental in producing them. In rivers which flowed Landing and the present course of the river was flowed across the neck of the peninsula along the them to ponding of the northward-flowing waters north, or toward the ice front, it seems probable established from Dam No. 7 to Hatfields Ferry. line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, but it by the advance of the Glacial ice sheet in Beaver that during the short summers which must have About the same time an ice gorge was formed has abandoned this direct course and cut a new Valley. If the valley were silted up to an alti­ prevailed at that time the ice in the stream would across the old channel near Dam No. 8. An out­ and circuitous channel. It is evident that the tude of about 1050 feet the change in the course break first near the head of the river. This let was found near and to the left of the dam and direct course must have been blockaded, and the of the stream might be accounted for by super­ broken ice, on being swept down, would tend to the present course was established, which avoids presumption is that a gorge of river ice caused position, but the absence of silt in a part of the form jams or gorges, as^ the ice to-day is gorged the old channel only where the ice blockade the blockade. The altitude of Ohiopyle is 1238 Carmichaels channel shows clearly that the valley in almost all northern rivers during the break-up barred its way. feet, hence the hypothesis of a general pond due was not silted up in all its parts, and consequently in the spring. With the topographic environment The last change was produced by gorging of to glacial ice does not apply to this case, unless the present drainage can not be regarded as super­ and under the arctic conditions then existing, it the ice 1^ miles below Carmichaels. Since in this there has been differential crustal movement since posed. seems possible that immense dams may have been case the actual location of the dam can be deter­ the diversion occurred. There is no evidence of In attempting to account for these abandoned built by floating ice, and that the shortness of mined it is interesting to speculate regarding the such movement, and the character of the material valleys it is necessary to go outside of the terri­ the summer season did not permit their being height necessary to force the river to assume its filling the abandoned channel at Ohiopyle indi­ tory under consideration and briefly describe melted before the rigors of the ensuing winter present course. It is impossible to determine this cates that at the time the change occurred the similar phenomena in other parts of the province, fixed them firmly in position. During the second with accuracy, but there are some facts which stream was still active and had not begun to in order to determine the general conditions under summer they may have been increased in the throw light on the subject. Since the new chan­ grade its valley. This is to some extent corrob­ which they were formed. same manner in which they were originally built, nel was established at the lowest point in the rim orated by the occurrence of an abandoned chan­ Outside of the glaciated region, abandpned and it seems possible that the result may have of the basin, its altitude must have been less than nel on Dunbar Creek at Sitka at an altitude of river channels of the character here described do been a dam so strong as to persist for a great that of any existing divide. In undertaking to about 970 feet. This shows the grade of the old not occur, except in the Ohio Valley. So far as the many seasons, and so high as to force the water solve this problem, it is necessary to determine, valley to be 260 feet between Ohiopyle and Sitka, writer's knowledge goes, they are limited to the fol­ to seek a new outlet in some more favorable local­ if possible, the original arrangement of the minor while the present stream descends 330 feet between lowing streams: Allegheny, Kiskiminitas, Youghi- ity. In the pond produced by such dams immense drainage in the vicinity of the new channel. In the same points. ogheny, Monongahela, Kanawha, Guyandot, Big quantities of silt would accumulate, but the char­ the case of the Carmichaels channel this is particu­ Uplift of western Pennsylvania in Glacial Sandy, Kentucky, and Ohio. These streams are acter and arrangement of the material would larly difficult, since the minor drainage shows an time. From the foregoing description of aban­ located a short distance south of the limit of depend largely upon the shape of the channel apparently abnormal arrangement. Thus Middle doned channels it is apparent that during their glaciation, therefore the abandonment of the chan­ and upon the location of the outlet. If the out­ Run and Antram Run fiow in parallel courses formation the surface of western Pennsylvania nels seems to be due to some condition induced let occurred near the dam, strong currents would toward the southwest, at nearly right angles to was nearer sea level than it is to-day and that it by the presence of the ice sheet. The contempo­ doubtless sweep through the entire pond and the the general drainage lines of the region. Browns had remained stationary long enough for the raneity of the two phenomena is evidenced by the finest material would be carried on, leaving only Run is nearly at right angles to the new course streams in the region west of the Chestnut-Laurel occurrence of fossil leaves in an abandoned chan­ the coarser sediments in the bottom of the pond; of the river, but inclines slightly in the direction ridge to reach grade and to broaden their channels nel near Morgantown, "W. Va., which, according but if the outlet occurred at some distance from of fiow. It is probable that these minor drainage to a small extent, but not sufficiently long to to Dr. F. H. Knowlton, have an arctic facies and the point where the dam was built, as in the lines were originally united, but did they then allow Youghiogheny River to produce a similar probably were deposited during the Glacial epoch. Carmichaels channel, then there was a large body flow to the north and unite with the river at channel in the hard rocks of the mountainous In studying the problem still further it will be of water nearly free from movement, and in such East Riverside, or turn south and enter the river region. As the abandonment of the channels noted that abandoned channels are most abundant places finely laminated clay would be deposited. near Hatfields Ferry ? The courses of Middle and occurred in early Pleistocene time the partial cycle on streams that flow northward, or directly toward The most striking example of such deposition is Antram runs appear to have been determined by of erosion in which they were produced began in the ice front. The streams flowing in that direc­ in the great Teays Valley of southern West Vir­ the geologic structure; they are in harmony with late Tertiary time and was terminated by an uplift tion are Monongahela, Youghiogheny, Kanawha, ginia, which was vacated by Kanawha River most of the minor drainage lines in the northeast of the region, presumably at the close of the Kan- Guyandot, Big Sandy, and Kentucky, and along all, under similar conditions. In this valley laminated quarter of the Masontown quadrangle. For this san stage of the Glacial epoch. The amount of this except the last, abandoned channels are abundant. clay of the finest character accumulated to a reason the southwest courses of these streams are movement has not been definitely determined, but In this connection it must be noted that the depth of 60 feet. The outlet was 14 miles above not necessarily indicative of an outlet in a south­ it must have been greater than the depth of the drainage of the Upper Ohio Basin has suffered the dam, and sedimentation in the lake was quiet erly direction. It seems therefore, more probable present channel below the abandoned valleys. decided changes through the advance of the and undisturbed. Below such a dam little or no that Browns Run was the main stream and that This difference is about 150 feet, but the grade of Glacial ice sheet. It is now fairly well established deposition would occur and the channel would be Middle and Antram runs were tributary to it. If the old stream was less than that of the present that the present Allegheny River system was left in the same condition as when it was occupied that was the case the dividing ridge between river, consequently a small amount may be added formerly divided into three parts, all of which by the active stream before the formation of the Browns Run and the river extended from north of to this measure. Also another addition may be drained into the St. Lawrence Basin. The waters dam. It may be urged that it would be impossi­ Masontown to the high land east of Carmichaels made for the reason that the pre-Pleistocene drain­ of Monongahela River also found a northern out­ ble for such a dam to persist long enough to and terminated in the angle between the two age was into the St. Lawrence system and pre­ let through Beaver River into the same system. permit the stream to intrench itself in a new streams above East Riverside. The lowest divide sumably reached sea level in a much shorter Kanawha River with its tributaries, Guyandot course, but it must be remembered that during at present in this ridge is east of McCanns Ferry, distance than the present drainage by way of and Big Sandy rivers, flowed north through the the cutting of the new channel the old one is and its altitude is about 1000 feet. The gap Mississippi River. Thus it seems that the post- present Scioto Valley and probably constituted a being silted up, and that the amount ' of work across which the water found an outlet must have Kansan (?) elevation may have ranged from 200 branch of the river system which occupied the necessary is only enough to lower the grade of been lower than the one east of the ferry, hence to 500 feet. basin of Lake Erie. The advancing ice is sup­ the stream below the top of the silt in the old it was probably just below 1000 feet. This alti­ The latest or Wisconsin stage of glaciation does posed to have dammed these northward-flowing valley This, presumably, would be less than tude is c\ose to that of the top*of the silt south not appear to have affected the streams of this streams and for-ced the water to seek another out­ 100 feet in all cases, and with the volume of of Carmichaels, and indicates that the channel region. Either the climate was not so severe or let, which it found along the present course of the water that doubtless then prevailed, it may have was here filled to the level of the water surface. the streams were too deeply intrenched in their Allegheny and the Ohio. In the ponds which been accomplished during the life of the dam. The divide below McCanns Ferry was soon cut modern canyons to be diverted. The Wisconsin ensued from this ice blockade the silts found If this hypothesis is correct many such dams below the level of the silt above the dam, and the epoch is recorded in the lower Allegheny Valley along the abandoned channels of Monongahela may have been formed, and each of the abandoned new channel by Parkers Bar and Adah was by a. terrace of drift material about 20 feet above River were formerly supposed to -have been channels in this territory was probably produced established. The ice composing the dam finally the present flood plain of the river. Such material deposited, and to the cutting down of the new by an independent ice jam. The results are melted, leaving no trace of its existence except was not available in Monongahela Valley, and outlet and the 'draining of this immense pond has frequently masked by later dams farther down the new channel and the absence of sediment consequently no one has yet been able to differ­ been attributed the origin of the abandoned val­ the stream, for behind each dam there must have below the point where the dam was formed; No entiate the low terraces of this stream. leys. "While it must be admitted that ponding been an extended pond of water in which silts dam formed below this point after the abandon­ to a certain extent took place during these changes were deposited. Thus it is that in? most of the ment of the Carmichaels channel, and consequently RELATION OF TOPOGRAPHY TO MAN'S ACTIVITIES. of drainage, and that probably silt was deposited cases in this territory there is no direct evidence the Carmichaels valley remains in the condition In this territory it is clearly apparent that man's in the lake so formed, it is plainly apparent, as of the position of ,these ice barriers, but in the in which it was left by the river, with the excep­ activities have been largely controlled by the shown on another,page, that general ponding can Carmichaels bend, which presumably was the last tion of the changes which have been produced by character of the surface, but a modifying condi­ not account for the irregularities of deposition to be abandoned, almost the exact position of the normal erosion since that time. tion has recently appeared that may change this that are shown in the sediments. It is possible dam is indicated by the termination of the silt 1^ Abandoned channels along Youghiogheny to a considerable extent. Originally surface that the scattering gravel which occurs in many miles northeast of the town. River. Similar conditions prevailed on Youghi­ features were all-powerful in shaping the growth of the community, but now the presence of good anticline or the lowest part of the syncline, and and it is represented on the Geologic Structure West of Laurel Ridge the structural features coal is largely the determining factor in develop­ from which the strata dip in an anticline and sheet by contour lines, with a vertical interval of are not so pronounced as they are east of that ment. toward which they dip in a syncline. 100 feet, printed in orange color. Where this line, but there are several more or less The Pittsbur In the early settlement of this region the valleys Method of representing structure. In previous horizon is below the surface its position has been distinct folds crossing these quadran- datum?ur= were avoided for the reason that the slopes were reports the underground relations, or structure, calculated from the beds in sight, on the assump­ gl.es. In the territory west of the face' too precipitous for farming purposes and the of the rocks have been illustrated by tion that intervals between formations are fairly Chestnut-Laurel ridge the Pottsville sandstone . .. . . !; Contour and streams were too small for navigation, except by cross sections such as the one herewith alselected*ltlld^ of a constant over small areas. Where the Pottsville does not outcrop and another reference surface the smallest type of boats. The most promising given on the Uniontown Geologic has been eroded from the tops of the arches its gives more reliable results. The best known location for a town was in the broad, shallow val­ Structure sheet. Another method of restoration likewise has been determined from the horizon in this field is'the Pittsburg coal, and the ley at the western base of the Chestnut-Laurel representing the basins and arches is employed in rocks showing at the surface. contours printed in brown color on the Geologic ridge, and here Uniontown was established, on these maps, as follo'ws: The upper or lower sur­ In the report on the geology of this region Structure sheet are represented as being drawn the line of Braddock's trail from Potomac Biver face of a particular stratum of rock is selected as Professor Stevenson recognized the fact that upon the floor of this bed with a vertical interval to the junction of Monongahela and Allegheny a reference surface. The form of the reference the Chestnut Ridge anticline north of of 50 feet. rivers. Before the days of railroads the National surface is ascertained, first, from the outcrop of Youghiogheny River ' did not quite The synclinal basin along the western foot of -i -.1 .1 i » T i -n-i the Potts- Pike was built by the Government through this the chosen stratum; second, from the depth of coincide with the arch ot Laurel Kidge<-> surface.vine datum the Chestnut-Laurel ridge is the best known region from Cumberland to Wheeling. For a that stratum beneath beds above it; and third, south of that stream. He speaks of it structural feature of western Pennsyl­ longtime this was a great national thoroughfare from the height of that stratum above beds as an offset of some kind, but he did not deter­ vania. It is the celebrated Councils- and Uniontown was one of the thriving towns beneath it. In the first case the stratum outcrops mine the exact nature of the complication. From ville basin, in which is produced the along its course. and is observed. In the second case it is under­ the contour lines it is apparent that these folds, major portion of the coke used in this country. In later years the settlement of the country ground, and the outcrop of some higher bed is although very closely related and connected, are The term Connellsville basin applies to a general extended to the river valleys, but, even to the observed. The thickness of rocks between the really distinct and have separate axes. That synclinal trough extending from the West Vir­ present day, the valleys are of slight importance two being known, the depth of the reference sur­ which attains its greatest development in Chest­ ginia line on the south to Conemaugh River on compared with the more open and accessible face can be estimated. In the third case the nut Ridge north of Youghiogheny River is here the north. In reality the basin is made up of upland. For many years the principal artery of reference surface is in the air that is, the chosen designated the Chestnut Ridge anticline, while two separate and distinct synclines which abut traffic through this territory has been the Balti­ stratum has been eroded and the outcrop of an the axis of the westernmost fold south of the against each other with a slight offset north of more and Ohio Railroad, which utilizes the val­ underlying bed is observed. The thickness of river, for want of a better name, is called the the city of Connellsville. They are here described ley of Youghiogheny River for its line between the intervening rocks being known, the height of Dulany anticline, from the well-known cave on as the Uniontown and Latrobe synclines. Pittsburg on the west and Washington and Balti­ the reference surface can be determined. Laurel Ridge. The southern syncline has its greatest develop­ more on the east. A few towns have been estab­ By reference to the topographic map the alti­ If the Pottsville sandstone were restored across ment near Uniontown, and hence it is proposed lished along this line, but they owe their location tude of any outcrop can be ascertained and thus the Dulany anticline it would reach an altitude, to designate it the Uniontown syncline. as much to the mineral deposits there available the height above 'sea for a corresponding point of as shown by the contours, of 3300 feet above sea In the deepest part of this basin the as to the presence of the railroad. The stage the reference surface can be determined. This is level. From this maximum the sandstone bed Pittsburg0 coal is at an altitude of about *burghe pitts coal.r roads have fallen into disuse, but Uniontown has done for hundreds of points along a very large descends beneath the western face of the ridge 550 feet above sea level, or about 600 thriven, for it is situated in the very heart of one number of sections taken in various directions. until it is below the level of the sea, but in this feet below the tops of the highest hills. As of the best coal basins in the country. Points which have the same altitude are then region it is so deeply buried that it is useless as a shown on the map, the bottom of the syncline is The development of the coking plants in the connected by a line, which gives the form of the reference stratum and the contours have been rather flat, having an area about a mile and a Uniontown region has increased the population reference surface at that elevation. Many such carried only to a depth of about 500 feei below half in width and 3 or 4 miles in length. From of this valley by thousands, but at present the lines are drawn at regular vertical intervals. the surface. On the eastern side the descent this relatively level bottom the coal bed rises activities are shifting, and recent improvements They are contour lines, and as printed on the is not so great, and the Pottsville in the vicinity sharply and with great regularity to the surface west of Uniontown give indications of great devel­ Geologic Structure sheet they show: First, the of Elliotsville reaches the bottom of a local along the eastern side of the basin. On the west, opment in Monongahela Valley in the near future. horizontal contour of the troughs and arches; syncline in Ligonier Valley at an altitude of dips are lower, and that side of the basin is cor­ Although slack-water navigation has been carried second, the relative and also the actual dip of the 1300 feet above sea level. The Dulany anti­ respondingly wider. The axis rises toward the on for nearly a score of years, the physical features beds; and third, the height of the reference sur­ cline attains its maximum development on the south, so that the coal is exposed at the surface of the valley are so forbidding that no new devel­ face above the sea at any point. The depth of National Pike, but it continues southward at near Fairchance, but it continues to occupy the opments have been undertaken. Under the the reference horizon may be determined by sub­ nearly the same altitude to within a mile or two hilltops to beyond the margin of the quadrangle. stimulus of coal mining on a large scale and rail­ tracting the elevation of the reference horizon of the southern margin of the quadrangle. South The data upon which these contours are based road connections, doubtless this valley, despite from that of the surface of the ground. of the latter point it plunges rapidly, and it is are very much more accurate than the data for the natural disadvantages, will be thickly popu­ As a rule these structure contours are general­ only a moderate fold where it is cut by Cheat the contours of the Pottsville sandstone. In lated and manufactories will abound. ized and are only approximately correct. Where River, a few miles south of the Pennsylvania line. the areas covered by large mines the contours mines have been opened on the chosen stratum, as North of the National Pike the fold diminishes are located from actual levels within the mines, GEOLOGY. on the Pittsburg coal, the contours are precise and until the Pottsville attains an altitude of about and are therefore accurate so far as the scale of detailed, but in other cases they are liable to error 2100 feet on the axis back of Mount Braddock. the map will permit. Between and beyond the STRUCTURE. from several conditions. Being estimated on the At this point the fold loses its distinctive char­ areas occupied by mines the. contours are extended Structure of the Appalachian coal field. The assumption that over small areas the rocks main­ acter, and soon dies out on the western flank of on geologic evidence secured at the surface and geologic structure of the Appalachian coal field tain a uniform thickness, the position of a contour the Chestnut Ridge anticline. from drill records, where such are available. The is very simple, consisting, in a general will be out by the amount by which the actual The Chestnut Ridge anticline makes its first structure of the basin is remarkably regular and way, of a broad, flat, canoe-shaped theeAppa- thickness varies from the calculated thickness. appearance as- a low fold south of the National free from minor variations.* So far as known, the trough., m,I his . is. particularly i i true ot/ ba^ningen.lachiancoal Being measured from the altitude of observed out­ Pike, and it increases slowly northward until the minor irregularities are limited to the center of the northern extremity, a generalized crops, the position of the contour is uncertain to Pottsville sandstone attains an altitude of 2300 the basin, where the dips are slight, and to the map of which is shown in fig. 28. The deepest the degree that that altitude is approximate, and feet at Elk Rocks. From this point to the north­ extreme ends, where the flatness of the coal tends part of this trough lies along a line extending while in many instances topographic altitudes are ern line of the quadrangle the fold maintains a to exaggerate slight inequalities of its floor. southwest from Pittsburg across West Virginia determined by spirit level, in most cases geologic constant altitude, and presumably it does not West of the Uniontown syncime lies an anti­ to Huntington on Ohio River. Toward this line observations are located by aneroid barometers. change much across the Connellsville quadrangle. clinal fold, which is only slightly pronounced on the rocks dip from both sides of the trough. On The aneroids are constantly checked against pre­ The axis swings approximately into line with the southern margin of this territory, . J , . , . ' ° . 11 ,1 Formand the southeastern side they dip to the northwest cise bench marks, and the instrumental error is that of the Dulany fold, and the only perceptible but which increases irregularly& J north-. theFayette lt«nde j' and on the northwestern side they dip to the probably slight, but it may be appreciable. And difference is a low place in the arch along Dun- ward and reaches its greatest develop- southeast. About the canoe-shaped northern end finally the observations of structure at the surface bar Creek and a slight flattening of the dips in rnent north of Youghiogheny River. burgcoah the rocks show in a rudely semicircular line of can be extended to buried or eroded strata only the vicinity of Youghiogheny River. This fold has been called by Stevenson the outcrop and at all points dip toward the lowest in a general way. The details probably escape The axis of the Laurel Hill anticline lies just Fayette anticline, and the name will be retained, part of the trough. determination. These sources of error may com­ east of the southeast corner of the Uniontown although the fold is equally well developed in In Pennsylvania the deepest part of the trough bine or may compensate one another, but in any quadrangle. It ^plunges rapidly to the southwest, Westmoreland County. South of the National is situated in the southwest corner of the State, case it is believed that their sum is probably less and the effect of the plunge is seen in the direc­ Pike the Pittsburg coal is preserved in many of and the inclination of the rocks is generally than the amount of one contour interval ; that is to tion of the contours on its western slope. Along the hilltops even along the axis, and from this fact toward that point. say, the absolute altitude of the reference surface the National Pike the Pottsville rises from an the size and form of the fold were easily and Although the general structure of the region is will not vary more than 100 feet from that indi­ altitude of about 1500 feet in the vicinity of accurately determined. North of the pike the of this simple character, the eastern limb of the cated in the mountainous region east of Union- Farmington to a little over 2200 feet on the axis anticline is of greater magnitude and the coal has trough is crumpled into a number of parallel town and not more than 50 feet in the other part of the fold, and then it dips rapidly into the deep been eroded from a wide belt on both sides of the wrinkles or folds that make the detailed structure of the quadrangles ; and the relative altitudes for syncline in the vicinity of Confluence. axial line. In this part of the territory the data somewhat complicated and break up the regular successive contours may be taken as very closely The Laurel Hill and Chestnut Ridge anticlines for drawing structural contour lines are meager westward dip of the rocks, so that at first sight it approximate to the facts. are separated by an irregular basin which is here and the shape of the fold is to some extent hypo­ is not apparent. Close examination, however, designated the Ohiopyle syncline. It thetical. The evidence of the former position of shows that from the Allegheny Front westward DETAILED GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE. is a part of the great Ligonier Valley reTentsedeby the Pittsburg coal where the axis crosses Red- i- i , , ? i T the Potts-' each succeeding trough is deeper than the one on In the Uniontown and Masontown quadrangles syncime, > ' but it has been °given . a. dis-, surface.vine datum stone Creek is derived from the records of a the east, and the successive arches become lower, the most pronounced structural features are in the tinct name because it has local charac­ deep well drilled a number of years ago at Upper until the rocks which are over 2000 feet above mountainous country southeast of Uniontown. teristics and as a separate and distinct synclinal Middletown. In this well the Pottsville forma­ sea at the Allegheny Front extend below sea The parallel ridges which are so conspicuous in axis it probably does not extend throughout the tion is identifiable and affords a clue to the posi­ level in the central part of the basin. this region owe their existence to 'anticlines of full length of Ligonier Valley. tion not only of the Pittsburg coal but of the In describing these folds the upward-bending hard rock that have withstood erosion better than A minor syncline also exists between the Upper Freeport coal as well. The record of arch is called an anticline and the downward- the softer rocks of the adjacent synclines. Chestnut Ridge and Dulany anticlines. It is con­ the deep well at Smithfield shows the interval bending trough is called a syncline. In order to bring out the details of the struc­ nected with the Ohiopyle syncline, but it has a betwen the Pottsville sandstone and Pittsburg miIne axis orr. a toldf~ii is that,1 , lineT whichi r Definitions. ture of this mountainous belt the top of the Potts-. separate and distinct axis, and it is called the coal to be 910 feet. If this measure is added at every point occupies the highest part of the ville sandstone is selected as a reference surface Elliottsville syncline. to the altitude of the 'Pottsville in the Upper Masontown and Uniontcrwn. 6

Middletown well it gives the former position of ago at Ceylon, and that the Pittsburg coal is only the gray Catskill, or Pocono, recognized in the It is overlain by bright-red shale of the Mauch the Pittsburg coal at this point as 1400 feet. This 324 feet below the Waynesburg coal. If this eastern part of the State, is probably represented Chunk formation. Under the shale occurs very is apparently on the axis, and therefore gives us reported record is correct the structure contours in Laurel Ridge by the group of sandstones which arenaceous limestone, and below this the bulk of fairly reliable data concerning the height of the are too low in this locality by about 50 feet. is here called the Pocono formation, but that the bed is essentially a greenish-gray sandstone fold. In the vicinity of Youghiogheny River West of Laurel Ridge the folds are so slight the red Catskill is entirely wanting. This state­ that, presumably, is calcareous in its upper por­ there is abundant evidence for determining the that they do not show in structure sections drawn ment is correct so far as surface exposures are tion. Near, the southern margin of the quadran­ shape and size of the fold, but between this stream to the scale of the maps, therefore none concerned, but, as shown by the drill, the red gle the bed is evidently much more strongly and Redstone Creek the evidence is scanty and drawn for beds are present at some depth. calcareous, for Dulany Cave has been formed in the fold is determined simply by connecting con­ quadrangle. In the Uniontown quad- During the present survey fossils were collected it on the western side of Laurel Ridge. In this tour lines. The magnitude of these folds may be rangle, however, the structural features only' on the National Pike about 50 feet below the locality it is a blue sandy limestone which grades seen by comparing the altitude of the coal at are more pronounced, and they are illustrated by a base of the Pocono sandstone which,7 Chemung_. down into the coarse sandstone of the true Pocono Upper Middletown with the same bed in the bot­ section which follows in a general way the course according to George H. Girty, are of th StS*iii formation. In many places this bed appears to tom of the Uniontown syncline. Thus it is seen of the National Pike. This is engraved on the Chemung age, and Professor Steven- beds> be a relatively pure limestone, but no fossils have that the coal rises at least 950 feet from the axis Structure Section sheet, and it represents the son, in the paper cited, states that he found a been found in it. In previous surveys the lime­ of the syncline to the axis of the anticline. strata as they would appear in the side of a deep number of species which, according to Professor stone portion has been classed as a part of the On the west the coal dips again into a basin trench cut across the quadrangle along the line Hall, are typical Chemung forms. These were Greenbrier formation, but Professor Stevenson, in which is somewhat deeper than the Uniontown A B. The vertical and horizontal scales are found within 18 inches of the base of the Pocono his report on Bedford and Fulton counties, recog­ syncline and which is more irregular the same, hence the actual form and slope of the sandstone, and clearly show that, from a paleon- nized the close relationship between the siliceous T ,- i ,T TI j j Extent and in direction and outline. Its ogreatest depthLambert of the land and the dips of the strata are shown. On tologic standpoint, no formation can be present limestone and the underlying sandstone, and development is in the vicinity of Dun- X" pltt*?* this section the rocks may be seen rising on the between the Chemung shales and the Pocono remarked that "this bed is much more closely lap Creek, and it is called the Lambert burg coa1' east to the Laurel Hill anticline, and in the middle sandstone. related to the Pocono sandstone than to the syncline, from a mining town which has lately arching over the Dulany anticline. The minor It is now clearly established that the so-called Mauch Chunk shales," so that in all probability been established at the head of Middle Run. The irregularities of structure in the broad valley Catskill formation is merely a shore or brackish- it should be classed with the former. axis of the syncline enters this territory from the between these ridges are not apparent on the water phase of certain Devonian formations. In The Pocono sandstone is remarkably persistent north, crossing Redstone Creek at the mouth of section. The slight dip of the rock under the the vicinity of Delaware Water Gap this phase and regular in thickness in the southwestern part Wash water Run. From this point it extends Uniontown syncline is shown on the left, but the made its appearance in Hamilton time, and from of the State. It has probably been encountered southwestward and crosses Monongahela River basin is too shallow to show to advantage on this that point it progressed upward and westward in every deep well that has been drilled in this near the mouth of Middle Run. After pursuing scale. until somewhere in western Pennsylvania and section of the country, but to the driller it is a westerly course for nearly a mile beyond the New York the brackish-water, or Catskill, phase known only by the name of the Big Injun sand. STRATIGRAPHY. river, the axis turns almost due south, through thinned to a feather edge and disappeared about In the records of wells drilled at Upper Middle- Paisley, and terminates somewhat indefinitely General statement. The rocks exposed at the the close of Devonian time. The rocks of Laurel town and Haddenville the Pocono sandstone has near Willow Tree, in Greene County. At its surface in these quadrangles are prevailingly of Ridge appear to have been deposited almost a thickness of 290 feet. At Smithfield its appar­ deepest point the coal is supposed to reach an Carboniferous age, but in the Dulany anticline wholly in the open sea and entirely west of the ent thickness is only 151 feet, but it is possible altitude of less than 450 feet above sea level. lower rocks are brought to light in the ravines area in which brackish-water conditions prevailed. that some shaly beds occurring lower in the well From the deepest part of the basin it rises in all that have been eroded on the flanks of Laurel When the accompanying geologic map was pre­ should be included in this formation. directions, and at the southern extremity reaches Ridge and in the gorge of Youghiogheny River pared the writer was inclined to consider these Mauch CJiunk shale and Q-reenbrier limestone an altitude of over 700 feet. Toward the north where it cuts across the anticline in the northern beds as equivalent to the true Catskill of New lentil. Above the arenaceous limestone last the syncline extends only a short distance beyond part of the Uniontown quadrangle. These belong York, but further consideration convinced him described occur red and green shales Redstone Creek, where it merges with another to the Devonian system, and they are the oldest that they are more nearly related to the Chemung with interstratified limestone and sand- gVeeden sandy syncline on the west, forming the deep basin rocks exposed in the territory. of the type locality, and consequently should bear stone beds,71 the whole havingo a thick- limestone.jnterbedded which crosses Youghiogheny River at Port Royal that name. In the meantime the name Catskill ness of about 250 feet. This is the DEVONIAN BOOKS. and extends northward to Irwin, on the Pennsyl­ had been engraved and printed and could not be representative of the great Mauch Chunk red vania Railroad. Catskill formation. The upper part of this changed. shale of the eastern part of the State, and it takes In the Masontown quadrangle the coal rises formation is well exposed on the National Pike its name from the city of Mauch Chunk, in the CAKBOKTFEROTJS BOOKS. westward from the Lambert syncline in an irregu­ between Hopwood and Summit. The region of its greatest development. lar arch, which is called the Browns­ rocks showing in this exposure con- shailsgarndn MISSISSIPPIAN SERIES. In the type locality the formation is composed . ,. -in -i. T T sandstones ville anticline. The axis of this fold >re= sist almost entirely ot olive-green shale with red Pocono sandstone. This sandstone, named from almost entirely of red and brown shales and passes just east of the town of Browns­ sented in the with occasional beds of argillaceous Pocono Mountain, in the northeastern part of the brown sandstone, and no limestones are recog­ ville and crosses Monongahelao f River at »burgn the coal. pjtts- or muddy sandstone. The upper limit of the State, is well exposed in the Union- nized in it. In passing to the south and west, a town quadrangle. It OUtcrOpS On the stone, con- East Riverside. From this point south­ formation is marked by the sandy Pocono beds j- O JT lomerate limestone appears, which at first is an extremely ward the fold is very poorly defined, but there which overlie it, and the plane of contact is flanks of Laurel Ridge at the southern thin bed, but which thickens until far to the appears to be a slight undulation in the rocks, usually characterized by the presence of a thin, margin of the quadrangle, but toward southwest it replaces in large measure the Mauch which may be traced beyond Turkey Knob. irregularly bedded conglomerate. the north the arch increases in magnitude and the Chunk formation. This bed is the great Green- This is a minor wrinkle in a large synclinal basin, In the exposures along Youghiogheny River sandstone is carried to the summit of the ridge. brier limestone of central Virginia, and in its the eastern limb of which rises to the Fayette the Catskill formation appears to be more sandy, At the point where it is crossed by the National greatly expanded development constitutes most anticline and the western limb to the Bellevernon but even in this' locality the shaly material pre­ Pike the Pocono sandstone is eroded, but it appears of the Mississippian series farther west. In its or Waynesburg anticline, which lies beyond the ponderates. The apparent character of the beds in the high summits on either side of the gap. The greatest development in Mississippi Valley it is limits of the territory. West of the Brownsville depends largely upon the nature of the outcrop arch decreases in size toward the north and the not only of sufficient magnitude to be classed as anticline the rocks appear to be gently warped, and the amount of weathering which the rocks outcrop disappears from the summit, and is found one formation, but it is complex, and has been but with no pronounced synclinal fold. In the have undergone. Where the beds are freshly cut, almost entirely on the eastern flank of the ridge in divided into several formations which have been extreme northwest corne"r of the territory the, con­ as along the National Pike or in deep drill holes, the deep ravine cut by Dunbar Creek. It is well identified over a wide range of territory. In no tours show slopes leading up to the Belvernon they have a decidedly shaly aspect, but where shown also in the gorge of the Youghiogheny, ris­ part of the State of Pennsylvania does it attain axis. the weathering has been severe the shales are ing from river level a short distance above the on its outcrop a greater thickness that 30 feet. All of the structures in the western part of the worn back, leaving the beds of sandstone well waterworks in South Connells ville, and sinking It occurs about 50 feet above the base of the Masontown quadrangle are poorly defined, and exposed along the bluffs and giving the impres­ from view on the other side of the arch near the Mauch Chunk formation, and throughout the from the data at hand there is great difficulty in sion that they predominate. eastern margin of the quadrangle. The thickness southwestern portion of the State it is always expressing the structure by means of contour The full thickness of the formation can not be of the formation is approximately 300 feet. It is underlain by beds of typical Mauch Chunk red lines. In many places well-marked geologic hori­ determined. That part which is exposed at the composed almost entirely of sandstone, which varies shale. Since in Pennsylvania the Greenbrier zons could not be found, and hence the position surface has a thickness of not over 400 feet, but from thin-bedded, flaggy rocks to massive conglom­ limestone occurs in the midst of typical Mauch of the Pittsburg coal could not be determined in the deep oil and gas wells which have been erate. Its base is usually characterized by a thin Chunk shales, to treat it as a lentil is more with great accuracy. In this portion of the map drilled west of Laurel Ridge the,drill has pene­ conglomerate, which is well shown on the National satisfactory than to regard it as an independent the contour lines should be taken as the expres­ trated beds of this character to a depth of 1200 Pike about halfway up the mountain and along formation. sion of structure in a very broad way only, and or 1300 feet without apparently reaching the the main line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad In its best development the Greenbrier lime­ considerable allowance should be made for inac­ lower limit of the formation. In the surface about 3 miles above Gibson Junction. The stone lentil has a thickness of about 30 feet. The curacies of observation and for variation in thick­ exposures the rocks are prevailingly dark and upper part of the formation is usually more larger part of the formation is composed of thin ness of formations. usually green in color. But the records of the massive than the-lower, and on this account it is beds of pure blue limestone, but toward the top After the structure contours were engraved on deep wells previously mentioned show at a depth a more prominent feature in the topography of they become shaly and the formation changes to the Masontown map a possible error was dis­ of about 700 feet below the Pocono sandstone an the region. Toward the top the sandstone gives olive-green shale through gradations of shaly lime­ covered in the vicinity of Ceylon due to unsus­ extensive deposit of red shale, sometimes attain­ way to a strongly arenaceous limestone which is stone and calcareous shale. It is extremely fossil- pected variation in the interval between the ing a thickness of 150 feet. here regarded as constituting the top of the for­ iferous, but during this survey no collections were Pittsburg and Waynesburg coals. The actual On purely lithologic grounds it is difficult to, mation. At the top the limestone is blue and made. Professor Stevenson, however, recently position of the'Tittsburg coal was determined by correlate these beds with rocks of probably the sandy and it would not for a moment be confused (Mauch Chunk of Pennsylvania: Am. Geologist, drill records at Willow Tree, on Whiteley Creek same age in the eastern part of the State. In with the sandstone underneath, but in passing Vol. XXIX, 1902, pp. 242-249) collected fossils southeast of Sigsbee, at Hatfields Ferry, and by the report on Ligonier Valley, Professor Steven­ downward the limestone is found to become more from this limestone at a quarry on the National the Gates shaft at the mouth of Middle Run. At son, under the direction of Professor Lesley, sandy, until from an arenaceous limestone it grades Pike east of Laurel Ridge. Stuart Weller pro­ all of these points the interval between the two classed these rocks as doubtfully belonging to into a calcareous sandstone, and presumably nounced the fossils to be of Genevieve age and coal beds is about 380 feet. As these determined the Catskill formation, but in a later publication changes gradually to the nearly pure siliceous to be identical with those occurring in the Max- points nearly encircle Ceylon, it was assumed (Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, Vol. XV, 1878, pp. beds of the well-known Pocono section. ville limestone of Ohio. From these fossils it that the interval remained constant in this region, 423-430)' he stated that he regarded them as On Youghiogheny River the calcareous upper seems probable that the Greenbrier limestone and the contour lines were drawn accordingly. equivalent to the Chemung of New York, the bed is quarried extensively and crushed for ballast. lentil may be correlated with the base of the Since then it has been discovered that Professor Catskill phase of sedimentation being absent in At this point it has a thickness of over 60 feet, Chester beds, or the top of the St. Louis lime­ Stevenson reports that a .well was drilled years this locality. In the same paper it is stated that and very little of it can be classed as limestone. stone. 7

The outcrop of the limestone is easily deter­ region. Along the river it probably varies from ficult to obtain a complete section of the Potts­ State its general average is about 300 feet. mined in the field by the many quarries which 30 to 80 feet in thickness. The top of the bed ville formation. The upper bed of sandstone is Toward the south it increases^ steadily in thick­ have been opened upon it. The stone is hauled seems to be generally regular, but the base is usually well exposed, but the lower and softer ness until on Kanawha River it exceeds the great­ to adjacent farms and burned in open ricks to uneven, seeming to rest unconformably upon the members are generally concealed by the debris est measure known in the anthracite field. supply fertilizer. shale beneatt. The upper bed is generally con­ from the upper bed. Where the formation passes From the evidence afforded by fossil plants, The Mauch Chunk shale can be identified in glomeratic, but in most of the outcrops the peb­ below river level at the waterworks in South Con­ Mr. White proves conclusively that about the every well-kept drill record throughout the region bles are not abundant enough to be conspicuous. nellsville it shows the same arrangement of beds beginning of the Pottsville epoch an uplift west of Laurel Ridge, but the reports of the The shale interval between the two sandstone as it does near Ohiopyle, except that the lower occurred, which affected much of the Mississippi drillers vary greatly in their description of its benches is very irregular in thickness and com­ bed is thin, probably not exceeding 30 feet in Valley. A large land area was formed that character. In the Upper Middletown well it has position. It varies from 20 to 50 feet in thick­ thickness. The upper bed is massive and it was extended as far east as the Broad Top basin and a thickness of 145 feet and is noted as red rock ness where it is well exposed in the railroad cuts, formerly crushed for glass sand at this point. Its the Northern Anthracite field. This land area and slate. In the Haddenville well it is reported but in places it seems to be lacking. Irregular thickness is 60 to 80 feet and it is separated from persisted until at least 600 feet of Pottsville sedi­ as consisting of 5 feet of shale underlain by 90 beds of sandstone occur in the shale, and gener­ the lower member by a shale interval from 10 to ments were deposited in the Southern Anthracite feet of limestone. In the Smithfield well it is as ally & thin streak of coal may be seen in the rail­ 15 feet in thickness. basin. A subsidence then occurred in the west­ follows: road cuts. This bed of coal is usually too thin On Laurel Ridge the Pottsville formation ern part of the State, which allowed the Sharon Mauch Chunk shale as shown in Smithfield well. and irregular to be of value, but in the vicinity appears to be thinner than above Indian Creek, conglomerate and its associated coal group to be Feet. of Ohiopyle it measures about 2 feet in thickness. but the apparent thinness may be due to imperfect deposited, but presumably this area of sedimenta­ Red shale with some lime...... 94 It is visible just below the falls, and according to exposure of the lower part. The upper bench tion did not extend as far east as the Uniontown Dark shale...... 40 Professor Stevenson its thickness ranges from seems to hold about the same thickness that it Limestone...... 117 quadrangle, since the plants found in this region zero to 15 inches. His correlation of this bed has in the gap of Youghiogheny River above indicate that the bed first deposited is probably Total...... '...... 251 with the Mount Savage coal of Maryland has Connellsville. The lower sandstone bed is not equivalent to the Connoquenessing sandstone. The rocks above the Green brier limestone lentil been verified by David White from fossil plants known in this territory south of Youghiogheny At the close of the Sharon episode the land consist principally of red and green shale with collected in the railroad cuts below Ohiopyle. River, but it is probably present along Laurel along the Allegheny Front apparently sank and occasional beds of greenish sandstone. In this The lower sandstone bench is exceedingly Ridge, since it occurs in its proper position in a unbroken sedimentation was resumed from the region the shale immediately underlying the irregular in thickness and bedding. In places it section measured by Prof. I. C. White on Cheat anthracite basins to the western edge of the Pottsville sandstone is of an olive-green color, is a coarse conglomerate, but generally it is com­ River at the mouth of Big Sandy Creek a few bituminous field. and it has attained considerable prominence from posed of coarse, irregularly bedded sandstone that miles south of the State line. In this section the The lower sandstone bed exposed along Yough­ the fact that it carries small beds of iron ore that frequently contains lenses of shale. upper conglomerate has a thickness of 160 feet; iogheny River is probably equivalent to the Con­ were extensively worked before the introduction The thickness of the bed is difficult to deter­ the shale member a thickness of 35. feet, and the noquenessing sandstone of Beaver Valley; the of Lake Superior ores. mined. Its top is exposed at a great many places lower sandstone bench a thickness of 31 feet. shale and coal lying between the two plates of The beds below the Greenbrier lentil are not along the railroad, but its base is concealed by The heavy sandstone beds of the Pottsville for­ sandstone constitute the Mercer group; and the so uniform in character as those above. They the railroad embankment. Between Bear Run and mation underlie the coal basins west of Laurel upper and more prominent sandstone is probably are prevailingly red in color, but tjie shale is fre­ Ohiopyle some greenish shale shows at the rail­ Ridge. They are easily identified in every relia­ equivalent to the Homewood sandstone of the quently interstratified with thin bands of impure road level, which possibly belongs to the Mauch ble well record in the region. In the Upper western part of the State. limestone. Chunk formation, but at this point the upper Middletown well the Pottsville section is as fol­ Allegheny formation. The Allegheny forma­ The irregularities in the thickness of this for­ limit of the sandstone is not visible. Presumably lows: tion overlies the coarse beds of the Pottsville, mation throughout western Pennsylvania and the its maximum thickness is less than 100 feet, but and its average thickness in this region Pottsville sandstone as shown in Upper Middletown well. fact that beds of different character come into it is so variable that measured sections apply only is about 270 feet. This was formerly J?odIi0ctivre Feet. contact with the Pottsville sandstone are pre­ to the point at which they were taken. White sandstone...... 138 called the "Lower Productive meas­ sumably due to an unconformity between the The narrow canyon which the river has cut in Shale...... 10 ures," from the fact that most of the workable Pottsville sandstone and the Mauch Chunk shale. these beds throughout Stewart Township extends Black sandstone...... 90 coal beds in the lower part of the series occur This unconformity is plainly apparent on the west up the stream as far as Ohiopyle, where it is ter­ Total...... 238 within it. More recently it has been referred to side of the Appalachian coal basin from Pennsyl­ minated by a waterfall. Above the falls the In the Haddenville well the shale bed either is as the "Allegheny River series," but in this report vania to Alabama, and it extends beneath the river follows an east-west course directly across not present or was not recognized. According to it will be spoken of as the "Allegheny forma­ basin as far as the Uniontown quadrangle. Its the anticlinal ridge known as Laurel Hill. South­ the record of this well the Pottsville has a thick­ tion," so named from the river along which it significance will be more fully considered in the west of the river the Pottsville sandstones cap the ness of 230 feet. The record of the Smithfield outcrops in typical form. In the Uniontown and description of the Pottsville formation. ridge as far as the southern line of the Union- well shows the formation more in detail, as fol­ Masontown quadrangles it shows in outcrop only The Mauch Chunk shale shows in outcrop town quadrangle. The outcrop does not show in lows: in the mountainous part, except in a narrow belt along Youghiogheny River from the waterworks the quadrangle, but it is present on the National on the west side of Laurel Ridge. Along this in South Connellsville to beyond the margin of Pike just east of this territory. Pottsville sandstone as shown in Smithfield well. belt its outcrop occurs in the valley at the foot the quadrangle. In passing over the arch of the On Youghiogheny River below Indian Creek Feet. of the ridge or on the steep slopes, and therefore Sandstone...... 95 Chestnut Ridge anticline it rises several hundred the rocks rise in a large anticlinal fold which Dark shale...... 35 frequently it is obscured by the sandstone debris feet above the river, and consequently is visible carries the upper heavy plate of Pottsville con­ Dark sandstone...... 8 from the Pottsville formation outcropping on the Black shale...... 22 at only one or two points in passing along the glomerate to the summits of the highest hills in Gray sandstone...... 52 higher slopes of the ridge. In Ligonier Valley Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. It is also present the northeast corner of the Uniontown quadran­ it is more generally exposed. Near the idver it Total...... 212 on Dunbar Creek above the furnace. Owing to gle. Erosion has been so severe that the sand­ remains on some of the highest hills, but in- the the development of the Dulany anticline to the stone is not always present on the bluffs facing The total thickness of the Pottsville formation interior it forms the floors of most of the deep southwest, its outcrop passes from the head of the river, but it shows in a continuous line of out­ in the Masontown well is about the same as in valleys, being deeply covered in the interstream Dunbar Creek to the summit of the mountain at crop a little distance back from the front. It is the Smithfield well, but the details differ, as areas by the Conemaugh formation, which lies Jumonville. From this point to the edge of the particularly prominent on the highest summit shown by the following section: above it. quadrangle it occurs continuously on both sides south of the river, where it is broken into huge Pottsville sandstone as shown in Masontown well. In the previous survey it was recognized in the of Laurel Ridge, but the formation is composed blocks which lie scattered about in picturesque valley of Redstone Creek in the vicinity of Upper Feet. of soft rocks and its outcrop is usually marked confusion. These are well known as the Elk Sandstone...... 160 Middletown, but the evidence upon which this by ravines or low gaps in the spurs of the ridge. Rocks, and they have been figured and described Shale and coal...... 4 determination was made is not apparent. During Sandstone...... 54 in previous reports on the region. North of the the present survey this region was carefully inves­ PENNSYLVANIA^ SERIES. river the ridge is capped by the heavy beds of Total...... 218 tigated, but no trace of the undoubted Allegheny Pottsville sandstone. The Pottsville sandstone Pottsville, which rise on the west slope of the The events which attended the deposition of formation was discovered. It seems probable is the. lowest member of the Pennsylvanian series ridge somewhat more rapidly than the surface, the Pottsville formation constitute one of the that the original determination was based upon or true coal-bearing rocks. It rests and dip on the east beneath the Allegheny forma­ most interesting episodes in the geo- the occurrence of a coal bed closely underlying a i . i , ? , 1 TI Signifigance unconformably upon the soft shale of tion in Ligonier Valley. logico historyJ 01 this region.O It was oftnepotts-ville and the heavy sandstone. Since such a relationship is the Mauch Chunk formation and is and thin coai between. In the valley of Dunbar Creek the Pottsville formerly supposed that the variation ""ybeneath generally true of the Upper Freeport coal and overlain by the relatively soft rocks is particularly conspicuous. The upper bed is in thickness of the formation was due "' the Mahoning sandstone, it was probably assumed of the Allegheny formation. Sandwiched thus quarried and crushed for glass sand, and the to different conditions of sedimentation and that that the measures below the sandstone belong to between formations which are easily eroded, the inclined quarry face extends from the bottom of the thinner beds of rock on the west side of the the Allegheny formation. This interpretation hard beds of the Pottsville are conspicuous fea­ the valley to the summit of the ridge lying basin corresponded in age with the thicker beds might be accepted were it not for the evidence tures in the landscape. To their resistant char­ between this creek and Youghiogheny River. on the east. Through the study of fossil plants afforded by a deep well that was drilled several acter is due much of the mountainous topography On the south side of the valley the outcrop of David White has recently demonstrated that this years ago at Upper Middletown. In the record of this part of the State, and the erosion of the this hard bed forms a terrace diagonally up the is not the case, that the thinner beds are due to of this well, which is published on another page, soft shale beneath causes them to stand out in side of the mountain from Dunbar furnace nearly lack of sedimentation, and that they are separated the Pottsville is easily recognized at a depth of prominent cliffs. to the summit of the mountain at the head of from the underlying rocks by a long time interval 430 feet below the surface. If the Allegheny The Pottsville sandstone is best exposed along Tucker Run. From the head of Tucker Run the that is represented by the deposition of at least formation outcrops along Redstone Creek, it must Youghiogheny River in Stewart Township. This massive sandstone caps Laurel Ridge for 2 or 3 the lower half of the formation in its full devel­ have a thickness of not less that 430 feet, but no outcrop is east of the Uniontown quadrangle, miles, but for the remainder of the distance it has opment in the type locality in the Southern such thickness is known in any of the outcrops, but the exposures are so much better than those been eroded from the crest of the arch and shows Anthracite field. therefore the coal bed which has been assumed occurring within the territory that they will be in outcrop only on the flanks of the ridge. It is According to Mr. White the thickness of the to be the Upper Freeport is presumably the Hager regarded as the type for the field. particularly prominent in Pine Knob south of the Pottsville in the Southern Anthracite basin is coal which lies about 160 feet higher in the series. The two heavy benches of the formation are National Pike, and its inclined beds form the sur­ 1200 feet, in the Western Middle field 850 feet-, The individual beds of the Allegheny forma­ well exposed along the Baltimore and Ohio Rail­ face of most of the long spurs on the west side of and in the Northern field 225 feet. The pub­ tion vary so greatly in character and road from Ohiopyle to within 2 miles of Indian , -, , . T Details of the ridge. South of this territory the anticlinal lished reports give it as 160 feet in thickness in thickness throughouto the, territoryJ that thicknessesbeds and Creek. The upper bed is generally more massive fold diminishes and again the Pottsville conglom­ the Broad Top basin and 65 feet in the Cone- no section can be regarded as typical of gheny^" and thicker than the lower bed, and it is a much erate caps the summit of the ridge. rnaugh gap. In the Uniontown region its thick­ the region. One of the best exposures matlon< more prominent feature in the topography of the In the exposures along Laurel Ridge it is dif­ ness is 200 feet and in the western part of the occurs at the mouth of Cucumber Run, in Stewart Mason town and Uniontown. 8

Township. The full thickness of the formation The Lower Freeport "coal is not well repre­ characteristics. It seems probable, however, that on Kiskiminitas River. In the Connellsville is shown here, but some of the details are lacking, sented in the Cucumber Bun section. It is gen­ the driller stopped operations after his drill had quadrangle, which lies due north of Uniontown, as shown in fig. 2. The coal beds are well exposed, erally thin in Ligonier Valley, but west of Laurel entered a few feet into the Pottsville formation, this sandstone is of so much importance that it

Feet. Ridge it locally attains workable proportions. and hence the last item, or possibly the last three has been mapped separately as a lentil in the Mahoniug sandstone. The Upper Freeport coal is present throughout items, should be considered as belonging to that Conemaugh formation. It is not prominent, and 3' Upper Freeport coal. this territory wherever its horizon appears at the formation. If that is granted, the Allegheny for­ probably not everywhere present, in the Union- surface. Along the west side of Laurel Ridge it mation has, according to this record, a thickness town and Masontown quadrangles, and at the time 6' Bolivar fire clay. expands to a thickness of 15 to 16 feet, but the of 312 feet, which agrees very well with measured they were surveyed it was not deemed of suffici­ Lower Freeport coal (concealed). bed is badly broken by shale partings, as will sections in adjacent territory. According to this ent importance to be shown on the geologic map. be shown under the heading " Mineral resources." record the total distance from the Pittsburg coal Between the Saltsburg and Mahoning sand­ 4'-7'coal. In searching for and indentifying coal beds the to the top of the Pottsville sandstone is 890 feet. stones there is a horizon of black fossiliferous Upper Freeport limestone is an important key According to the Smithfield well record, which is limestone which was used as a key rock by Pro­ rock; it is well shown in the vicinity of Cucum­ published on another page, the interval from the fessor Stevenson in his survey of this region. ) Kittanniiig group. ber Run, and also at many other places in this Pittsburg coal to the top of the Pottsville for­ This limestone is variable in thickness and com­ 2' coal, territory. mation is 910 feet. The difference of 20 feet position and can be used as a guide only in con­ coal. The fire clays associated with the Freeport between these two sections is no greater than the nection with other members of the formation. group of coal beds are well developed in Ligonier possible error in the determination of the strati- The Morgantown sandstone is another promi­ Valley. The Bolivar clay, occurring about 36 feet graphic position of the well heads, therefore wre nent member of the formation. It occurs about 2' 3" Brookville-Clarion coal. below the Upper Freeport coal, is well shown in may conclude that they are in practical agree­ 150 feet below the Pittsburg coal, and is gener­ Pottsvllle sandstone. the Cucumber Run section, and it is being dug at ment, and that the Hutchison well record, as thus ally persistent over the territory. In these quad­ Fig. 2. Section of Allegheny formation at rnouth of a number of points along Youghiogheny River interpreted, is in perfect accord with the Smith- rangles it is probably more prominent than any Cucumber Run. between Ohiopyle and Indian Creek. field well record and with the general thickness of the other sandstone members, but farther north and in a general way may be correlated with the Although the individual members of this for­ of the Allegheny formation in the surrounding it is outranked in places by the Saltsburg sand­ coal beds of Allegheny Valley, but it is doubtful mation are extremely variable, the aggregate region. stone, previously described. The Morgantown if many of them occur at the exact horizon of the thickness seems to be remarkably regular through­ Gonemaugli formation. The coal-bearing rocks sandstone varies in thickness, up to a hundred feet. coals of the type locality. out the territory. Professor Stevenson was under of Pennsylvania were originally subdivided with It is generally present, but sometimes appears to the impression that the Allegheny formation reference to the coal beds which they be replaced by sandy shales and thin-bedded Detailed section at mouth of Cubumber River, Steivart Town­ contained.i rruI he Alleghenyn lormationi> sandstonesShales and ship. diminished rapidly in thickness near the West o > between theth sandstones. From 30 to 40 feet below the Morgan- Preeport and Feet. Virginia line on the west side of Laurel Ridge. at the base was called the Lower Pro­ Pittsburg town sandstone occurs a thin band of green crin- Mahoning sandstone. coals. Shale...... 0-10 feet. His estimate of 125 feet was probably based upon ductive measures, because it contains a oidal limestone which also was extensively used 1. Upper Freeport coal ...... 3 the record of a deep well which was drilled at group of coal beds some of which are always of by Professor Stevenson in stratigraphic deter­ 2. Clay...... 3 Hutchinson, about a mile southwest of the workable thickness. A group of coal-bearing 3. Freeport limestone ...... 5 minations. It is a thin bed and in many places it 4. Concealed ...... 4 National Pike. The section of this well is as fol­ rocks higher in the series was similarly termed is difficult to find its line of outcrop. Presumably 5. Green shale and clay...... 5 lows: the Upper Productive coal measures. Between it is variable in its occurrence and should be 6. Sandy shale ...... 19 7. Bolivar fire clay ...... 6 Record of deep tvell at Hutchinson. these two principal coal-bearing horizons occurs used only in connection with other beds in deter­ 8; Green mudstones ...... 5 Feet. a series of beds called the Conemaugh forma­ mining the stratigraphy of the section. 9. Concealed ...... 8 Distance of well mouth below Pitts- tion. It is composed of shales of varying colors From 30 to 40 feet below the Pittsburg coal 10. (Lower Freeport coal t) ...... burg coal...... 180 11. Fire clay...... 2 Sandstone...... 18 and sandstone, with here and there small beds occurs the Connellsville sandstone, which is fairly 12. Green sandstone...... 10 Black shale ...... 1 of coal. Occasionally these beds attain work­ well developed in this region and in the neigh­ 13. Sandy shale...... 10 Blue clay ...... 2 able proportions, but such a stage of develop­ borhood of the city of Connellsville, from which 14. Concealed (sandy shale) ...... 15 Limestone ...... 9 . fl5. Coal...... 4-7 Variegated shale...... 55 ment is maintained only over a limited territory. it derives its name. It probably never reaches 16. Fireclay...... 3 Sandstone...... 4 The base of the formation is marked by the Free- the thickness attained by the Morgantown or 17. Coarse sandstone ...... 18 Shale...... 25 18. Concealed (sandy shale) ...... 35 Hard sandstone...... 6 port coal and the top by the Pittsburg coal, and Saltsburg sandstone, and probably it is absent 19. Shaly sandstone ...... 15 Shale, with limestone...... 39 the formation has an average thickness of about over a much greater territory than either of the 20. Coal ...... 2 10. Blue clay...... 2 580 feet. other beds. It is not particularly valuable as a 21. Fire clay...... 3 11. Black shale ...... 9 22. Sandy shale...... 20 M 12. Hard sandstone...... 6 In Ligonier Valley the rocks of the Conemaugh horizon marker because the Pittsburg coal bed, 123. Coal (thin)...... 13. Shale ...... 22 formation are well exposed. They occupy the which lies so close above it, can generally be 24. Concealed (shale) ...... 60 14. Coal...... 1 25. Brookville-Clarion coal...... 2£ 15. Shale ...... 26 center of the valley, extending along the National identified without the aid of other beds. 26. Shale or clay...... 10 16. Limestone...... 5 Pike from Fayette Springs, or Chalk Hill, to near Monongdhela formation. The Monongahela Pottsville sandstone. 17. Variegated shale...... 15 the western line of Henry Clay Township. The formation overlies the rocks of the Conemaugh in Total...... 267f-270J 18. Sandstone...... 3 4 upper part of the formation has been eroded from the synclinal troughs west of Laurel 19. Shale ...... Calcareous 20. Sandstone...... 21 shales, sand­ The lowest coal in the Allegheny formation this region, leaving as a maximum only 200 to 300 Ridge. The formation has been called stone, and 21. Black shale ...... 12 limestone occurs generally within 20 feet of the top of the feet of strata in the center of the basin. The for­ the Upper Productive coal measures, beds from the 22. Coal...... ':"...... 6 Pittsburg to Pottsville sandstone. Through a misapprehen­ 23. Shale...... 6 mation is trenched by many of the larger streams from the fact that it contains most of the Waynes= burg coal. sion this' bed was called by Professor Stevenson 24. Sandstone...... 13 to a depth which exposes the workable coals of the workable coal of the upper part of 25. Red shale...... 23 in his Fayette County report the Mount Savage 26. Conglomerate sandstone...... 6 the Allegheny formation. the coal-bearing series. In this region it has a coal, but this was corrected in a later report on 27. Shale ...... 5 West of Laurel Hill the folds in the rock have fairly constant thickness of from 370 to 400 feet. Ligonier Valley, and the coal was called Brook- 28. Sandstone...... 14 exposed this formation in wide bands of outcrop 29. Shale .v.'.....I...... :...... 3 Its base is everywhere well marked, consisting ville, from a cojal bed occupying a similar position 30. Sandstone...... 8 across the quadrangles. In the great Uniontown as it does of the great Pittsburg coal bed, which in the series in Jefferson and Clarion counties. 31. Black shale ...... 29 syncline, or southern end of the Connellsville is extensively worked over most of this territory. Thickness of Coneinaugh formation.. 578 Prof. I. C. Whjite inclines to the opinion that the 32. Coal...... 8 basin, as it is more commonly known, the Cone­ The upper limit of the formation is not so clearly Brookville coal is not present in the southern 33. Shale, with thin sandstone...... 30 maugh formation shows from the Pittsburg coal defined. According to general usage it is at part of Pennsylvania, or in Ohio and West Vir­ 34. Conglomerate...... 60 crop outward. Owing to the relatively steep dips the top of the Waynesburg coal, which is sup­ 35. Shale, with iron ore...... 70 ginia, and therefore the coal in Fayette County 36. Coal...... 4 on the east side of the syncline, the Conemaugh posed to agree also with the base of the Waynes­ within 20 feet of the Pottsville is probably equiva­ 37. Shale...... 12 formation outcrops in a narrow belt along the burg sandstone. Unfortunately this sandstone is 38. Limestone...... 47 lent to the Clarion coal of Allegheny Valley. 39. Sandstone...... 15 valley at the foot of Laurel Ridge. On the west not always present, at least as a recognizable bed, Until full collections of fossil plants have been 40. Shale...... 16 side of the syncline the formation is exposed in and the coal varies so in thickness that it is some­ obtained from the various coal beds mentioned it 41. Sandstone...... 17 a broad belt as it laps up over the arch of the times impossible to identify it with certainty. 42 Shale ...... 5 is impossible to correlate them with certainty. 43. Coal ...... 3 Fayette anticline. On the National Pike this In previous surveys of the region the measures This coal will therefore be called the Brookville- 44. Black shale...... _25 belt has a width of about 3 miles. It narrows above the Waynesburg coal (Dunkard formation) Thickness of Allegheny formation ... 312 Clarion bed. It is probably present throughout 45. Sandstone...... 2 irregularly southward until in the vicinity of were not identified in the Uniontown basin except this territory. 46. Shale ...... 20 Woodside the Pittsburg coal is almost continu­ in a very few areas. The basin was supposed to A thick bed of excellent fire clay sometimes 47. Sandstone...... 18 ous across the arch, and the outcrop of the Cone­ be too shallow to contain these upper rocks. occurs below the Brookville-Clarion coal. It According to Professor Stevenson this well was maugh formation is limited to the deep ravines. Since that time the great development of mines reaches its best development along the west slope begun about 180 feet below the Pittsjburg coal, From this point south the formation is widely has shown that the basin is much deeper than of Laurel Ridge, where it has been extensively or at the horizon of the Morgantown sandstone. exposed in the valley of George Creek and around formerly was supposed, and that the Waynesburg dug for the manufacture of fire bricks. The particular item in the record which seems to the southern extremity of the Uniontown syncline. coal and the measures above it are present in an In the middle of the Allegheny formation, as have been the determining feature is No. 34, the One of the most important members of the for: area of almost unbroken outcrop from Uniontown shown on Cucumber Hun, there is a group of coal so-called Pottsville conglomerate. If this identi­ mation is the Mahoning sandstone, which occurs to the north line of the quadrangle. There is beds which undoubtedly occur at the Kittanning fication is correct there is no interpretation pos­ at its base and which overlies the Upper Free- also a small area of these rocks extending south­ horizon, but it is extremely doubtful whether the sible except that which Professor Stevenson gave. port coal. This sandstone is generally coarse and west from Uniontown as far as Chadville. individual beds correspond with the Upper, Mid­ But if it is conceded that this conglomerate may frequently conglomeratic. It is not always pres­ Without the data furnished by the extensive dle, and Lower-Kittanning coal beds of Allegheny be the Freeport sandstone, then the section has ent, but in its best development it has a thickness developments of recent years it would have been Valley. In the Cucumber Run section the largest an entirely different aspect and agrees with other of from 20 to 60 feet. In some places it is impossible to say with certainty whether the coal lies 100 feet below the top of the formation. data in the surrounding region. replaced by sandy shales, and therefore is not Waynesburg coal is present in this basin or not. Professor Stevenson considered this to be the If No. 34 is regarded as Freeport sandstone, always a reliable guide to the stratigraphy. The coal is of medium thickness, but under pres­ Lower Freeport coal, but Professor White, in then No. 32 becomes the Upper Freeport coal About 200 feet above the base of the formation ent conditions it is of no commercial importance. republishing the same section, called it the Upper bed, and the Conemaugh series lying above it has occurs a sandstone which in some localities devel­ The interval between it and the lower recogniz­ Ki/ctanning coal. The latter determination is cer­ a thickness of 578 feet. The members lying below ops into a very prominent bed of massive sand­ able beds seems to be variable, and the Waynes­ tainly more in accordance with the facts, and in this coal bed are not easy to identify, for the stone or conglomerate. This was named by burg sandstone, which is supposed to overlie the this report the coal is referred to the Kittanning reason that the section does not extend deep Professor Lesley the Saltsburg sandstone, from coal bed, is generally absent, being replaced by group. enough to show any stratum having distinctive its great development at the town of that name, sandy shales and thin sandstones. 9

In the next synclinal trough to the west the out most of its course. The original thickness of gahela River the separation of the Permian was No other examples of drainage modifications outcrop of the Waynesburg coal is much more the formation is not known. Undoubtedly much not attempted on the geologic maps of this folio. occur in this territory, but at Ohiopyle, just east extensive than formerly was supposed, This of it has been eroded even from the of the eastern margin of the quadrangle, Youghio­ fact was developed also through mine shafts highest hills. That which remains has limestones PLEISTOCENE BOOKS. gheny River formerly flowed across the narrow . . -, above the and drill holes which recently have been sunk a maximum thickness of about 1100 Waynesburgcoal, com- Oarmichael clay. After the deposition of the neck of the peninsula on the line now occupied in the basin. In parts of the trough the Waynes­ feet. This thickness is reached in the E[gshielsgttmem= highest rocks of Carboniferous age this region by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. In this burg sandstone is well developed and the top southern part of Greene County, Pa., Pennsyi=e was elevated above sea level, and since case the stream abandoned a. direct course, not of the Monongahela formation can be deter­ west oroi-i-i the border T -i«line 01i> this,1 territory. i vanian series. that time it has been continuously a ^ over a quarter of a mile in length, and chose a mined with great accuracy; but in many locali­ The thickest section in the Uniontown and Mason- land area. Rock material has con­ circuitous route around the bend, about 2 miles ties the sandstone is either poorly developed or town quadrangles is in the Lambert syncline, stantly been removed from the surface throughout long, to reach the same point. Its former course entirely replaced by finer material, and it is only where about 400 feet of the Dunkard formation this long period of time, and no deposition took is marked by a deposit of rounded bowlders and with difficulty that the coal can be separated from are exposed above the Waynesburg coal. place except during the latest period of geologic sand of about the same degree of coarseness as other beds of the series. East of Monongahela River, exposures of the history, when local deposits were laid down in the material transported by the stream to-day. The trough extends as far west as Merrittstown, Dunkard formation are limited mainly to the syn­ the abandoned channels of Monongahela River. This change of drainage is very peculiar and in the northern part of the quadrangle. Beyond clinal troughs previously described. In the These channels were obstructed, and in the apparently can be explained only on the hypothe­ this point the rocks are nearly flat, and the Waynes­ Uniontown basin the Waynesburg sandstone is ponded water back of the obstruction, clay, sand, sis of a local dam across the neck of the peninsula. burg coal occurs well up toward the tops of poorly developed, but from the shaft section of and gravel were deposited to depths of 60 to There is, however, no direct evidence of the exist­ the hills in the great bend of Monongahela River the Leisenring No. 3 mine the measures above the 80 feet. As the valley was originally occupied ence of this dam. between East Riverside and Brownsville. Here Waynesburg coal are found to have a thickness by an active stream the lowest materials are The age of these valley fillings may be deter­ the Waynesburg sandstone with its underlying of 200 feet. Since the surrounding hills rise always coarse and well rounded. Above this mined approximately by comparing them with coal is well developed, hence the determination of somewhat higher than the mouth of the shaft, layer of bowlders the succession of material varied similar features on Allegheny River. Allegheny the upper limit of the Monongahela formation is the total thickness remaining in this trough is not from time to time with no apparent regularity. River is not marked generally by abandoned easy. The river does not cut deep enough to far from 300 feet. In ,the Lambert syncline, in At times the water appears to have been still, channels, but its valley is characterized by well- expose the base of the formation except in the Redstone and German townships, occurs the great­ and in it was laid down exceedingly fine and developed rock terraces which merge with the extreme northwest corner of the quadrangle, est thickness of the Dunkard formation known in laminated clay; at other times fairly strong cur­ abandoned channels of Monongahela River at where the rocks begin to rise over the Bellever- these quadrangles. According to the section rents seem to have prevailed, and sand and coarse Pittsburg. Upon these rock shelves occur great non anticline, the axis of which is located beyond shown in the Lambert shaft there are 243 feet of material were brought in. Large bowlders were deposits of gravel that were brought down dur­ the margin of this territory. Above Rices Land­ these rocks above the Waynesburg coal. This, carried in and dropped in the midst of fine depos­ ing an early (Kansan?) ice invasion. Since these ing the Pittsburg coal, which is at the base of the added to the height of the hills above the mouth its, and trees and other vegetable matter were deposits were laid down the modern gorge has formation, is about 100 feet below water level. of the shaft, will probably give a total of about washed down and buried in this accumulation. been cut, and it has been partially filled by gravel South of East Riverside its depth increases, reach­ 400 feet. The material laid down at different points in of the last (Wisconsin) ice invasion. ing about 200 feet at the mouth of Middle Run. In Luzerne Township, west of this syncline, the the valleys is generally of similar composition, Since the sequence of events has been approxi­ Above this point the coal rises gradually and remaining portion of the Dunkard formation is but in places there are local deposits that differ mately the same for both streams, the epoch dur­ appears at water level about the mouth of Cats thin, probably not exceeding 150 feet in thick­ from the ordinary filling. About a mile and a ing which the old channels of Monongahela River Creek. South of Cats Creek the coal rises steadily, ness at any point. half southeast of New Geneva there is a deposit were abandoned and new ones cut apparently until it is more than 300 feet above water level In Greene County most of the high land is of very fine white clay which has been used for marks the first great ice invasion in the East, and at the southern margin of the quadrangle. composed of rocks of this formation. They are pottery purposes. Similar clays were seen at this probably corresponds with the Kansan stage In Greene County the Monongahela formation cut through in many places by streams, and other points, but no extensive deposits were noted. of the Mississippi Valley. is present along the river bluffs from Rices Land­ toward the south the rise of the strata carries the At Carmichaels a log of wood is reported to have The duration of arctic conditions at the time of ing to the mouth of Whiteley Creek. South of Waynesburg coal so high in the hills that only a been taken from the clay at a depth of 40 feet this first ice invasion must have been very great, the latter point it spreads in a wide, irregular small part of the Dunkard formation remains. from the surface. for it permitted the stream to cut a number of band of outcrop that extends to the southwest The thickest section in Greene County is at Turkey The abandoned channel at Carmichaels may be new channels and broaden them to an appreciable corner of the quadrangle. Knob, where about 300 feet of the measures are considered as a type, since it is one of the most extent. This is well illustrated by some aban­ The rocks of the Monongahela formation are exposed. striking examples in the region, and also since doned channels back of Bellevernon, which is varied, but on the whole they are prevailingly The composition of this formation is not very the distribution of the sediments affords positive situated on Monongahela River about 12 miles calcareous, and in this respect differ materially different from that of the Monongahela forma­ evidence of the conditions which led to its aban­ north of this territory. At this point the river from the formations previously described. The tion. Limestones are not so abundant, but they donment. The rock floor of this channel has an not only abandoned its original channel, but its formation contains locally heavy beds of sand­ are scattered at intervals throughout the forma­ altitude of about 920 feet above sea level. Clay second position was vacated, leaving three parallel stone, which, together with the coarse overlying tion. A number of coal beds are known in the and sand fill the valley to a depth of 60 or f 0 channels, with high land between. All of these Waynesburg sandstone, preserve it from very Dunkard formation, but none of them reach the feet, and the gravel and fine silt extend up the channels, except that occupied by the stream at rapid erosion, and consequently its soft rocks importance of the coals of the subjacent series. sides of the valley to a height of 160 feet above present, are broadened to a considerable extent and have no appreciable effect on the topography. One of the most important members of the its rocky floor. This condition prevails from the the hills bounding them on both sides are reduced From an economic standpoint the Pittsburg formation is the Waynesburg sandstone, which upper end of the valley, near Hatfields Ferry, to to a gentle slope. This indicates a longer period of coal, at the base of the formation, is its most occurs at its base. This bed is fairly persistent, about 2 miles below Carmichaels, except that near time than is usually attributed to an ice invasion. important member. It will be described, together but it can not be depended upon with absolute the former locality the filling has been largely The Kansan (?) invasion appears to have been with other coals of the formation, under the head­ certainty. It is usually very coarse and some­ removed by Little Whiteley Creek. About I'-J- terminated by a regional uplift which permitted ing "Mineral resources." This coal is usually times conglomeratic, but the pebbles are always miles below Carmichaels the valley filling stops the streams to cut their present gorges from 100 overlain by shale, sometimes fine and argillaceous, small and not particularly prominent. It is gen­ abruptly, and below that the remaining portion to 140 feet below their abandoned channels. Sub­ but more commonly stiff aod sandy. In the west­ erally massive, and frequently shows in a line of of the rock floor on the east side of Muddy Run sequently the Wisconsin ice sheet gave to the ern part of the Masontown quadrangle the shale cliffs along the ravines and river bluffs. is covered by only a thin coating of river gravel. region a cold climate, but either the cold was not is replaced by a very massive sandstone, which in The most important coal bed, the Washington, It seems certain that this part was never silted up, so severe as before or the streams were too deeply many places attains a thickness of 50 feet. This occurs about 140 feet above the base of the for­ for if it had been so buried there would be traces intrenched to be turned aside by ice jams, and bed appears to be limited to a narrow belt of mation. As seen in natural outcrop it appears remaining upon the broad platform that exists on consequently that epoch is not recorded by local country extending due north and south through to be a large and valuable bed, but it is so broken this side of the creek. The abrupt termination changes in the course of- Monongahela River. the eastern edge of Greene County and Luzerne by shale partings as to be nearly worthless. of the valley clay seems to mark the location of Alluvium. Most of the streams of this region Township of Fayette County. From 40 to 50 feet above the coal bed occurs a the barrier that ponded the stream and forced it have flood plains of varying width along their Lithologically the most important member of series of shales and sandstones in whic.h the latter to seek a new outlet along its present course. valleys. The valleys are not broad the formation is the Great limestone, which in predominate. These are rather prominent in This barrier has disappeared, leaving no trace of enough to allow of extensive deposits, places attains a thickness of 140 feet and occurs Greene County, and form most of the high land its existence save the change in character of the but where these have reached their Y -, i ggheny, and about 120 feet above the Pittsburg coal. This about Turkey Knob and vicinity. material that is now found in the valley. That best development they are 01 mappable bed is variable in composition and is never solid One of the best horizon markers in the forma­ the channel below the site of this old dam is pre­ proportions and are indicated on the limestone. "Frequently it may be divided into an tion is the Upper Washington limestone. This served in the same condition as it was when occu­ geologic sheet. upper and a lower division, separated by shales bed is generally present and easily identifiable in pied by the active stream is proof that no ponding The most peculiar feature of the drainage of and sandstones. The lower division probably parts of Greene and Washington counties, but it occurred below this point subsequent to the for­ this region is that the flood plains of the large has an average thickness of from 60 to 80 feet, is doubtful whether it can be recognized in the mation of the dam. creeks are better developed than those of Monon­ and it is generally composed of alternating bands Lambert basin of Fayette County. During the existence of these ice dams the river gahela River. This may be explained by the fact of limestone and calcareous shale. In places there As a rule the Waynesburg coal closely under­ water must repeatedly have flooded the valleys of that the wider flood plains of the tributaries sur­ are beds of solid limestone 10 or 12 feet in thick­ lies the Waynesburg sandstone. Occasionally, the tributary streams, and deposition undoubtedly vive from a cycle preceding the latest uplift, ness, but such occurrences are rare. The lime­ however, the coal and sandstone are separated by occurred. Some of these deposits have been whereas the river is in a new cycle and is still stone beds are usually less than 2 feet thick, but lenses of shale which are crowded with impres­ recognized and mapped, but many of them doubt­ actively engaged in deepening its channel. This they are generally irregularly" bedded and not sions of ferns and other plants that flourished in less have escaped detection. Since the rejuvena­ change has affected the lower courses of the major good for quarrying purposes. The Great lime­ the Carboniferous swamps. These have been tion of the drainage of the region erosion has tributaries, but the upper courses still retain stone is particularly well developed in the north­ described by Prof. I. C. White as having a Permian been very active, and the soft material deposited traces of their old broad valleys. west corner of the Masontown quadrangle, where aspect, and upon the strength of this evidence he in the narrow valleys has been largely removed, The small streams flowing down the western it is exposed in all of the ravines leading down to regards the Dunkard formation as of Permo-Car- or at least so cut away as to leave only small slope of Laurel Ridge have carried immense quan­ the river. It is generally present over the terri­ boniferous age. Recent studies of the fossil areas remaining. tities of sand and gravel down to the foot of the tory west of Laurel Ridge wherever its horizon is plants by David White lead to the provisional D unbar Creek has an abandoned channel at mountain, where it is spread out in broad alluvial exposed to view. conclusion that the beds below the Upper Wash­ Sitka, near its junction with Youghiogheny River, fans that conceal most of the underlying forma­ DunJ&ard formation. All of the rocks lying ington limestone are certainly of Carboniferous which is similar to the larger valleys of Monon­ tions. No attempt was made to map these above the Waynesburg coal have been grouped age, but those above that stratum may belong to gahela River. The stream that occupied it was a accumulations, but they are of considerable size into one formation and named from Dunkard the Permian system. Since the Upper Washing­ rapid mountain torrent, and consequently the mate­ and have a marked effect upon the value of the Creek, along which they show in outcrop through- ton limestone was not identified east of Monon­ rial filling it is generally coarse and well rounded. land for agricultural purposes. Masontown and Uniontown, 10

Youghiogheny River and its tributaries show The rocks in the lower part of the Allegheny formation This section probably represents this bed in its best done so long ago that the openings were generally closed even less alluvial land than the other streams of are well exposed along Youghiogheny Eiver in the development, for it is reported that in openings a short and the coal inaccessible. On the head­ this region. In its passage through Laurel Ridge vicinity of Ohiopyle, and the Brookville- distance away the shale partings show a greatly increased waters of Haney Eun two such old prospect tanning on Clarion coal has been opened at a number thickness without a corresponding increase in the total pits., were visible -i i whichi . -i appear to,11 be located , -, Haney Run. the river is still actively engaged in cutting the of places. It was formerly mined along the thickness of the bed. The coal is said to make a good on the upper two coals of this group. solid rock in the bottom of its channel, and such river road between the mouths of Meadow fuel, and it may be utilized when the more regular beds On Meadow Eun the Upper and Middle Kittanning flood plains as it has built are of very limited and Cucumber runs, but the mine was abandoned long are exhausted. beds are exposed in a number of places. In a ravine on extent and are composed of coarse material. They ago and the coal is not now visible. According to report Kittanning coal group. There is considerable diversity the east side of the run below the mouth of are eroded and redeposited at every period of its thickness is about 2 feet 3 inches (sec. 1, fig. 3). It of opinion regarding the classification of the coal beds Beaver Euu Professor Stevenson measured Middle Kit- high water. After leaving the gorge through the was also mined just below the forks of Cucumber Eun, of the Allegheny formation in the southern a section which extends from the Upper Meadow 0" part of the State. In the Cucumber Eun tion dfPKit^c" Freeport coal down for a distance of 135 feet. mountain the stream has graded its channel and ,. , . , , , - . , . tanning coals Sec. 1 section, which may be regarded as the type, on cucumber Twenty-nine feet below the Upper Freeport horizon is a has built moderate flood plains along much of its CUCUMBER RUN and which was published by Professor small coal which presumably is identical with the small course. The upper end of this flood plain shows Stevenson in report KKK of the Second Geological Sur­ unnamed coal in his section on Cucumber Eun, and in the northern part of the Uniontown quadran­ vey of Pennsylvania, there are six coal beds, as shown which is here called the Lower Freeport. Eighty-five gle, but it does not extend up the river beyond in fig. 2. Professor Stevenson called the coal, No. 15 feet below the Upper Freeport horizon is a coal 5 feet in the waterworks in South Connellsville. in his report, the Lower Freeport, although it occurs at thickness which he classes as Lower Kittanning, the abnormally great distance of 95 feet below the Upper although he figures it as lying directly below the Free- MINERAL RESOURCES. Freeport horizon. He recognized the existence of the port sandstone, and undoubtedly corresponding with the small coal bed No. 10, but he did not think it worthy of heavy coal in the middle of the Cucumber Eun section COAL. notice, although it is more nearly at the horizon of the which he calls Lower Freeport. Forty-five feet lower Lower Freeport coal than is No. 15, and is apparently in the series is a coal having a thickness of 3 feet 6 Scope of the discussion. In undertaking the identical with a small coal bed on Meadow Eun which inches, which he designates Clarion, but which belongs present geologic survey of a region so well known he called Lower Freeport. somewhere in the Kittanning group, presumably corres­ as southwestern Pennsylvania, it was considered Fig. 3. Sections of Brookville-Clarion coal. In publishing this section (Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey ponding to the Middle Kittanning coal bed. unnecessary to duplicate work previously done, No. 65, 1891, p. 116) Prof. I. C. White called No. 23 It does not seem probable that the lower members of but the mine has not been worked for a number of years Lower Kittanning, No. 20 Middle Kittanning, and No. the Allegheny formation come to light on Meadow Creek except in so far as to test by modern methods the and the coal is inaccessible. 15 Upper Kittanning. To No. 10 he applied the name or on the lower part of Beaver Eun, although Professor results obtained. The aim of the present workers On the opposite side of the river the coal bed at this Lower Freeport coal, but in the case of this bed as well Stevenson identified a massive sandstone as the upper­ is to devote most of their time to those features horizon is reported to have a thickness of 4 feet, but as the Upper Kittanning he signified uncertainty regard­ most bed of the Pottsville. Presumably because of which received least attention in the previous since the openings have all been abandoned it is doubt­ ing the identifications by inserting question marks after this identification he called the lowermost exposed reports. Under this general plan the geologic ful whether the coal is as thick as has been reported. the names. In the present work the classification made coal the Clarion bed. On Beaver Eun the Upper Kit- structure or lay of the beds, the detailed distri­ The bloom of this bed may be seen in the Baltimore and by Professor White is adopted as better expressing the tanning coal has been mined about a quarter of a mile facts and also being in closer agreement with the type above Meadow Eun. Only 4 feet of coal is now visible, bution of various kinds of rocks, including coal, Ohio Eailroad cut just below Ohiopyle, but its thick­ ness can not be determined. About 2 miles north of this section of the Allegheny field than that proposed by but the bed is reported as having a total thickness of 5 and the physiographic history of the region have point the coal outcrops on Bear Eun, where it has a Professor Stevenson. feet 11 inches. The exposure a short distance farther been studied carefully in the field and recorded thckness of from 2 to 3 feet. On the road leading north from the mouth of Cucum­ up the ravine, which Professor Stevenson regarded as on the maps, so far as was practicable. Detailed Throughout most of that part of Ligonier Valley which ber Eun, on which the type section was measured the belonging to the Clarion coal bed, is presumably Upper sections of coal beds and some other facts have lies back from the river hills this horizon is below the thickness of the Upper Kittanning coal could not be Kittanning, although it shows a much more broken sec­ been taken largely from the previous reports, surface and the coal is not exposed, but it definitely determined, but from openings in the neigh­ tion than farther down the stream. The section of the borhood its thickness is seen to range from 4 to 7 feet. bed at this point is as follows (sec. 4, fig. 4) : which abound in such information. Special shows in the valley of Big Sandy Creek below ciarion coai the southern line of the quadrangle. No In the same section the Middle Kittanning appears to acknowledgment is due to Professor Stevenson a" y Upper Kittanning (?) coal-on Beaver Run above Meadow measured section was obtained, but the coal have a thickness of about 2 feet, while the Lower Kit- Run. for the data thus obtained. is exposed in natural outcrop ab a number of places in tanning shows a very small bloom by the roadside. Feet. Inches. Coal is by far the most important mineral the roads, and the size of the bloom indicates that the Coal...... 1 5 Sec. 1 Sec. 2 Sec. 3 Sec. 4 Clay...... 0 1 resource of the Uniontown and Masontown quad­ bed is of workable proportions. Judging from a large CUCUMBER RUN SMALLEYS RUN JONATHAN RUN BEAVER RUN Coal...... 0 2 rangles. All of the rocks occurring above the bloom which was seen on the Chestnut- Laurel ridge Clay...... 0 2 Mauch Chunk red shale are coal bearing, but the south of this quadrangle, the coal at this horizon holds Coal...... 1 5 a fairly constant and workable thickness across the Bone...... 0 10 beds are much thicker and more abundant in southern line of the Uniontown quadrangle. Clay...... 0 0-10 Coal...... 1 0 certain parts of the series than in others. For­ On the east side of the Chestnut- Laurel ridge indica­ merly it was supposed that coal was limited to tions of coal at this horizon were seen at a number of Total (average)...... 5 6 the rocks overlying the Pottsville formation, and places. Near the old Wharton furnace it On Beaver Eun at the crossing of the National Pike a has an apparent thickness of 2 feet and out- Brookville. the term Coal Measures was applied to them in rr Clarion coal coal supposed to be at the horizon of the Middle Kittan- crops about 15 feet above the heavy con- nutf-uuiref*" contradistinction to the supposed barren strata LOWER FREE- UPPER FREE- glomerate of the Pottsville formation. ^|e» east MIDDLE KITTANNING COAL PORT COAL PORT COAL below. Later this was found to be incorrect, but Eecently the coal has been opened on the Sec. 1 Sec. 2 Sec. 3 Sec. 4 the term still clings in geologic literature. The BEAVER RUN OHANEY RUN SPRINGHILL JONATHAN RUN summit of Laurel Eidge east of Percy, but the face of TOWNSHIP extent of the bituminous coal field of Pennsyl­ the bed is not visible. Very little coal was seen on the vania is shown in fig. 28, Illustration sheet. dump, hence it seems probable that the bed is thin and unimportant. At this point it is associated with very MOUNTAINOUS REGION EAST OP UNIONTOWN STNCMNE. valuable fire clay, which will be noted later in the gen­ . 4. Sections of Upper Kittanning coal. Mercer coal. in these quadrangles the Pottsville is eral description of the clays of the region. From this not an important coal-bearing formation, but between point to the Dunbar furnace the coal has been opened in The thickness of the Upper Kittanning coal is shown the two benches of sandstone there is usually many places, but presumably it is thin, since all of the in the following section, which was measured at the a thin bed, the Mercer coal, that locally attains JrtonCeYoua h- mines have been abandoned. On Dunbar Creek the mine of Mr. E. Tharp, in the vicinity of Cucumber Eun FIG. 5. Sections of Middle Kittanning, Lower Freeport, and Upper Freeport coals. workable proportions. Along Youghiou- }?i8**ny thickness of the coal is only 18 inches. In the Yough­ (sec. 1, fig. 4): gheny Eiver, where it is best exposed, this iogheny gap through the Chestnut- Laurel ridge it is not ning, has been mined for local use. The section in the coal is extremely irregular, ranging from a few inches known, but the outcrops are so concealed in the gorge - Upper Kittanning coal in vicinity of Cucumber Run. mine is as follows (sec. 1, fig. 5) : Feet. Inches. to 2 feet in thickness. that it would not be apparent unless special search were Middle Kittanning coal on Beaver Run at National Pike So far as known it reaches its best development near made. Coal , 2 3 Clay. . 0 4 crossing. Feet. Inches. the Wharton Furnace on Ohaney Eun. It was formerly On the west side of the Chestnut- Laurel ridge the Coal. 34 used in the old furnace, but the poor qual­ bed is thicker than in Ligonier Valley. In the early Coal...... 2 0 Total...... 5 11 Shale...... 0 8 ity of coke produced from it caused the f^rne^e rton days of the iron industry the coal was exten­ Coal...... 1 0 mines to be abandoned long ago, and now it sively prospected near Cheat Eiver, a few At this point the bed is reported to be nearly 7 feet is difficult to obtain exposures which show its thickness miles south of the boundary of the quad- thick, but this could not be verified. The coal is Total...... 3 8 and character. At an opening above the mouth of rangle, in connection with iron-ore deposits gj|}fe' west extremely variable, as shown by comparison with the South of the National Pike the coal beds of this group Braddock Eun the coal shows a thickness of 4 feet, which occur near its horizon. The pits were following section, which was obtained from an opening soon pass beneath the surface, and they were not seen hence it seems probable that along the east face of the abandoned long before the Second Geological Survey of on Smalleys Eun (sec. 2, fig. 4) : again in this quarter of the quadrangle. Owing to the Chestnut-Laurel ridge in the vicinity of the National the State was organized, but the section of the coal bed northwestward dip of the strata, the Kittanning coals Pike this coal, although not adapted to furnace use, may (sec. 2, fig. 3) is reported to be as follows : Upper Kittanning coal on Smalleys Run. pass below water level on Meadow Eun a short distance have considerable value for general fuel purposes. In Brookville- Clarion coal near Cheat River, Springhill Town­ Feet. Inches. above the mouth of Beaver Eun, and only the coals other parts of the field it is too irregular in thickness to ship. Coal...... 1 6 lying higher in the series outcrop on the headwaters of Clay...... 5 0 promise much for future development, but local basins Feet. Inches. Coal...... 1 0 the stream. may be found in which the coal is of workable thickness. Coal ...... 2 6 On Chaney Eun the Kittanning coal beds were well Clay...... 3 0 Shale...... 2 6 The correlation of this coal bed with the Mercer hori­ Iron ore ...... 0 6 Coal...... 1 6 prospected during the time that the Wharton furnace zon of Beaver Valley is based upon fossil plants which Coal ...... l .... 1 3 was in operation. According to Professor Stevenson the were obtained in railroad cuts along Toughiogheny Lower Kittanning coal was once mined below the fur­ Total...... 7 3 Eiver. The fossils are not abundant, but, according to Toward the north the total thickness of the bed is not nace pits. At the entrance of the mine the coal showed David White, they are sufficient to establish the iden­ For some distance north the d6bris from the mountain so great as on Smalleys Eun, but the proportion of coal a thickness of 6 feet, but under cover it averaged only tity of the two horizons. completely covers this horizon and the coal is not is greater, as shown by the following section from Jona­ about 4 feet. Thirty feet below this mine another coal Brookville- Clarion coal. Throughout this territory a exposed. than Eun (sec. 3, fig. 4) : was opened which furnished the following section (sec. 2, coal bed of considerable importance occurs in the Alle­ In North Union Township the Brookville-Clarion coal fig. 5): Upper Kittanning coal on Jonathan Run. gheny formation within 30 feet of the top of the Potts­ reaches its maximum development. During the opera­ Middle Kittanning coal on Chaney Run. ville sandstone. This was correlated by Professor tion of the Coolspring furnace east of Uniontown the Feet. Inches. Stevenson with the lowest coal bed of this formation in coal was opened in connection with the development of Coal. . 2 0 Feet. Inches. Clay. . 1 2 Coal ...... 2 6 Allegheny Valley and named from it the Brookville a bed of iron ore. At this point the section (sec. 3, Coal. . 2 0 Parting...... 0 6-10 coal. Prof. I. C. White is of the opinion that the fig. 3) is as follows: Total...... 5 2 Coal....-...... :...... '-...... 0 6 Brookville bed is absent in the southern part of the Total...... 3 6-10 State and that the coal bed mentioned above should be Brookmlle-Clarion coal near Coolspring, east of Uniontown. In this valley the Middle Kittanning reaches workable correlated with the Clarion, or the second coal bed Feet. Inches. proportions. According to report it is 3 feet in thick­ It is probable that these outcrops have been incor­ above the Pottsville sandstone. Since the question can Clay shale. ness in an old opening 65 feet below the outcrop of the rectly identified, since no bed of this thickness is known Coal ...... 3 8 not be settled on stratigraphic evidence alone, it is Clay...... 0 3 Upper Kittaning bed. It also shows at the road cross­ below the Lower Kittanning coal. It seems more likely deemed best, for the present, to refer the coal to the Coal ...... 3 4 ing near the head of Jonathan Eun, but its thickness that the large bed in the vicinity of Wharton Furnace is Brookville-Clarion horizon and trust that, in the future, Clay...... ;.... 0 1 could not be determined. the same as the large bed on Cucumber Eun and conse­ fossil evidence will be obtained that will make a definite Coal ...... 1 6 The outcrops of these coal beds were seen in a number quently belongs to the Upper Kittanning horizon, and correlation possible. Total...... 8 of places in this region, but the prospecting had been that the small bed 30 feet lower is the Middle Kittan- uing. The Upper Kittanning'coal shows-a thickness-of by means of contour lines representing the roof of the as previously mentioned, below the crest of the hill authority, was measured in the same mine 20 yards 4 feet on the main head branch of Big Sandy Creek, near coal bed. These contours represent only the broad feat­ overlying Beaver Run. This determination is not based from the opening: the road from Fayette Springs (Chalk Hill) to Wharton ures of the geologic structure, not having been deter­ upon an observed outcrop of the coal, this being con­ Furnace, but the small coal bed 30 feet below is not mined with sufficient accuracy to show the minor details cealed, but it depends upon the outcrop of the heavy Upper Freeport coal on Grosses Run, in mine, SO yards from opening. visible. which undoubtedly are present in the region. beds of the Pottsville sandstone about a mile and a half Feet. Inches. The Kittanning coal beds outcrop on Laurel Eun in In the Cucumber Run section the Upper Freeport coal north of the pike in the valley of Beaver Run. This Coal...... 2 2 many places, but no openings were found at which their is poorly exposed, but it may be seen in adjacent local­ seems to be undoubtedly Pottsville, and if such is the Clay...... 0 2 thickness could be determined. ities, attaining a maximum thickness of 3 case the position of the Upper Freeport coal is fairly Coal...... 0 5 feet 6 inches. Generally in this region it Bony coal...... 0 4 North of the National Pike the country is largely definitely fixed on the line of the National Pike. Pro­ Coal...... 1 10 uncultivated and the coal beds have*been only slightly appears to be too thin to mine under present fessor Stevenson regards the coal which shows near the Clay...... 0 1 prospected. The rocks are generally nearly horizontal conditions. The Freeport limestone is not point where the National Pike crosses the head of Coal...... 1 7 exposed in the road, but its thickness and position may Beaver Run as the Philson coal bed, which lies about and not in good position to show their outcropping Total...... 6 7 edges. No exposures of the Kittanning coals are known be obtained in a near-by quarry. An opening was seen 65 feet above the Upper Freeport horizon, and he also in the region west of Stewart Township. on the Upper Freeport coal in one of the states that the Upper Freeport coal outcrops a mile and According to Professor Stevenson, the Upper Freeport On the west side of the Chestnut-Laurel ridge the Kit- small head branches of Jonathan Run, near three-quarters farther east along the pike. From coal occurs in the hills at the junction of Chaney Run tanning coals are poorly exposed and little information the schoolhouse which is situated on the observations made during this survey it seems certain with Big Sandy Creek. This is hardly possible, since could be gathered concerning them. The road from Tharp Knob to Fayette Springs, that the coal which Professor Stevenson classes as the the synclinal structure in this region carries the coal great size of the Brookville-Clarion and and about a mile and a quarter west of the former local­ Philson coal belongs to the Kittanning group, and that considerably below water level, and when it emerges Upper Freeport beds makes the coals of the ity. The coal was imperfectly exposed at this opening, the Upper Freeport horizon is entirely above the pike toward the head of the creeks it is with a rather strong- Kittanniug group appear insignificant by but appeared to have a thickness ranging from 3 to 4 in this portion of Henry Clay Township. The sections easterly dip, which if projected to the west would carry comparison. In South Connellsville the rocks of the feet. . It also shows as a large bloom in the same road of the supposed Upper Freeport coal bed which Pro­ it high above the summit of the Chestnut-Laurel ridge. Allegheny formation are partially exposed in the sidehill near the crossing of the Wharton-Stewart township line. fessor Stevenson measured in the headwaters of Beaver On Braddock Run the coal is badly broken by partings, cutting along the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The large Its thickness in this locality is not known, but judging Run presumably do not belong to that horizon, but are the details of which are not known, but in a rough way coal beds of the series were not seen in these exposures, from the showing in the road, the coal probably main­ the sections of a coal lower in the series just what coal the section is as follows: but two small ones show in outcrop by the roadside. One tains a thickness of about 3 feet throughout this terri­ bed it is impossible to determine, for the description of of these seems to occupy the horizon of the Upper Kit- tory. the localities where it outcrops is not sufficiently defined Upper Freeport coal on Braddoch Run. Near the mouth of Jonathan Run the coal has been to fix its horizon. Feet. tanning coal. It is a thin bed, as shown by the follow­ Coal with shale partings ...... 4 ing section: opened at a number of places on the river hills, with a The Upper Freeport coal is not well exposed in the Coal...... '...... 4 thickness of about 3 feet. The Freeport limestone, southeast corner of the Uniontown quadrangle; the Upper Kittanning (?) coal in South Connellsville. which normally occurs a few feet below the Upper Free- country is generally wooded and little pros­ Total...... 8 Feet. Inches. port coal, is also well exposed in this region, having pecting has been done. A large coal bloom portecoanrf North of the National Pike coal openings occur near Sandstone roof. been somewhat extensively quarried and burned with that is supposed to occur at this horizon eastern part Coal...... 1 7 .. _ ,., of the Union- the Wiggins post-office. The coal could not be seen, Shale ...... v ...... 0 1 the coal obtained from the Upper Freeport mines. An Was seen in the road near the southern town quad- but it undoubtedly belongs to the horizon - Coal...... 0 5 exposure of the upper Freeport coal in this general margin of the quadrangle and about a mile ra"g e' of the Upper Freeport bed. About three- port coaienear Total...... 2 1 locality gives the following section (sec 4, fig. 5) : west of the Henry Clay Township line. Judging from quarters of a mile northeast of the post- gg ns* Upper Freeport coal near mouth of Jonathan Run. the size of the bloom, the coal probably maintains a office a new mine has recently been opened on the hill­ Professor Stevenson states that somewhere in this fairly good thickness throughout this region. side. This was not visited, but presumably the bed vicinity a coal having a thickness of 4 feet is reported Feet. Inches. Coal ...... 0 5 The Upper Freeport coal horizon is supposed to extend has a total thickness of 4 or 5 feet, and it is probably as occurring, but no definite location is given, except Clay ...... 0 2 into: the peculiar amphitheater-like valley at the head of the Upper Freeport coal. that it is below the horizon of the Upper Freeport coal. Coal ...... 1 5 Stony Run, but the country is so densely wooded that it On the west side of the Chestnut-Laurel ridge the From this it seems probable that it belongs to the Kit- was impossible to discover any outcrop. It is doubtless Total...... 2 0 Upper Freeport coal is exposed in a continuous line of tanning group. He also says that a report is current of present, for south of the line of the quadrangle it has outcrop across the quadrangle. In a gen­ its presence in Springhill Township just On Meadow Run, which enters the river at the south­ about the maximum thickness that it attains in Ligonier eral way > it is thicker and more broken by > portuPPer coal Free= on south of the boundary line of the Mason- ern point of the great bend, on the eastern margin of Valley in this quadrangle. At a point on Glade Run shale partings at the south, but its local town quadrangle. At this locality it is 65 the quadrangle, the Upper Freeport coal is the following section (see. 2, fig. 6) was obtained: variations are so great that it can hardly be feet below the Upper Freeport coal and its well exposed from the river hills to beyond o regarded as of much economic importance. reported thickness varies from 3 to 4 feet. The Lower the National Pike. The first opening seen Upper Freeport coal on 6flade Run. During the existence of the old iron furnaces this bed Freeport coal is also present; therefore it seems highly is at the junction of the Farmington and Feet. Inches. was prospected extensively, but at present most of the probable that the Kittanning coal is the uppermost one Beaver Run roads. The details of the section could Coal...... 10 mines are abandoned and it is now all but impossible to of the group bearing this name. not be obtained from this opening, but the coal appears Shale ...... 0 2 obtain a detailed section of the coal. During the Lower Freeport coal. Professor Stevenson, in his to have a thickness of from. 4 feet 6 inches to 5 feet. On Coal...... 0 4 progress of the previous survey many of these mines the east side of Meadow Run the coal ranges from 3 to Shale...... 0 4 report on Fayette and Westmoreland counties, says that Coal...... 0 5 were accessible and a number of detailed sections were 5 feet in thickness, and the Freeport limestone, with a this is one of the most uncertain beds of the Bone...... 0 7 Sec. 1 Sec. 3 Sec. 4 series. During the present work this state- character of thickness of 6 feet, outcrops at a distance of about 3 feet Coal...... 2 1 SPRINGHILL SOUTH UNION NORTH UNION TOWNSHIP TOWNSHIP TOWNSHIP ment wag substantiated in every respect below the coal bed. The Upper Freeport coal approaches Total...... 4 9 except that in Ligonier Valley the coal close to water level about 2 miles below the National generally was found to be thin and worthless, whereas Pike. The coal does not show at the crossing of the The Upper Freeport coal was once opened about one- Professor Stevenson regarded it as varying from a few National Pike, consequently it passes below the bottom half mile below Shinbone Alley, on Little inches to 5 feet in thickness. In the opinion of the of the ravine somewhere between the forks of the creek Sandy*> Creek,' with a reportedr total thick- portupper coal Free- on writer, this supposed variation is due to the misinter­ north of Farmington and the pike. On the geologic ness of 9 feet. The Freeportr limestone also Creek.M4tl,e Sandy pretation of the section and the correlation of the Upper map it is represented as disappearing near the forks of has a thickness of about.9 feet in this local­ Kittanning coal with the small bed occurring at the the creek, but it seems more probable that it should ity, and when burned yields excellent lime. Lower Freeport horizon. extend nearly to the pike before it passes below On Big Sandy Creek the Upper Freeport coal shows In the Cucumber Run section the Lower Freeport has in outcrop from near Elliottsville to beyond the southern Sec. 1 Sec. 3 Sec. 4 a thickness of only a few inches. On Meadow Run it is FARMINGTON GROSSES RUN GROSSES R'CN margin of the quadrangle. It also shows not known to exceed 1 foot in thickness at any point. for one-half mile on Stonyc Run;' but . above upperport coal Fre one= In general, wherever this coal was found east of Laurel Elliottsville a shallow syncline^ carries the BigSandyCreek. Ridge it holds the same characteristics, and presumably coal below the bottom of the valley of Big is a worthless bed everywhere within this territory. Sandy Creek, and it does not reappear until near the West of the'Chestnut-Laurel ridge the coal is some­ head of the creek. On Stony Run the coal occurs what thicker, but even here it is not a promising bed. immediately below the massive Mahoning sandstone, It shows in Connellsville, Dunbar, and Springhill town­ and the bed has a thickness of from 5 to 6 feet. It is ships of Fayette County. The following section (sec. 3, very promising in this region, but a comparison of the fig. 5) was obtained at an opening in the last-mentioned various sections shows that the coal is extremely vari­ township : able in section, and careful prospecting should be done before developments are undertaken. FIG. 7. Section of Upper Freeport coal. Lower Freeport coal in Springhill Township. The Upper Freeport coal outcrops along the Chestnut- measured. The following section (sec. 1, fig. 7) was Feet. Inches. Laurel ridge from the southern margin of the quadran­ obtained at Jones's bank in Springhill Township: Drab shale roof. FiGK 6. Sections of Upper Freeport coal. gle to beyond the National Pike. Just below the mouth Coal (high sulphur and ash)...... 2 8 Clay...... 0 1 water level, for it was formerly stripped from the bed of of Piney Run it has a total thickness of 5 feet, but the Upper Freeport coal at Jones's 'bank, in Springhill Township. Coal...... 0 3 the creek a little distance south of the pike. In the details of its structure are not known. Professor Steven­ Clay...... /...... 0 8 son gives some sections of the Upper Freeport coal which Feet. Inches. vicinity of the first road crossing above the pike the coal Sandstone, Mahoning. Coal...... 0 11 has been opened in a number of places, but it is now were presumably measured in this region. He states Fireclay...... Shale, 15 feet. generally inaccessible. Professor Stevenson, however, that on Grosses Run near the Clay pike the following Coal ...... 0 1 Total...... 4 2 gives the following section (sec. 1, fig. 6), as measured section (sec. 3, fig. 6) was obtained at the mouth of a Clay shale ...... 3 0 at one of these mines: mine belonging to Mr. H. Seaton: Slaty coal...... o 2 The coal from the uppermost bench contains consider­ Clay...... 1 6 Upper Freeport coal near Farmington. Upper Freeport coal on Grosses Run, at mouth of mine. Coaly shale...... 0 4 able sulphur and almost too much ash to be of any value. Clay...... l o The outcrop described is located south of the boundary . Inches. Feet. Inches. Carbonaceous shale...... 0 5 line of the Masontown quadrangle, and the bed occurs Coal...... 30 to 36 Shale roof. Clay...... 0 3 within 32 feet of the Upper Freeport coal. Clay.. :...... 18 Coal...... 1 0 Coal...... 1 8 Coal...... 12 to 18 Carbonaceous shale...... 0 8 Dark clay...... 0 10 Upper Freeport coal. This coal bed is one of the most Coal...... 1 0 The coal is reported as fairly good in quality, but it Prismatic coal...... 2 0 important members of the Allegheny formation in west­ Coal...... 0 10 Hard clay...... 1 6 ern Pennsylvania. It is generally persistent and thick, can not compete with the Pittsburg coal, even though Coal...... 0 6 Coal...... 3 6 although frequently its great size is attained by/the the latter has to be hauled across the Chestnut-Laurel Clay...... !...... 0 1 Fire clay, 6 feet. increased thickness of the shale partings which almost ridge from the vicinity of Uniontown. Coal...... 0 5 Freeport limestone. Clay...... 0 2 always divide it. In the Uniontown and Masontown East of Farmington the rocks rise rapidly toward the Coal...... 0 6 Total...... 16 3 quadrangles this coal bed is believed to be present Laurel Hill axis, and the Upper Freeport coal is carried Clay...... 0 1 wherever its horizon remains uneroded. close to the top of the hill near the eastern Coal...... 0 6 In George Township the Freeport coal shows a some­ In Ligonier Valley it occurs throughout all of the line of Wharton Township. Beyond this port coat on Bony coal...... 0 4 what reduced aggregate thickness, but the details of the the Laurel deeper portion of the basin, extending from line the coal has been eroded from the H»I anti- Clay...... 0 0-| section are much the same as in Springhill Township, Coal...... 0 8 near the eastern line of Wharton Township upper Free- National Pike over the broad arch of the port co&i in Clay...... 0 1 The following section (sec. 2, fig. 7) was measured at an to the end of Laurel Ridge, and in a north- ^f"ier anticline. There is a difference of opinion between Pro­ Coal...... 2 9 opening on Black Creek (probably the same as Lowe east-southwest direction reaching beyond fessor Stevenson and the present writer regarding the Hollow) about a mile south of Fairchance: Total...... 9 7-| the limits of the quadrangle. identification and extent of the coal beds in this region. The coal of the lowest bench is reported to be of good On the Uniontown Economic Geology sheet the "lay " According to the observations made during the present The variability of the coal is shown by the next sec­ quality, but the bench is thin and consequently,of not of the Upper Freeport coal in this valley has been shown survey, the horizon of the Upper Freeport coal outcrops, tion (sec. 4, fig. 6), which, according to the same very great value. The aggregate of the bed is large, but Masontown and Uniontown. 12 it can hardly compare with some of the beds lying above burg horizon, but this is manifestly incorrect, and it Cucumber Bun. In Tharp Knob the Hager coal has gle. The depth at this point is only 370 feet to the base the Pittsburg coal. clearly belongs to the Upper Freeport horizon. It is been opened on the east side of the ridge, of the coal, but the difference between this depth and probable that most of the operations on this bed north where 4 feet of coal is now visible. From inTharpa that given for Leisenring No. 3 is not all due to the rise Upper Freeport coal on BlachTCreek south of Fairchance, of the river have developed only the largest bench, since the size of thefopening'itjseems as though of the coal northeastward toward the point of the syii- George Township. an opening in Tramp Hollow shows a thickness of only the bed may have a thickness of 7 or 8 feet, but it is cline. The mouth of the Leisenring No. 3 shaft is at an Feet. Inches. Shale with streaks of coal...... 3 3 feet 6 inches. impossible to sayVhether this is all coal or whether the altitude of 1131 feet, while that of Leisenring No. 1 is Goal. bed is broken by heavy shale partings. only 1002 feet above sea level. Beyond the northern Clay. Upper Freeport coal in South Connellsville. West of Laurel Eidge but little attention Avas given to boundary of the Uniontown quadrangle there are a num­ Coal. Feet. Inches. the coals of the Conemaugh formation. The presence of ber of shafts near the axis of the syncline, but the coal Clay, Coal ...... 0 2 the great Pittsburg beds and the other important coals continues to rise, and none of the shafts are as deep as Coal. Shale ...... 1 0 Clay. Coal ...... 3 5 of the Monongahela [formation renders the thin beds those of the Uniontown region. Coal. Bone...... 0 1 lying below them comparatively insignificant. In the northern part of these quadrangles the Fayette Coal ...... 0 9 About a mile northeast of Haydentown an old coal anticline carries the Pittsburg horizon so high that the Total...... 12 4 Bone...... 0 1 mine was observed which appears to be at the horizon of coal has been eroded, but from near the Coal ...... 0 9 the Hager coal. The coal itself is not visible, but it is center of the territory to the West Virginia In South Union Township the coal bed shows a still Bone...... 0 1 further decrease in thickness, but it maintains the char­ Coal ...... 0 10 reported to have a thickness of about 4 feet. line the anticline is low and the coal still acter shown in all the sections so far given on the west The coal which outcrops along Bedstone Creek from remains in isolated patches on the summits side of the ridge. The following section (sec. 3, fig. 7) Total. Upper Middletown to Waltersburg, and which was mis­ of the higher hills. In these isolated areas the coal is was obtained from an opening on the main head fork of Altogether the Freeport bed on the west side of Laurel taken by Professor Stevenson for the Upper considerably damaged by weathering, so that, as a rule, Bedstone Creek; the exact location of this mine is dif­ Eidge holds an immense quantity of coal, but it is so Freeport-n j. coal,i apparentlyj_i belongsi i toj_ thei! onHager Redstone coal the larger -coal and coke companies do not care to operate ficult to determine, but it probably lay west of Pine broken by partings that under present conditions it is of Hager horizon. The thickness of the coal upon them, but they are capable of furnishing a large Knob. little value. When the Pittsburg bed is exhausted and is 3 feet, and it has been developed to some extent for amount of valuable fuel, and in a number of places they local purposes. This is the only locality at which the are being utilized at the present time. Upper Freeport coal on main head forte of Redstone Creek, the smaller coal beds of the district are needed, the South Union Township. thicker benches of the Upper Freeport may be worked Hager horizon is exposed west of the Chestnut-Laurel The Pittsburg coal in the Uniontown syncline ranges Feet. Inches. at a profit. ridge. from 8 to 11 feet in thickness, usually with only one Coal...... 0 10 Farmington coal. This coal is exposed on the National small "bearing-in slate," about 18 inches COAL IN THE UNIONTOWN SYNCLINE. Clay...... 1 2 from the floor, so that except in the north­ Thickness Coal...... 1 8 Pike at the little village of Farmington, from which it and partings of Pittsburg Clay...... 0 0-i derives its name. In the report of Professor Stevenson Pittsburg coal. The coal from this bed is so widely ern end of the basin the characteristic part­ coal in Uniontown Coal...... 0 8 on Fayette and Westmoreland counties it was correlated and favorably known as a first class steam, gas, and cok­ ings and benches of the other districts are syncline. Clay...... 0 2 with the Philson coal that occurs about 135 feet above ing coal that it is not necessary here to give more than largely unknown. Frequently thin binders Coal...... 1 6 the Upper Freeport bed in Somerset County. In Fayette passing mention of its many excellent qualities and of its (one-quarter inch or less) separate the benches in the Clay...... 1 4 great value. It constitutes the greatest source of mineral lower division. Its physical condition, also, is different Coal...... 3 0 County the coal ranges from 40 to 90 feet above the Coal and slate ...... 1 0 Upper Freeport bed, and it does not seem at all certain wealth of southwestern Pennsylvania. Much of this in this basin from what, it is in the main body of the that it corresponds with the Philson bed. For this coal bed, as originally formed, has been coal to the west. It is generally soft, and during the Total...... 11 4 reason the name previously used has been discarded, removed by erosion, but 'it still underlies process of mining it breaks up into rather small particles, In North Union Township the Upper Freeport bed and the term Farmington, from a well-known locality in large areas'in this part of the State. Fig. P

Pittsburg coal at Morrell mine. Along the western margin of the basin the coal holds impossible to obtain a correct idea of the thickness and thel section is compared with that of the Lemont air (Sec. 4, fig. 8.) about the same character and thickness as on the east­ position of these beds, but the various mine shafts shaft it will certainly appear that the coal bed at Morris Feet. Inches. Eeet. Inches. ern side and near the center of the field. The following which have been sunk in this district afford thoroughly Crossroads is at the Eedstone i horizon, Roof division: section shows the bed in its outcrop in Franklin Town­ reliable evidence regarding the character of the strata and|4 it... is so considered. i i in this,i . report,, but SewickleyRedstone or Bone coal...... 0 31- and their succession. there seems to be good evidence that in springhiu - Coal...... 0 4 ship: Bedstone coal. According to Prof. H. D. Eogers, who Slate...... 0 4 Pittsburg coal in Franklin ToivnsMp. the | vicinity of Greensboro the interval w * Coal...... 0 8 named and described this coal bed, its type locality is between the Eedstone and Pittsburg coal beds does not Slate...... 0 6 Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. near Mount Braddock in this basin. He exceed 30 feet, therefore the coal in Springhill Town­ Coal...... 0 2 Roof division: 2 8J Bituminous shale...... 0 4 assigns to it a thickness of from 2 to 3 feet ship may represent either the Eedstone coal or the Main clay parting...... 1 3 Coal...... 1 0 and gives the interval between it and the Sewickley bed. It 'has a thickness of about 5 feet and Clay...... 0 4 Lower division: Pittsburg coal as ranging from 45 to 50 feet. it 'is well exposed in natural outcrop about Morris Coal...... 0 4 Coal...... 4 0 From the section of the Lemont air shaft, which is Crossroads and in the high land along the Point Marion Clay...... 0 6 shown on Columnar Section sheet 2, it will be seen that Bone...... 0 1 Coal...... 0 5 and New Geneva road. In the latter locality it has been Coal...... 2 0 2 11 mined for local use, but the openings are closed and the Slate...... 0 | Main clay parting...... 0 8 coal is not visible at any point. It will not be used to Coal...... 0 2-i- Lower division, seen...... 7 0 Slate...... 0 f any extent until the Pittsburg coal is exhausted, and Sec.l Sec. 2 Sec. s then it probably will have been so disturbed by the Coal...... 3 0 MORRIS NATIONAL PIKE SMITHFIELD S'O" CROSSROADS breaking down of the roof of the Pittsburg coal that it Pittsburg coal at Atlas mine. will be valueless. The generally poor character of this (Sec. 1, fig. 9.) bed renders its development highly improbable. As Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. shown in some of the mine shaft sections, there is occa­ Roof division: sionally a small coal bed about halfway between the Coal...... 0 10 Eedstone coal and the great Pittsburg bed below. This Slate...... 0 5 Coal...... 0 7 . 11. Sections of Redstone coal. coal appears to be developed sporadically, and it is too Slate...... 0 2 thin to be of value commercially, but it seems probable Coal...... 0 2 there is no coal at the supposed horizon of the Bedstone that in places it has been mistaken for the Eedstone coal. Fire clay...... 0 6 bed, but that the first coal above the Pittsburg horizon Goal between the Bedstone and .Sewickley horizons. Above Coal...... 0 5 occurs about 80 feet above the floor of the Pittsburg coal. the Bedstone coal bed and below the position of the Slate...... 1 1 I'O" 7'7" This may be regarded as the type section for the Eedstone Bone coal...... 1 6 Sewickley bed the shaft sections show a coal which has 4" coal and for the rocks occurring in the interval between not heretofore been recognized or named. Its height Main clay parting...... 10 it and the Pittsburg bed. According to the shaft sec­ above the floor of the Pittsburg coal varies from 118 to Lower division: tion, the Eedstone coal has a thickness of 4 feet (sec. 1, 142 feet. At no point does it reach a greater thickness Coal...... 2 0 fig. 11) but it is not known whether this is all clean coal than 2 feet, and in the Leith section it is entirely absent. Bone...... 0 1 or not. This coal is 3 feet thick (sec. 2, fig. It is probably not an important bed anywhere, but is Coal...... 2 0 11) on the east side of the basin at Hill Farm, coal at mil one that may be easily confused with either the Eed­ Bone...... 0 \ FlGK 10. Sections of Pittsburg coal. Coal...... 2 0 where it is reached in a bore hole 82 feet stone below or the Sewickley above. Slate...... 0 1 On the National Pike (sec. 1, fig. 10) west of Union- above the floor of the Pittsburg coal. In both of these Sewickley coal. The mine shaft sections show the Coal...... 3 0 town the roof division has a thickness of 2 sections the coal is closely underlain by the Eedstone Sewickley coal bed in its proper position at the base of feet 6 inches, main clay parting 1 foot 2 limestone, which has a thickness of from 11 to 13 feet. In the Great limestone, and at a distance of from 153 to The variation of the roof division of this coal is shown inches, and lower division 8 feet 6 inches, passing to the west across the northern end 177 feet above the floor of the Pittsburg coal. This bed by the following section (sec. 2, fig. 9), from the Leisen- with six bands 2 feet 10 inches, 1 foot 2 of the basin the Eedstone coal seems to is present in all of the sections except the Hill Farm ring No. 2 mine: inches, 1 foot, 4 inches, 1 foot 3 inches, and 2 feet in diminish, for in the Leisenring No. 1 shaft it bore hole, but it is hardly of commercial thickness in thickness. has a thickness of only 8 inches, but its any of the sections except that of the Leith shaft, in Pittsburg coal at Leisenring No. 2 mine. The main body of the Pifctsburg coal in the Union- associated limestone is present and it occurs at the nor­ which the coal has a thickness of 5 feet 3 inches (sec. 1, Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. town syncline ends at Smithfield, where several small mal distance of 80 feet above the base of the Pittsburg fig. 12). It was also found in a bore hole at Roof division: Bone coal...... 0 9 mines have been established. The bed section of the bed. At the Mayer shaft, which is located just west of the Continental No. 2 mine, at the head of Slate...... 0 4 coal in this part of the basin resembles that already Leisenring No. 1, the limestone is present, but the coal Cove Lick Eun. At this point it is reported "" mne 1 Coal...... 1 6 given, except that the thin partings in the lower division is wanting; the interval, however, holding practically to have a thickness of 5 feet and to occur 7 of the bed are irregular in their occurrence and some­ the same, since the top of the limestone occurs 77 feet Main clay parting...... 10 140 feet above the Pittsburg coal. times are wanting near the southern boundary of this above the floor of the coal. In the Juniata shaft, Lower division: territory. This is shown in the following which is still farther west, no coal is present at this Sec. 2 Sec. 3 Sec. 4 Coal...... 3 BROWNFIELD MUDDY RUN YORKS RUN Slate...... 0 section (sec. 2, fig. 10) of the coal at one of horizon. The limestone also is doubtfully present, Coal...... 2 the Smithfield mines: Eoof division, 4 feet since no bed having the thickness of the Eedstone Slate...... 0 9 inches, main clay parting, 5 inches, lower limestone in the type locality shows in the section. Coal...... 0 division 7 feet 7 inches. Near the center of the basin the coal shows Slate.... '...... 0 South of Smithfield there are only isolated areas of a normal development in the Leisenring coaiin 5'11" Coal...... 2 Limestone...... Pittsburg coal in the highest hills between George Creek No. 3 and also in the No. 2 shaft. But and the State line. A mine has been established at on the west side of the basin, at the Oliver The Lemont mines ^how the roof division to be 3 feet Outcrop, and a number of country banks have been mines, the Eedstone coal has a very small 7 inches in thickness, main clay 2 inches, and the lower opened in the vicinity of Morris Crossroads. The fol­ development, as shown in the two sections Fia.12. Sections of Sewickley coal. division 8 feet 11 inches, broken by thin lowing section (sec. 3, fig. 10) was measured at the latter representing the No. 1 and No. 2 shafts. In outcrop the Sewickley coal bed was seen in a num­ partings into four benches of 3 feet 5 inches, place: South of Uniontown the coal develops ber of places. Above the Eedstone mine at Brownfield 1 foot 7 inches, 6 inches, and 3 feet 3 inches. The roof Pittsburg coal near Morris Crossroads. rapidly, as shown by the following section (sec. 3, division at the Leith mine contains very little coal, as fig. 11), exposed in the Leith shaft at a distance of 86 it has a thickness of 56 inches, (sec. 2, fig. Feet. Inches. feet above the floor of the Pittsburg coal : 12), and it was once operated for local use, shown by the following section (sec. 3, fig. 9) : Roof division...... 2 0 Main clay parting ...... 0 2 but with the development of the Pittsburg Pittsburg coal at Leith mine. Lower division...... 8 0 Redstone coal in Leith shaft. bed beneath, mines on the Sewickley have Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. almost all been abandoned. At this point it occurs under Roof division: Total...... 10 2 Coal ...... 3 0 Coal...... 0 11 Blue mold...... 0 3 massive sandstone, which is a prominent feature of the Slate...... 2 6 The entire thickness of the lower division is not always Coal...... 2 4 region, but the sandstone is a local development and is Bone coal...... 0 not generally present over the coal. In the vicinity of removed, but generally coal to a thickness of 7 feet 6 Total...... 5 7 Slate...... 1 inches is available. South of the boundary line of this Oliphant Furnace the Sewickley coal has been opened at 9 Main clay parting...... 11 quadrangle and near Cheat Eiver the upper Southwest of Uniontown the coal holds about the same a number of places, and it is at present being mined just division has a thickness of 3 feet, main clay coal near relation to the Pittsburg coal that it does in west of the Uniontown and Fairchance road, on ohe of Lower division: Cheat River. Coal...... 2 2 inches, and the lower division 8 feet 4 the type locality. It has a thickness of 3 the head branches of Muddy Bun. No measureinents Slate...... 0 inches. The lower division carries many clay and f£et and occurs about 80 feet above the were obtained in this locality, but at an opening a little Coal...... 1 mineral charcoal partings. In mining the coal the roof Pittsburg bed in three drill holes on the farther west it has the following section (sec. 3, fig. 12): Slate...... 0 division is never disturbed, and sometimes not all of the property of the Continental Coke Company. Sewickley coal near Muddy Hun, north of Fairchance. Coal...... 0 In that part of the Uniontown syncline which lies in Slate...... 0 lower division is removed. Goals above the Pittsburg. In the Uniontown syncline George Township the Eedstone coal was seen at a num­ Feet. Inches. Coal...... 3 Coal., . 4 1 Fire clay...... there is considerable difficulty in identifying the coal ber of places where it had been opened for Clay, . 0' "' * beds above the Pittsburg horizon. Several of them local use and where it is exposed in the Coal.. . 1 7 which usually are persistent and regular are here variable roadway. It is well shown in a crossroad The extreme variability and broken character of the Total...... 5 8J roof division is probably best illustrated by the section in size, and in many places they are wanting altogether. about halfway between Brownfield and (sec. 4, fig. 9) from the Kyle mine, which is as follows: The other rocks that are usually depended upon as Oliphant Furnace. It was seen as a large bloom where On Yorks Bun this bed has been opened in a number horizon markers seem generally to lack individual char­ the road from Fairchance to Highhouse crosses Muddy of places, but the openings are generally in such a con­ Pittsburg coal at Kyle mine. . acteristics by which they may be recognized. In that Eun, and it is also well exposed on the west side of the dition that it is impossible to obtain a full Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. part of the basin which lies south of Uniontown the syncline in the vicinity of Highhouse. It has been measure of the bed. Near the head of the coaion , ,. ,, , , _, Yorks Run. Roof division: - Waynesburg sandstone is fairly well developed, but prospected in this locality, but the prospect pits have main fork of the creek an opening shows 5 Coal...... 0 9| north of Cove Creek it is doubtful whether this stratum fallen shut and it is impossible to obtain measurements feet 11 inches of coal (sec. 4, fig. 12), but the coal is soft Bone coal...... 1 If Slate...... 0 8| can be identified at any point within this basin. The on the coal. About a mile north of this point it has and badly cut by many thin partings which greatly Coal...... 0 4 Great limestone is generally present, but its beds are recently been exposed in the cuts of the Pennsylvania detract from its value. It is high in ash and contains Slate...... 1 6 thin and interstratified with calcareous shale, so that in Eailroad east of Continental No. 3 mine. Its thickness considerable sulphur, and consequently is not greatly Coal...... 0 2| many places it is difficult to differentiate them from the at this point seems to be about 4 feet, but it is probable esteemed for fuel purposes. Coal...... 0 2 smaller beds that occur in other parts of the series. that the coal is mixed with much slaty material. This Uniontown coal. The absence of the Uniontown coal Coal...... 0 6| Slate...... 0 2 The same difficulty of identification appears to have coal probably reaches its best development bed in the shaft sections is a noticeable feature. No been encountered by Professor Stevenson in his survey of in the«T vicinity -4. of* -nFairchance, -U whereT. it-4. is coainearRedstone shaft north of Uniontown shows a trace of Coal...... 0 2f . ' Fairchance. . 5 9| Fayette County, for he failed to recognize the Waynes- exposed in a number of places. At an coal at the horizon of the Uniontown bed, Main clay parting ...... 0 If burg coal throughout most of this basin, simply map­ opening over the Kyle mine it shows a thickness of from but south of that point, in the Leith shaft, Lower division: ping a few isolated areas of the Dunkard formation, 4 feet 6 inches to 5 feet. a coal having a thickness of 4 feet 6 inches Coal.:;...... 1 9i whereas, according to the mine data now available, it is In the southern extension of the Uniontown syncline (sec. 1, fig. 13) is shown at a distance of 251 feet above . Slate...... 0 | Coal...... 1 10 known that the Waynesburg coal is present in a large it is dificult to identify the coals above the Pittsburg the floor of the Pittsburg coal. This seems undoubtedly Slate...... ;...... 0 \ area in the center of the basin, and that ,at the lowest bed. Throughout Springhill Township, or rather that to b.e the Uniontown bed, but since it is not Coal...... 0 4 point it has a depth of more than 200 feet below the part of Springhill Township which lies in the Masontown present in either shaft of the Oliver mines Slate...... 0 i surface. quadrangle, there is a large coal bed about 60 feet above its disappearance must be very sudden in Leith Coal...... 3 6 North of Uniontown exposures of the coal beds above the Pittsburg, which at one point Professor Stevenson the Uniontown region. Professor Steven­ Fire clay...... the Pittsburg horizon are poor, and it is practically identified as Sewickley and at another as Bedstone. If son correlated the Uniontown coal with the small bed Masontown and Uniontown. 14 that shows on Cove Bun near Hogsett. The develop­ irregular, extending from the summit of the Fayette 6 inches) being found at Midway, on the Panhandle Two mines have recently been established in this ment of the Oliver mines directly under this point shows anticline to Grays Landing. West of this line of out­ Eailroad, where the coal is a block." locality on opposite sides of the creek. On the north clearly that this coal is at the Waynesburg horizon crop the coal is below water level, except in the extreme On Eedstone Creek where it crosses the Lambert syn­ side the coal bed appears to have a thickness of about instead of the Uniontown, and the section of the Oliver northwest corner of the quadrangle, where it is exposed cline, near the northern boundary of the 9 feet, but only the lower bench, having a thickness of for a short distance [as it rises on the eastern flank of Masontown quadrangle, a number of mines Pittsburg 7 or 8 feet, is mined. In the BuffiDgton shaft, which is WAYNESBURG COAL coal on UNIONTOWN COAL Redstone Sec. 8 Sec. 4 the Bellevernon^anticline. have been opened on the Pittsburg coal bed Creek. located about a half mile west of New Salem, Sec.l LEISENRING - LEISENRINO- LEITH No. 1 No. 3 The general character of the Pittsburg coal in this within the last few years. The general sec­ the coal bed is reported to show a thickness region has been well described in previous reports and tion for the vicinity of Smock is as follows (sec. 3, fig. 14): of 9 feet, but doubtless this includes the it seems unnecessary to attempt to add to roof division, and the workable coal probably does not the description already given. Although fj^Hc"^ Pittsburg coal in vicinity of Smock. exceed 6 or 7 feet. In the Lambert shaft, which is the section of the coal bed is variable, fig. burg* oai!s= Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. located on the headwaters of Middle Eun, 15 may be considered as the type, in the Roof division: the same thickness is reported, but this I Coal and clay...... 0- sense that it shows the various benches that have been ...... 0 likewise undoubtedly includes some, if not FIG. 13. Sections of Union town and Waynesburg coals. generally recognized, and serves as an illustration for ...... 0 all, of the roof division. The Edenborn shaft gives the Professor Stevenson's description (Eept. K, Second Geo­ section of the coal in greater detail. The roof division shaft also shows that the Uniontown coal is not present logical Survey of Pennsylvania, pp. 70-71), which is as Main clay parting 10 is reported to have a thickness of 2 feet, main clay in that locality. At the type locality the Uniontown follows: Lower division: division 1 foot, and bottom bench 9 feet (sec. 3, fig. 16). coal was once w&ll exposed in the old cement quarries, Coal...... In the Gates shaft, located at the mouth of Middle Eun, Shale. where it had the following section (sec. 2, fig. 13): Parting. the coal is reported to have a thickness of 10 feet, but, 10" coal. Coal...... Section of Uniontown coal in the old cement quarries, 3" slate. Parting. like the other large measures, this doubtless includes Uniontown. 1' 1" coal. Coal...... some clay or shale partings. Feet. Inches. Parting. In the vicinity of Balsinger the coal shows in a num­ Coal...... 1 5 I'l" fire clay. Coal...... Clay and coal...... 0 2 ber of hills located on the anticline. At an opening in Clay...... 0 2 Watsons Knob the coal shows the following structure Coal...... 1 5 South of Smock the lower division is thicker and the (sec. 4, fig. 16): roof division has lost some of its partings, as shown by Total...... 3 2 the following section from an opening west of Walters- Pittsburg coal at opening in Watsons Knob.

At the Poor farm, northwest of Uniontown, the coal 1" parting. burg (sec. 4, fig. 14): Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. 4" coal. Roof division; shows a thickness of about 3£ feet, which is rather remark­ 1" parting. Pittsburg coal in opening west of Waltersburg. Carbonaceous shale...... 0 6 able considering its absence from the basin a 11" coal. Uniontown Parting. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. Clay and coal...... 2 0 few miles to the north. It is also exposed coal at Poor 1' 0" coal. Roof division: Carbonaceous shale...... 0 10 farm near by the roadside in the southwest corner of Uniontown. 4" fire clay. Coal...... South Union Township, where 2 feet of coal Limestone. Main clay parting Main clay parting Lower division.... are now visible. South of this point no good exposures FIG. 15. Typical section of Pittsburg coal. Lower division: of the Uniontowu coal were seen, but small coal blooms Coal...... 10 The lower division is said to reach a thickness of 11 at this horizon were noticed in a number of places; "The roof division shows extreme variations. Its Clay...... 2 feet at some places in this opening, but the general Coal...... 0 altogether the outlook is not promising in this direction. thickness is from 2 inches to 8 feet, but there is a 0 thickness runs from 7 feet to 8 feet 6 inches. West of Waynesburg coal. In all of the longer shaft sections a distinct increase in thickness northward. Balsinger on the main outcrop of the coal in coal is given above the Great limestone, which, judging Occasionally it is a single bench, but com- description5 In the second ravine which enters Eedstone Creek the Lambert svncline,47 7 the roof division has Balsinger.west of from its distance above the Pittsburg coal, belongs at monly it contains two or more benches of burhecoaits° from the west above Waltersburg, a mine has been a thickness of 3 feet 10 inches, main clay 1 the Waynesburg horizon. In the Hill Farm bore hole coal, separated by clay, and at one locality opened about 1J miles above the mouth of the creek. foot; and of the lower division a thickness of 7 feet was this coal has a thickness of 2 feet, and is it is broken into twenty divisions. The coal is invari­ At this point the upper division is imperfectly exposed, visible at the point where the section was measured. Thickness 380 feet above the floor of the Pittsburg and position ably poor, owing to the large proportion of ash. The but apparently consists for the most part of black car­ On the North Fork of Browns Eun the coal shows in of Waynes­ coal. In the Leisenring No. 1 shaft a coal burg coal clay partings are subject to abrupt variations, for on the bonaceous shale. The lower division has a thickness of outcrop for a distance of at least 2 miles, but the rapid with refer­ which is probably the same bed has a thick- ence to Panhandle Eailroad the roof shows twenty divisions at about 8 feet. In several country banks located on the western dip carries it from the tops of the highest hills Pittsburg nesSx of 3 feet 4 inches (sec. 3, fig. 13), and coal. a little distance east from Eaccoon station, while at the outcrop of the Pittsburg coal between Eedstone Creek in the vicinity of Messmore to water level near the junc- is 333 feet above the bottom of the Pittsburg station it shows 5 feet of coal, broken only by partings and the National Pike the lower division of the coal is coal. If this supposed correlation is correct it is reported to, show at one point a thickness of 5 feet 10 Sec.l Sec. 2 Sec. 3 Sec. 4 ; so thin that they can hardly be distipguished on the MESSMORE MASONTOWN OLD FRAME CLAY PITS NEAR extremely interesting, since the two coals mentioned mark weathered surface. The changes in thickness of the inches, at another 7 feet, and at another 9 feet. It is NEW GENEVA' tihe limits of the Monongahela formation, and hence the mined at a number of points along the whole division are equally abrupt, several instances I'O" National Pike, and at one of these mines, intervals correspond with the thickness of the forma­ having been observed where within a short distance it 3'6" tion. In the Leisenring No. 3 shaft the coal has a thick­ varied from a single 2-inch bench of coal to a mass of which is located at the first crossroads east fj|£jjatlonal 2'0" ness of 3 feet 4 inches (sec. 4, fig. 13), and is 335 feet coal and shale 3 feet thick. of Searights, the lower division of the coal "I have said that this roof division thickens north­ shows three well-defined benches 50, 21, and 31 inches WAYNESBURG COAL PITTSBURG COAL thick (sec. 1, fig. 16), separated by very thin partings. Sec. 1 Sec.2 Sec. 3 Sec. 4 ward. This statement is the result of many compari­ LEISENRING No. 2 OLIVER No. 1 SMOCK WALTERSBURG sons, for if one were permitted to select examples he Sec. 3 Sec. 4 could without difficulty find many cases in Allegheny Sec. 2 NEW SALEM EDENBORN WATSON KNOB and northern Washington where the roof is as thin as at any place in Greene or southeastern Washington. But taking all the measurements in the southeastern portion, II and comparing them with all those made in the northern 7'0" portion, it becomes apparent that the roof is thicker northward, and that in northwestern Washington and Allegheny the thickness is suddenly and greatly increased. "The lower division of the Pittsburg; coal is from 3 feet 6 inches to 9 feet thick, and contains three persist­ ent partings, usually thin, which divide it into four 2'0" benches, known as the 'Upper,' the 'Bearing-in,' the 'Brick,'and the'Lower Bottom.' "In the first or Upper bench there is occasionally a FIG. 17. Sections of Pittsburg coal. FiG. 14. Sections of the Waynesburg and Pittsburg coals. parting, which is rarely seen ex*cept at the extreme tion of the North and South forks. At the former place above the floor of the Pittsburg coal. In the Leisenring northwest, where it seems to be a common feature. This the structure of the coal bed is shown in the following No, 2 shaft the thickness of the coal is 3 feet 6 inches, is the thick bench and usually yields the best coal. section (sec. 1, fig. 17) : (sec. 1, fig. 14), and its height above the Pittsburg coal "The 'Bearing-in' bench varies from 2 to 4 inches, PIG. 16 Sections of the Pittsburg coal. Pittsburg coal at Messmore. is the same as that just given for No. 3. In the Oliver and is invariably distinct, except where the bed is ^ No. 1 shaft the coal i& slaty, but with a total thickness of block coal, and all the partings are missing. The name From the National Pike to the Uniontown and New Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. Roof division: 3 feet 4 inches (sec. 2, fig. 14), and a height above the is applied because on this bench the miner works in to Salem road the outcrop of this^coal has been prospected Coal...... 1 0 Pittsburg coal of 342 feet. In general there is a close gain a face against whj.ch to bring out the other portions extensively, but most of the pits are closed and the sec­ Clay and coal...... 2 0 agreement in the position of this coal in the various sec­ of the bed. This is generally a good coal, but in removal tion of the coal can not be determined. On the road Coal...... 0 4 tions except the Hill Farm bore hole. This increase it is reduced to slack. which follows the outcrop north from the last-mentioned 4 Main clay parting 1-5 suggests the thickening of the Monongahela formation "The 'Brick' bench is characterized by cleavage road the following section is exposed: Lower division.... 1 toward the east, or in the supposed direction of the con­ planes which break the coal into blocks in size and tinental area from which the coal-bearing sediments shape like a common brick, whence the name. It yields Pittsburg coal north of Uniontown-New Salem road. Near the junction of the two forks of Browns Eun the were derived. South of Uniontown the Waynesburg a good coal, hardly inferior to that from the Upper Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. lower division has a reduced thickness, as shown by the coal shows in outcrop in a territory .limited to the high bench. Roof division: following section: Coal...... ridge along the center of the syncline. The Waynesburg "The 'Lower Bottom' bench is the lowest of all, Coal and clay..... Pittsburg coal near Junction of forks of Browns Run. sandstone, which overlies the coal, is present along the always of inferior quality, and for the most part utterly Bituminous shale. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. Morgantown road from the hill south' of Uniontown to the worthless. It is broken by numerous thin layers of clay, Roof division: first forks of the road beyond Chadville. At this point as well as by cleavage planes, so that it is brittle and Main clay parting Coal and shale.. .Y...... 2 Lower division.... 11 the coal is seen in outcrop underlying the coarse Way­ full of ash. Shale...... 0 Coal...... 0 nesburg sandstone. The outcrop of the coal is also "The Upper bench contains thin partings or binders The lower division is broken up by slate partings Shale...... 0 observed on the road running northwest from' Chadville of pyrites, one of which, at from 10 to 15 inches from which range from one-eighth to one-quarter inch in Coal...... 0 near the township line, but the outcrop is merely a the top, is quite persistent., This impurity sometimes thickness, and, in descending order, the benches which bloom by the wayside and the thickness of the bed could occurs in the Brick, and is always present in the Lower they separate have thicknesses of 30, 23, 22, and 20 Main clay parting Lower division.... not be determined. Bottom. inches, respectively. Along this line the coal dips "The thickness of the whole lower division of the rapidly toward the northwest, and passes below creek At an old mine on the hilltop about a half mile south­ COAL IN FAYETTE COUNTY, WEST OF THE UNIONTOWN Pittsburg bed diminishes northward, as the roof division level about a mile east of New Salem. At this point east of Leckrone the thickness of the lower division is SYNCLINE. seems to increase in that direction; but, with the excep­ the lower division has the following structure (sec. 2, 10 feet 3 inches. This is not weir exposed, but no shale Pittsburg coal. On the western limb of the Fayette tion already noted, the various benches are persistent fig. 16): partings were observed in .it, and presumably the full thickness is available coal. anticline the Pittsburg coal dips below the surface, and throughout. In the southeastern part of the district the Pittsburg coal a mile east of New Salem. the northwestern half of the Masontown total thickness is from 7 to 9 feet; greatest at Browns­ On Cats Creek the Pittsburg coal has been extensively Feet. Inches. quadrangle is underlain by this bed. Its ville, where the roof is 4 inches and the lower division Upper bench...... 4 11 mined for a number of years, and recently a railroad outcrop crosses the territory diagonally from Pj**sburg is 9 feet. In the vicinity of Pittsburg and the adjoin­ Bearing-in...... 0 7 has been built, giving this district connection with the Smock on the north edge of the quadrangle ing portions of Allegheny County it varies little from 5 Brick coal...... 1 9 main trunk lines, and a large mine is being developed to New Geneva on the south, but in the latter locality feet 6 inches, while in northwestern Washington it Lower bottom bench ...... 1 4 south of Masontown. A detailed section of the outcrop the dip of the bed is so low that its outcrop is very varies from 3 feet 6 inches to 5 feet, the former (3 feet Total...... 8 on this creek is as follows (sec. 2, fig. 17): 15

Pittsburg coal on Cats Creek near Masontown. the Lambert mine, on the headwaters of Middle Eun, feet. In the vicinity of New Geneva there is some doubt the north side of Jacobs Creek the coal shows in the road which begins on high land and is located nearly on about the identification of the coal beds. from Old Frame to Masontown at an interval 'of about Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. Supposed the axis of the syncline. It reaches the floor of the On the opposite side of the river there are Redstoneand 110 feet above the Pittsburg bed. Its thickness; at this Roof division: Sewickley Coal and clay...... 8 6 coal at a depth of 631 feet below the surface. two coals within about 60 feet of the Pitts- coais near point could not be determined. Clay...... 1 As described in the paragraphs on the geologic burg, bed., , Them, uppermost-L one ofj? thesej-i is New Geneva. West of the Lambert syncline the Sewickley coal is Coal...... 0 large and seems to correspond to the Mapletown bed, poorly exposed in Fayette County. Professor Stevenson o structure of this region, there is a small anticline which Main clay parting 10 lies west of the Lambert syncline. It is which is at the Sewickley horizon. Between this promi­ reported the bed as fully concealed at the Lower division.... 0 extremely irregular and the coal has an -P,fn"rth"ces nent coal and the Pittsburg bed there is a small coal time of his examination. During the present foa^'^cley irregularly warped surface instead of lying included in a mass of bituminous shale which was survey its bloom was -noted at only a few count*ewest The coal has been mined for local use in the outliers in a distinct fold. In the northwestern regarded by Professor Stevenson as at the Bedstone points, and no reliable estimate of its thick- which cap the ridge in the vicinity of Old Frame. At part of the Masontown quadrangle the coal horizon. Although the interval between this bed and ness could be obtained. It is probably thin an old mine a mile or so north of this point the follow­ rises above water level on the flanks of a pronounced the underlying Pittsburg coal does not exceed 30 feet, it and of little value, .although on the opposite side of the ing section was measured (sec. 3. fig. 17) : anticline whose axis lies a short distance beyond the presumably will ever be regarded as Bedstone, on the river, in Cumberland Township, Greene County, it varies quadrangle. Throughout this broad expanse of the supposition that the interval below is abnormally thin from 2 to 3 feet in thickness in outcrop along the river hills . Pittsburg coal near Old Frame. northwestern half of the quadrangle, embracing an area in this region. The extent of this abnormal interval has Uniontown coal. The Uniontown coal is probably of Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. of a little over 100 square miles, the Pittsburg coal is not been made out, consequently the coal beds above the little value in this region. It is generally thin and Roof division: untouched except at the plants just mentioned and a few Pittsburg on the east side of the river can be determined inconspicuous and was noted at only a few localities. Coal...... T...... 1 Clay and coal...... 4 others that are located on the outcrop of the coal. These only provisionally at the present time. About a mile According to the record of the Buffington shaft, the coal Slaty coal...... 0 mines are comparatively new, and hence but little of the north of New Geneva a coal bloom is visible in the road occurs 302 feet above the Pittsburg bed and has a thick­ Clay...... 0 coal has been removed. The deepest part of the syn­ on both sides of the summit. This presumably occurs ness of 3 feet, but from the fact that the coal fails to Coal and clay...... 0 cline is near the Lambert shaft in Fayette County, but about 40 feet above the Pittsburg, and hence is regarded show in a bore hole in the same general locality it is Main clay parting 10 all through the extreme western end of this county and as occurring at the Bedstone horizon. It was also probable that the coal is variable in thickness and irreg­ LoAver division.... 8 the eastern side of Greene County, as far south as reported from the north side of Jacobs Creek at a dis­ ular in distribution. In the Lambert shaft it has a Dunkard Creek, the coal lies at a very moderate depth tance of about 50 feet from the Pittsburg bed. At this thickness of 2 feet and it was encountered 300 feet above A short distance south of Old Frame the roof division below the surface and could easily be reached by a shaft point there is an old opening, but the coal is concealed by the base of the Pittsburg coal. In the Edenborn shaft is 3 feet, main clay 1 foot, and lower division 8 feet in at any point in the region. The speedy development of the falling in of the roof and its thickness could not be it has the same thickness and is recorded at 293 feet thickness. The thickness of the lower division in this coal will depend chiefly on its quality; it seems prob­ ascertained. It seems to show, however, that the interval above the Pittsburg bed. No other sections of the^coal region appears to be remarkably constant, able that throughout most of this region it maintains between the Bedstone and Pittsburg beds increases north­ were obtained in this territory, and Professor Stevenson for a detailed section on Jacobs Creek shows c"eekcobs essentially the same characteristics that it holds in the ward to about the normal interval in the vicinity of makes no mention of the Uniontown bed in his report. the roof division to be 3 feet 11 inches, main so-called Klondike region about Leckrone. Masontown. On the road east from New Geneva a promi- Waynesburg coal. Throughout the Lambert syncline, clay 2 feet, and lower division 8 feet 2 inches in thick­ Bedstone coal. The Bedstone coal bed appears to be inent bloom was observed about 50 feet above the Pitts­ as well as in the territory farther west, in Fayette ness. The coal has been mined in a number of places generally persistent in this syncline, but in places it con­ burg which seems also to belong to the Bedstone horizon, County, the Waynesburg is the most promi­ on the ridge back of New Geneva, but the majority of sists almost entirely of carbonaceous shale. Owing to but with a considerably greater interval than is shown a nent coal bed exposed at the surface. In the mines are worked only a portion of the year, and the strong dips which generally prevail near the outcrop mile away on the west side of the river. the northeastern part of the basin this bed during the remainder of the time the coal is not accessi­ of this bed, its distance above the Pittsburg has not In Luzerne Township, west of the Lambert syncline, is less prominent than farther west. In fg£frral char" ble. South of George Creek the territory underlain by always been accurately determined. The mine shafts the Bedstone coal was not observed, although its horizon fact, it was scarcely seen on the eastern side this coal bed is small and the coal also which have been recently sunk in this region afford the appears at the surface in the northwest cor­ of the syncline from the northern boundary of the quad­ , , ,, . ,, ,, . South of appears to be thinner than in the region George best evidence regarding the position and character of ner of the township. Professor Stevenson in Luzerne rangle to the vicinity of McClellandtown. In the Buf­ Ci*cck« just described. The reduction in thickness the Bedstone as well as of the Sewickley coal. Accord­ reports that it is present in the hills opposite °wns fington shaft it is doubtful whether the Waynesburg bed of the Pittsburg coal appears to be connected in some ing to the record supplied by the owners of Millsboro, and he assigns to it an estimated thickness was encountered, since the head of the shaft is probably way with the development of the Pittsburg sandstone at about its horizon. Near the surface a bed 6 or 8 the Buffington0 shaft,' which is located near coalRedstone absent of about 5 feet. In his description he speaks of it as a immediately over the coal. In the TJnion- New Salem, the only coal beds encountered t"nB"haftg" mass of carbonaceous shale associated with a very thin inches in thickness is reported, and in some water wells i- j i ii i j... Thinning of town syncline, and also generally along the Pittsburg are one near the head of the shaft, which coal. From all of the evidence available it seems prob­ in the locality a coal at about this horizon is reported to eastern outcrop of the coal in the Lambert Pittsburg undoubtedly occurs at the Waynesburg horizon, and one able that the Bedstone coal has little or no economic have a thickness of 3 feet, but it is badly mixed with syncline, the roof division is overlain by a at a depth of about 260 feet, which is the normal posi­ importance in this township. slate, so that presumably the bed has little or no value. large body of shale, which varies from place to place tion for the Sewickley bed. Between the latter horizon Sewickley coal. As previously stated, the Sewickley The Waynesburg sandstone, which normally overlies the from a fine, highly carbonaceous to a very sandy shale. and the Pittsburg coal no other coal bed, or even black coal is present in the Buffington shaft 137 feet above the coal, is poorly developed in this region, and consequently In certain areas in the western half of the Masontown carbonaceous shale, is reported', so that it seems prob­ top of the Pittsburg bed. In this vicinity it is difficult to identify the coal with certainty. In the road northeast of New Salem, there is a large bloom that quadrangle the shale is replaced by a massive sandstone able that the Bedstone coal is entirely wanting in this two shafts and a bore hole have been sunk,' sitionvariable and po- which is always coarse and occasionally conglomeratic. vicinity. and in each one the coal is shown to have a presumably marks the horizon of the Waynesburg coal. This sandstone frequently rests directly upon the lower In the coa' . in shaft It apparently has a thickness of 2 or 3 feet, but no The Lambert shaft, located at the head of Middle Bun, different thickness and -^position. sections. division of the coal, and the natural inference is that shows the "Waynesburg and Unioutown coals in their westernmost shaft the coal shows a thickness detailed measurements could be obtained. the roof division was eroded before the sand was depos­ normal positions, but the coal beds close to of 3 feet and was struck at a distance of 260 feet below North of the Masontown quadrangle, in the bluffs ited. In fact, it seems probable that in many places the Pittsburg are puzzling and difficult to the surface. In shaft No. 1, which is the main hoisting along Bedstone Creek, the Waynesburg coal has been erosion not only removed the roof division, but cut classify. The lowest bed occurs at an inter- shaft, its depth is 255 feet, and its thickness varies from opened in a number of places, and presumably has a fair deeply into the main bench of the coal, reducing its val of 20 feet above the Pittsburg coal, and 0 on one side of the shaft to 2 feet on the other. In the thickness on the east side of the syncline, but even here thickness in places to not over 4 feet. The Pittsburg the second bed 64 feet from, the same hori­ bore hole its reported thickness is 2 feet. In the Lambert its greatest development appears to be west of the axis. sandstone is particularly heavy on Dunkard Creek, and zon. The lower of these two beds is underlain by black, shaft the Sewickley coal is not present, according to the The following section is from an , opening north of the it is developed also to some extent between Crows Ferry sandy shale, and neither in its position nor in its associated reported section, but as before described, its place is National Pike, and presumably a short distance beyond and Morris Crossroads. The sandstone is also seen in rocks does it correspond to the Bedstone bed. The bed probably occupied by a black carbonaceous shale resting the limits of the Masontown quadrangle : Luzerne Township near the northwest corner of the 64 feet above the Pittsburg is underlain by 15 feet of on fire clay at a distance of about 108 feet above the Waynesburg coal near northern limit of Masontown Masontown quadrangle and at other points farther north. limestone, which seemingly corresponds with the Bed­ Pittsburg bed. In the Bdenborn shaft its reported quadrangle. Feet, inches. The facts of its distribution suggest that the current stone limestone, which, in the normal section, closely thickness is 8 inches and its position 138 feet above the Sandstone roof. which eroded the coal flowed in a north or south direc­ underlies the Bedstone coal bed. For this reason the Pittsburg bed. In the Gates shaft it occurs 116 feet Shale...... 1 0 tion and that its course extended considerably beyond coal is here considered to belong to the Bedstone horizon. above the Pittsburg, and its thickness is shown by the Coal...... 0 4 the limits of this territory. At the clay pits about a If this is correct the Sewickley coal does not appear in following section : Shale...... 5 0 mile southeast of New Geneva the coal the shaft section. Its position very nearly corresponds Coal...... 0 4 Sewickley coal in Gates shaft. Clay...... :...... 0 2 shows in four benches (sec. 4, fig. 17) hav- with a bed of black "block slate" underlain by fire clay Bony coal...... 0 4 ing a thickness of 10, 13J, 9, and 42 inches. Feet. Inches. at an altitude of 108 feet above the Pittsburg bed. Coal ...... 0 10 Coal...... 1 8 At an opening about three-quarters of a The Bdenborn shaft section corresponds very nearly Black slate ...... 0 1 Clay...... 0 2-6 mile east of Lock No. 8 an old prospect pit showed a with the type section of the Monongahela formation. Coal ...... 1 5 Coal...... 2 5 thickness of only 4 feet of coal, but it is not certain that The interval between the Bedstone and Pitts­ Total...... 2 4 Total...... 10 5-9 this represents the entire thickness of the bed. It burg coals is 60 feet, the former is 1 foot sewtcWe afn Sec.l See. 2 Sec. 3 See. 4 seems possible, however, that it does, since two other thick and is underlain by a bed of limestone fnJaftb°rn In four carefully kept records of wells located on the NORTH OF SOUTHWEST OF SOUTHEAST OF MERBITTSTOTVN HEISTERSBURG outcrops within about a mile and a half of Morris Cross­ which has a thickness of about 15 feet. The ridge between Masontown and Leckrone the Sewickley MERRITTSTOWN HEISTERSBURG roads show the coal to have a thickness of 4 feet in one Sewickley coal shows a thickness of only 8 inches and coal is reported at the following distances Sewickley case and 5 feet in the other. At these openings the coal its position is 138 feet above the Pittsburg bed. above the Pittsburg bed: 111, 115,136, and coal between is overlain by heavy sandstone, and the presumption is The Gates shaft section, which is located at the mouth 137 feet. The thickness of the bed is an^LecR^" that all of the bed except that which was seen has been of Middle Bun, shows a small coal bed 10 feet above the reported as 4, 5, 4, and 3 feet, respectively. removed. Pittsburg. This is probably the rider that These measures are considerably in excess of the thick­ It was formerly supposed that all of the Pittsburg coal frequently occurs above the Pittsburg coal *« *hte Qates nesses given in the shaft sections already quoted, and lying outside of the Connellsville basin was poorly in Fayette County. At a distance of 50 feet the probability is that they are somewhat exaggerated. adapted to the manufacture of coke, but since the con­ above the Pittsburg coal the Bedstone bed appears, with In the northern part of the Lambert syncline the struction of a railroad along Bedstone Creek a number a thickness of 2 feet 2 inches. This is underlain by a Sewickley coal is not well exposed in outcrop. Its bloom FlQ-. 18. Sections of Waynesburg coal. of coking plants have been established, and their product bed of limestone, and in every respect it resembles the was seen in a number of places, but no . compares very favorably with that of the type locality, Bedstone bed of the type locality. At a distance of 116 definite idea could be gained regarding its At another opening in the same general locality the the Connellsville basin. Many years ago a coking plant feet above the Pittsburg coal there is a small bed which thickness, except that it is probably too section is as follows (sec. 1, fig. 18) : was established on the east side of Monongahela Eiver undoubtedly belongs at the Sewickley horizon. From thin to mine under existing commercial Waynesburg coal north of Merrittstown. near Grays Landing, but for some unknown reason it these sections it will be seen that the Bedstone and conditions. At an opening on the road Feet. Inches. proved a failure. Within the last four years operations Sewickley coal beds are not of very great importance in from New Salem to Heisterberg the coal is exposed to a Coal and clay*...... 1 2 have been begun again in the Lambert syn- this region. At the surface their outcrops were observed thickness of 2 feet. The roof of the coal is composed of Clay...... *...... 0 2 T j .1/1 i * j i j. Developments Coal...... 2 2 cline, and the coke produced seems equal to and coking in a number of places as blooms by the wayside, but no heavy sandstone, but the opening was so obscured by Clay...... '...... 07 that manufactured in the Connellsville basin. Lambert openings were found in the northern part of the syncline the caving of the sides that the base of the bed was not Coal...... 2 4 As the result of this discovery a number of sync ine* at which the thickness of the coals could be determined. visible. Near the Leckrone mine the bloom of the Total...... 6 5 large coking plants have been established. Most of Southwest of Masontown the Bedstone coal bed is Sewickley coal is* visible in the road at a distance of these are located on the eastern outcrop of the coal, and exposed by-the side of the road leading to the mouth of about 120 feet above the Pittsburg coal. Its thickness On the roads leading into the valley of Dunlap Creek their operations are carried on by means of slopes which Jacobs Creek. At this point the coal shows could not be determined, but presumably it corresponds near the northern margin of the quadrangle the Waynes­ extend down the dip of the bed. A few operators have a thickness of 3 feet without partings, but coal near closely to that given for the Edenborn shaft. Northeast burg coal makes a large showing. At an opening the ,,.,,,, ,. , , , ., mouth of secured property near the center of the basin and have the full section is not exposed, and it seems Jacobs of New Geneva the Sewickley coal bed is visible at a following section was obtained: Creek reached the coal by means of deep shafts. The most possible that it may have a total thickness number of points on the Old Frame road, but its thick­ Waynesburg coal near northern margin of Masontown southerly shaft is that of the Bdenborn mine west of of 3 feet 6 inches. The coal is overlain by black shale, ness could not be determined. In the vicinity of New quadrangle. McClellandtown, which reaches the floor of the coal at a and it rests upon a bed of calcareous nodules about 15 Feet. Inches. Geneva the;interval between, this coal and the Pittsburg Coal...... 1 2 depth of 486 feet. At the mouth of Middle Eun the feet in thickness. bed gradually decreases. At one point about midway 0 2 Gates shaft found the same horizon at a depth of 243 Near the village of Old Frame, in Nicholson Township, between Old Frame and New Geneva the distance above 1 10 feet below the surface. Near New Salem the Buffington a coal bed shows about 40 feet above the Pittsburg. This the Pittsburg seems to be about 90 feet; but at the 0 11 shaft was sunk to a depth of 389 feet, to the bottom of has an exposed thickness of 2 feet; the total thickness exposure about one-half mile from New Geneva the 1 6 the coal. The deepest shaft in this district is that of is somewhat greater, but it probably does not exceed 3 interval is reduced to somewhat less than 80 feet. On Total...... 5 Masontown and Uniontown. The bottom bench was not well exposed at this open­ inches, 100 feet below the outcrop of the Waynesburg The Washington coal shows in several localities on massive Pittsburg sandstone, which generally forms ing and the coal probably slightly exceeds the thickness bed. Middle Eun, but it does not appear to be the thick com­ cliffs above the coal in this region. given. In the vicinity of Merrittstown the coal has been Waynesburg coal north of Masontown. plex bed that it is in the type locality. At At one point on the west side of the river the lower mined extensively for local use, and its section at this one point. , a thickness,, . , of* 32on inches 1. was Washingtoncoaion division of the coal shows a thickness of 7 feet, and at point is as follows (sec. 2, fig. 18) : Feet. Inches. observedi T at j this.-i . horizon,i and-, at, another.-. 24^ Middle Run. another opening in the vicinity it has a thickness of 7 Coal...... 1 4 inches of coal are visible. feet 9 inches. On the east side of the stream the coal Waynesburg coal near Merrittstown. Clay...... 0 2 Coal...... 2 2 Above the Washington coal a number of small beds shows the following section (sec. 4, fig. 21): Feet. Inches. Clay...... 0 5-20 were encountered in the Lambert shaft. From an eco­ Coal...... 1 0 Coal...... 2 6 nomic standpoint they are of no value, and it is doubtful Pittsburg coal near Millsboro. Brick coal...... 0 6 if they can be correlated with the coal beds of the type Feet. Inches. Coal...... 1 6 Total (average). section in Greene and Washington counties. Roof division...... I 8 Clay...... 0 10-24 Main clay...... 9-11 Coal...... 2 2 The rise of the strata on the western limb of the Fay- COAL IN GREKNE AND WASHINGTON COUNTIES. Lower division...... 6|T8 0 Total (average)...... 6 7 ette anticline carries the Waynesburg coal above the tops of the hills in the region south of Masontown. On Pittsburg coal. The Pittsburg coal shows in outcrop Total (average) ...... 9 9 Throughout Luzerne Township the "Waynesburg coal the whole the Waynesburg bed is prominent throughout over a very small area of Greene County. It rises from The roof division is frequently absent, being replaced has been mined at many places for local use. In this the northwest corner of Fayette County on account of its water level on Monongahela Eiver about the by the heavy Pittsburg sandstone, which is particularly region the sandstone is coarse and generally massive and great aggregate thickness, but the number and thickness mouth of Cats Creek,' and from this pointr it Qenera|currence ° ofc; well developed in this vicinity. the coal is easily identified. It was seen on almost all of the clay partings make the bed expensive to mine, occurs in the river bluffs on both sides of coal. Eedstone coal. There is considerable uncertainty roads that crossed its horizon, but it was difficult to and the high percentage of sulphur and ash which the the stream as far as Greensboro and New regarding the thickness and position of the Eedstone obtain complete sections. About 1 mile west of Heisters- coal usually carries renders it of little value under Geneva. Beyond this point it recedes somewhat from coal west of Monongahela Eiver. It is burg a recent opening on the road leading to Arensburg existing conditions. It has been mined in a desultory the immediate vicinity of the river and is found in out­ exposed in natural outcrop only in the Re«Jstone Ferry shows the following section: way to supply local needs, and probably in the future, crop several hundred feet above water level. On the southern part, reaching water level on £nIa\!a esrand when the Pittsburg coal is practically exhausted, this west side of the river the coal has been mined to some Monongahela Eiver near Hatfields Ferry. Waynesburg coal a mile west of Heistersburg. bed may receive some attention, but the prospect is not Sec. 2 Sec. 4 According to measured sections at the surface and to Feet. Inches. bright for immediate utilization. drill records the interval between the Eedstone coal and Coal...... 1 6 GREENSBORO CROWS FERRY MlLLSBORO Shale...... 3 0 Waynesburg "A" coal. The first coal bed above the the Pittsburg bed seems to range from 30 to 80 feet. In Coal...... 1 0 base of the Dunkard formation has been designated in I'O" composition the bed probably varies greatly. In the 6" previous reports the Waynesburg "A" coal. 1' 9" southern part of the quadrangle the Eedstone is thin Total...... >.. 5 6 Waynesburg In the Lambert shaft section it occurs 61 feet " A " coai, and composed almost entirely of bituminous shale with According to this section the coal is so badly broken abovei the.LT WaynesburgT.T T coali -and-i it-j. T.has a andits Position reia- occasional layers of coal a few inches in thickness. In tions* by partings that it has little commercial value, but from thickness of 3 feet 6 inches (sec. 4, fig. 19). the vicinity of Greensboro it reaches a thickness of 18 the thinness of the section it seems probable that one or Although not showing so great a total thickness as the inches and the inclosing bituminous shale has a thick­ two benches remain concealed. Professor Stevenson Washington coal, higher in the series, still, so far as I'O" ness of nearly 13 feet. From this point northward the gives the following section from an opening 1 mile south­ quality is concerned, it is probably the most important 7" mass of the shale grows less and less until near the west of the village, presumably from mines now aban­ bed in the Duukard formation. mouth of Whiteley Creek it disappears, leaving the coal doned, on the Arensburg Ferry road (sec. 3, fig. 18): In the type section of Washington County the Waynes­ about the same thickness as at Greensboro. t In the burg "B" coal is supposed to be next in the series, and record of a deep well drilled near Willow Tree, a coal Waynesburg coal a mile southwest of Heistersburg. is separated from the Waynesburg "A" by an interval presumably corresponding to the Eedstone occurs at a Feet. Inches. of about 30 feet. In the Lambert shaft section this coal height of 80 feet above the base of the Pittsburg bed and Clay shale...... 0 3 is not present and the" next bed above the Waynesburg 90 feet below the Mapletown or Sewickley coal. So far Coal...... 0 3 "A" coal is approximately at the position of the Little Clay...... 0 3 as known this is the greatest recorded interval in this Coal...... 2 0 Washington coal as given by Professor Stevenson in his territory. On Dunkard Creek there is a small coal bed Clay...... 0 2-10 type section. This is an unimportanat bed in the Lam­ FIG. 21. Sections of Pittsburg coal. at about 70 feet above the Pittsburg, which is supposed Coal...... 3-4 bert shaft, but its occurrence is interesting, since it shows to be equivalent to the one reported in the Willow Tree extent in the vicinity of Greensboro. At an old mine Total (average)...... 6 6 the wide extent of some of these minor coal horizons. well. In the vicinity of Greensboro the interval between on the Mapletown road the following section is exposed the Pittsburg coal and the first bed higher in the series About 1 mile southeast of Heistersburg the following WAYNESBURG "A" COAL WASHINGTON COAL (sec. 1, fig. 21): is only 25 or 30 feet. Either the interval between these Sec. 1 Sec. 2 Sec. 3 Sec. 4 section was obtained at a mine which recently has been WEST OF Pittsburg coal at old mine north of Greensboro. beds has decreased between Willow Tree and Greensboro operated (sec. 4, fig. 18) : MIDDLE RUN EDENBOEN LAMBERT MCCLELLAND­ Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. or the coal which shows in the Mapletown road back of Roof division: Waynesburg coal a mile southeast of Heisters'burg. Greensboro is at a lower horizon than the one encoun­ Dark shale...... 0 6 tered in the Willow Tree well. Since the Eedstone coal Feet. Inches. 2'5" Coaly shale...... 0 8 Coal...... 0 6 Coal...... 1 9 bed is unimportant in this region, its exact correlation Bony coal...... 0 3 Clay with coal streaks...... 2 10 is not a matter of much moment, except in showing the Coal...... 4 6+ Coal...... 0 2 great variation of the measures in this part of the field. Clay...... 0 8 Total...... 5 3+ In the vicinity of Greensboro the interval seems to be Coal...... 0 1 variable, since on the left fork of the road leading up the The bottom bench is somewhat obscure and its thick­ Main clay parting ... 0 10 hill back of Greensboro the Eedstone bed appears at a ness may be several inches more than the measure given. FiG. 20. Sections of Waynesburg "A" and Washington Lower division (seen) 0 distance of about 50 feet above the Pittsburg coal. WAYNESBURG coals. Northward from this point the coal dips gently, reach­ WAYNESBURG COAL "A" COAL The Pittsburg sandstone makes its appearance south Sec. 1 Sec. 2 Sec. 3 Sec. 4 of Greensboro, as shown in the following section (sec. 2, ing water level west of Masontown. At the mouth of WALLACE RUN MIDDLE RUN MASONTOWN LAMBERT On Middle Eun the Waynesburg "A" coal has been fig. 21), which was obtained on the hills back of Crows Cats Creek the coal has been opened on the north side opened in several places. Just above the crossing of the of the creek, where it shows the following section: road from McClellandtown to Dearth it shows Ferry, but in this locality the sandstone does not appear a thickness of 4 feet 6 inches (sec. 1, fig. 20). to have replaced the coal as at other points in this part Redstone coal at mouth of Cats Creek. -^ ., , -i , its character On Antram Bun it has also been pros- at various of the quadrangle. Feet. Inches. pected for local use. About 1 mile from the Black shale...... 1 6 Pittsburg coal in hills back of Crows Ferry. Coal...... 3 0 I mouth of the run an opening reveals a thickness of about Shale...... 1 0 3 feet. The bloom of this bed was seen in a number of Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. Roof division: Limestone ...... 6 0 2'6" places on the margins of the Lambert syncline and in Sandstone. Total...... 11 6 Luzerne Township, where it closely overlies the heavy Shale and coal. Waynesburg sandstone. From the showing which it Coal...... At this point the coal is about 50 feet above the Pitts- . 19. Sections of Waynesburg and Waynesburg "A" makes in crossing the roads, it seems possible that its Clay...... burg bed, a relation which appears to hold for some coals. thickness over most of this territory ranges from 2 to 3 Coal...... distance northward, since in the Gates shaft, at the At this point the bed is overlain by about 10 feet of feet. Main clay parting mouth of Middle Eun, a coal 2 feet 2 inches in thickness shale, which separates the coal from the Waynesburg In the Edenborn shaft a thickness of about 80 feet of Lower division.... is reported at the same distance above the Pittsburg sandstone above. On Wallace Eun a mine has recently the Dunkard formation was pierced before reaching the coal. been opened on the Waynesburg coal about 1J miles Waynesburg coal. In that interval the Waynesburg On Dunkard Creek the Pittsburg coal is exposed to Previous to the discovery of petroleum in this State northeast of East Eiverside. At this mine the following "A" coal is reported 57 feet abov.e the Waynesburg beyond the limits of this territory. Near Eobtown, the rich bituminous shale associated with the Bedstone section was obtained (sec. 1, fig. 19) : horizon and its thickness is given as 4 feet (sec. 2, fig. 20). which is located near the southwest corner of the Mason- coal bed was distilled for oil, but the discovery of the The quality of the coal from this bed is not given, but if town quadrangle, the coal has the following section great pools on Oil Creek quickly terminated this indus­ Waynesburg coal on Wallace Run. it is the same as reported from mines on the outcrop in (sec. 3, fig. 21): try. Feet. Inches. various parts of the basin, and if it holds a thickness of Sewickley coal. The Sewickley coal bed is of consider­ Pittsburg coal near Robtown on Dunkard Creek. Clay roof. 4 feet over any considerable territory, the Waynesburg able importance in the southern part of Greene County, Coal...... Feet. Inches. ranking second only to the great Pittsburg Bone...... "A" coal will be of value when the larger coals are . 0 2 coal. It lies near the base of the Great lime­ Sewickley Coal...... exhausted. 0 coal, import­ ance and Washington coal. The Washington coal bed can not 0 stone, and the interval between it and the relation to Total. Pittsburg be identified in the Uniontown syncline. In the Lam­ Pittsburg bed has a fairly constant thickness coal. On Antram Eun the coal has been opened in a num­ bert basin a bed at about this horizon has of about 140 feet. Near the southwest cor­ ber of places. No detailed measures were obtained, but been noted in a number of places. Its char- ner of the quadrangle an old opening was observed in the total thickness of the bed appears to be about 5 feet. acter and position are probably best shown which the bed has a thickness of 5 feet, but the details It is well exposed also on Middle Eun near the crossing in the Lambert shaft, where it has a thick­ of parting could not be obtained. South of Wiley an of the Edenborn and Dearth road, where it shows the ness of 2 feet 5 inches (sec. 3, fig. 20) and occurs 140 opening displays 4 feet 6 inches of coal, overlain by 2 following detailed section (sec. 2, fig. 19): feet above the Waynesburg coal. It seems probable, feet of shale, but the entire thickness of the bed is not however, that its thickness as given above includes Total. exposed. At this point it appears to be about 125 feet Waynesburg coal on Middle Run. several shale partings, for the section (sec. 4, fig. 20) above the Pittsburg coal. Feet. Inches. measured at an opening on the river bluff west of In the small .area of Washington County which lies in On the road from the mouth of Dunkard Creek to Coal. 1 1 McClellandtown shows the following broken character: the northwest corner of the Masontown quadrangle the Mapletown the Sewickley coal has been opened at a Clay, , 0 3 Pittsburg coal is exposed in the river bank number of places. On the first summit above the river Coal. . 0 8-25 Washington coal in river bluff west of McClellandtown. River outcrop Clay. . 0 1-14 near water level from the mouth of Tenmile of Pittsburg road it shows as a large bloom in the road, but its thick­ coal from Coal, , 2 4-6 Feet. Inches. Creek above Millsboro around the bend to Tenmile ness could not be determined. At this point it is ...... o 4 the mouth of Meadow Eiiu.' Coal has been Creek to approximately 140 feet above the Pittsburg bed. In an Total (average). 8 Meadow Run...... 1 3 mined for a long time on this outcrop, but old opening about three-quarters of a mile farther north ...... 1 1 North of Masontown, on the road leading to McCanns ...... 0 6 at present the production is largely restricted to coal to a thickness of 3 feet is exposed, but the base of Ferry, an opening occurs at which the following section ...... 0 11 three mines of the Monongahela Eiver Consolidated Coal the bed is concealed and its full thickness could not be was obtained (sec. 3, fig. 19)...... 0 5 and Coke Company, which lie in the Fifth Pool, just determined. At this point it is not less than 135 feet At this point a good vertical section was obtained ...... 1 2 beyond the boundary line of the quadrangle. The town above the Pittsburg coal. On the direct road between showing the Uniontown coal with a thickness of 2 feet 6 Total...... 5 of Millsboro is built upon a terrace underlain by the Greensboro and Mapletown the Sewickley coal shows as a large bloom by the wayside, and recently it has been oped to any extent below Hatfields Ferry. It is gener­ or, at least, a decided flattening almost on the axis of Some of the mines are still open and give the following opened in a small ravine on the south side of the road. ally thin in this region and is composed largely of the Brownsville anticline, which, although feebly devel­ section (sec. 3, fig. 24): The base of the bed is concealed by standing water, but bituminous shale. oped in Greene County, seems to extend at least as far Waynesburg coal near Ceylon. Uniontown coal. This bed, although seemingly per­ as the western margin of the quadrangle. Feet. Inches. Sec. 1 Sec. 2 Sec. 3 Sec. 4 Coal...... 0 10 WHITELEY CREEK sistent throughout this part of Greene County, is too Throughout all of the region south of Turkey Knob GREENSBORO MAPLETOWN BELOW MAPLE- GRAYS LANDING thin to be of commercial importance under present con­ the Waynesburg coal is of workable proportions, but its Clay...... 0 1 TOWN Coal...... 0 24-26 ditions. The horizon was recognized at a great many character is such as to preclude extensive use until most Clay...... 0 1-10 localities by a small coal bloom in the road, but no of the other coal beds of the region are exhausted. Coal...... 3 0 details of the bed could be obtained. At the time of the In the northern part of Monongahela Township the Total (average)...... 6 6 previous survey of this region this bed was worked on a Waynesburg coal shows in a number of places in natural

7.5" small scale in Cumberland Township. The bed section outcrop, and it has been mined at several points. Sev­ Its quality is said to be fairiy good, and it is used by at this opening is as follows: eral old openings were observed above Sigsbee, but at no the blacksmiths to some extent. A mine just east of point was coal visible. It shows also as a bloom under the village gave the following partial section (sec. 4, Uniontown coal in Cumberland Township. massive sandstone on the road from Sigsbee to Paisley, fig. 24): Feet. Inches. on the north side of the divide. It was formerly mined Waynesburg coal just east of Ceylon. Coal...... -...... t ...... 1 6 on the road from Carmichaels to Greensboro, on a small Sandstone...... 10 0 branch of Little Whiteley Creek. The roof of this mine Feet. Inches. Coal..:...... 1 0 Massive sandstone roof. FIG. 22. Sections of Sewickley coal. is composed of massive sandstone, beneath which the Total...... :...... - 12 6 Coal...... 0 6 above that 4 feet of the clear coal are visible in the following section (sec. 4, fig. 23) was measured: Shale...... 0 1 opening. The full thickness is reported to be 5 feet 6 Waynesburg coal. This bed reaches its greatest Coal...... 2 3 inches (sec. 1, fig 22). development in Greene County. » Its total thickness is Waynesburg coal south of Paisley. Shale and bone...... 0 3 Feet. Inches. Coal, seen...... 2 1 This coal probably reaches its best development in the frequently 7 or 8 feet, but it is so broken by clay part­ Shale. ings and the coal is frequently so impure that mining is Total...... 5 2 vicinity of Mapletown, and for that reason it is locally Coal ...... 0 2|& known as the Mapletown coal. It has been expensive, and the coal has generally been discarded as Bone...... 0 i& Scwiclclcv Judging from the previous section, it seems probable mined here extensively for local use, and in coal near a fuel in this region. Coal ...... 0 9,i i that the lower bench is somewhat concealed at this open­ general it supplies a fair quality of domestic, ,. Mapletown. Owing to the southward rise of the strata, the outcrop Bone...... 0 Coal ...... 0 *%qi ing, but the coal varies so greatly from place to place fuel. The bed has a total thickness of about 5 feet, but of this bed recedes from the river south of the mouth of Shale ...... 0 H that it is impossible to speak with certainty unless the it usually contains small clay partings, which detract Whiteley Creek, and on the ridge between Whiteley and Coal ...... 2 0 coal is actually exposed. considerably from its value. A detailed section at this Dunkard creeks the Waynesburg coal is exposed only in Shale ...... 0 11 point is as follows (sec. 2, fig. 22): the highest points and its outcrop is limited to a few ...... 2 0+ Sec. 1 See. 2 See. 8 Sec. 4 RIVER BLUFF square miles in extent. Near the western edge of the Total...... 5 9£+ BELOW LITTLE FARKERS BAR CARMICHAELS CARMICHAELS Sewickley coal near Mapletown. quadrangle, on one of the tributary branches of Dunkard WHITELEY CREEK

Feet. Inches. Creek, an opening was seen which shows 5 feet of clear Owing to the imperfect drainage of the mine, the I'O" 10" 11" Coal ...... 2 3 -g1 coal with a sandstone roof. Other old openings exist in lowest bench is not well exposed, but its thickness is Clay ...... 0 probably not much greater than that given. The varia­ Coal ...... 0 4 Sec. 2 Sec. 3 2'0" Clay ...... 0 2 WILEY WILLOW TREE tion in character of the Waynesburg sandstone is well Coal ...... 2 6 illustrated in the vicinity of this \mine. On the north 10" Total...... 5 3| side of the ridge the coal is overlain by 50 feet of very- coarse sandstone, while on the opposite side of the ridge, The coal of the upper bench is of good quality, but within less than a quarter of a mile from the mine, the that of the lower contains so high a percentage of strata overlying the coal consisted entirely of sandy shale, bearing no resemblance to the heavy bed on the sulphur and ash that its fuel value is comparatively low. FIG. 25. Sections of Waynesburg coal. The interval between the Sewickley and the Pittsburg Sec.i Sec. 2 Sec. 3 Sec. 4 coals is well shown in the Willow Tree well record pre­ RIVER BLUFF VALLEY FORK From Little Whiteley Creek to Carmichaels the valley 2'0" BELOW WHITLEY OF LITTLE CEYLON CEYLON viously referred to. According to that record there is CREEK WHITLEY CREEK has been so deeply filled with alluvium that the horizon an interval of 135 feet between these beds.* This agrees of the Waynesburg coal is concealed. It shows, however, fairly well with a number of accurate well sections in the river bluffs at a number of places. About one- recently drilled northeast of Masontown, on the ridge half mile below Little Whiteley Creek the following sec­ between Cats Creek aud Browns Eun. In four of these FiG. 23. Sections of Waynesburg coal. tion (sec. 1, fig. 25) is exposed in an opening 190 feet wells the interval was found to be 111, 115, 136, and this vicinity, but they are generally closed and the coal above water level: 137 feet. is inaccessible. The following detailed section (sec. 1, 2' 1"+ Waynesburg coal in bluff below mouth of Little Whiteley The structure of the Sewickley coal bed varies greatly fig. 23) was measured at an opening on the Morgantown Creek. from place to place, as shown by a comparison of the Maple- road near the Greene Township line: Feet. Inches. town section with the following sections (sec. 3, fig. 22) Coal...... 1 0 of two mines on Whitely Creek between Mapletown and Waynesburg coal in Morgantown road, Dunkard Township. .Clay...... 0 2 Coal...... 2 1 the crossing of the wagon road from Greensboro to Feet. Inches. Clay...... 1 1 Sigsbee: Coaly shale...... 0 10 Coal...... 1 9 Coal...... 3 0 Sewickley coal near Mapletown. Clay.;...... 1 9 Total...... 7 4 Coal...... 4 0 Ft. In. Ft. In. At this point the Waynesburg is 90 feet above the Coal...... ;...... o 9 0 7 Total. Uniontown coal, which shows a thickness of 1 foot 6 Clay...... o i 0 Coal...... 0 2 0 7 A partial section from a mine near the northeast inches. At a distance of 1J miles below Little Whiteley Clay. :...... o i 0 corner of Greene Township is as follows (sec. 2, fig. 23): FIG. 24. Sections of Waynesburg coal. Creek the coal shows the following section (seC; 2) fig. 25): Coal...... i 11 1 10 opposite side of the ridge. On the river bluff directly Clay...... 0 1 o I Waynesburg coal near Wiley. Waynesburg coal at Parkers Bar. . east of the last-described mines and about a quarter of a Coal...... 0 74 0 1 Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. Bituminous clay...... 0 2| 0 2 Coal and shale...... 0 11 mile below the mouth of Whiteley Creek the following Coal ...... 1 ; 2 Coal...... 1 1 1 2 Coal...... 2 1 section (sec. 1, fig. 24) of the Waynesburg coal is Clay ...... 0 2 Total. 4 101 Clay...... 2 0 exposed: Coal ...... 2 0 Coal, seen...... 2 0 Clay ...... '...... 1 0 Waynesburg coal on bluff below mouth of Whiteley Creek. Coal ...... 2 6 The top and bottom benches are reported as containing Total...... 7 0 good coal, generally preferred to that from the Waynes­ Feet. Inches. Total...... 6 10 burg bed, and also preferred to that from the middle The coal in this locality is generally poor and can not Coal ...... 0 2 bench, which carries considerable sulphur. From a compete with coal from the Pittsburg bed, which is Clay ...... 0 8 On the road from Carmichaels to Parker Bar a large drill record near this point the interval between the accessible all along Dunkard Creek in this quadrangle. Coal ...... 0 6 coal bloom occurs in the road at about the horizon of the Clay ...... 0 1 Waynesburg coal. The Waynesburg sandstone is poorly Sewickley and Pittsburg beds is known to be 125 feet. Since the mines on the Waynesburg coal generally Coal ...... 0 8 On Whiteley Creek near the crossing of the Greensboro have been abandoned in this region, it is extremely Clay ...... 0 3 developed at this point, and the identification of the coal and Carmichaels road this bed shows a thickness of 4 feet difficult to obtain details and thicknesses of the various Coal ...... 2 0 bed is made partly on its supposed agreement in altitude members of the bed. At an opening about a mile west Clay...... 0 6 of coal. A section from an opening on the west bluff of Sec.l Sec. 2 the river about one-half mile above Grays Landing of Willow Tree the following section (sec. 3, fig. 23) was Coal ...... 2 6 shows the Sewiekley coal to have a thickness of 6 feet obtained: Total...... 7 4 CARMICHAELS CARMICHAELS and to lie 56 feet above the Eedstone coal. The Sewick­ Waynesburg coal a mile west of Willow Tree. At this point the interval between the Waynesburg ley was once extensively mined at Grays Landing, where Feet. Inches. coal and the Uniontown bed is 91 feet. The latter has a the following section (sec. 4, fig. 22) was obtained: Clay shale. thickness of 2 feet and lies 136 feet above the Sewickley 2'0" Coal...... 0 6 Sewickley coal at Grays Landing. bed. Clay...... 0 2 On the Valley Fork of Little Whiteley Creek the Feet. Inches. Coal...... 2 2 Coal. . 3 0 Clay...... 0 2 Waynesburg coal has been extensively prospected. Clay, . 2 6 Coal, seen.. . 1 11+ Most of the pits have been so -poorly cared for that the Coal. . 2 0 Total...... 4 11-1- roof has fallen in and the coal is no longer visible. The Total...... 7 6 best sections are the following from three openings about 3'0" On the road leading north from Willow Tree across a mile from the main creek, which were published in Below Grays Landing the shale partings appear to Turkey Knob several coals are exposed, and there is Eeport K of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsyl­ thicken rapidly, completely spoiling the bed for mining some doubt as to which of these should be vania, p. 120, upon Greene County (sec. 2, fig. 24): purposes. This is exemplified by the following section, called Waynesburg. In preparing the geo- measured by Prof. I. C. White about a quarter of a mile logic map, the uppermost bed, which shows Waynesburg coal on Valley Fork of Little Whiteley Creek. FIG. 26. Sections of Waynesburg coal. above the mouth of Big Whiteley Creek: in the road as a strong bloom under shaly Ft. In. Ft. In. Ft. In. Coal.. 10 10 08 Sewickley coal near mouth of Big Whiteley Creek. sandstone, was considered to be the Waynes­ with the Waynesburg horizon and also upon the size of burg coal, but the coal showing 70 feet lower in the road Clay., 01 0 ^ 0 i the bloom. The bed appears to be about 5 feet in thick­ Feet. Inches. makes also a heavy bloom, and this is overlain by coarse, Coal.. 22 21 1. 11 Coal...... 2 6 Clay. 0 10 08 10 ness, but details regarding partings could not be Sandstone ...... 15 0 massive sandstone which resembles the typical Waynes­ Coal.. 29 2 11 32 obtained. It was formerly opened on the road west of Coal...... 0 5 burg sandstone much more strongly than that which Browns Ferry, but the mine is closed at the present Shale...... 2 0 overlies the upper coal, and it seems possible that the Totals...... 6 10 time and no measurements could be obtained. Coal...... 0 1 Sandstone ...... 12 0 lower coal is the true Waynesburg bed. If this inter­ On all the roads leading out of the lower part of this The Waynesburg coal has been extensively developed Coal...... 1 6 pretation prevails, the structure about Willow Tree, as valley the bloom or old openings of this coal were on Glade Eun, which flows nearly due northjabout a mile indicated by the contour lines, should be considerably observed, but most of the latter had been made years east of Carmichaels. The following^ sections represent Total...... 33 6 modified and rendered more complicated than by the ago and were not accessible at the time of examination. the coal as it appears in four openings located about due Although the Sewickley coal is above river level present interpretation. If the Waynesburg horizon is In the vicinity of Ceylon the coal has been more exten­ east of Carmichaels (sees. 3, 4, fig. 25 and sees. 1, 2, throughout the Masontown quadrangle, it is not devel- lowered 70 feet it will apparently introduce a syncline, sively mined than at any other point on the stream. fig. 26): Masontown and Uniontown. 18

Waynesburg coal 1 mile east of Carmichaels. territory, but they are too thin to be of commercial Thickness The average composition of Connellsville coal in feet. in feeti. Ft. In. Ft. In. Ft. In. Ft. In. value, and hence need not be discussed. and its resultant coke, according to Mr. A. S. Sandstone, white (Pottsville)...... 230 1016 Coal...... 0 10 0 11 0 10 0 10 Washington coal. The blossom of this coal was McCreath, is given in the preceding table. Slate...... 5 1021 Clay...... 0 2 0 3 0 2 0 3 observed at a number of places in Greene County, but Limestone...... 90 1111 Coal ...... 1 6 2 4 1 9 2 2 no sections of the bed could be obtained. It is probable The average of a number of analyses made in Sandstone, white, hard (Pocono; gas at Clay...... 2 . 0 0 6 3 0 0 4 1893 and reported by the H. C. Frick Coke Com­ 1200 and 1212)...... 190 1301 Coal...... 2 8 2 8 3 0 3 0 that the aggregate thickness is considerable, but the Slate and shale ...... 100 1401 actual amount of coal is only a fractional part of the pany shows the following composition: 1426 2 Sandstone, dark...... 25 Totals. whole and consequently the bed has little commercial Shale, white...... 100 1526 The coal has also been mined on Muddy Eun north value. Average composition of Connellsville coal and coke (FricJc Slate, white...... 47 1573 of the village. The pits are generally in such condi­ Company). Sandstone, dark...... 50 1623 Slate, white...... 25 1648 tion that the coal cannot be measured, but the following COKE. Coal. Coke. Sandstone, dark...... 30 1678 section is reported from this locality: Almost all of the coal mined from tlie Pitts­ Slate...... 32 1710 Sandstone (gas)...... 2 1712 Waynesburg coal on Muddy Creek north of Carmichaels. burg bed in this region is converted into coke. Per cent. Per cent. Water ...... 1.130 .070 Feet. Inches. This industry has reached wonderful proportions, It seems probable that there is an error in this section, Coal...... 1 0 although its development has been limited almost 29.812 .880 since for a distance of 110 feet above the supposed Potts­ Clay...... 0 2 entirely to the decade just passed. In 1860 there 60.420 89.509 ville sandstone the prevailing color of the rocks is Coal...... 1 9 Sulphur ...... 689 .711 reported to be red a color that is seldom found in the Clay...... 0 2-10 were but 70 coke ovens in use in the Connells­ Ash...... 7.949 8.830 Allegheny formation. Coal...... 2 2 ville district. From this small beginning the Clay...... 3 0 Total...... 100.000 100.000 This well is located almost at the very crest of the Coal...... 0 3 plants have grown steadily in size and number anticline, a position usually considered as most favorable Clay...... 0 4 until at present there are approximately 25,000 for the occurrence of gas. The fact that only a little gas Coal...... 0 5 ovens in constant use in the territory embraced NATURAL GAS. was found, while in the wells recently drilled on the Total (average)...... 9 7 in the Connellsville basin and the Lambert syn­ Natural gas has been encountered in nearly all western slope of the anticline and nearly a mile from its axis large flows of gas were obtained, may possibly be In the lower part of Muddy Bun Valley many old pits cline, including over 7000 ovens in the Union- wells which have been sunk in the Masontown due to the lenticular character of the various individual were observed at this horizon, but generally the coal is town and Masontown quadrangles. quadrangle, but with the exception of layers of sand and shale making up the producing for­ General not accessible. At a mine on the east side The character of the coal varies considerably a few localities it has not been found in occurrence mations, or to a lack of porosity in the sand at its highest of the run, about a mile from the river, the relations on of gas. ,,..,, , T, - . Muddy Run. in the Connellsville and adjacent territory in paying quantities. In nearly every case point. coal lies in three benches, the uppermost which the Pittsburg coal is coked. In Hugh Thompson well. Well No. 1 of Economic Geology having a thickness of 11 inches, the middle bench 2 feet Cok|n the sands that have yielded oil have also yielded the early days of the industry no coal some gas. The gas, however, is by no means con­ sheet. Located a few hundred feet northeast of the 1 inch, and the lower bench 2 feet 6 inches. The clay post-office at Upper Middletown. Elevation, 950 feet. parting between the middle and lower benches varies except that mined from the southeast­ fined to these horizons, but is encountered in slight (Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, Eeport I5, from 7 inches to 1 foot 6 inches in thickness. At the ern side of the basin would be used, and it is amounts in nearly all of the more porous sand­ P- 319). mouth of the run the coal is also divided into three claimed by old operators in the field that the coke stones. Gas in small quantities has been obtained from this benches, which are 8, 18, and 28 inches in thickness. produced on that side was far superior to that At five localities gas has been found in suf­ well which was sunk to. a depth of 2440 feet. Its At this point the Uniontown coal has a thickness of 2 from the opposite side. At .the present time most ficient quantities to warrant the application of the position is near the crest of the Fayette anticline. The feet, and it has been opened in the hillside 93 feet below of the coal from the eastern side of the syncline term " field." The most northerly field gas reaches the surface accompanied by a strong flow of the Waynesburg coal and 113 feet above the Sewickley water, but is collected under a tank and supplies the ha^ been exhausted, and in the trade there is no coal, which has a thickness of 3 feet. In a similar sec­ is located south of the National Pike needs of the town. The amount is apparently too small tion one mile below the mouth of Muddy Eun the upper­ discrimination made in the coke from the various in the vicinity of Haddenville; the second is on and the depth too great to encourage farther drilling in most bench of the Waynesburg coal has a thickness of parts of the field. South of Uniontown the coal Browns Run in the vicinity of McClellandtown; the vicinity. Following is a record of the well: 9 inches, the middle bench 2 feet, and the lower bench is under slight cover and there is a large amount the third lies north of Masontown; the fourth is 2 feet 6 inches. The Uniontown coal, with a thickness Record of Hugh Thompson well at Middletown. of weathered coal which can not be used in the about a mile west of Old Frame; and the fifth is Thickness Depth of 1 foot 6 inches, was identified 93 feet below the infeet. in feet. Waynesburg horizon, and the Sewickley, showing a manufacture of coke. This is especially true of just back of New Geneva in the southern part of Conductor...... 10 10 thickness of 2 feet 6 inches, was found at an interval of the isolated areas in the vicinity of Smithfield the quadrangle. Coal...... 4 14 111 feet below the Uniontown horizon. At an opening and Morris Crossroads. Yet even in these small Soapstone...... 20 34 HADDENVILLE GAS FIELD. Sandstone, white, hard...... 15 49 2 miles below the mouth of Muddy Eun the Waynesburg areas the coal is being mined and the better part Slate, black...... 60 109 coal shows the following section (sec. 3, fig. 26): coked at several small establishments. The Haddenville field has been developed since the Sandstone, white...... 30 139 field work of the present survey was completed, and Limestone, blue ...... 10 149 Waynesburg coal at Arensburg Ferry. Until within the last four or five years the coal hence none of the wells are located on the map. Judg­ Slate, black, and coal...... 40 189 in the Lambert syncline south of Redstone Creek 227 Feet. Inches. ing from the somewhat vague and indefinite reports, it Sandstone, white, hard...... 38 Coal...... 0 6 was not supposed to be capable of producing Slate...... 50 277 Clay ...... 0 | probably outranks the other fields of the Masontown " Salt sand " (gas)...... 20 297 Coal...... 1 10 coke equal to that from the Uniontown syncline. quadrangle. At the present time nine wells are located Slate and coal...... 80 377 Clay ...... 0 6 A plant was once established on the river above in this field. In all except two gas is derived from both Slate and shells...... 40 417 Coal...... 2 9 the Gantz and l ' Fifty-foot'' sands. The two exceptional Sandstone...... 10 427 the mouth of Cats Creek, but, for some unknown Slate...... 40 467 Total...... 5 7i reason, it was abandoned and allowed to decay. wells found gas in the Big Injun sand. "100-foot" sand., j ( 138 605 Within the last four or five years the coal in the Thompson well. Well No. 2 of. Economic Geology Slate...... I (Pottsville)...... \ 10 615 At this locality the Uniontown and Sewickley coals sheet, located on Dearth farm, three-quarters of a mile Sandstone, black) (90 705 were found in their normal positions, 92 feet and 206 Uniontown syncline has become so valuable and south of Haddenville, Menallen Township. Elevation, Red rock and slate...... 145 850 feet respectively below the Waynesburg horizon. They is so completely in the possession of the larger 1150 feet. Well mouth about 170 feet below Pittsburg Sandstone, shaly 1 f 20 870 Sandstone, white /T-» % 145 1015 are each reported to have a thickness of 2 feet. 01 , >- (Pocono) ...... ( K coke companies that great efforts have been made coal. (Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, Eeport Slate...... o 1020 One mile south of Arensburg Ferry the following to locate new territory from which coke could be I5, pp. 320-321.) Sandstone, white j (_ 120 1140 section (sec. 4, fig. 26) was measured at the mouth of produced for the various steel companies which About 1886 this well was sunk to a depth of about 2000 Slate and shells...... 80 1220 a mine entry : Sandstone, white, hard...... 35 1255 were operating independently. This led to the feet on the Dearth farm, three-quarters of a mile south of Haddenville, in Menallen Township. A flow of gas was Slate and shells...... 175 1430 Waynesburg coal 1 mile south of Arensburg Ferry. establishment of the large mines in the southern "Stray" sand (black)...... 18 1448 obtained at depths of 1200 and 1712 feet, presumably Slate, white...... 15 1463 Feet. Inches. end of the Lambert syncline, and they are rapidly from the Big Inj un and Gantz sands. The " pay streaks'' Coal. 5 Slate, black, and shells...... 175 1638 Clay 1 developing. lie respectively at 1040 and 1540 feet below the top of Sandstone, pebbly...... :...... 30 1668 Coal. 0 It is impossible to predict the extension of the the upper "red-rock" of the drillers (Conemaugh red Slate and shells...... 180 1848 Red rock...... 310 2158 Clay 2-60 coking field in this direction, since the coal is shale); the top of the red shale is ordinarily from 300 Coal. 0 Slate and shells...... 50 2208 almost entirely below drainage level and is inac­ to 315 feet below the Pittsburg coal; hence, if the latter Sandstone, bluish...... 20 2228 Total...... 5 ft. 8 in. to 10 ft. 6 in. were present the approximate intervals between it and Slate, white, to bottom...... 22 2440 cessible except by shafting, which has not been the "pay streaks" would be 1340 and 1840 feet, respec­ The lowest clay parting, which at the mouth of the done west of Monongahela River. The Pittsburg tively. The following record shows the succession of FAYETTE GAS FIELD. entry has a thickness of only 2 inches, swells to a thick­ coal in the Lambert syncline is successfully coked beds encountered: The second largest field was that designated by the ness of 5 feet in a distance of 100 feet within the mines. along Redstone Creek north of this quadrangle, Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania as the Fayette The Waynesburg coal was seen at several points west and extensive developments, just described, have Record of Thompson well, near Haddenville, field. This was opened in 1887 by the Eyder well, of the road from Arensburg Ferry to Carmichaels, but Thickness Depth located on the North Branch of Browns Eun a mile or at no point could its thickness be determined. taken place on the eastern limb of the basin in feet. in feet. from New Salem to Masontown. It seems prob­ Conductor...... 20 20 more southeast of McClellandtown. This well was a Throughout Greene County the Waynesburg coal bed Slate...... 10 30 powerful one, the gas being piped to Uniontown and appears to be continuous and to carry a large amount of able that in the near future the remainder of this Limestone...... 10 40 supplying the needs of that town for some time. The fuel, but it is so broken by clay partings, and the coal basin will be made available and that the coal Sandstone and slate ...... 30 70 position of the well is high up on the flank of the anti­ Slate, black...... 40 110 itself is generally so impure, that on the whole the bed under parts of Luzerne Township and in Greene cline, its curb being below the outcrop of the Pittsburg is not of great prospective value. Sandstone, black and hard...... 20 130 County west of the river will be found to contain Slate, white ...... 30 160 coal. The gas was from the Big Injun sand. A few Waynesburg "A" coal. This coal bed is reported to coal capable of producing coke well adapted for Red rock...... 20 180 other wells were sunk in the vicinity of the Eyder well be generally persistent throughout Greene County, but Sandstone...... 10 190 furnace use. and small amounts of gas were obtained, but no exten­ it is doubtful whether it attains as great a thickness in Red rock...... 25 215 sive pool was developed. The record of the Jos. Mack Slate...... :...... 30 245 this region as it does in the Lambert syncline of Fayette The Connellsville coke is regarded as the well gives the succession of the rocks of the field. County. It probably ranges from 1 to 3 feet, with an Sandstone...... 25 270 standard of excellence in this country. The Red rock...... 20 290 Jos. Mack well. On farm of Jos. Mack, North Branch average in most of the territory of about 2 feet. essential points in a coke for furnace use are Slate, black...... 10 300 of Browns Eun, about a mile southeast of McClelland­ A section measured a short distance below the mouth hardness of body, well-developed cell structure, Sandstone, white...... 35 335 town, German Township (Second Geological Survey of of Little Whiteley Creek shows the coal bed to have a Slate and shells...... 25 360 Pennsylvania, Eeport I5, pp. 321-322). thickness of only 1 foot 6 inches. It is much better purity, and uniform quality. Coal...... 1 361 developed in the valley of Muddy Eun above Car­ Slate...... 9 370 Record of Jos. Mack well, near McClellandtown. Average composition of Connellsville coal and coke (McCreath). Shells, hard...... 8 378 Thickness Depth michaels, where it has been mined, with a thickness of Sandstone, white, pebbly (Mahoning).. 100 478 in feet. in feet. 3 feet 6 inches. The coal is reported to be of excellent Coal. Coke. Slate, dark ...... 50 528 Conductor...... 15 15 quality, being very much superior to that of the Sandstone, white (gas)...... 28 556 Shale, sandy, dark, hard ....:...... 27 42 Waynesburg bed. Throughout Monongahela Township Per cent. Per cent. Slate and shells...... 35 591 Sandstone, blue, hard ...... 40 82 at a number of places traces of this coal were seen which Wflfpr 1.260 .300 Sandstone (salt water)...... 10 601 Slate, dark ...... 33 115 30.107 .460 Slate, very black. 70. 671 Shale, red...... 20 135 indicate that it maintains a thickness of about 2 feet Sandstone...... 5 676 Slate, blue...... 15 150 89.576 throughout much of the territory. Its great develop­ 59.616 Red rock...... 20 696 Sandstone, blue ...... 7 157 ment on Muddy Eun is presumably local, since Pro­ Sulphur ...... 784 .821 'Slate...... 10 706 Shale, yellow ...... 16 173 fessor Stevenson reports that it thins out and disap­ Ash...... 8.233 9.113 . Red rock...... 25 731 Sandstone, gray, hard...... ^ 19 192 pears a short distance west of this point. .014 Slate...... 5 736 Slate, blue, soft...... * 25 217 Red rock...... 20 756 Limestone, gray...... 10 '227 The Waynesburg "B" coal and the Little Washing­ Total...... 100.000 100.284 Slate...... 10 766 Shale, sandy...... 11 238 ton bed are doubtless present throughout much of this Red rock...... 20 786 Shale, red...... 13 250 19

Depth" Thickness Depth another small gas pool. The gas is said, to be obtained Thickness' abnormally large interval of 60 to 70 feet, as shown in in feet. in feet. in feet. in feet. Sandstone, white, hard...... 50 300 from the Big Injun at a depth of about 1350 feet below Sandstone, white to brown.. 60 871 some of the well records from near this field. Presum­ the Pittsburg coal. The record of one of the wells of 906 ably it has been classed as Mahoning on account of the Slate, blue...... 26 326 Shale, dark...... Potts­ 35 Sandstone, dark, hard...... 6 332 this pool is given below. Sandstone, dark, very hard ville) 914 coarseness of the sand, but in southwestern Pennsylvania Slate, blue...... 24 356 David Gans well. Well No. £2 of Economic Geology Shale, black, loose...... I ' ' j 22 936 many of the beds above the Mahoning horizon are 988 Sandstone, gray \ ( 16 372 sheet. Located 1 mile west of Old Frame, Mcholson Sandstone, hard, gray...... J [ 52 equally coarse, and sometimes conglomeratic, so that it Sandstone, light > (Mahoning)...... j Shale, red, (some lime)...... 94 1082 gray, hard.... ) ( 38 Township. Elevation, 1040 feet. Well mouth about 80 Shale, dark...... 40 1122 is possible, as is frequently shown at the surface, for the Shale and coal...... 14 feet below Pittsburg coal. Finished December 16,1899. Limestone shells, soft...... 24 1146 Mahoning sandstone to disappear and be replaced by a Shale, brown ...... 19 Authority, J. W. Shay, Washington, Pa. Limestone, dark, hard...... 67 1213 coarse bed a little higher in the series. Limestone, dark...... 30 Limestone, gray, hard...... 10 1223 The second period of development in the valley fol­ 1239 Sandstone, gray, hard...... 33 i, of David Gans well, near Old Frame. Limestone, dark...... 16 lowed the discovery of oil in the Mount Morris-Maiming- Shale, dark...... 24 Sandstone, light, hard (some lime; show Thickness Depth ton field in 1886. The producing sandstone in this field Shale, black...... 14 in feet. in feet. of oil)...... 21 1260 Shale, blue ...... 60 Conductor...... 12 Limestone, hard, gray...... 4 1264 is known to the drillers as the Big Injun sand, and cor­ Sandstone, brown, hard ...... 26 Limestone...... 13 Sandstone, light, hard (some lime)...... 20 1284 responds with some part of the Pocono formation. The Sandstone, white, hard...... 23 Sand...... 25 Sandstone, light, (hard salt water)...... 36 1320 field has yielded a large amount of oil, but the produc­ Shale and coal...... 16 Unrecorded...... 35 Sandstone, white, hard (some lime)..... 70 1890 Sandstone, white, hard 18 Shale, dark...... 20 1410 tive territory probably does not extend into this quad­ Limestone (water)...... 10+ rangle. The character and succession of the rocks are Shale, blue...... 50 Slate...... 65 Sandstone, gray, hard...... 10 1420 Sandstone, white...... 47 Sandstone...... 30 Shale, dark, sandy...... 45 1465 shown in the following section, which is the record of Shale, black ...... - (Pottsville) 20 Slate...... 40 Sandstone, gray, hard (some gas)...... 82 1547 one of the early wells drilled near Mount Morris, in Limestone, gray...... 15 Sandstone...... 30 Shale, dark...... 10 1557 Greene County: Shale, dark...... 42 Red rock...... 30 Sandstone, gray, hard...... 28 1585 Sandstone, light, hard. 20 Shale, dark shells...... 100 1685 Core well, No. 2. Near Mount Morris, Greene County, Slate and limestone...... 9Q Pa. (Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. Ill, p. 189.) Eecord Shale, blue ...... "Little Dunkard sand"...... ,...... 15 Sandstone, gray, hard...... 10 1695 Slate, red...... 922 Slate...... 55 Shale, dark...... 39 1734 kept by Mr. John Garber, contractor. Sandstone, blue, soft... 39 961 "Big Dunkard sand" (show of oil at Sandstone, gray, hard...... 20 1754 Shale, red, some lime... 20 981 465 feet)...... 30 Shale, blue ...... 34 1788 Record of Core well No. 2, near Mount Morris, Greene County. Limestone, shaly, blue 23 1004 " Gantz sand," hard, white ...... 12 1800 Bottom of limestone...... Thickness Depth Limestone, hard ...... 18 1022 "Lower Dunkard" (Mahoning)...... 40 Shale, blue ...... 30 1830 in feet. in feet. Limestone, very hard. 33 1055 Sandstone, hard, gray (show of gas).... 28 1858 > (Greenbrier) - Slate and limestone...... 140 Conductor...... 21 21 Limestone, shaly, soft 20 1075 "Gas sand" ...... 55 Finished in dark shale and sandstone. Slate...... 104 125 Limestone, siliceous Sandstone (Waynesburg)...... 45 170 Slate and shells...... 50 Stoner well. Well No. 24 of Economic Geology sheet. and red ...... 12 1087 "Salt sand") (80 Coal (Waynesburg)...... 10 180 Shale, soft...... 7 1094 Slate ...... t (Pottsville)...... ] 25 Located 2£ miles southeast of New Geneva, on branch of Limestone aud shale...... 120 300 Limestone, siliceous, white .. 59 1153 Sandstone.. ) ( 20 George Creek 1 mile south of the main creek. Elevation, Sandstone...... 25 325 Sandstone, white \ 30 1183 Slate...... 25 920 feet. Well mouth about 200 feet below Pittsburg Limestone (Great limestone);...... 85 410 Sandstone, white > (Pocono). Red rock...... 40 coal. Drilled by Greensboro Natural Gas Company. Black slate ...... 10 420 (strong gas).... ) 13 1196 Limestone (Greenbrier)...... 60 Coai (Sewickley ?)...... 10 430 Authority,' J. W. Shay, Washington, Pa. Limestone...... 85 515 MASONTOWN GAS FIELD. Red rock...... 30 Limestone...... 55 Record of Stoner well, near New Geneva. Coal (Pittsburg)...... 10 525 The limits of the Masontown gas field can not be " Keener sand "...... 20 Slate...... 70 595 Thickness Depth Sandstone...... 55 650 Unrecorded...... 35 in feet. in feet. defined at present, as every well sunk in the region pro­ Red shale...... 35 685 duces some gas. The best wells, however, are confined Top "Big Injun sand" ) luctor...... 16 16 Gas...... > (Pocono).... jstone ...... 29 45 Sandstone...... 15 700 to an area lying between Masontown, Monongahela Eiver, Bottom of well...... ; jcorded...... 65 110 Red shale...... 10 710 and Browns Eun. The gas is mainly from the Gantz rock...... 80 190 Blue shale...... 25 735 sand of the lower part of the Pocono formation, and is The well is located about 1J miles northeast of the axis be slate...... 30 220 Sandstone (Morgantown)...... 55 790 Coal ...... 5 225 Blue slate...... 40 830 encountered at intervals of 1831 to 1886 feet below the of the Fayette anticline, which is here flattened until the Blue and red slate...... 20 850 Pittsburg coal. At least one well (Gilmore) encountered dips do not exceed 80 or 90 feet per mile. Hard1 sandstone...... 40 265 Slate.J...... 8 273 Limestone and hard beds...... 80 930 considerable gas in the Big Injun sand in the upper Hard 386 Red slate ...... 5 935 Pocono at 1371 feet above the coal. The record below NEW GENEVA GAS FIELD. Slate.5...... 20 406 Sandstone...... 25 960 gives the succession and thickness of the beds encoun­ Sands[stone ...... 70 476 Dark slate...... 60 1020 Limesjstone ...... 80 506 Sandstone (Mahoning)...... 30 1050 tered by the wells of the Masontown field as reported by The development of the ]$ew Geneva gas field is of Slate, light gray...... 60 1110 the drillers. recent date and little is known regarding it, except that Coal((light gas) ...... :...... 6 512 Slate.)...... 65 " 577 Sandstone (Freeport)...... 80 1190 ' The supply from the Masontown wells has held out four wells located within a mile of the village derive Sandi[stone ...... 87 664 Dark slate...... 25 1215 fairly satisfactorily. The gas has been piped to Union- their supply of gas from the Big Injun sand, and others Coal,...... 6 670 Limestone...... 40 1255 town, about 12 miles to the east, and was the principal a little farther away from the town find a good flow of Hard1 sandstone. ....),-,,., .,, * ( 198 868 Dark slate...... 40 1295 i * 4. {.(Pottsville).....^ . A Sandstone, hard. 1300 source of supply for that town for some time. gas in the "Fifty-foot" sand. Blaclk sandstone. ... J v ' (10 878 Whitte slate...... 5 883 Slate...... 1360 $. T. Gray well. Well No. 17 of Economic Geology Salt sand...... 1510 MISCELLANEOUS WELLS. Fine shale; ...... 5 888 Bheet. On farm of S. T. Gray, Cats Eun, three-quarters Red irock...... 9 897 Slate...... 1520 of a mile southeast of Masontown. Elevation, 880 feet. A considerable number of other wells have been Redllimestone ...... 139 1036 Limestone (?)..... [ (Pottsville)...... 1540 Well mouth 15 feet below Pittsburg coal. (Second Geo­ drilled within the limits of the quadrangle, but have Whitbe slate...... 14 1050 Slate...... 1550 Redllimestone ...... 22 1072 Dark pebbly sand. 1570 logical Survey of Pennsylvania, Eeport I5, pp. 322-323.) rarely met with success. The records of two of these Light-colored sandstone...... --.. 95 1665 wells are given below. Sand,[stone ...... 8 1080 Record of S. T. Gray well, on Cats Run. Limejstone ...... 66 114R Limestone, hard...... 22 1687 Smithfield well. Well !Nb. 23 of Economic Geology Red shale...... 13 1700 Thickness Depth Sand;[stone ...... 15 1161 in feet. in feet. sheet. Located on west side of Yorks Eun, 1 mile north Lime;sstone ...... 20 1181 Dark slate ...... 45 1745 Unrecorded...... 375 375 of Smithfield. Elevation, 970 feet. Well mouth about Redssand ...... 16 1197 Red shale...... 3 1748 Sandstone, gray, hard...... 15 390 Limestone (Grreenbrier)...... 56 1804 100 feet below Pittsburg coal. Authority, E. L. Geer, Big Injun sand (light gas at 1245, 1258, Shale, black...... 60 450 1277)...... 1357 Big Injun sand (Pocono) (oil)...... 101 1905 Sandstone...... 85 485 Masontown, Pa. Slate...... 1390 Shale and limestone ...... 20 505 WHITELEY CREEK FIELD. Record of Smithfield well. Sandstone...... 1530 Shale, dark...... 45 550 Slate...... 1545 The Whiteley Creek field, in the eastern part of Greene 600 Sandstone (Mahoning)...... 50 " Thickness Depth Limestone...... 1600 Township, is the most important of the oil fields lying Shale, black...... 40 640 in feet. in feet. 1676 Conductor...... 15 15 Slate...... Sandstone, gray...... 8 648 1695 entirely within the limits of the Masontown quadrangle. Shale, soft blue...... 10 25 Sandstone...... Shale, black...... 35 683 Slate...... 1730 Though never so productive ag the Dunkard Creek field, Hard, dark iron ore...... 2 27 Sandstone, gray...... 18 701 Sandstone (light gas at 1832)...... 1850 it contains a great many wells, some of which pro­ Coal...... 1 28 Shale, dark...... 30 731 Slate...... 1856 Shale, light...... 15 43 duced as high as 100 barrels or more a day at the start. Sandstone, dark...... 25 756 1875 Shaly sandstone, blue, hard...... 30 73 Sandstone...... This field is confined to the immediate vicinity of White- Shale, black...... 40 796 1924 Sandstone, hard, gray...... 20 93 Slate...... :...... Shale, gray...... 6 802 1935 ley Creek. Its eastern limit is probably not far from the Sandstone, white, very hard...... 22 115 Sandstone...... Shale, black...... 16 818 1943 Greene-Monongahela township line, from which point it Sandstone, white, pebbly...... 14 129 Slate...... Sandstone, white...... 15 833 1975 Shale, light...... 6 135 Red rock...... extends westward along the creek to beyond the limits Sandstone, dark...... 30 863 Sand...... 1990 Coal...... 1 136 ' of the quadrangle. Sandstone, white...... 7 870 1998 Shale, black...... 7 143 Slate...... The Whiteley Creek field is located west of the Fayette Sandstone, soft, white.. - (Pottsville) J 108 978 Red rock...... 2050 Shale and coal...... 4 982 Shale, dark, gritty...... 13 156 anticline. The general geologic structure is flat, but near Sandstone, soft...... 18 1000 Ore, dark, very hard...... 4 160 PETROLEUM. the oil field there is a shallow local basin, with its center Sandstone, white, hardJ 36 1036 Shale, blue...... 16 176 about three-quarters of a mile east of Willow Tree. From Coal...... 2 178 Limestone, shaly ...... 24 1060 In the Masontown quadrangle no large pools this point the rocks rise gently in all directions, the most Limestone and red shale...... 70 1130 , Shale, blue...... 17 195 of oil have so far been discovered, but there are Limestone, greenish and shaly...... 10 1140 Shale, red...... 6 201 marked rise being to the west and extending beyond the Limestone, red, soft...... 60 1200 Shale, light...... 25 226 three distinct districts from which some oil has limits of the quadrangle. The wells of the Whiteley Limestone, sandy, white...... 32 1232 Shale, red...... 16 242 been obtained. Creek field are located upon this westward rise, the alti­ Limestone, shaly...... 43 1275 Sandstone, hard, blue...... 6 248 Shale, red...... 10 258 tudes of the rock strata varying from 30 to 60 feet above Limestone, sandy, white...... 17 1292 MOUNT MORRIS-MANNINGTON OIL FIELD. their position at the center of the basin. Limestone, shaly...... 11 1303 Shale, light...... 40 298 Limestone, sandy...... 77 1380 Shale, dark...... 20 318 The most southerly district is the great Mount Morris- In the area of the Whiteley Creek field, as here de­ Sandstone, white (oil show)...... 41 1421 Limestone, dark...... 4 322 Mannington field, which is so extensively developed in fined, oil has been obtained only from the upper sands. Shale, sandy...... 34 1455 Shale, light...... 15 337 West Virginia. This field extends a few miles into Thus at Vance's mill, on Whiteley Creek about a mile Sandstone, gray...... 10 1465 Shale, red...... 15 352 Sandstone, greenish gray...... 33 385 Pennsylvania, terminating in the valley of Dunkard southeast of Willow Tree, oil was reported at horizons of Slate, sandy...... 15 1480 Creek near the southern line of the Masontown quad­ 120, 368, and 395 feet below the Pittsburg coal. On the Sandstone, gray, hard...... 10 1490 Shale, black...... 15 ,400 Shale, dark...... 50 1540 Sandstone, gray, very hard...... 5 405 rangle. Gregg farm, half a mile south of Willow Tree, a number Sandstone, gray, soft...... 95 1635 Shale, black...... 30 435 This valley has experienced two periods of production. of wells have been sunk to the "Dunkard" sand, which Shale, dark...... 130 1765 Shale and sandstone, hard...... 10 445 The first exploitation for oil dates back so many years here lies at a depth of 480 feet below the coal. Many of Sandstone, .gray...... 15 1780 Shale and limestone, blue ...... 45 490 "Lower Dunkard" sandstone, open, that little information can be obtained regarding it. these were successful, some yielding as high as 100 bar­ Shale, dark...... 85 1865 According to Professor Stevenson's report on Greene rels a day at the start. The oil of the upper horizon is " Gantz sand " (gas at 1894 feet)...... 35 1900 gray (Mahoning)...... ;.... 30 520 Shale...... ;...... 5 1905 Shale, black, loose...... 6 526 County, which was published in 1876, the field had then heavy and is not fit for illuminating purposes. The oil "Fifty-foot sandstone"...... 60 1965 Sandstone, hard, gray...... 70 596 been so long abandoned that the majority of the wells from the Dunkard and the immediately overlying sand­ Slate and shells...... 185 2150 Shale, black and coal...... 15 611 were closed. stones is lighter, having a gravity of about 40 degrees. "Gordon sand"...... 5 2155 Limestone, hard, brown...... 50 661 Shale, black...... 10 671 The. top sand from which the oil was derived lies about As in the Dunkard Creek district, the caving of the soft Shale, sandy, red. &...... 227 2382 425 feet below the Pittsburg coal. The "pay streak" shales was a constant source of trouble in early operations Sandstone...... 15 2397 Shale, hard and soft alternating...... 15 686 Slate, sandy...... 53 2450 Sand, dark gray, hard spots...... 15 701 is at variable depths, ranging from 425 to 463 feet below in the field, but the difficulty is now remedied by proper Slate to bottom...... 75 2525 Shale^ black, and coal...... 12 713 this horizon. The sandstone is usually regarded as casing. A number of wells are still active in this field. Shale, soft, light...... 35 748 equivalent to the Mahoning sandstone of Allegheny Val­ The succession of rocks encountered in the wells drilled GAS FIELD NEAR OLD FRAME. Shale, sandy, dark...... 12 760 Coal, hard...... 4 764 ley, but the interval between it and the Pittsburg coal on the Gregg farm, just south of Whiteley Creek, is given A group of wells somewhat over a mile west of Old Shale, light...... 12 776 is considerably smaller than in adjacent regions, and the in the following record: Frame, in Nicholson Township, marks the position of Sandstone, close, brown...... 35 811 sandstone is separated from the Freep.ort coal by the Gregg well. Well No. 20 of Economic Geology sheet. Masontown and Uniontown. 20

On Gregg farm, one-half mile south of Willow Tree, Flat dips, such as characterize the Blackshire, White- doned channels throughout this territory. Similar clay Valley, in Fayette County, the Bolivar fire clay is well Greene Township, Greene County. Elevation, 980 feet. ley, and Dunkard Creek fields, present much more favor­ was formerly obtained on the west side of the river developed below the Freeport limestone, and a small bed (Eecord above Dunkard or Mahoning sandstone is new. able conditions for the retention of oil than the steep dips back of Greensboro, but the quality is not so good as occurs just beneath the Upper Freeport coal, but the Eecord below that horizon is adjusted from record on p. prevailing northeast of Masontown. Flat dips hinder that just described south of New Geneva. former is of very much greater importance than the latter. 316 of Eeport I5 of Second Geological Survey of Pennsyl­ and steep dips facilitate the loss of the oil by its upward The so-called fire-clays of the region are largely con­ In the Cucumber Eun section the fire clay below the vania.) passage through the porous rocks or along the bedding fined in their occurrence to the Allegheny formation. limestone is well exposed by the roadside. Owing to the Record of Gregg well. planes toward the surface. The presence or absence of They occur at several horizons, and the weathered condition of this outcrop it is difficult to state Thickness Depth oil in the more steeply dipping beds along the anticline, thickness and quality of the clay are fre- the exact thickness of the flint clay, but presumably it in feet. in feet. Limestone...... 60 60 however, can be determined only by actual drilling. quently such as to make the deposits of great varies from 12 to 15 feet. A small exposure of clay'was Slate and slaty sandstone...... 30 90 economic importance. The lowest horizon at which an noted that probably occurs just below the Upper Free- Mapletown coal...... 5 95 DEPTH OF PRODUCING SAND. important clay bed has been discovered is directly port coal, although the latter bed does not show in out­ Limestone with slaty partings...... 60 155 The following table shows the depth at which the pro­ beneath the Brookville-Clarion coal bed. crop in this section. Clay beds at the Bolivar horizon Black shale and cannel coal...... 20 175 Clay under ducing sand was struck in the various wells listed in the The geographic extent of this bed is not Brookville~ have been opened on the east side of Youghiogheny Coarse sandstone...... 50 225 Clarion coal. Pittsburg coal...... 9 234 Masontown quadrangle: known, but recent openings were seen on Eiver just north of Bear Eun, or from 1 to 2 miles north 264 of Ohiopyle. From the imperfect exposures at this Slate...... 30 Elevation and product of wells in the Masontown quadrangle and depths of sands struck. Limestone shells...... 20 284 point it was difficult to determine the exact horizon of (Compiled from data furnished by operators and from published reports). Slate...... 40 324 this bed, but presumably it corresponds with the thick Sandstone, coarse (water)...... 20 344 bed of fire clay exposed in the Cucumber Eun section. Slate...... 50 394 Depth No.onmap. Eleva­ of pay Sandstone, "First Dunkard"...... 80 474 Depth streak Depth Depth At the pits on the east side of the river the flint clay tion Name of well. Product. Producing to pay below to Big to White slate...... 70 544 above sand. streak. Pitts­ Injun Gantz is overlain in places by from 2 to 4 feet of plastic clay sea. burg sand. sand. Red rock...... 70 614 coal. and from 10 to 18 inches of coal. The clay from these White slate...... 15 629 pits is shipped by rail to Connellsville and other points Sandstone...... 15 644 Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. White slate...... 40 684 in the coke region and is used almost exclusively for the "Dunkard sand "...... 30 714 1 950 Hugh Thompson ...... Gas...... 870 manufacture of fire brick. Slate...... 10 724 2 1150 Thompson ...... Gas ...... f 530 1110 The clay beds associated with the Freeport coals Sandstone, white /,,,-,. ( 66 790 Gas...... 1200 Sandstone, black. f (MahoninS)- | W appear to be generally present along the west side of Gas...... Gantz .... 1700 Laurel Eidge, but the quality and thickness of the beds Slate and shells...... ;.. 86 4 1020 Parshal ...... ;...... Small gas...... Big Injun. Sandstone, white...... 32 924 are variable, and they have not been prospected thor­ Slate and shells...... 120 1044 5 980 T. A. Hoover...... Small oil ...... Big Injun. 1730 1376 1590 2213 oughly enough to determine their exact condition. In Slate...... ,20 1064 6 1020 Gantz . . : . 2228 1839 2228 the region just south of the Masontown quadrangle the Sandstone, black (oil show)...... 17 1081 7 960 J. E. Me Williams...... Big gas ...... Gantz .... 2161 1840 2161 clay bed underlying the Upper Freeport coal has a thick­ Coal...... 8 1089 8 1100 J. V. Hoover...... Small oil ...... Big Injun. 1673 2313 ness of about 6 feet. The character of the clay is vari­ Sandstone, white (salt ~) f Gantz .... 2313 1886 ...... water at 1109)...... I 50 1139 able, but in its best development is used to some extent Slate ...... I (Pottsville).. \ 35 1174 9 1100 Grilmore ...... '. ... Big Injun. 1830 1371 1690 2327 in the manufacture of glass pots. According to Prpf. Sandstone, white (salt | 10 940 Small gas...... Big Injun . 1570 1390 1430 2055 T. C. Hopkins the analysis of a sample of this clay from water at 1209)...... J [ 90 1264 11 1040 Louck ...... Brine ...... 1610 1391 1470 Wymp Gap is as follows: Red rock...... 145 1409 12 1020 David Coffman...... 1213 1423 1073 Sandstone, white (gas and salt water at 13 800 Gas ...... 1422 1980 Analysis of clay from Wymp Gap. 1587 and 1629)...... 320 1729 Slate and shells...... 15 1744 14 800 Keener-Durr South...... Per cent. Loss on ignition ...... 11.94 Slate...... 30 1774 15 J. B. Sterling...... Large gas...... Gantz .... 2110 1850 Alumina (A13 O3)...... 32.80 Sandstone, red (oil show)...... 39 1813 16 1010 E. W. Sterling...... Oil, Sbbls...... Big Injun. 1610 1376 1470 2096 Silica (SiO 8)...... 54.23 Slate and sand shells ...... 140 1953 17 880 S. T. Gray...... Small gas...... Gantz .... 1894 1909 1865 Oxide of iron ...... 0.21 Sandstone, gray...... 36 1989 18 800 Shay...... Good gas...... Gantz .... Slate and shells...... 95 2084 Total. Sandstone, brown...... 30 2114 19 880 Blackshire ...... Oil,100bbls.... Slate and pebbles...... 15 2129 20 980 Gregg...... Oil, 5-100 bbls.. 714 480 A bed at about this horizon is reported from the Sandstone, gray, supposed to be the 21 810 Williams & Eeppert ...... Oil show ...... Dunkard . 300 470 1107 vicinity of Wharton Furnace, where it has an exposed Grantz sand...... 25 2154 Gas ...... 1132 1302 thickness of about 10 feet. The clay appears to be gen­ 22 1040 David Grans...... Oil show...... 465 545 1255 BLACKSHIRE POOL. erally present over this region in the outcrop of the Gas ...... 1261 1341 Allegheny formation, but its quality can be determined OQ The Blackshire pool, the wells of which draw their 970 Smithfleld ...... Oil show ...... 1239 1339 1240 1788 only by examination. . supply from the Big Injun sand at depths of from 1250 Brine ...... 1284 1384 ...... There are doubtless many beds of shale in the coal- to 1350 feet below the Pittsburg coal, is a pool of very 1465 1565 bearing series of this territory that might be utilized in limited area situated on WMteley Creek at the point Show of gas .... 1830 1930 the manufacture of vitrified brick, but up to the present where it is crossed by the direct road between Mapletown 24 920 Big Injun. 1245 1445 1197 time they have been developed to only a small extent. and Sigsbee, in Monongahela Township. The original Show of gas.... 1258 1458 Show of gas.... 1277 1477 Blackshire well gave 100 barrels or more a day at the STONE. start, and was the incentive for the sinking of a number Show of gas. .. . 1832 2032 of other wells surrounding the first, but only one or two Sandstone. Many of the prominent sandstone beds in produced oil, and these only in small quantities. The CLAY. Laurel Eidge east of Mount Braddock, and also on this region yield building stone of fair quality for rough production of the original well rapidly declined and soon Tucker Eun, where it has been dug for use in the fire­ work, but they have been utilized only for local purposes. ceased. The clay interests in the Masontown and Union- brick works near the Dunbar furnace. An excellent The Home wood sandstone is the most massive bed, and The pool is located on the outer portion of the town quadrangles are of considerable importance. exposure of this bed is seen in the Mount Braddock pits, it is probably best adapted for furnishing stone of large western slopes of the Fayette anticline. The dips are This is particularly true of the more refractory which are situated on the crest of Laurel Eidge about 3 dimensions. A considerable amount has been quarried very gentle, though the rocks still show a perceptible clays which are used in the manufacture of fire miles east of Percy. At this point the clay shows a and shipped from this bed at Bear Eun, 2J miles below pitch to the northwest. In the immediate vicinity of the thickness of 8 to 10 feet. It is a flint clay of excellent Ohiopyle. wells there appears to be a local flattening, which inter­ brick for the construction of coke ovens. Since quality and is well adapted to the manufacture of fire Generally at some point within the territory the rupts the general northwestward dip, and may account the number of coke ovens in this territory exceeds brick, the purpose for which it is used. Near the head prominent sandstones of the Conemaugh formation yield for the occurrence of oil at this point. 7000, there is a demand for fire brick for their of Tucker Eun this bed has been extensively developed. a good quality of building stone, but they have not been

OTHER WELLS AND PROSPECTS. constant repair *and for the construction of new It shows a thickness of from 4 to 14 feet of excellent flint used except for local needs. ovens. Aside from the demand for highly refrac­ clay, and its position is within 20 feet of the top of the Limestone. This portion of the Appalachian coal field A well starting about 150 feet below the outcrop of the tory clays there are also a number of plants pro­ Pottsville sandstone. is particularly well provided with beds of limestone, Pittsburg coal and about 30 feet above the river was sunk The Kittanning group of coals frequently contains for the enrichment of its soils and for building purposes, by Williams and Euppert near the pottery ducing ordinary red brick, vitrified paving brick, important beds of fire clay in this district. They have The Great limestone is perhaps the largest source of works at Greensboro, about 3 miles southeast Q^"n^£*rro and pottery ware. been noted along the west side of Laurel supply, but the smaller beds of the coal-bearing series Clays associ­ of the Blackshire pool. The Mahoning sand­ The clays of this district may be divided into Eidge from the West Virginia line to near ated with are frequently quarried, and the Greenbrier limestone is Kittanning stone was encountered at 300 feet, and it is said to have two classes. The first class, or regularly bedded Youghiogheny Eiver. A bed of highly coal. the main dependence of Ligonier Valley. yielded about a barrel a day. The drilling was continued deposits, usually occur in association characterof refractory fire clay occurs on Drague Eun, The Great limestone is available in almost all parts of to a depth of 1300 feet. The Big Injun sand was entered with beds of coal. These have received clays- in Springhill Township, a short distance south of the the territory where the Monongahela formation shows at 1107 feet and yielded some gas and a show of oil. The Masontown quadrangle. The clay has a thickness of in outcrop. Nearly all of its beds are good enough for quantity of oil is so slight, however, that the presence of the general designation fire clays, although they from 4 to 6 feet and has been used for the manufacture agricultural uses, but only a few yield a good, strong a pool can not be considered as established. vary greatly in their refractoriness, or, in other of fire brick. It occurs about 80 feet below the Upper lime for building purposes. The weathering of these A number of wells have been drilled for gas near words, in their ability to withstand intense heat. Freeport coal, and consequently belongs to the upper beds produces a very rich soil, and 'consequently the Masontown and in the region between this place and The second class is made up of residual surface part of the Kittanning group. The same bed shows 90 outcrop of this formation is characterized by much better Monongahela Eiver and Browns Eun. Sev­ clays and of deposits in the abandoned channels feet below the Upper Freeport coal on Dunbar Creek, farming land than that which is formed from the eral of these wells encountered indications Wells near where it has a thickness of about 6 feet. Since these Conemaugh rocks, which are relatively barren of calca­ Masontown. of Monongahela River. of oil, and two or three produced slight exposures occur on opposite sides of the quadrangle, it reous material. amounts from the Big Injun (Pocono) group of sands at The surface clays are used almost exclusively in the seems probable that the bed is constantly present along In addition to the Great limestone, the Monongahela depths of from 1250 to 1375 feet below the Pittsburg manufacture of ordinary red brick. Plants for their the west base of Laurel Eidge, but there is no evidence formation carries some smaller beds that locally are of coal. It does not appear, however, that anything which manufacture are located at Fairchance and to show that it maintains its highly refractory character considerable importance. The Waynesburg limestone lies TT . , . ,, , , ,,. , Utilization of could be termed an oil p6ol exists at this point, the sand Uniontown. Since the demand for this class the surface throughout the territory. a few feet below the coal bed of the same name. In thick­ clays* being barren except at a few scattered localities, where of structural material depends upon the Several of the fire-brick works in this region derive ness it varies from 8 to 35 feet, and everywhere it yields it has given, at the most, only a few barrels a day. general development of the country, the increase in their supply of clay from pits along Youghiogheny Eiver a lime of superior quality. The Fishpot limestone, lying The position of the producing wells is upon the west­ demand is likely to be slow, and the future for this between Indian Creek and Ohiopyle. Below Stewarton below the Sewickley coal, is generally persistent, but its ward flank of the Fayette anticline. Near Masontown industry is not particularly promising. the clay from the Kittanning horizon is being mined at quality is not equal to that of the beds above the coal there is a somewhat marked flattening 6f the dip, from In the vicinity of New Geneva and Greensboro, beds of two localities, one about a mile below the station and horizon and consequently it is not much. used for the 200 feet to the mile just east of the town to 75 or 100 feet very good plastic clay occur in the material filling the old another half a mile farther down the stream. The clay manufacture of lime. The Bedstone limestone, immedi­ per mile in the vicinity of the wells. It is presumably abandoned channels of Monongahela Eiver. Since 1854 bed occurs about 150 feet above the Pottsville sandstone, ately underlying the Eedstone coal, yields lime of a this flattening of the dip which has been the cause of the this clay has been utilized for the manufacture of blue and in thickness it ranges from 10 to 12 feet. It is an much better quality. It was quarried extensively for retention of the oil in the sandstone at this point. Little stoneware, such as jugs, jars, etc. It is only a small excellent flint clay, and it immediately underlies a coal flux years ago, when the iron furnaces flourished along or no oil is now produced, and very little drilling is going industry, but has been very successfully carried on not bed from 15 to 18 inches in thickness. the western base of Laurel Eidge, and at the present on in the region. only at New Geneva but at Greensboro, on the west side The most important clay bed in this territory under­ time it is used for enriching the land. Although many wells have been sunk for gas along the of the river. The clay pits from which the potteries lies the Upper Freeport coal bed and is generally known In the Allegheny formation the Upper Freeport lime­ west flank of the Fayette anticline from Masontown north­ derive their supply are located about 1 mile south of New as the Bolivar clay, from the town on Cone- stone furnishes lime for farm use, especially in Ligonier Clay beneath eastward along its course, the region can not be said to Geneva and at an altitude of ubout 96 feet above river maugh Eiver at which clay works have been the Upper Valley, where such material is not so abundant as it is Freeport have been thoroughly exploited, and it is possible that level. The workable clay is of a bluish-white color. It extensively developed. In the type locality coal. west of Laurel Eidge. The most important bed of lime­ future drilling may develop new pools at other points is 6 to 8 feet thick and is associated with the ordinary the clay bed is 10 to 20 feet below the coal, stone in the mountainous part of this territory is the along the anticline to the northeast. sand and clay deposits that are common to these aban- , and it varies in thickness from 6 to 25 feet. In Ligonier Greenbrier limestone in the Mauch Chunk formation. 21

This is associated with considerable calcareous shale, South Connellsville, but work is suspended. The only limestone. At the upper plant an extensive quarry has shale beds of the Mauch Chunk formation. The ore was but the better portion yields an excellent lime, which is crusher in operation at present is located on Dunbar been opened along the face of the hill and the crushed extensively stripped, and at the present time the hill­ widely used for fertilizing purposes. Creek just above the furnace. The Homewood is quar­ rock is lowered to the railroad on an inclined tram road. sides, are seamed and gashed along the outcrop of these It is unfortunate that the great beds of limestone in ried on the north side of the valley, and the quarry face This bed of rock is utilized for ballast at several places, beds in the Uniontown region. this region are not utilized in the construction of good extends from the bottom to the top of the ridge. along the Chestnut-Laurel ridge. Two crushing plants The advent of rich Lake Superior ores effectually roads. With the exception of the National Pike and a Sand for glass making has been obtained from deposits are in operation in the Loyalhanna gap near Latrobe, and ended the supremacy which this section held in the few roads in the vicinity of the larger coke plants, there in the abandoned channels of Monongahela Eiver, but extensive operations of a similar character are carried manufacture of iron. The native ores were abandoned, are no macadamized roads. at present none of these are being utilized. on in the Conemaugh gap on the main line of the Penn­ and at the present time their existence is almost for­ Cement. At TJniontown the upper horizon of the Bock ballast. The rock of the uppermost beds of sylvania Eailroad. gotten. Of all the furnaces built in this region Dunbar Great limestone has been quarried extensively for cement, the Pocono sandstone, including the siliceous limestone, IEON OEE. alone is still in existence, and long ago it ceased to use which was used in constructing the locks on Mononga- is crushed for railroad ballast on Youghiogheny Eiver the native ores. hela Eiver. The bed has a thickness of 10 feet, and it above Connellsville. Two plants are in operation, The discovery of iron ore in this region dates back to The subject is full of historic interest, but it has been immediately underlies the TJniontown coal. one located at railroad level about a mile above the before 1792, when the first furnace for its reduction was treated in great detail in Professor Stevenson's report, to Glass sand. The best rock for glass sand in this part waterworks, and the other on the hillside farther up built in the vicinity of Fairchance. For nearly one which reference is made for a fuller account of the char­ of Pennsylvania is the Homewood sandstone, which is the stream and about 400 feet above railroad grade. hundred years after the establishment of this furnace acter and occurrence of the ores and the history of the used for this purpose on Youghiogheny Eiver, where it The quarry face at the lower plant has a height of about the iron industry which flourished in this part of the development of the industry. cuts through the Fayetite anticline west of Connellsville 50 feet, and it is overlain by bright-red shale of the State depended upon native ores for its support. These and also in the Chestnut-Laurel ridge. A crushing Mauch Chunk formation. The rock is strongly calcare­ ores were obtained principally from the shale bed closely plant was formerly in operation near the waterworks in ous, but only in its uppermost layers does it resemble a underlying the Pittsburg coal and from the uppermost May, 1902. Masontown and Uniontown.