© 2021 Disclaimer: This publication is published by Plant Health Australia for information purposes only. Information in the document is drawn from a variety of sources outside Plant Health This work is copyright. Apart from any use as Australia. Although reasonable care was taken in its preparation, Plant Health Australia does permitted under the CopyrightAct 1968,no part not warrant the accuracy, reliability, completeness or currency of the information, or its may be reproduced by any process without prior usefulness in achieving any purpose. permission from Plant Health Australia. Given that there are continuous changes in trade patterns, pest distributions, control measures Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights and agricultural practices, this report can only provide a snapshot in time. Therefore, all should be addressed to: information contained in this report has been collected for the 12 month period from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2020, and should be validated and confirmed with the relevant Plant Health Australia organisations/authorities before being used. A list of contact details (including websites) is 1/1 Phipps Close provided in the Appendices. DEAKIN ACT 2600 To the fullest extent permitted by law, Plant Health Australia will not be liable for any loss, ISSN 1838-8116 damage, cost or expense incurred in or arising by reason of any person relying on the information in this publication. Readers should make and rely on their own assessment and enquiries to verify the accuracy of the information provided. An electronic version of this report is available for download from the Plant Health Australia website. Print copies can be ordered by contacting Plant Health Australia.

In referencing this document, the preferred citation is: National Plant Status Report (2020). Plant Health Australia, Canberra, ACT.

Font cover: Purple cabbage kale growing in the fieldwith dews stock photo The National Plant Biosecurity Status Report

2020 Contents

Forewords 6 Citrus 80 INTRODUCTION 9 Cotton 82 Australia's plant 10 Dried fruits (grapes) 83 Features of 2020 12 Ginger 84 Growing threats of plant health 13 Grains 86 Plant biosecurity highlights in 2020 14 88 bees 90 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM 17 92 Australia's plant biosecurity system 18 93 Plant biosecurity framework and legislation 20 Mangoes 94 The Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity 20 Melons 96 The National Plant Biosecurity Strategy 20 97 National committees 21 Onions 98 Biosecurity legislation 25 Passionfruit 99 Biosecurity emergency response agreements 25 Pineapples 100 Plant biosecurity statutory levies 25 Pistachios 101 Government roles 26 Plantation 102 The 26 Processing tomatoes 104 State and territory governments 28 Production nurseries 106 Non-government roles 34 Rice 108 Plant Health Australia 34 Rubus 109 Peak plant industry bodies 36 Stone fruit 110 Private sector 36 111 Research funders and providers 37 Sugarcane 112 The community 37 Sweetpotatoes 114 Table grapes 115 CHAPTER 2: PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES 39 Tea tree 116 Protecting Australia's plant resources 40 117 National priority pests 41 Vegetables (including potatoes) 118 National Priority Plant Pests 41 Walnuts 121 National action plans 43 Wine grapes 123 National Priority List of Exotic Environmental Pests, Weeds and 43 CHAPTER 4: BIOSECURITY SUPPORTING MARKET Plant industry biosecurity preparedness 45 Biosecurity planning for plant industries 45 ACCESS AND TRADE 125 Contingency planning 56 Environmental biosecurity preparedness 62 Biosecurity supporting market access and trade 126 National Plant Biosecurity Preparedness Strategy 63 Pre-border biosecurity 127 Obligations under international trade agreements Pre-border 127 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES 65 activities to mitigate the risks from imports Regulating imports to 129 Almonds 68 manage risk 130 Apples and pears 70 Other international activities 134 72 Ensuring exports meet required standards 135 74 Border biosecurity 142 76 Collaborations to reduce border biosecurity risks Government 143 Canned fruits 77 screening and inspection 144 Cherries 78 National border surveillance program 145 Chestnuts 79 Protecting our northern coastline 146 Post-entry plant 147 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS 149 On-farm biosecurity 205 Biosecurity extension and engagement programs 205 Plant pest surveillance and diagnostics 150 Biosecurity manuals for producers 208 Plant pest surveillance 151 Managing pests on farm 209 Oversight of plant pest surveillance 151 Australia’s weed biosecurity system 210 Government surveillance programs 153 National approach to addressing weed issues 211 Industry surveillance strategies and programs 154 Preventing the entry of new weeds into Australia 211 General surveillance programs 156 Weed surveillance 212 Plant pest surveillance programs in 2020 158 Eradication and containment of weeds 212 Diagnostics – identifying plant pests and diseases 166 Managing established weeds 213 Oversight of national plant biosecurity diagnostics 166 National Diagnostic Protocols 168 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 215 Diagnostic services in Australia 172 Plant biosecurity research, development and extension 216 National reference collections 178 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy 217 Identification of fruit 179 Australian Government agencies and statutory authorities 217 Online systems supporting plant biosecurity 180 Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research 217 Australian Research Council 218 CHAPTER 6: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES 183 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 219 Managing plant biosecurity emergencies 184 Plant Innovation Centre 219 National plant biosecurity response arrangements 185 Research and development corporations 220 Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed 185 Agrifutures Australia 221 PLANTPLAN 186 Cotton Research and Development Corporation 221 National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement 186 and Products Australia 221 Preparing for plant biosecurity incidents 187 Grains Research and Development Corporation 222 Reporting a plant pest or 187 Hort Innovation 223 Biosecurity Incident Management System 187 Sugar Research Australia 223 National Biosecurity Response Team 187 Wine Australia 223 National communication arrangements 187 The Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative 223 Training in biosecurity emergency responses 188 State and territory governments 224 Notifications and responses in 2020 190 University and private research institutes 225 National response plans 190 Collaborative research arrangements 225 Other plant pest notifications 190 Centre for Crop and Disease Management 225 Centre for Fruit Biosecurity Innovation 225 CHAPTER 7: CONTROLLING PLANT PESTS AND WEEDS 195 Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis 226 Australian Plant Biosecurity Science Foundation 226 Controlling plant pests and weeds 196 Cooperative Research Centre for Honey Bee Products 226 Domestic quarantine 197 Plant biosecurity RD&E projects in 2020 228 Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access 197 Restrictions on interstate travellers carrying produce 197 APPENDICES 263 Restrictions on interstate movement of commercial consignments 198 Official control of quarantine plant pests to protect overseas trade 198 Organisation contact details 264 Australia’s regionalised pests 199 Glossary 266 Preventing the spread of fruit flies 199 Acronyms 268 Community involvement in domestic quarantine 204 INDEX 271 The biosecurity obligations of all Australians 204 The role of local government 204 Figures Tables

Figure 1. Australia’s varied climatic zones 10 Table 1. Key strategies that form the basis of the NPBS (2010–20) 21 Figure 2. Gross value of plant and production industries in Australia, Table 2. Plant, honey bee and environmental biosecurity legislation across 1972–2020 11 Australia 24 Figure 3. 2020 annual mean temperatures compared to historical temperature Table 3. Plant Health Australia members 34 observations 12 Table 4. Australia’s National Priority Plant Pests 41 Figure 4. 2020 annual rainfall compared to historical rainfall observations 12 Table 5. The top 10 National Priority Plant Pests 42 Figure 5. Key components of Australia’s plant biosecurity system 19 Table 6. Current biosecurity plans covering Australia's plant industries 45 Figure 6. National government biosecurity committees and working groups Table 7. High Priority Pest threats 46 with plant focus 22 Table 8. Contingency plans 57 Figure 7. Comparative value of Australia’s plant production industries, based on Table 9–47. Industry specific High Priority Pest lists 68 gross value of production, 2017–20 67 Table 48. Australian Government import policy advice, final and in progress 131 Figure 8–87. Industry production data 69 Table 49. Australia's export legislation, administered by the Figure 88. Entity responsibility for biosecurity risks, first points of entry (ports) 143 Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment 136 Figure 89. Biosecurity risk pathways regulated by NAQS 146 Table 50. Market access achievements for pollinator and plant product exports Figure 90. National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance System framework 152 from Australia since 2000 138 Figure 91. Surveillance programs by target host 158 Table 51. Australia's post-entry plant quarantine facilities 147 Figure 92. Surveillance programs by target pest type 158 Table 52. Australia's plant biosecurity surveillance programs 158 Figure 93. National Diagnostic Protocol endorsement process 168 Table 53. National Diagnostic Protocols 169 Figure 94. RD&E projects by pest type 228 Table 54. Australia’s diagnostic services, their capabilities, accreditations and Figure 95. RD&E projects by research type or location 228 collections 173 Figure 96. RD&E projects by project value 228 Table 55. Responses to plant pests under EPPRD arrangements 191 Figure 97. RD&E projects by biosecurity areas 229 Table 56. Plant Pest detections notified under the EPPRD in 2020 that did not Figure 98. RD&E projects by crop type 229 proceed to a response plan 193 Table 57. Australia’s regionalised pests 200 Table 58. Biosecurity manuals for producers 208 Table 59. Sales of plant chemicals in Australia, 2016–20 209 Table 60. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects 230 Case studies

Introduction International Year of Plant Health 2020 13

Chapter 1 20 years of improving national biosecurity 35

Chapter 2 Improving preparedness for spotted wing drosophila 43 Defending against a new pest, 44 Environmental Biosecurity Webinars: Building connections for better biosecurity 62

Chapter 4 Plate it. Don’t plant it. 130 Biosecurity Bite video series 135 A new Export Plan for fresh produce to New Zealand 137

Chapter 5 Annual Surveillance Workshop 2020 153 Inaugural winner of the Dr Kim Ritman Award for Science and Innovation 155 Building strong and integrated surveillance technology 156 Boosting pest surveillance by gardeners 157 Annual Diagnosticians’ Workshop 2020 167

Chapter 6 Industry liaison training 188 Plant : Online training 190

Chapter 7 2020–25 National Fruit Fly Strategy released 200 Australian Biosecurity 2030 Workshop: Building a mass movement 205 Farm Biosecurity Producer of the Year Award winners 206

Chapter 8 Australia’s Biosecurity Future: Unlocking the next decade of resilience 218 Improving border diagnostics and treatment options 219 Regulating biosecurity risks from seed in the mail 224 Forewords

Message from the Hon David Littleproud, Minister for Agriculture and Northern Australia, Member for Maranoa,

I congratulate our plant industries for their incredible resilience through this time of challenge and uncertainty – as shown in this year’s National Plant Biosecurity Status Report.

The Australian Government is a strong supporter of Australia’s plant industries and is committed to protecting our world-class biosecurity system. With ever-increasing trade and changes in the regional prevalence of pests and disease, we need to be continually vigilant about biosecurity risks.

We are setting the foundations to give Australia’s agriculture industry what it needs for success and to reach the industry’s goal of $100 billion in production by 2030.

A key piece is to build on our biosecurity measures at and beyond the border and being prepared if we do have an incursion. We are continuing our investment in innovation and biosecurity research is vital to the sustainability of Australian agriculture and the environment.

Last year we re-signed the Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative ensuring the continued coordination for research and development efforts for plant biosecurity. Under the initiative, 10 collaborative projects have been funded with a total value of $50 million to support plant biosecurity research.

These projects are improving our understanding of Xylella, brown marmorated stink bug and fall armyworm, all of which are high priority threats for Australian plant industries and the environment.

Commonwealth Biosecurity 2030 is an important pillar in delivering biosecurity outcomes and the government’s Ag2030 plan. It is our roadmap for biosecurity, setting how we will address growing risks by making sure we have the best controls, tools, processes and networks in place. We will work with our biosecurity partners – industry, governments, research and tertiary institutions and the community – to develop a national biosecurity strategy.

Our commitments outlined in Commonwealth Biosecurity 2030 are supported by our Budget biosecurity investment of over $400 million, which comes on top of our record spending on biosecurity and export services in 2020–21.

I am confident our continued strong government–industry partnership and collective commitment to biosecurity will ensure Australia’s plant resources and the industries and communities that are reliant on them are kept safe.

Hon David Littleproud Minister for Agriculture and Northern Australia, Member for Maranoa, Queensland

6 Message from Steve McCutcheon, Chair Plant Health Australia From droughts and bushfires continuing from late 2019 to a global , the past year has brought many challenges for agricultural industries in Australia. Showing grit and determination, Australian agriculture has been resilient and continued to be a pillar of the Australian economy. Overall, the agriculture industry is in a strong position, especially as expanding our export markets is being supported by the Australian Government. The Covid-19 pandemic brought unwelcome changes, including the biggest economic downturn in activity on record for the global economy during the first half of 2020, forcing companies around the world to examine their supply networks and make changes to reduce vulnerabilities. However, the overall impact on agriculture from the pandemic appears to have not been a negative one and the future of the industry is looking secure.

In Australia, adaptation was required at our international borders, as commodities and goods were sourced from different parts of the world, altering the risk profile for exotic pest and disease arrivals on our shores. Plant Health Australia (PHA) has continued to create partnerships between government and industry to meet these challenges, and look for opportunities to formulate strategies with respect to the national biosecurity system. These strategies are designed to meet changing trading patterns and supply chains, shifts in geopolitics, merging of pest and disease regions, greater challenges at the border and post-border, and climate and use change leading to ever-more expansive established pest ranges. And with every change in import and export, adjustments and allocation of biosecurity resources is needed at the international border and in negotiating market access arrangements.

Australia devotes considerable resources to plant biosecurity and we have a highly effective biosecurity system. PHA coordinates efforts and shared responsibility across a wide variety of stakeholders to help deliver a first-class biosecurity system capable of supporting sustainable plant production and environmental plant health while maintaining and enhancing market access.

First published in 2008, the annual National Plant Biosecurity Status Report provides a comprehensive overview of Australia’s plant biosecurity system and the pre-border, border and post-border activities undertaken in 2020. It is also the only published source of biosecurity research, development and extension projects aimed at enhancing capability within the system.

Compiling the 2020 National Plant Biosecurity Status Report relies on input from more than 100 organisations, and without these contributors this report would not be possible. Thank you for your contribution. Together we can continue to build a strong and resilient national biosecurity system.

Steve McCutcheon Chair Plant Health Australia

Image caption 7

Introduction Australia’s plant resources

Australia is fortunate to be free from many serious plant pests that exist overseas, mainly Figure 1. Australia’s varied climatic zones due to our geographic isolation and more than a century of effective quarantine measures.

Our plant health status confers significant benefits to industry, government and community. Without biosecurity efforts, plant pests such as , fungi, and spread, INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION aided by the movement of people and goods to suitable host in new areas and countries.

Due to the wide range of climatic zones in Australia (see Figure 1), there are many types of natural and crop species grown, each with a set of pests that pose a threat.

Almost half of Australia's total land area is used for agriculture. In the tropical and subtropical zones, crops such as bananas, sugarcane, pineapples, mangoes and ginger are grown. In southern temperate zones, pome and stone fruits, grapes, nuts, onions and potatoes can be cultivated. Vast areas with grassland climate are suited to broadacre AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S production of grains, pulses, cotton, timber and pasture for production, and Major classification groups vegetables are grown in many areas. Equatorial Desert Plant industries make a significant contribution to agricultural production and exports. Tropical Grassland CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER As at June 2020, around 377 million hectares was farmed by 87,800 crop and livestock Subtropical Temperate businesses.1 Image courtesy of the Bureau of Meteorology In 2019–20, plant industries represented a gross value of $30 billion2 (including forest products, honey and beeswax, see Figure 2) and plant exports were worth more than $25 billion, mainly grains (such as wheat, barley and canola), sugar, wine, forestry, cotton In 2017 the Australian Bureau of Statistics estimated these areas brought more than and horticultural products. $6 trillion worth of benefits to Australia. Invasive exotic plant pests and weeds could Produce destined for overseas markets must meet the standards set for market access, threaten native species, disrupt ecosystems and change the face of these , 4 which often includes evidence that production areas are free from certain pests. Production along with social amenities such as parklands and other public amenities. and trade could be jeopardised by an incursion of a new pest that makes its way into our fields, orchards and plantations.

Protection of plants in the environment and those planted for social amenity from the risks The definition of a pest used in this report covers insects, , snails, nematodes, pathogens (diseases) and weeds that have the potential to adversely affect , fibre, and negative effects of pests, weeds and diseases entering, emerging, establishing or ornamental crops, bees and stored products, as well as environmental flora and fauna. spreading in Australia, is also a high priority. Exotic pests are those not currently present in Australia. Established or regionalised pests are those present within Australia. Australia has a unique, biodiverse with more than 500 national parks covering more than 28 million hectares representing four per cent of the total land area. A further six per cent or more of Australia is protected and includes areas within state forests, nature reserves, indigenous protected areas and conservation reserves.3

1 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Value of Agricultural Commodities Produced, Australia. Accessed online 26 May 2021 https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/ 4 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian environmental–economics accounts, 2017, Cat. No. 4655.0. Accessed online 3 May 2021 https://www.abs.gov. industry/agriculture/value-agricultural-commodities-produced-australia/latest-release au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4655.0 2 Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Research Economics and Sciences. Agricultural Commodities and trade data. Accessed online 26 May 2021 https:// www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/research-topics/agricultural-outlook/data#agricultural-commodities

3 Commonwealth of Australia. Conserving Australia: Australia’s National parks, conservation reserves and marine protected areas. Accessed online 3 May 10 2021 www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_BusinessCommittees/Senate/Environment_and_Communications/Completed_inquiries/2004-07/nationalparks/ report/index Figure 2. Gross value of plant and animal production industries in Australia, 1972-2020*

40

35

30 INTRODUCTION

25

20 VP $ BILLION)

(G 15

LUE 10 * VA 5

0 1972-73 1973-74 1974-75 1975-76 1976-77 1977-78 1978-79 1979-80 1980-81 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 YEAR Total crops (30 billion) Total livestock (33 billion)

*Includes forestry from 1995–96

Image caption 11 Features of 2020

2020 was a very challenging year for plants in Australia, whether grown by plant industries, Figure 3. 2020 annual mean temperatures compared to historical temperature observations in natural environments or in urban settings.

The year commenced with much of Australia affected by severe drought, with extreme heat and widespread bushfires in eastern Australia. Starting as early as September 2019, the

INTRODUCTION Black Summer Bushfires had a devastating impact on coastal bushland areas and some agricultural enterprises, continuing into the early part of 2020.

Heatwaves returned in November, affecting large parts of south-eastern and eastern Australia. 2020 was Australia's fourth-warmest year on record, with the annual national mean temperature 1.15°C above average, as shown in Figure 3, immediately following Temperature decline ranges Australia’s warmest year on record, 2019 (1.52°C above average).5 Highest on record While the national rainfall average was four per cent above average for the year at 10 Very much above average 483.4 mm, some parts of Australia experienced rainfall that was highest on record and 8-9 Above average others lowest on record, as shown in Figure 4. Flooding affected eastern Australia during 4-7 Average February and March, particularly through Queensland (QLD), but rainfall was below average in the west of Western Australia (WA), south-east QLD and western (TAS). 2-3 Below average Notably, La Niña was officially declared in September, reaching moderate strength by the 1 Very much below average end of the year. Image courtesy of Bureau of Meteorology Lowest on record No sooner had most of the fires been brought under control and the air cleared of smoke, when a human biosecurity emergency emerged. Covid-19 caused ‘biosecurity’ to appear in Figure 4. 2020 annual rainfall compared to historical rainfall observations news headlines like never before, with the threat felt by all Australians. A positive outcome of the Covid-19 pandemic has been an increased awareness of biosecurity related preventative measures – like hygiene, contact tracing and quarantine measures – much of which can be translated to plant biosecurity.

Against this backdrop of extreme events, the gross value of agricultural production for 2020–21 was forecast to reach a record $66 billion, boosted by Australia's second‑biggest winter crop on record.6 Significantly larger harvests in every Australian state were forecast to result in a 59 per cent increase in the gross value of grains, oilseeds and pulses compared with the 2019–20 season. The value of crop exports was forecast to increase sharply in line with record production, up 12 per cent to $24 billion. Rainfall decline ranges Highest on record 10 Very much above average 8-9 Above average 4-7 Average 5 Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. Annual climate statement 2020. Accessed online 30 April 2021 http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cur rent/annual/aus 2-3 Below average 6 Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Economics and Sciences. Agricultural overview: March quarter 2021. Accessed online 30 April 2021 1 Very much below average https://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/research-topics/agricultural-outlook Image courtesy of Bureau of Meteorology Lowest on record 12 Figure 3.2020annualmeantemperatures compared tohistoricaltemperature observations regionalised peststhatare already present. important askeeping exotic pestsoutofAustralia,isthemanagement ofestablishedor environment were identified andlistedfor thefirsttime in2019(see Chapter 2).Justas biosecurity planningby Plant Health Australia(PHA).Thehighpriorityplant pestsfor the Some 408HighPriorityPests have beenidentified for Australia’s plant industriesthrough In 2020,0.9milliontonnesoffreight arrived by air, down from 1.1milliontonnesin2019. media-releases/super-sleuth-ulf 10 Media release, theHon David Littleproud. Supersleuth Ulfshows why he’s topdog.Accessed online3May 2020https://minister.awe.gov.au/littleproud/ online 3May 2021https://www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/international_airline_activity_1220.pdf 9 bitre.gov.au/publications/2019/australian-sea-freight-2016-17 8 online 3May 2021https://www.agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/files/sitecollectiondocuments/igab-review-response.pdf 7 screened 15,706,488mailitems. mail items.In2020,detector dogsintercepted approximately 13,500riskitemsand Covid-19 andlessinternational flights, dogswere redeployed toprimarilyscreen arriving the nearly42.5millionairlinepassengersin2019.Inresponse tothechangedriskdue International airpassengertrafficfor 2020was 9.3million,a78percent decrease over Pre-Covid-19, annuallythere was nearly100milliontonnesoffreight arrivingby sea. the movement offreight, passengersandmailitems. Australia. However, in2020,Covid-19 causeddramaticshiftsinthebiosecurityrisksfrom growth intradeandinternational movement ofpeoplepresents biosecuritychallengesfor and travel, ahighpriorityisplaced by allstakeholders onplant biosecurity. Ingeneral,the To maintain Australia’s favourable biosecuritystatusinthisageofincreased globaltrade • • • Plant pestsanddiseasesspread inthree mainways: contribute toincreasing biosecurityrisksinAustralia. geopolitics, tourismandtheincreasing volume ofgoodstransportedaround theglobeall Factors suchasglobalisation,international andinterstate movement, climatechange, Growing threats toplanthealth

Department ofInfrastructur Department ofInfrastructur Common carried by v by en through tradinggoodsandmo wealth ofAustralia.Priorities for Australia's Biosecurity System: Response from Australianagriculture ministers(November 2018).Accessed vironmental forces includingwater andwind ectors suchasinsects. e, Transport, Regional Development andCommunication. Aviation: International airlineactivity December 2020.Accessed e, Transport, CitiesandRegional Development. AustralianSeaFreight 2016–17.Accessed online3May 2021https://www.

10 vement ofpeople

7 8

9 courtesy of Michelle Portelli, IYPH Coordinator Cobargo PublicSchoolstudents learning aboutsetting upabush tucker garden. Image with theclosingceremony scheduledfor JulyinHelsinki, Finland. Due totheongoinginternational impactsofCovid-19, IYPHwas extended into 2021, insouth-eastNSWtodesign,plant andcare for abushtucker garden. IYPH teamworking withthestudents from bushfire affected Cobargo PublicSchool Greening teamfrom theRoyal Botanic Garden &DomainTrust inSydney sawthe A partnershipwiththePlant BiosecurityResearch Initiative andtheYouth Community workday lookslike andadvice for newcomers. experience inplant health,exploring whatmotivates them,whattheirtypical Online profiles of38Plant Health Heroes were publisheddetailing theirwork webpage toexplore how tokeep plants healthy andidentify pests. Sydney andtheAustralianMuseumtodevelop aninteractive BiosecurityWarrior NSW Department ofPrimaryIndustriespartnered withtheRoyal Botanic Gardens Due toCovid-19, many oftheface-to-face events were moved online. and authorities,theprivate sector. representatives from localandinternational governments, plant healthindustries In Australia,theyear was launchedinFebruary atParliament House, with ‘Protecting plants, protecting ’. The UnitedNationsdeclared 2020theInternational Year ofPlant Health (IYPH) International Year ofPlantHealth 2020

13 INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Plant biosecurity highlights in 2020

Below is a timeline of some key biosecurity related events during 2020 that involved a broad range of stakeholders across Australia working to protect our plant resources. These events are referenced throughout the report. INTRODUCTION JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN

First confirmed Fall armyworm Australian Biosecurity Plate it. Don't plant it 12 May proposed as Enhancement of Covid-19 cases in detected in Torres Awards (round 1) campaign launched the International Day Australia’s bee pest Australia11 Strait, then QLD, WA See page 206 See page 130 of Plant Health15 surveillance and NT (in March) See page 154 WHO declares the See page 44 Annual Diagnosticians’ Asian honey bee outbreak Workshop held detected in QLD a International Year of See page 167 See page 192 Emergency of Plant Health launched Under the Biosecurity International in Australia Plant Health Australia 12 Act 2015, a Human Concern See page 13 turns 20 Biosecurity See page 35 Emergency declared by Governor General of Australia13

Borders closed to non-citizens due to growing Covid-19 threat14

11 . COVID-19: a chronology of state and territory government announcements (up until 30 June 2020). Accessed online 9 June 14 Parliament of Australia. COVID-19 Legislative response—Human Biosecurity Emergency Declaration Explainer. Accessed online 9 June 2021 2021 https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp2021/Chronologies/COVID-19StateTerrito https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/FlagPost/2020/March/COVID-19_Biosecurity_ ryGovernmentAnnouncements#_Toc52275790 Emergency_Declaration

12 World Health Organisation. Timeline: WHO's COVID-19 response. Accessed online 9 June 2021 https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/ 15 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The FAO Council endorses the establishment of an International Day of Plant Health. Accessed novel-coronavirus-2019/interactive-timeline online 9 June 2021 https://www.ippc.int/en/news/the-fao-council-endorses-the-establishment-of-an-international-day-of-plant-health/

13 Australian Government Federal Register of Legislation. Biosecurity (Human Biosecurity Emergency) (Human Coronavirus with Pandemic Potential) 14 Declaration 2020. Accessed online 9 June 2021 https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2020L00266 18 https://www.farmbiosecurity.com.au/farm-biosecurity-nuffield-scholar-announced/ stink bugseason2020-21.Accessed online9June2021https://www.awe.gov.au/news/media-releases/bio-measures-reinforced-bmsb-season-2020-21 17 AustralianGovernment Department ofAgriculture, Water andtheEnvironment. Media release: Biosecuritymeasures reinforced for brown marmorated levies. Accessed online9June2021https://www.awe.gov.au/news/media-releases/new-user-focused-guide-levies 16 AustralianGovernment Department ofAgriculture, Water andtheEnvironment. Media release: New user-focused guidefor establishingorchanging JUL See page190 launched Australia BOLT course Plant Biosecurityin See page62 Biosecurity Webinar First Environmental AUG See page44 Forum convened National Fall Armyworm Council webinar National Fruit Fly changing levies for establishing or New user-focused guide See page224 the mail of seedsarrivingin Unsolicited packets See page33 detected inWA Russian wheataphid See page135 series launched Biosecurity Bitevideo 16 SEP Council webinar National Fruit Fly commenced stink bug brown marmorated measures against Reinforced seasonal 17 OCT See page44 podcasts published Fall armyworm announced Nuffield Scholar First Farm Biosecurity Council webinar National Fruit Fly 18 NOV See page43 released Weeds andDiseases Environmental Pests, List ofExotic National Priority See page137 New Zealand signed between Australia and New ExportPlan See page200 released Fruit FlyStrategy 2020–25 National See page218 CSIRO Future released by Australia’s Biosecurity See page155and206 Awards (round 2) Australian Biosecurity See page205 2030 Workshop Australian Biosecurity DEC Council webinar National Fruit Fly See page153 Workshop Annual Surveillance

15 INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1 Australia's plant biosecurity system Australia's plant biosecurity system

It takes great effort to keep exotic pests out of Australia. With a total coastline stretching almost 60,000 km, our borders are best protected from plant pests by collaborative partnerships and coordinated activities.

Australia works across the three layers of the plant biosecurity continuum – pre-border, at the border and post-border – with activities to help prevent the introduction, establishment and spread of pests. These three layers of protection and the whole of system assets are expanded upon throughout this report (see Figure 5).

Surveillance and monitoring of risk areas are critical to the integrity of the plant biosecurity system, along with activities which focus on assessing and managing potential biosecurity threats at Australia’s airports, seaports and international mail centres at the national level, and between states and territories at the domestic level. AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S

As global trade increases, biosecurity risks change, and pests have more opportunities to enter the country in more complex unpredictable pathways. The objective of the plant biosecurity system is to manage risk to a very low level – not to zero – to ensure the safe movement of

CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER people, , plants, food and cargo into Australia (see Chapter 4) and between states and territories. To do this, complementary measures are applied across the biosecurity continuum, pre-border, at the border and post-border.

The activities of the Australian Government, such as restrictions on what comes in at international arrival points, are often the most visible aspects of the plant biosecurity system. State and territory governments, importers, agricultural industries and all Australians have a role to play in keeping Australia free from new pests.

Key stakeholders with important roles to prevent the spread of pests include state and territory governments, peak industry bodies and their growers, local councils, grower groups, transporters, research organisations, gardeners, anyone who visits a farm or a natural area where plant health is at risk, (including utility providers such as electricity and water service staff), and international and domestic travellers.

This stakeholder effort is referred to as the plant biosecurity partnership. The principle of biosecurity partnerships was established in recognition that, in addition to plant producers and governments, the wider Australian community contribute to, and benefit from the biosecurity system. Benefits include improved productivity, product quality and cost, market access, trade, tourism, profitability, sustainability, and preservation of our unique natural environment and way of life.

18 Image caption Figure 5.Key components ofAustralia’s plantbiosecuritysystem, protecting agriculture andtheenvironment PRE-BORDER Maintaining theManualofImportingCountry • Negotiating export market access • Anticipating pestthreats by gatheringglobal • Buildingcapacityoverseas • Developing international standards • Undertakingpestsurveillance overseas • Inspecting,verifying andauditingoverseas • Analysing pestrisksassociatedwithproposed • exports Documentation System (EXDOC)tofacilitate Requirements (MICoR) andExport pest intelligence exporters imports AT THEBORDER Prioritisingexotic peststotarget with • Isolatingnewly arrived plant materialin • Enforcing border restrictions • Protecting Australia’s northfrom exotic pests • Encouraging thereporting ofsuspectednew • Imposingbiosecuritymeasures atports • Raisingawareness ofplant pestsand • Inspectingandmonitoringarrivals ofpeople, • preparedness andprevention activities post-entry quarantine Strategy (NAQS) with theNorthern AustraliaQuarantine pests by portworkers andimporters movement restrictions cargo, mailandplant products POST-BORDER Managingweeds • Managingpestfruitfliesonanational basis • Protecting farmswithon-farm biosecurity • Responding toenvironmental threats with the • Maintaining emergency response capacity • plant pests Maintaining theabilitytodiagnose • Managingestablishedpests • Encouraging thereporting ofanything unusual • Managingrisksunderthecontrol ofeveryday • Eradicatingexotic pestsundertheEmergency • Conducting surveillance for earlywarning of • Preventing thespread ofregionalised pests • measures Agreement National Environmental BiosecurityResponse Australians Plant Pest Response Deed incursions ofexotic pests

19 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM Plant biosecurity framework and legislation

The framework for managing the cooperative partnership underpinning Australia’s effective NATIONAL PLANT BIOSECURITY STRATEGY plant biosecurity system is supported by a suite of strategies, agreements, review reports, policies and legislation, developed over many years. These provide an overview of structure The National Plant Biosecurity Strategy (NPBS) aligns with the IGAB and sets the strategic and a vision for how the plant biosecurity system should operate into the future. direction for Australia’s plant biosecurity system to 2020. THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENT ON BIOSECURITY Since being developed by Plant Health Australia (PHA) in 2010, the NPBS has driven the way governments, plant industries and the community work closely together to strengthen the For governments, Australia’s partnership approach to biosecurity is documented in the national plant biosecurity system. Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity (IGAB). The NPBS sets out ten strategies to respond to the challenges facing the system (see The IGAB sets out commitments for the Australian, state and territory governments by Table 1). Each strategy is supported by a series of recommendations and actions that focus outlining the agreed national goals and objectives and clarifying roles, responsibilities, and on key areas of improvement. governance arrangements. It is signed by the Prime Minister, premiers and chief ministers. Implementation of the NPBS is supported by the National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic The IGAB is an important part of Australia’s biosecurity architecture. Its role is to enhance Strategy (2012) and the National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy (2013) and ensures AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S national collaboration among Australian governments in order to: that the plant biosecurity system continues to:

• strengthen Australia’s biosecurity system • protect Australia and Australians from the negative impacts of plant pests • support our biosecurity system to meet current and future challenges. • assist plant production industries to gain and maintain market access CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER The latest agreement came into effect on 3 January 2019, replacing the previous IGAB which • sustain Australia’s high quality food supply commenced in 2012. The current agreement was developed following a review of the IGAB • support long-term sustainable production practices. undertaken in 2016–17, with agriculture ministers agreeing, or agreeing in principle, to all 42 recommendations in 2018. PHA has commenced development of a revised ten-year NPBS to build on the achievements of the 2010–20 NPBS and provide continued benefits for the national plant biosecurity Agriculture ministers agreed on four key priority reform areas for the national biosecurity system. Work on the revised 2021–31 NPBS is being informed by development of a new system, which are: preparedness strategy and updated diagnostic and surveillance strategies. It is planned that the revised NPBS will be completed by the end of 2021. • a unified, strategic framework for the national biosecurity system • enhanced national capacity to manage risks associated with priority pests and diseases • reduced impediments to maintaining and growing market access • improved system performance and accountability.

20 Table 1.Key strategiesthatform thebasisofNPBS(2010–20) Monitor theintegrity oftheplant biosecuritysystem Strategy 10 uptake ofplant biosecurityinformation Adopt systems andmechanismsfor theefficient andeffective distribution,communication and Strategy 9 Develop anationalframework for plant biosecurityresearch Strategy 8 Establish anintegrated nationalapproach toplant biosecurityeducationandawareness Strategy 7 Enhance nationalmanagement systems for establishedpests Strategy 6 Create anationallyintegrated diagnosticnetwork Strategy 5 Expand Australia’s plant biosecuritytrainingcapacityandcapability Strategy 4 Build Australia’s abilitytoprepare for, and respond to,pestincursions Strategy 3 Establish anationallycoordinated surveillance system Strategy 2 possible, withineachstateandterritorygovernment’s overarching legislative framework Adopt nationallyconsistent plant biosecuritylegislation,regulations andapproaches, where Strategy 1 biosecurity. government biosecuritycommittees thatare tasked withnationalcoordination ofplant facilitating partnershipsbetween governments. Figure 6shows thestructure ofAustralian consistent. Assuch,Australia’s plant biosecuritycommittee structure plays amajorrole in developing andcoordinating key plant biosecuritypolicyandprocedures thatare nationally and withtheAustralianGovernment. Nationalcommittees provide aformal mechanismfor biosecurity activitieswithintheirborders, coordination isrequired between thejurisdictions While stateandterritorygovernments have responsibility for implementing many Committee, Environment andInvasives Committee, andMarine Pest SectoralCommittee. Australian, state and territorygovernments: theAnimalHealth Committee, Plant Health The NBCissupported by four sectoral subcommittees, comprising officers from the Association are observers. Government. PHA,Animal Health Australia (AHA),andtheAustralianLocal Government territory primaryindustryand/or environment departments, aswell astheNew Zealand delegate. Membership oftheNBCcomprises senior officialsfrom theAustralian,stateand Government Department ofAgriculture, Water andtheEnvironment (DAWE), ortheir The NBCwas establishedthrough theIGABandischaired by theSecretary oftheAustralian priority reform areas. AGSOC onnationalbiosecuritymattersandprogress towards implementing theIGABand synergies across andbetween Australiangovernments. TheNBCprovides advice tothe A core objective oftheNBCistopromote cooperation, coordination, consistency and managing ongoingor‘normal’commitments. on areas identified aspriorityreforms for thenationalbiosecuritysystem, aswell as environment, community wellbeing andsocialamenity. Itdoesthisby focusing itsefforts marine andaquaticpests,theimpactoftheseonagriculture production, the approach tobiosecurityissuesandthreats relating toplant andanimalpestsdiseases, The NationalBiosecurityCommittee (NBC)isresponsible for managinga national, strategic National BiosecurityCommittee Ministers' Meeting (AMM)inachieving itsobjectives. coordinated approaches tomattersofnationalinterest. ItalsosupportstheAgriculture New Zealand Government. AGSOC provides for cross-jurisdictional cooperative and departments from theAustralianGovernment, Australianstatesandterritoriesthe policy issues.Thecommittee comprises theheadsofprimaryindustrygovernment The Agriculture SeniorOfficials’Committee (AGSOC) isresponsible for primaryindustry Agriculture SeniorOfficials'Committee NATIONAL COMMITTEES

21 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM Figure 6. National government biosecurity committees and working groups with plant focus

KEY Federal and state/territory Ministers Higher level government committees

Agriculture Senior Officials’ Committee National biosecurity National Biosecurity committees Communication and Engagement Network Agriculture Senior Officials’ NBC working groups National Biosecurity Committee Research & Committee Innovation Committee AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S Biosecurity and Emergency response Agricultural National Biosecurity National Plant Response Team Biosecurity RD&E Strategy Emergency Network Implementation Committee

CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER R&D committees

Animal Health Marine Pest Plant Health Environment and Committee Sectorial Committee Committee Invasives Committee

Subcommittee on Subcommittee on Subcommittee on Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine National Plant Health Plant Health Preparedness and Market Access Surveillance Diagnostics

Consultative Committee National Management Scientific Advisory on Emergency Plant Group (EPPRD*) Panel Pests (EPPRD*)

Non-EPPRD Non-EPPRD consultative management groups committees

*Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD) 22 Plant Health Committee legislative outcomes andstandards withintheplant biosecuritysector. Through itssubcommittees, thePHCalsofacilitatesaconsistent nationalapproach to coordination ofgovernment preparedness activities. group aimstoimprove priorityplant pestandsystem preparedness through national In 2020,thePHCPlant BiosecurityPreparedness Working Group was formed. Thisworking domestically andinternationally. progress various linesofwork tosupportandmaintain tradeandmarket access, both the mainguidingprincipleswhendetermining work area priorities.PHCalsocontinued to During 2020,PHCcontinued theimplementation oftheNPBS,usingdocument asoneof chair. when DrRosa Crnov, ChiefPlant Health Manager(VIC),commenced atwo-year termas Andrew Bishop,ChiefPlant Protection Officer (TAS), was chairofPHCuntil November 2020, plant health. implementation ofthegovernment aspectsoftheNPBSandIGABwithrespect to national leadershiponplant biosecuritymatters.Itisresponsible for overseeing the PHC reports totheNBCandprovides strategicpolicy, technicalandregulatory advice, and observer status. territory governments. PHAandthechairsofPHCsubcommittees attendmeetings with community. PHCsmembershipcomprises representatives from theAustralian,stateand is tomaintain orimprove plant healthinAustraliatosupporttheeconomy, environment and Plant Health Committee (PHC)isthepeakgovernment plant biosecuritypolicyforum. Itsrole reference groups for eachindustry. Reference Group andtheNationalFruit FlyCouncil amongstothers, suchasbiosecurity oversee biosecurity. They includegroups suchastheNorthern AustraliaBiosecurity There are alsoseveral committees withgovernment andindustryrepresentatives that Australian Local Government Association. Australasian Weed Societies, theIndigenousAdvisory Committee, NAILSMAandthe Australia, Landcare, EcoTourism Australia,Ecological Society ofAustralia,Council of Analysis, WWFAustralia,BushHeritage Australia,NaturalResource Management Regions which includestheInvasive SpeciesCouncil, theCentre ofExcellence for BiosecurityRisk The EICisalsoadvisedby acommunity sectorEnvironmental BiosecurityAdvisory Group, observers onthecommittee. Resource Economics andSciences, andtheCentre for Invasive SpeciesSolutionsare (CSIRO), PHA,AHA, Health Australia,theAustralianBureau ofAgricultural and Representatives from theCommonwealth Scientific andIndustrialResearch Organisation Director GeneraloftheDepartment ofPrimaryIndustries(NSW),isthechairfor 2020–22. representatives andtheEICchairrotates every two years. DrJohn Tracey, theDeputy primary industryandenvironment departments. Jurisdictionsmay have uptotwo Membership oftheEICcomprises representatives from theDAWE andstateterritory community biosecurityimpact,thatare not withinthescope ofanother NBCsubcommittee. terrestrial invasive speciesaswell asother specieswhere there isanenvironmental or a nationalforum for identifying andresolving nationalprioritiesfor freshwater aquaticand species thatadversely impacttheenvironment, economy andcommunity. TheEICprovides identification, prevention andmanagement ofinvasive plant, vertebrate andinvertebrate The Environment andInvasives Committee (EIC)provides nationalpolicyleadershiponthe Environment andInvasives Committee

23 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM Table 2. Plant, honey bee and environmental biosecurity legislation across Australia

Jurisdiction Administering authority Legislation Jurisdiction Administering authority Legislation

Department of Agriculture • Biosecurity Act 2014 Commonwealth Department of Agriculture, • , except to the extent Queensland Water and the Environment administered by the Health Minister and • Biosecurity Regulations 2016 • Biosecurity (Consequential Amendments and • Livestock Act 2007 Transitional Provisions) Act 2015, except to the Department of Primary extent administered by the Health Minister Industries and Regions • Livestock Regulations 2013 • Biosecurity (Exposed Conveyances – Exceptions • Plant Health Act 2009 from Biosecurity Control) Determination 2016* • Plant Health Regulations 2009 • Biosecurity Regulation 2016 • Biosecurity (Prohibited and Conditionally Department of Primary Non-prohibited Goods) Determination 2016 Tasmania • Biosecurity Act 2019 Industries, Parks, Water and • Environment Protection and Conservation Environment Act 1999** • Environment Protection and Biodiversity Department of Jobs, • Livestock Act 2007 Conservation Regulations 2000 Precincts and Regions • Livestock Regulations 2013 AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S • Plant Health Act 2009 Australian Environment Planning and • Animal Diseases Act 2005 Capital Territory Sustainable Development • Plant Health Regulations 2009 • Plant Disease Act 2002 Directorate • Pest Plants and Animals Act 2005 Western Department of Primary • Biosecurity and Agricultural Management Act 2007 Australia CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER Industries and Regional • Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Development Regulations 2013 New South Department of Primary • Biosecurity Act 2015 Wales Industries • Biosecurity and Agriculture (Identification and • Biosecurity Regulation 2017 Movement of Stock and Apiaries) Regulations 2013 • Biosecurity Order (Permitted Activities) 2019 and • Biosecurity and Agriculture Management (Quality other supporting legislation such as Control Orders Assurance and Accreditation) Regulations 2013 • Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Northern Department of Industry, • Livestock Act 2008 (Agriculture Standards) Regulations 2013 Territory Tourism and Trade • Livestock Regulations 2009 • Agriculture and Related Resources Protection (European House Borer) Regulations 2006 • Plant Health Act 2008 • Exotic Diseases of Animals Act 1993 • Plant Health Regulations 2011

*This legislation impacts any kind of goods that enter Australia on an exposed conveyance, and is in itself, not specific to bee or plant biosecurity, but rather goes towards when a conveyance becomes subject to biosecurity control.

**The EPBC Act 1999 aims to protect the environment and conserve biodivesity. Biosecurity contributes to achieving these.

24 however afinalapproved version was not available as of 31December 2020. of commencement. Publicconsultation onadraftrevised NEBRA closedinJuly2019, the NEBRA. Arequirement oftheNEBRA isthattheagreement isreviewed withinfive years Australian, stateandterritorygovernments inJanuary2012.TheDAWE isthecustodianof that primarilyimpacttheenvironment orsocialamenity. Theagreement was signedby the emergency response arrangements for responding tonewly detected pestsanddiseases The NationalEnvironmental BiosecurityResponse Agreement (NEBRA) establishesnational National Environmental BiosecurityResponse Agreement responses canbefound inChapter 6. came into effect inOctober2005.More information abouttheEPPRD andemergency industry peakbodies(as at31December 2020).PHAisthecustodianofEPPRDwhich between PHA,theAustralianGovernment, allstateandterritorygovernments, and38plant The Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed(EPPRD) isaformal, legallybindingagreement Emergency PlantPestResponse Deed formalise thisresponsibility inlegislationthe future. Some oftheother stateandterritorygovernments have indicatedthatthey willalso biosecurity risksundertheircontrol, known asthegeneralbiosecurityobligationorduty. of whichintroduced into lawtheprinciplethateveryone hasaresponsibility for mitigating the BiosecurityAct 2014(Queensland), and theBiosecurityAct 2015(New SouthWales), both The BiosecurityAct 2019(Tasmania) received Royal Assent on26August2019, aligningwith of biosecurityactivities,reporting ofsuspiciouspestsandbiosecurityincident responses. There isalsolegislationcovering the collection ofprimaryindustrylevies tocover thecosts with importandexport legislation. forest products. Thedepartment alsocarriestheresponsibility for monitoringcompliance biosecurity system, manageimportsandregulate export certification ofagriculture, fishand The DAWE administersarangeofCommonwealth legislationtomanageAustralia’s (where applicable) biosecuritylegislation,asat31December 2020,islistedinTable 2. administered by therespective government agencies.Plant, honey beeandenvironmental Australia’s biosecuritysystem operatesunderCommonwealth, stateandterritorylegislation BIOSECURITYLEGISLATION BIOSECURITY EMERGENCY RESPONSE AGREEMENTS Australia’s primaryindustries. The DAWE collects, administersanddisbursesagriculturallevies andcharges onbehalfof agriculture.gov.au/ag-farm-food/levies 20 AustralianGovernment Department ofAgriculture, Water andtheEnvironment. Levies andcharges. Accessed online17February 2021https://www. agriculture.gov.au/ag-farm-food/levies 19 AustralianGovernment Department ofAgriculture, Water andtheEnvironment. Levies andcharges. Accessed online17February 2021https://www. agreement toacost-shared response plan. levies are generallyset atzero andcanbeactivated whenneeded,following industry national response plansintheevent ofanincursion(see Chapter 6).Once established,EPPR (as definedby theEPPRD). Thisincludes meeting theirfinancialobligationsfor cost-shared EPPR levies enableindustriestoraisefundsinrelation toEmergency Plant Pests (EPPs) Emergency PlantPestResponse (EPPR)levy sheets. biosecurity manuals,holdingworkshops ortrainingsessionsanddeveloping pestfact also beusedtoundertake specificplant biosecurityprojects, suchaspreparation of The PHAlevy canbeusedby industries tomeet membershipsubscriptions toPHAandmay Plant Health Australia(PHA)levy be usedasfollows: 2002, includethePHAlevy andtheEmergency Plant Pest Response (EPPR)levy whichcan Plant biosecuritylevies, imposedunderthePlant Health Australia (Plant Industries)Funding Act levy orcharge isdirected toeachoftheseactivities. development. Itisthedecisionofaprimaryindustrytodetermine theproportion ofhow a pest andanimaldiseaseresponses, residue testing,marketing andresearch and Levy andcharge revenue canbedirected tobiosecuritypreparedness andemergency plant the levy system. the AustralianGovernment. MuchofthebiosecurityR&DlistedinChapter 8isfundedvia by statutoryR&Dlevies (or charges) onvarious commodities, withmatchingfundingfrom The ruralresearch anddevelopment corporations (RDCs,seeChapter 8)are fundedprimarily and plant healthprograms. for research anddevelopment (R&D), marketing andpromotion, chemicalresidue testing, Many ofAustralia’s primaryindustriesrely onthelevy system andthesupportitprovides PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUTORY LEVIES 19 20

25 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM Government roles Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment agriculture.gov.au THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT Most of the responsibilities of the Australian Government are delivered through the agriculture portfolio, in collaboration with other agencies described in the following pages Protecting Australia’s world-class biosecurity system and our enviable status as a pest and The Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (DAWE) was formed in 2020 and disease-free nation continues to be a major priority for the government. The Australian focuses on maintaining a strong and resilient biosecurity system that will protect Australia Government has committed around $873 million for biosecurity and export programs in from new biosecurity challenges, whatever they may be. 2020–21, an increase of $243 million since 2014–15. The millions of people, mail parcels, baggage, ships, animals, plants and cargo containers Under national legislation, the Australian Government has responsibility for the bulk of that enter Australia every year are screened and inspected by departmental staff, supported biosecurity activities pre-border and at the border, such as screening and compliance at the by x-ray machines, surveillance activities and detector dogs. Of equal importance are the multiple entry points that make up the nation’s border, international phytosanitary (plant pre-border measures to prevent pests and diseases from arriving in the country. Managing health) obligations, carrying out risk analysis for proposed imports, and post-entry plant Australia’s biosecurity is a big job and the department promotes a shared responsibility with quarantine. These activities benefit not only our plant industries, but also our unique clients, stakeholders and the general public, all of whom have a role to play. environment and way of life. DAWE also pursues international market access for Australia’s plant production industries As well as regulating imports, the Australian Government’s biosecurity activities play a key and access to the Australian market for our trading partners through bilateral, regional and role in supporting the export of Australian produce. The Australian Government assists in AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S multilateral engagement. Priority is given to: market access negotiation by working with states and territories and plant industry peak bodies to collect and analyse plant health surveillance data, to provide trading partners with • working to remove barriers to international trade evidence of freedom from pests and diseases. The Australian Government also undertakes • progressing and resolving market access priorities and issues negotiations to determine what, if any, treatments or conditions need to be met to send CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER Australia’s plant products overseas. • facilitating targeted technical assistance and agricultural cooperation • assisting the development and implementation of international standards. In addition to bilateral and multilateral trade negotiations, Australia plays a leading role in developing and implementing international standards that aim to prevent the spread of This work is supported and enhanced by a network of agricultural counsellors located in plant pests. Under the Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper, Stronger Farmers, Belgium, , Dubai, Europe, France, , , Italy, , Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Stronger Economy,21 the Australian Government invested $200 million into improving the Middle East, , Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, Chile, Mexico, the United Kingdom and the biosecurity surveillance and analysis, to better target critical biosecurity risks and improve United States. market access for Australian producers. The agricultural counsellors’ role is to build and maintain key relationships with Australia’s trading partners. Counsellors organise and lead discussions, receive and respond to requests for information, facilitate visits and inspections to progress market access requests and promote Australian products. They work closely with industry, overseas authorities and the department in the process. The negotiations for access to overseas markets, including technical consultations about the importing nation’s biosecurity requirements, can sometimes take years to work through. DAWE's overseas officers play a key role in facilitating this process. The outcome of a 2020 review of the overseas network is available on the DAWE website.22

Within the department, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) provides current scientific and economic advice to decision makers to support the plant biosecurity system. DAWE also contributes to the development of national policies on invasive pests, weeds and diseases that cause harm to the environment.

21 Commonwealth of Australia (2015). Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper, Stronger Farmers, Stronger Economy, Canberra 22 Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. Our agriculture counsellors. Accessed online 15 July 2021 www.agriculture.gov.au/ market-access-trade/overseas-network 26 Force toimplement theconventions. import ofCITES listedspecies(plants oranimals), andworks with theAustralianBorder Trade inEndangered SpeciesofWildFauna andFlora(CITES), managespermits for the Convention onBiologicalDiversity anditsAichiTargets andtheConvention onInternational DAWE isresponsible for ensuringthatAustraliacomplies withitsobligationsunderthe with theBiosecurityAct 2015(Cwlth). the naturalenvironment. Theimportoflive plants and animalsshouldnot beinconsistent managed separatelyby theDAWE, live animalimportscanalsoimpactonplant healthand import into Australia,known astheLive ImportList.Whileimportsoflive plants are (Cwlth) isusedtoestablishthelistoflive animalspecimensconsidered suitablefor live Complementing this,theEnvironment Protection andBiodiversity Conservation Act 1999 diseases orpeststhatcancauseharmtotheenvironment, includinginvasive pests. The BiosecurityAct 2015(Commonwealth) establishesthatabiosecurityriskincludes it refers them toDAWE for investigation. Border Force detects unlawfulimportationofwildlife andexportation ofAustralianwildlife, the movement ofgoods andpeopleacross theAustralianborder. When theAustralian particular theAustralianFederal Police, DAWE and theDepartment ofDefence tofacilitate Australia’s borders. Itworks closelywithother government andinternational agencies, in The Department ofHome Affairs, formed in2017, managesthesecurityandintegrity of homeaffairs.gov.au Department ofHome Affairs andtheAustralianBorder Force the Indo-Pacific region. productivity andsustainabilityofagriculturalsystems andtheresilience offood systems in brokers partnershipswithpublicandprivate research institutionstoimprove the that ispartoftheAustralianGovernment's development cooperation programs. ACIAR Australian Centre for InternationalAgricultural Research (ACIAR) –astatutoryauthority further, faster. advisers are experts inconnecting Australianbusinessestotheworld tohelpthemgo Austrade –Australia’s tradeandinvestment promotion agency. Itsglobalnetwork of partners. Otheragencieswithintheportfolio include: international tradeinterests, by promoting Australia’s strong biosecuritysystem totrading global stabilityandeconomic growth. Thedepartment helpsprogress Australia’s prosperous by promoting andprotecting ourinterests internationally andcontributing to The Department ofForeign Affairs andTrade helpsmake Australiastronger, safer andmore dfat.gov.au Department ofForeign Affairs andTrade The Inspector-General ofBiosecurity 4. 3. 2. 1. General completed andprogressed thefollowing reviews: the Director ofBiosecurity–ispublishedonthewebsite. In2019–20,theInspectors- A review program –set annuallyinconsultation withtheMinisterfor Agriculture and systems. evaluate andverify theperformance ofDAWE’s biosecurityriskmanagement measures and On 25July2019,theMinisterappointed MrRob DelaneastheIGBtoindependently international tradeandmarket access opportunities. The Inspector-General role doesnot cover theassessment andreview ofissuesrelated to • • • The positionisindependent ofDAWE anditsMinister. However, theInspector-General may: these programs pre-border andattheborder. of Australia’s biosecuritysystems through independent evaluation oftheperformance of The Inspector-General ofBiosecurity(IGB)positionwas establishedtoenhance theintegrity industry, toensure thesafe international movement ofpeopleandgoods. Australia’s biosecuritysystem relies onvarious government programs, incooperation with igb.gov.au and theOffice oftheGeneTechnology Regulator. biosecurity system include theAustralianPesticides andVeterinary Medicines Authority Other AustralianGovernment agenciesthatcontribute tomaintaining Australia’s plant development andextension, suchastheCSIRO, seeChapter 8. For alistofAustralianGovernment organisations thatsupportplant biosecurityresearch, Other AustralianGovernment organisations pre-border andattheborder inevolving riskandbusinessenvironments (inprogress). non-commercial consignments (3July 2020). (23 March 2020). Biosecurity (who isalsotheSecretary ofDAWE) Adequacy ofthedepartment’ Confidence testingf Biosecurity riskmanagement ofinternational e Adequacy ofpre make rec revie consider requests f w theperformance offunctionsandtheexercise ofpowers by theDirector of ommendations for improvement totheoverall system. ventative border measures tomitigatetheriskofAfrican swine fever or review(s) or atborder delivery ofcriticalbiosecurityfunctions(inprogress). s operationalmodeltoeffectively mitigatebiosecurityrisks xpress airfreight pathway for

27 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM STATE AND TERRITORY GOVERNMENTS Providing public information to raise awareness of biosecurity threats and calls to action and raising awareness in the community of the importance of biosecurity. While the Australian Government has responsibilities for the majority of pre-border and border biosecurity activities, state and territory governments are responsible for the delivery Carrying out science-based risk analyses to identify pest threats and inform plant of biosecurity operations and the relevant legislation within their borders. biosecurity policy and operations.

Each state and territory has a different approach to their role, primarily due to the varied Funding and providing research, development and extension to support the continued climatic conditions and legislative frameworks across the country. Jurisdictions each provide improvement of pest management and protection capabilities. a number of core services, most of which involve the community. Developing and administering plant biosecurity policies and legislation and working on Broadly, these are activities concerned with preventing the spread of existing plant pests national committees to ensure that they are in line with other governments around within Australia, including any newly detected exotic pests. State and territory government Australia. responsibilities include: State and territory governments coordinate their activities through the IGAB, the PHC and Managing domestic imports and exports into and out of their jurisdiction, primarily to subcommittees, through PHA and through the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed prevent the spread of regionalised pests around Australia. There are two components to (EPPRD). this: • domestic quarantine services for the clearance of passengers, cargo, mail, plants and Australian Capital Territory plant products moving interstate AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S Lead agency: Environment Planning and Sustainable Development Directorate (EPSDD) • export and market access support for producers who want to sell their produce across environment.act.gov.au state boundaries. This includes plant health certification services, surveys and inspections to support area freedom, and the accreditation and auditing of export The ACT Government manages plant biosecurity through the EPSDD, together with the compliance arrangements (see page 198). Transport Canberra and City Services (TCCS) Directorate. EPSDD is responsible for policy CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER development and shares operational implementation with TCCS. Providing quarantine services involving activities to prepare for, and respond to, plant pest incursions in their jurisdiction, including communicating with communities. Plant biosecurity activities in the ACT are underpinned by the Plant Diseases Act 2002 and the Pest Plants and Animals Act 2005. Although the ACT does not have many plant Responding to emergency pest and diseases by maintaining the capacity and capability to production industries within its boundaries, the government participates on national deliver responsibilities under the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (see Chapter 6), committees during plant pest emergency responses and in the development of associated which is activated when a suspected Emergency Plant Pest is detected in their jurisdiction. national frameworks and strategies when it has expertise to contribute. It has particular Responsibilities may include setting up and enforcing quarantine zones, informing the public, expertise in forestry, urban tree management and national parks. and treating pests and plants. The lead agency also carries out surveillance to find out how far pests have spread, and at the end of the response, to confirm that eradication has been Following the release of the ACT Biosecurity Strategy 2016–26, the ACT has commenced achieved and national freedom from the pest or disease can be re-established. development of a comprehensive Biosecurity Bill to modernise the ACT’s biosecurity legislative framework and align it with similar legislation in other jurisdictions, particularly Undertaking pest surveillance in partnership with industry and community volunteers. NSW. There are 104 surveillance programs carried out by state and territory governments, requiring significant resourcing. Pest surveillance is crucial for the early detection of new Modern biosecurity tools with enhanced emergency response powers, combined with pests, discovering the extent of pest spread (delimiting), and providing evidence of area regular plant surveillance activities to check for exotic pests (like fruit flies, gypsy and freedom to facilitate market access. bee pests) around the airport will help address the increased biosecurity risks presented by international flights to Canberra Airport. Providing diagnostic services to identify plant pests (both endemic and exotic) found in their jurisdiction, or to assist other jurisdictions. This includes holding reference collections for There have been several major plant health incidents in the ACT in 2020. The ACT in comparison of species. collaboration with DAWE, NSW Department of Primary Industries and other jurisdictions will be undertaking ongoing surveillance as part of national response plans. Earlier in the Developing and maintaining information systems to support routine and emergency plant year a suspected potato wart report was found to be knot nematode. The ACT also biosecurity management. participated in initial investigations within the ACT where the serpentine leaf miner was 28 suspected as part of the outbreak in NSW. Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries (NSW DPI) dpi.nsw.gov.au

NSW DPI is the principal agency responsible for plant biosecurity in the state, ensuring that policies, management and procedures are in place to minimise the impact of existing, invasive and Emergency Plant Pests. NSW DPI maintains rapid response mechanisms for pest incursions in order to protect trade and market access, agricultural resources, regional economies and the environment.

The NSW Biosecurity Strategy 2013–21 defines how NSW DPI, in partnership with other government agencies, industry and the public, manages biosecurity risks to NSW.

Within the DPI, the Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity unit develops plant pest policy directions and has oversight of operational responses to Emergency Plant Pests. The group provides advice to, and participates actively in, national decision-making forums for plant pests of national significance and interstate market access for NSW plants and plant products. AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S Surveillance and diagnostic activities are supported by the Plant Health Diagnostic Service at the Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, the Biosecurity Collections Unit at Orange Agricultural Institute, the state-wide network of compliance officers, Local Land Services and the emergency management First Response Team. Close collaboration with entomology CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER and researchers is integral to these activities.

Following the commencement of the Biosecurity Act 2015 in 2017, all NSW plant biosecurity incursions, infringements and investigations have been successfully managed under this new legislative structure. The act has proven to be an innovative and positive step forward in the way NSW DPI manages biosecurity.

Image caption 29 Queensland Lead agency: Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade (DITT) Lead agency: Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (DAF) industry.nt.gov.au daf.qld.gov.au

Plant biosecurity in the Northern Territory (NT) is managed by the Plant Biosecurity Branch, Biosecurity Queensland is the lead agency within the DAF, responsible for managing within NT DITT's Biosecurity and Animal Welfare Branch. The Plant Biosecurity Branch is biosecurity risks within the state. The Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity program responsible for the development and implementation of plant biosecurity policies, programs within Biosecurity Queensland is responsible for: developing policies, standards, delivery and procedures aimed at maintaining NT’s freedom from plant pests that could adversely systems and services to reduce the risk of introducing exotic plant pests; minimising impact trade, market access, public health and the environment. the impacts of new plant pest incursions on QLD’s plant industries, environment and communities; facilitating market access for QLD’s plant-based industries; and managing The NT agricultural sector provides over $610 million to the Australian economy each year. risks associated with the use of agriculture and veterinary chemicals. Horticultural industries contribute almost half of this value ($278 million in 2018), with a significant proportion of that being derived from production of iconic NT produce such as The Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity program is responsible for the implementation mangoes and melons. Other markets offer growth opportunities. To protect this, the of programs for the prevention and preparedness, detection, diagnosis, response, control, environment and social amenity, the Plant Biosecurity Unit undertakes the following containment and eradication of high priority plant pests. services: Other DAF business groups also contribute to managing the risk of plant pest threats. • maintaining and improving the plant health status of the plant and plant product Links with other departments provide access to a range of relevant AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S industries of NT expertise across all plant production sectors, including native and plantation forestry. • minimising the risk of exotic pests entering NT through education, engagement, surveillance and compliance Key links include: • facilitating interstate trade of plant and plant products through certification, inspection CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER and the Interstate Certification Assurance program DAF Agri-Science Queensland, which provides science, research, innovation and associated services, including additional diagnostic capability, surveillance and integrated management • conducting active and passive pest surveillance to support market access nationally and packages to limit the impacts of pests within farming systems. within NT • conducting active surveillance for the early detection of a range of exotic pests Department of Environment and Science, which plays a role in managing the natural • preparing effective response mechanisms in the event of an incursion environment and environmental plant pests.

• developing, implementing and reviewing NT’s plant health policy and legislation. Queensland Museum, which specialises in the identification of molluscs, mites and spiders. In 2015, browsing ant was detected in the NT. The NT Government, through the National The Biosecurity Act 2014 and Biosecurity Regulation 2016 provide the framework for Browsing Ant Eradication Program, is on track to eradicate browsing ant. plant biosecurity management in QLD. The act is underpinned by the concept of shared In 2018, citrus canker was detected in the NT. The NT Government is in the process of responsibility, where everyone has a general biosecurity obligation to take all reasonable eradicating this pest under the National Citrus Canker Eradication Program and working and practical steps to manage biosecurity risks that are within their control. towards declaring proof of freedom from citrus canker at the end of 2020. This legislation is complemented by a number of other acts, including the Chemical Usage Fall armyworm were detected in agricultural areas around the NT in March 2020. (Agricultural and Veterinary) Control Act 1988 and the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals The NT government continues to work closely with other jurisdictions, industry groups and (Queensland) Act 1994. communities to manage this pest.

Plant biosecurity programs in the NT are underpinned by the Plant Health Act 2008 and Plant Health Regulations 2011. In addition, the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (Control of Use) Act and the Biological Control Act support NT work. A major review of the Plant Health Regulations 2011 was undertaken during 2020. The review effectively contemporised the regulations, and sought to clarify a number of regulations to remove potential ambiguities in their interpretation. 30 South Australia Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries and Regions SA (PIRSA) pir.sa.gov.au

Biosecurity SA, a division within PIRSA, develops and implements plant biosecurity policies, programs and procedures aimed at maintaining SA’s freedom from pests that could adversely impact trade, market access, public health, , the rural economy and the environment.

PIRSA prepares for and responds to a range of plant pests but, given SA’s freedom from fruit flies of economic significance, PIRSA has a major focus on operations to prevent their entry and establishment. Activities include a dedicated state-wide fruit fly trapping grid, static quarantine stations and random roadblocks, targeted awareness and education campaigns, regulatory arrangements for importers, and specific measures to effectively respond to and eradicate any fruit flies that are detected.

Currently the National Sterile Technology Facility in Port Augusta produces 20 million sterile Queensland fruit flies per week for supply to Lindsay Island and Cobram in VIC, and

Hillston in NSW, as well for eradication responses as required nationally, such as is in Perth. SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S

The South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) is the principal research institute and provides Biosecurity SA with plant diagnostic, pathology and entomology capacity and advice. CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER

SARDI also undertakes targeted research and development to reduce losses from plant diseases in the cereal, pulse, pasture, viticulture and horticulture industries. This includes delivery of plant health diagnostic services to state and national plant biosecurity authorities, growers and consultants.

The group collaborates closely with breeding companies, pre-breeding programs and the private sector to develop disease resistant plant varieties.

Plant biosecurity programs in SA are underpinned by the Plant Health Act 2009 and Plant Health Regulations 2009. In addition, the Plant Quarantine Standard for South Australia has been established under the act to identify the relevant conditions of entry for fruit, vegetables, plants, plant products, machinery and equipment of biosecurity concern.

Image caption 31 Tasmania Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (DPIPWE) dpipwe.tas.gov.au

DPIPWE’s Biosecurity Tasmania Division manages biosecurity policy and programs for plant pests. The Plant Biosecurity and Diagnostics Branch of the division supports and maintains the TAS biosecurity system in the development of plant biosecurity policy and the delivery of plant health diagnostic, market access, surveillance, and associated areas. It does this via programs across three areas: plant biosecurity policy and administration; plant health diagnostics (entomology); and plant health diagnostics (plant pathology). The branch also contains a market access unit in relation to plants and plant products, a plant biosecurity surveillance unit that manages the policy and smaller operational aspects of surveillance, and delivers on communication services specific to plant biosecurity.

The branch also provides diagnostic and control advice for plant pests and diseases in primary industry, horticulture and biosecurity situations. Plant Diagnostic Services, administered by the branch, provides state-wide laboratory services that supply a range of tests for plant pests and pathogens, using microbiological, molecular, ELISA and electron

AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S microscopy techniques on a wide range of plants and seeds for private industry, government research bodies and certification schemes.

The branch maintains and develops TAS’s capability to effectively respond to and recover

CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER from plant biosecurity emergencies, compiles and maintains official pest records to assist market access and trade, and leads the implementation of plant biosecurity risk analysis activities consistent with the Tasmanian Import Risk Analysis Framework.

The Biosecurity Operations Branch implements regulatory requirements with respect to the import of plants and plant products into TAS, and undertakes a range of surveys for plant pests, including Queensland and Mediterranean fruit fly.

TAS’s new biosecurity legislation, the Biosecurity Act 2019, received Royal Assent on 26 August 2019. Work is underway to implement the changes, which will be rolled out in a way that minimises the impact on businesses and the community.

Until those changes are made, the regulations made under the many separate pieces of legislation (including the Plant Quarantine Act 1997) that were previously used to manage biosecurity, will remain in place as the main compliance tools. This is until the provisions of the new act are proclaimed.

Full implementation will take three to four years and will involve consultation and ongoing participation between government, industry and community.

32 Image caption pests anddiseasesthatthreaten agriculturalindustries. surveillance andtrainingtoprevent theentry andestablishment ofexotic plant andapiary Agriculture Victoriainvests extensive resources into emergency preparedness planning, and serve onnationalcommittees andworking groups. review biosecurityplansfor industries,conduct pestriskanalyses andimportriskanalyses entomology, mycology, nematology, virology andbacteriology. Staff alsohelpdevelop and supports biosecurityby conducting research andproviding diagnosticservices intheareas of initiatives. Theresearch team,anditsassociatedCrop Health Services diagnosticbusiness, assistance withincursionresponses, market access programs andother biosecurity including expert technical advice onsuspectandexotic plant andapiarypests, Scientific anddiagnosticsupportisprovided by thestaffofAgriculture VictoriaResearch, quality assurance arrangements whichare subjecttoregular auditsandimprovement. Opportunities are provided underthelegislationfor producers andmarketers toadopt the Plant BiosecurityRegulations 2016andLivestock DiseaseControl Regulations 2017. the Plant BiosecurityAct 2010andLivestock DiseaseControl Act 1994 andimplemented by regional centres according totechnicalstandards andprotocols thatare underpinnedby The Plants, ChemicalsandInvasives UnitwithinBAS operatesfrom metropolitan and and policyrelating toplant andapiarypests. international obligations.They are alsotheleadfor preparedness andresponse activities and monitoringofpolicies,protocols andprocedures inaccordance withnationaland The ChiefPlant Health Officer Unit,withinBAS, isresponsible for thedevelopment, review environment, andmaintain access tolocalandoverseas markets. the impactofemergency plant andapiarypestincidents onproduction systems andthe amenity plant sectors.Activities are guidedby theBAS Strategy whichaimstominimise biosecurity andproduct integrity programs across theagriculture, horticulture, forest and Biosecurity andAgriculture Services (BAS) Branch,whichhastheresponsibility for delivering initiatives delivered. There are five brancheswithinAgriculture Victoria,includingthe Within DJPR, Agriculture Victoriaprovides aclearidentity totheagriculturalservices and agriculture.vic.gov.au Lead agency:Department ofJobs, Precincts andRegions (DJPR) Victoria • • • • surveillance andpreparedness activitiestostrengthen readiness for future incursions. purposes. Throughout 2020,WA responded toseveral biosecurityincidents andincreased ensure thesafety andqualityofagriculturalproducts andraisefundsfor biosecurityrelated diseases), control theuseofagriculturalandveterinary chemicals,establishstandards to to control theentry, establishment, spread andimpactofharmful (pests and manage thosethatare already present. Theactprovides for amodernbiosecuritysystem Act 2007,designedtoprevent declared pestsanddiseasesfrom entering thestateand Plant biosecurityinWA ismainlymanagedundertheBiosecurityandAgriculture Management of safe, sustainableandbiosecure agricultural andaquaticproducts. regulatory andmarket access focused, helpingWA tomaintain itsreputation asaproducer biosecurity, resource management, operationsandcompliance functions. Itislargely delivered undertheSustainabilityandBiosecurityorganisational pillar. Thisincludes development andimplementation ofplant biosecuritypolicies,programs andprocedures DPIRD istheleadagencyresponsible for plant biosecurityinWestern Australia(WA), with dpird.wa.gov.au Lead agency:Department ofPrimaryIndustriesandRegional Development (DPIRD) Western Australia •

biosecurity isashared responsibility. aimed atimproving community engagement inscience andbuildinganunderstandingthat and promoted theInternational Year ofPlant Health 2020. Theblitzisacitizen science project, fly were released from December 2019toJanuary2020. deployed, whichsupplemented baitspraying, theprimary eradicationtool.Sterile Queensland fruit An additional600surveillance lure traps,1,250biolure trapsand 13,000 baitandkilltrapswere 13,500 premises, withover 300personnel working ontheincident attheheight oftheresponse. on 26March 2020.Theresponse expanded tocover anarea of2,049 hectares andmore than 2,000 surveillance lure trapslocatedacross thePerth metropolitan area, triggeringanincident it was not eradicable. the state.Delimitingsurveillance activitywas undertaken and,whileitwas not widespread, of thestate. surveillance network was expanded toincludethewidergrainbeltofsouth-west district. WhenFAW was detected inthenortherngrainbeltoutsideofGeraldton, pheromone trapswere initiallyestablishedintheKimberley, PilbaraandGascoyne The annualWA BiosecurityBlitze ants, andvectors ofplant diseasessuchasthrips,leafhoppersandplant hoppers. winged sharpshooter, exotic fruitflies,Asiancitruspsyllid, brown marmoratedstinkbug,invasive in June2020.There were nodetections oftargeted pests,includingtomatopotato psyllid, glassy The Carnarvon Ar Queensland fruitflywas de Russian wheataphidw Fall arm yworm (FAW) was detected inthestateFebruary 2020.Anetwork of ea WideFreedom surveillance program oftrappingat100sitesconcluded as detected inAugust2020onproperties alongthesouthcoast of tected inDalkeith through DPIRD’s permanent gridofapproximately vent was conducted from 19Octoberto16November 2020

33 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM Non-government roles

PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA Table 3. Plant Health Australia members www.planthealthaustralia.com.au Industry members Australian Processing Tomato Almond Board of Australia Cotton Australia PHA is the national coordinator of the government–industry partnership for plant Research Council biosecurity in Australia. The not-for-profit company facilitates this partnership and drives action to improve policy, practice and performance of Australia’s plant biosecurity system Apple and Pear Australia Australian Sweetpotato Growers Dried Fruits Australia

and to build capability to respond to plant pest emergencies. PHA independently advocates Australian Growers' Australian Table Grape Association Grain Producers Australia on behalf of the national biosecurity system to benefit plant industries and the environment. Council Australian Growers' Australian Tea Tree Industry Greenlife Industry Australia* PHA’s efforts help to: Association Association Australian Forest Products Australian Growers' • minimise plant pest impacts GROWCOM Association Association • enhance Australia’s plant health status Australian Ginger Industry Australian Walnut Industry Growers of Australia Association Association

AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S • assist trade domestically and internationally • safeguard the livelihood of producers Australian Grape and Wine Inc AUSVEG Limited Onions Australia Australian Honey Bee Industry • support the sustainability and profitability of plant industries and the communities that Avocados Australia Passionfruit Australia rely on them Council

CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER Australian Growers' • preserve environmental health and amenity. CANEGROWERS Pistachio Growers' Association Association Canned Fruit Industry Council of and Blackberries Plant Health Australia members Australian Society Australia Australia PHA members comprise all major plant industry peak bodies that represent Australia’s Australian Mango Industry Ricegrowers' Association of Cherry Growers Australia growers and beekeepers, the Australian Government and all state and territory Association Australia governments, a total of 58, as at 31 December 2020. Table 3 gives a full list of industry, government and associate members. The honey bee industry is a member of PHA because Australian Melon Association Chestnuts Australia Strawberries Australia of the benefits that pollination brings to crop yield. Australian Association Citrus Australia Summerfruit Australia Government members Being a PHA member enables parties to stay up to date on plant biosecurity issues and to Australian Capital Territory collaborate on strengthening all aspects of the system. Membership also gives members Northern Territory Government Government the option of being a signatory to the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD, see Chapter 6). Commonwealth of Australia Queensland Government Victorian Government New South Wales Government South Australian Government Western Australian Government Through PHA, current and future needs of the plant biosecurity system can be mutually agreed upon, issues identified and solutions to problems found. Associate members AgNova Technologies Horticulture Innovation Australia Victorian Farmers' Federation PHA’s autonomy fosters an impartial approach to servicing member needs, allowing the Cotton Research and Northern Territory Farmers' Vinehealth Australia company to put the interests of the plant biosecurity system first, as well as supporting a Development Corporation Association long-term view. CSIRO Protected Cropping Australia Wine Australia

PHA’s main activities are funded from annual subscriptions paid by members. The number Grains Research and Development Sugar Research Australia of plant biosecurity partnerships are increasing over time, and the model is proving highly Corporation successful. *Formerly Nursery and Garden Industry Australia 34 simulations, andbiosecuritymanualstoinform growers. Examples ofsuchprojects include industryfundedbiosecurityoutreach officers, response non-subscription fundedprojects boost biosecuritypreparedness for particularindustries. members, groups ofmembersinpartnership,andnon-members.Oftenthese PHA isalsocommissioned toundertake many risk-mitigation projects by individual members. and other kindsof information onseriousexotic pests,whichisfrequently usedby PHA Document Database.Thisonline information resource holdspubliclyavailable factsheets surveillance protocols andprovides information onexotic pestsonthePest Information systems, diagnosticexpertise, targeted research, development andextension activities,and PHA alsoworks toensure thatthesystem issupportedwithassets suchasinformation Chapter 2andChapter 7. examples ofactivitiesthatPHAundertakes withandonbehalfofmembers.Seemore in Biosecurity plans,manualsfor producers andawareness raising extension services are implement agreed riskmitigationmeasures. strategies andplansthatimprove biosecuritystandards andby providing assistance to This isachieved inlarge partby supportingindustriesandgovernments todevelop biosecurity system by coordinating andassistingefforts toreduce therisksposedby pests. Beyond itscontribution toresponse arrangements, PHAsupportsthenationalplant PHA workswithmemberstomitigaterisksposedby pests (see Chapter 6). take whenever anEmergency Plant Pest (a new exotic pestofsignificance) isfound which sets outtheagreed approach thatgovernment andindustrystakeholders will its custodianshipandadministrationoftheEPPRD, anditsoperationalguidePLANTPLAN, arrangements for effective responses toincursions.PHAundertakes thisrole through Another central role for PHAistheestablishment offundingandmanagement PHA facilitatesandmanagesemergency responses toexotic plantpests annual plant biosecuritystatusreports are examples ofthiswork. The NationalPlant BiosecurityStrategy, biosecurityplansfor industriesandtheseriesof coordination andcollaboration, andtarget memberefforts andinvestment tobesteffect. that contribute togovernment andindustrypolicydevelopment, facilitateimproved national In closeconsultation withstakeholders, PHAformulates thestrategies,plansandreports foundation for long-term agricultural,economic andbiosecurityoutcomes for Australia. with amissionto deliver onpriorities for plant health,manage changeandprovide the Sarah Corcoran. Under herleadershipPHAisdeveloping anew five-year strategicplan, PHA entered 2020with59members,48EPPRDsignatories,35staff andnew CEO, 10 years. national plant biosecuritysystem capableofrising to theexpected challenges inthenext Biosecurity Strategy –thefirstnationalblueprint for buildingabetter, coordinated The next decadesawincreased EPPRDactivityandthelaunch oftheNationalPlant pest impactsthrough improved nationalresponse capability. In the2010s,PHAfocused onmitigatingrisksofpost-border biosecurity andreducing successful plant pesteradication ofKhaprabeetle inWA. with thefirstapplicationofEPPRDinnationallyfunded response and The firstdecadeofthemillenniumwas characterisedby toughconditions for producers, consistent emergency response planfor Emergency Plant Pests. signatories. Another milestonewas theproduction ofPLANTPLAN,thefirstnationally the AustralianGovernment, four stategovernments and12plant industrymembersas plant healthsystem basedonpartnerships.EPPRDratificationwas achieved in2005with and reduce thecost ofEmergency Plant Pests, andacrucialcomponent ofaworld-class Plant Pest Response Deed(EPPRD), amore effective andtransparent meanstomanage In thefollowing three years, PHAprogressed theratificationofworld-first Emergency subscriptions. industry membersthechoice ofusingalevy mechanismtomeet theiryearly membership The introduction ofthePlant Health Australia (Plant Industries) Funding Act 2002gave plant • • • • 2001 brought: and establishedoperatingprocedures. management, reviewed existing systems, structures andprograms, consulted members Under thefirstChair, Andrew Inglis,PHAidentified nationalprioritiesinplant health responsibility. partnership bringingtogether plant industrystakeholders toshare biosecurity (PHA) isthenationalplant biosecuritycoordinator ofthegovernment–industry internationally outstandingplant healthmanagement system, Plant Health Australia Established in2000,withalong-term goalofdeveloping andmaintaining an 20 years ofimproving nationalbiosecurity system the launchofAustralianPlant P a new w projects tor consolidation ofpastw ebsite esolve gapsandimprove coordination andconsistency ofthenational ork est Database(APPD) with46,000pestrecords.

35 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM PEAK PLANT INDUSTRY BODIES PRIVATE SECTOR Australia’s farmers have peak representative bodies that act on their behalf on a range of The private sector makes a large contribution to the plant biosecurity system. activities of collective importance, including biosecurity. Plant producers and beekeepers have a responsibility to protect their enterprises and those of Most plant industry peak bodies represent producers of one crop, such as avocados, or a others in their region and industry from new pests and weeds by using on-farm biosecurity group of similar crops such as vegetables. In addition to broadacre farmers and horticulture measures and resources (see Chapter 7). producers, industry peak bodies represent truffle growers, foresters and beekeepers (due to the importance of honey bees as pollinators for many crops), and most of these peak bodies Trade, transport and logistics companies include importers (commercial and non- commercial), are members of PHA (see Table 3). customs brokers, freight forwarders and agents, integrated logistic suppliers, vessel and port operators. They are required to follow strict guidelines to ensure exotic pests do not enter Industry bodies consider biosecurity to be important because it underpins the sustainability Australia on plant products or on cargo, and do not move around Australia. of their industry. New plant pests can make production more expensive due to increased use of pesticides, greater labour costs or additional procedures. Pests can lower yields, reduce Private consultants and advisers provide extensive plant biosecurity advice across a range quality or cause damage to stored produce. In some cases, these factors mean it is no longer of crop types, and in most key production areas. Commercial agronomists also provide local viable to grow a particular crop in a region. Pests can also cause loss of access to markets so services through the major distribution chains. They are backed by national technical networks that some growers have fewer market options to sell their crops. which provide a comprehensive suite of services to agricultural industries.

As a result of these potential biosecurity threats to sustainability, Australia’s peak industry Australian societies and associations have members that include scientific professionals who AUSTRALIA'S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S bodies are proactive about biosecurity risk mitigation. Most have joined PHA to be a part of are linked with plant biosecurity. These organisations contribute to the development the plant biosecurity partnership, which ensures that they are kept up to date on biosecurity of Australia’s plant biosecurity system through a range of activities including: and can contribute to strengthening the plant biosecurity system. The majority (38 of 39 • peer reviews and publication of research findings industry members) of PHA’s plant industry members are also signatories to the EPPRD.

CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER Importantly, plant industry bodies represent growers in an incursion, which can be a • provision of pest, disease and weed notes significant commitment. They also contribute to scientific advisory panels when information • scientific reviews is needed to make decisions in emergency responses. More information about the role of • convening forums to share plant biosecurity research industries during incursions is in Chapter 6. • independent comment and input into the development and implementation of plant Plant industry peak bodies also: biosecurity policy and the development of international phytosanitary standards • encouraging professionalism amongst plant scientists and technicians. • work with government departments to negotiate international market access Key associations include the Australasian Plant Pathology Society, the Australian Society for • take part in government consultation events Microbiology, the Australian Entomological Society, the Australian Society of Agronomy, the • communicate with growers about the need for on-farm biosecurity and other biosecurity Ag Institute of Australia and the Council of Australian Weed Societies. risk mitigation activities • work with government departments on pest surveillance activities • develop information on exotic pests, often in collaboration with the relevant state or territory department of agriculture or PHA. Levies or funding mechanisms at regional, state or national levels are increasingly being used to fund specific plant biosecurity preparedness activities that benefit the industry, such as research and development projects or industry outreach programs. Other initiatives may include the funding of surveillance activities for early detection of high-risk pests or the development of contingency plans to facilitate the preparation of a response plan in the event of an incursion.

Peak industry bodies have contributed to industry profiles in Chapter 3 of this report.

36 RESEARCH FUNDERS AND PROVIDERS Research funders and scientists ensure that scientific research, development and extension (RD&E) activities provide answers to pest problems faced by Australian producers.

Researchers have a responsibility to protect Australia from biosecurity risks and are required to report any findings of biosecurity concern, such as finding new variants or species of pests in the course of their work.

They also have a responsibility to protect Australia’s plant resources through safe biosecurity practices when conducting research, particularly when doing field work.

Research activities are carried out by university, government and industry researchers, and are often funded through cooperative funding organisations like research and development corporations (RDCs) and the Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative (PBRI), a joint initiative of the seven plant-based RDCs, PHA and the DAWE. Research includes methods to identify pests (diagnostics), effective management techniques and work to breed resistant crop varieties. More on plant biosecurity RD&E is in Chapter 8.

THE COMMUNITY SYSTEM BIOSECURITY PLANT AUSTRALIA'S The community includes the general Australian public and others such as local governments, landholders, travellers returning from overseas, tourists, home gardeners and anyone moving goods into or around the country or visiting rural areas. CHAPTER 1: 1: CHAPTER Primarily, community members have post-border biosecurity responsibilities, although people returning from overseas and those importing goods from overseas must abide by international border restrictions to prevent incursions of exotic pests. The roles of community in preserving the integrity of Australia’s plant biosecurity status are explained in Chapter 7.

Image caption 37

Chapter 2 Protecting Australia's plant resources Protecting Australia's plant resources

The damage to plants caused by pests varies from species to species, but it can be significant. It is estimated that every year between 20 and 40 per cent of crops are lost to plant pests and weeds globally.23

Some invasive exotic pest species also have the potential to cause permanent damage to native plants in our unique natural ecosystems. Others can reduce the social value of public amenities such as parks and gardens.

Identifying exotic pest threats, the ways in which they might enter Australia, and prioritising them according to their potential impact, allows the most serious risks to be targeted.

Biosecurity activities such as surveillance, pathway analysis, border screening, inspection and planning can help increase the chance of detecting, identifying, containing and successfully eradicating pests should they arrive. This chapter describes the priority pest threats to the major plant production industries and to the environment, as well as PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING describing the biosecurity and risk mitigation planning activities. CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER

Tomato potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) nymph. Image courtesy of Pia Scanlon, WA DPIRD

40 23 Savery S. Ficke A, Aubertot J-N and Hollier C (2012). Crop losses due to diseases and their implications for global food production losses and food security. Food Security, 4(4):519-537 National priority pests

NATIONAL PRIORITY PLANT PESTS Table 4. Australia’s National Priority Plant Pests

24 The list of National Priority Plant Pests developed by the Department of Agriculture, National priority plant pests (2019) Water and the Environment (DAWE) includes Australia’s most serious exotic plant pest 1 Xylella fastidiosa and exotic vectors 22 Panama disease tropical race 4 threats. The National Priority Plant Pests shown in Table 4 were reviewed by the Cyst nematodes of cereals Plant Health Committee and endorsed in August 2019, with the top ten shown in Table 5. 2 Khapra beetle 23 (exotic species) To be considered a national priority: 3 Spotted wing drosophila 24 Plum pox Exotic, economic fruit fly • a pest must: 4 25 Exotic drywood termites (lure and non-lure responsive)  be injurious to plants, plant products, bees or impact social amenity Wheat stem sawfly  5 Karnal bunt 26 be exotic to Australia, or have limited distribution and be under official control (exotic species)  have potential to cause significant negative impact on national economies, the Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus 6 27 Barley stripe rust (exotic strains) environment or community (and other strains) complex  have potential to enter, establish and spread in Australia 7 Exotic invasive ants 28 ( spp.) • there must be a clear benefit from, or requirement for, nationally coordinated action or RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING 8 Gypsy moths 29 Exotic subterranean termites approach. The National Priority Plant Pests enable decision makers to focus biosecurity activities to 9 Brown marmorated stink bug 30 Phytoplasmas 16Srl group achieve higher returns on investments in risk management, facilitating an integrated and Internal and external mites of bees 10 31 Armyworm (exotic species) harmonised approach to prevent and prepare for incursions of priority pests. (Apis spp.) 2: CHAPTER 11 Guava (Eucalyptus) rust (exotic strains) 32 Exotic Tobamovirus Potential areas to focus national investment include: Bursaphelenchus spp. and exotic 12 Exotic invasive snails 33 • national pre-border or border measures to reduce the likelihood of entry sawyer beetle vectors Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum Exotic longhorn beetles • controls on the movement of plant products that can carry regionalised pests interstate 13 34 complex (Anoplophora spp.) • surveillance for early warning of the presence of pests, area freedom from pests and Airborne Phytophthora spp. delimiting the extent of an incursion 14 35 Grape phylloxera (sudden oak death) • diagnostics, surveillance and incursion responses Exotic stem borers of sugarcane 15 Ug99 wheat stem rust 36 • contingency planning, which may highlight areas for improvement such as: and cereals (Chilo spp.)  tracing the origin and spread of pests 16 Citrus canker 37 Potato late blight (exotic strains)  developing mapping systems 17 Exotic bees (Apis spp.) 38 Pine canker  breeding new plant varieties 18 Fire blight 39 Grapevine leaf rust  negotiating access to markets 19 Potato cyst nematode (exotic strains) 40 Exotic Begomovirus and vectors  training to improve preparedness  identification of pesticides for use in incursions 20 Leaf miners (exotic species) 41 Dutch elm disease  identifying possible biological control agents 21 Texas root rot 42 Banana phytoplasma diseases  identifying R,D&E needs For more information on National Priority Plant Pests go to  gaps in the regulatory system. www.agriculture.gov.au/pests-diseases-weeds/plant

24 Plant pests and diseases, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (2019). Accessed online 10 March 2021 www.agriculture.gov.au/ 41 pests-diseases-weeds/plant Table 5. The top 10 National Priority Plant Pests

1. Xylella fastidiosa and exotic vectors 6. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (and other strains) complex Xylella fastidiosa is a bacteria that could devastate horticultural Huanglongbing is a disease caused by Candidatus Liberibacter crops, native flora and gardens as hundreds of native, asiaticus and was previously known as citrus greening disease. commercial and ornamental plant species are susceptible. One of the worst diseases of citrus trees worldwide, it spreads There is no treatment and no documented example of it ever through the tree canopy, causing decline and then death of the being eradicated once it has become established. It could enter tree. There is no cure – the only way to stop the disease is to Australia with illegally introduced plant material or with infected Pat Barkley destroy all infected trees. Christine Horlock, QDAF sap sucking insects that can hitch a ride to Australia. 7. Exotic invasive ants 2. Khapra beetle Invasive (tramp) ants are a diverse group of aggressive, invasive Khapra beetle is a pest of stored grain that would have a major ant species that can rapidly establish and spread if introduced. impact on the grains industry if it were to establish in Australia, Several species of invasive ants are amongst the most serious threatening access to export markets. The beetle is small but global invasive pests. Australia’s environmental, economic, and tough: larvae can survive in a dormant state for up to two years social wellbeing are threatened by these ants, some of which with very little food. It could arrive in cargo, machinery, food or Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural have already been introduced and are now established in mail items, or be brought in by travellers in personal effects. Research Service, Bugwood.org Australia. Pest and Diseases Image Library, Once here, it could spread easily via the movement of seed, Bugwood.org straw, stored grain, cargo, containers or machinery. 8. Gypsy moths

PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING 3. Spotted wing drosophila Gypsy moths (Lymantria spp.) are destructive pests of forests and horticulture. They pose a high biosecurity risk to Australia Spotted wing drosophila (SWD, Drosophila suzukii) is a major because of their tendency to hitchhike and their high horticultural pest affecting many crops particularly soft-skinned reproductive rate. If gypsy moths became established, they fruit. SWD attacks healthy ripening fruit as well as damaged fruit, E.Bradford Walker, Vermont would be extremely difficult and expensive to manage, partly reducing crop yields and impacting upon fruit quality. If introduced Department of Forests, Parks and CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER Recreation, Bugwood.org because of their broad host range. into Australia, SWD is likely to spread rapidly, primarily through John Davis the human movement of infested produce. 9. Brown marmorated stink bug 4. Exotic, economic fruit fly (lure and non-lure responsive) Brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) poses a high biosecurity risk because it affects a very wide range of Exotic fruit flies are one the world’s most destructive group of horticulture and other crops and could also impact native and horticultural pests and put at risk more than 300 types of fruit amenity plants. If it established in Australia it would be and vegetables. While Australia already has some fruit flies, extremely difficult and expensive to manage and have a broad other exotic species such as oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera impact on the community. The ability of this stink bug to lie dorsalis, pictured left) are kept out by ongoing biosecurity Steven Valley, Oregon Department dormant and spread hidden in cargo has enabled it to make its measures. of Agriculture, Bugwood.org way to new regions of the world and spread rapidly. 10. Internal and external mites of bees (Apis spp.) 5. Karnal bunt Mites of bees such as Varroa (Varroa destructor) would Karnal bunt is a disease caused by the indica, a pose a serious threat to bees, reducing the numbers of highly invasive exotic grain pest which threatens Australia’s unmanaged European honey bees and the pollination services wheat industry by its potential heavy impact on the quality and they provide by 90 to 100 per cent if it established in Australia. ability to sell infected crops. If introduced, Karnal bunt would be Other exotic mites like tracheal mite (Acarapsi woodi) and Pat Barkley almost impossible to eradicate as its spores can persist in Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Tropilaelaps mite (Tropilaelaps spp.) would also seriously impact FAO for up to four years. Research Service, Bugwood.org the honey bee and honey bee reliant plant industries.

42 NATIONAL ACTION PLANS The DAWE is developing national action plans for the National Priority Plant Pests. The plans identify what's needed to prepare for these pests if they enter Australia. The national action plans are ‘living’ documents to be regularly reviewed. Once finalised, Improving preparedness for spotted wing drosophila the plans will be available on the DAWE website. Spotted wing drosophila (SWD, Drosophila suzukii) is an exotic pest whose To date, two plans have been finalised: geographical distribution and economic impact overseas has increased significantly in recent years. The National Invasive Ant Biosecurity Plan 2018–2825 provides a nationally agreed approach to enhance Australia’s capacity to manage the ongoing threat of invasive ants In Australia, SWD has a wide potential host range and is listed as a National Priority establishing in Australia and the impacts caused by those species already established. Plant Pest and a High Priority Pest of pome fruit, , blueberries, cherries, dried fruit, summerfruit, table grapes and wine grapes. Unlike most Drosophila The National Xylella Action Plan 2019–2926 provides a nationally agreed approach to species, the females can infest ripening fruit before harvest, impacting fruit quality, enhance Australia’s capacity to prevent the introduction of Xylella (and exotic vectors), and production and market access. to improve detection and the ability to respond to an incursion should it enter Australia. To prepare for a possible incursion in Australia, a review of potential entry NATIONAL PRIORITY LIST OF EXOTIC ENVIRONMENTAL PESTS, pathways, establishment potential, impact, surveillance techniques and control WEEDS AND DISEASES measures was done. Funded by Hort Innovation and conducted by PHA, Cesar Australia and Plant and Food Research New Zealand, the review looked at In November 2020, DAWE released the National Priority List of Exotic Environmental Pests, management practices and impacts overseas, to help prepare management plans RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING 27 Weeds and Diseases (EEPL) after it was endorsed by the National Biosecurity Committee. and assess whether emergency permits for chemicals can be put in place. The assessment of pathways and establishment potential indicated that regions The EEPL identifies exotic pests, weeds and diseases that pose the highest risk to our across southern Australia, much of eastern Australia and southern WA have environment, public spaces, heritage and way of life. The list will be used to prioritise and climates that would support populations and enable their rapid spread. enable activities that help prevent their entry, establishment and spread. 2: CHAPTER Another part of the same project was the development and implementation of a Development of the list was led by the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource cross commodity contingency plan, including a communication and awareness Economics and Sciences through an extensive national multi-stage expert elucidation and program for affected industries. A preparedness guide and a preparedness plan to public consultation process. help determine how to initially respond to a detection in Australia, along with a collection of educational and outreach resources, were also developed and are The EEPL identifies 168 exotic pests, weeds and diseases spread across eight thematic available in a downloadable SWD extension pack. The resources are available from groups: aquatic animal diseases, freshwater invertebrates, marine pests, native animal horticulture.com.au/growers/help-your-business-grow/research-reports- diseases, plant pathogens, terrestrial invertebrates, vertebrates, and weeds and freshwater publications-fact-sheets-and-more/mt17005 algae. A subset of 42 species that pose the greatest risk to Australia’s environmental biosecurity includes five or six high-risk species from each of the eight thematic groups.

There are a number of species that are also found on the list of National Priority Plant Pests, such as gypsy moths, invasive ants and Xylella. Many of the species found on both lists have common pathways (e.g. hitch-hiker pests), controls, or similar host species, including where the natural environment may provide a reservoir of production pests, or vice versa. (Continued page 44)

25 Environment and Invasives Committee (2019). National Invasive Ant Biosecurity Plan 2018–28. Accessed online 12 February 2020 www.environment. gov.au/system/files/resources/cd1170d3-7e62-4340-b0d1- c366e495e238/files/invasive-ant-biosecurity-2019.pdf

26 Plant Health Committee (2019). National Xylella Action Plan 2019–29. Accessed online 12 February 2020 www.agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/files/ documents/National-Thursday-Action-Plan-2019-2029.pdf

27 Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. The National Priority List of Exotic Environmental Pests, Weeds and Diseases. Accessed online Spotted wing drosophila female (left) and male (right). Image courtesy of Dr Elia Pirtle, Cesar Australia 11 June 2021 https://www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/environmental/priority-list 43 (Continued from page 43)

Defending against a new pest, fall armyworm The EEPL should not be considered as an exhaustive list of exotic environmental pests, weeds or diseases. This is due in part to there being some gaps in information and data on Since it was first detected in northern parts of QLD, NT and WA in February the potential risks or impacts of a species, both in their native environment and their 2020, fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) has established in these locations estimated impact in Australia. Information gaps are compounded when estimating impacts and moved into parts of southern Australia. in Australia due to the uniqueness of our native flora and fauna.

As a new pest, little was known about fall armyworm, with a heavy reliance on The Chief Environmental Biosecurity Officer is the custodian of the EEPL, and will administer information and experience available from overseas. In unmanaged situations its use and manage reviews, with oversight provided by the Environment and Invasives overseas, fall armyworm has been known to decimate crops, specifically maize, Committee. Reviews and amendments to the list will involve consultation with Plant Health sweetcorn and sorghum, and has been observed on 350 different plant species Committee as required. with crops from 11 local industries potentially at risk. An implementation plan for the EEPL is currently being developed in consultation with This threat prompted concerted efforts to research its likely effects in Australia government, community and industry stakeholders and is expected to be endorsed in the and develop resources to guide management of the pest. Throughout 2020, first half of 2021. More information on the EEPL implementation plan is on page 63. PHA sourced and collated international knowledge of the pest to produce a new fall armyworm continuity guide and record a series of podcasts to help industry PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING manage the invasive species.

The podcast series, funded by Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative (PBRI) members and PHA, features growers, agronomists and leading Australian researchers

CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER sharing their experiences and delves into the biology and behaviour of the pest. The podcasts are available on pbri.com.au

To bolster local information, identify gaps in our understanding of how fall armyworm will behave in Australia and how best to manage it, a National Fall Armyworm Forum was convened. Led by PHA, and supported by the Australian Government, the forum comprising representatives from government, industry and research sectors, assisted with the development of a national management plan.

The Fall Armyworm Continuity Plan for the Australian Grains Industry – a Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) investment initiative led by Cesar Australia with project partners PHA, Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International, and the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries – is a reference guide on the pest and provides a basis for designing area wide management plans, crop specific management manuals and strategies to avoid chemical resistance. The guide is available from planthealthaustralia.com.au/ fall-armyworm

Head lateral view of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Image courtesy of Pia Scanlon, WA DPIRD

44 Plant industry biosecurity preparedness

There are a number of ways that industries and governments can prepare for and reduce The exotic pests that pose the greatest risk with the the risks posed by exotic pests. Developing a biosecurity plan enables governments and largest potential economic impact are deemed to be High industries to identify the exotic pests that pose the greatest risk to a specific industry, and Priority Pests. Table 7 lists all of the High Priority Pests the activities that will help to mitigate the risks associated with the pests. identified in the 35 industry specific biosecurity plans developed by PHA. The same pests are also listed in the Developing a contingency plan is another aspect of preparedness, as they identify the plant industry profiles throughout Chapter 3. information needed during a response to an exotic pest incursion. Unlike the National Priority Plant Pests (page 41), which BIOSECURITY PLANNING FOR PLANT INDUSTRIES are determined by the Australian Government and consider One of the first steps to reduce the biosecurity risks to an industry is to develop a risks posed by a pest across multiple industries at a biosecurity plan for the crop(s) produced. Each of PHA’s industry members has developed national level, High Priority Pests are industry specific a biosecurity plan in partnership with governments, and they are listed in Table 6. pests. More information about risk assessment to Biosecurity planning is a requirement for Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed signatories, determine High Priority Pests is available from and plans are generally funded by a research and development corporation (RDC) or plant planthealthaustralia.com.au/biosecurity/risk-mitigation/ industry peak body. risk-assessment Having identified the pests that pose the greatest risk, the The first step in developing a biosecurity plan is to identify and prioritise exotic pests. RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Experts from industry and government are brought together to form a Technical Expert next step is to develop and agree on effective biosecurity Group who assess the likelihood of entry, establishment and spread of each pest, as well measures to protect against them. This involves the as the economic impact if it established in Australia. industry, governments, the relevant RDC(s) and PHA working in partnership with each other. Agreed risk mitigation activities are aligned to overarching strategies 2: CHAPTER in the National Plant Biosecurity Strategy and the Table 6. Current biosecurity plans covering Australia's plant industries Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity.

Biosecurity plans Each biosecurity plan is endorsed by the peak industry Apple and Pear BP (Version 3.0) Honey bee IBP (Version 1.1) Rice IBP (Version 3.0) body and by all Australian governments through the Plant Health Committee. This means that key stakeholders in the plant biosecurity system have agreed on the priorities and risk BP (Version 3.0) Lychee IBP (Version 1.0) Sugarcane IBP (Version 3.0) mitigation efforts to protect that industry. Since 2017, a Biosecurity Reference Panel of Banana BP (Version 3.2) Mango BP (Version 3.1) Summerfruit BP (Version 2.2) government and industry experts has been appointed to review and prioritise the activities BP (Version 1.0) Melon IBP (Version 2.0) Sweetpotato BP (Version 1.1) in individual plans on an annual basis.

Blueberry BP (Version 1.0) Nursery IBP (Version 3.0) Tea Tree BP (Version 1.2) This ensures that by the end of a plan’s timeframe activities have been completed, providing Cherry BP (Version 3.1) Olive BP (Version 2.0) Tomato BP (Version 1.0) a significant boost in biosecurity preparedness. Biosecurity plans undergo formal reviews Citrus BP (Version 3.0) Onion BP (Version 3.1) Tree BP (Version 3.0) every four to five years to ensure they remain up-to-date, taking into consideration new research, incursions overseas and changes to potential entry pathways. Coffee BP (Version 1.0) Papaya IBP (Version 1.0) Truffle BP (Version 1.0) Cotton BP (Version 3.2) Passionfruit IBP (Version 1.0) Vegetable BP (Version 3.1) In 2020, a new biosecurity plan was produced for the berry sector (rubus and strawberries), and revised biosecurity plans produced for the avocado, ginger and melon industries. Cut flower BP (Version 1.0) Pineapple BP (Version 2.0) Viticulture BP (Version 3.1) Ginger BP (Version 2.2) Plantation forest IBP (Version 2.0) Growers too can support Australia’s biosecurity status by planning and implementing Grains IBP (Version 3.0) Potato BP (Version 3.1) biosecurity practices to protect their crops from established and exotic pests. See on-farm biosecurity and biosecurity manuals for producers in Chapter 7.

45 Table 7. High Priority Pest threats

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Abaca bunchy top virus (Babuvirus) Abaca bunchy top Banana Acanthocoris scabrator Squash bug Mango Acarapis woodi Tracheal mite Honey bee Achatina achatina Giant African snail, giant Ghana snail Sweetpotato, Vegetable Acute bee paralysis virus (Cripavirus) Acute bee paralysis virus, ABPV Honey bee

Agrotis segetum Turnip moth, cutworm, black cutworm Sweetpotato

Aleurocanthus woglumi Citrus blackfly Mango

Aleurolobus barodensis Sugarcane whitefly Sugarcane

Alternaria humicola Leaf spot Vegetable Amritodus atkinsoni Mango leafhopper Mango

Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm Nut

PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Anastrepha ludens Mexican fruit fly Citrus, Summerfruit

Anastrepha obliqua West Indian fruit fly Mango Anastrepha serpentina Sapodilla fruit fly, sapote fruit fly Summerfruit

CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER Anastrepha striata Guava fruit fly Summerfruit Anisogramma anomala Eastern filbert blight, hazelnut blight Nut, Truffle Anthonomus grandis Boll weevil Cotton

Anthonomus grandis Black bean aphid Potato, Vegetable

Cotton, Potato and Aphis gossypii (exotic strains) Cotton aphid Production Nursery Apis cerana (exotic strains, Asian honey bee Honey bee genotypes and sub-species) Apis mellifera capensis Cape honey bee Honey bee Apis mellifera scutellata African honey bee Honey bee Apis mellifera scutellata (hybrid) Africanised honey bee Honey bee

Argyrotaenia citrana Orange tortrix Viticulture

Aristobia testudo Lychee longicorn beetle Lychee Arthuriomyces peckianus Orange rust (long-cycled) Rubus Ascochyta rabiei (MAT1-1) Ascochyta blight Grains Aspidiella hartii Yam scale Ginger Aulacophora foveicollis Red pumpkin beetle Vegetable Image courtesy of Raspberries and Blackberries Australia 46 Table 7. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of

Cutflower, Plantation Bactrocera zonata Peach fruit fly Mango sensu lato (exotic variants) Myrtle rust, guava rust, forest, Production Banana bunchy top virus (Babuvirus) (Asian (syn. Puccinia psidii) eucalyptus rust Bunchy top Banana nursery, Tea tree subgroup) Bactericera cockerelli* Tomato potato psyllid Tomato Barley mild mosaic virus (Bymovirus) Barley mild mosaic virus Grains Bactrocera albistrigata White striped fruit fly Mango Lateral-banded mango Batocera rubus Mango longhorn Avocado, Citrus, Mango, Papaya, Batocera rufomaculata Red-spotted longhorn beetle Mango Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly Passionfruit, Tomato, Bean common mosaic virus (Potyvirus), peanut Vegetable Bean common mosaic virus Grains stripe strain Bactrocera correcta Guava fruit fly Mango Belonolaimus longicaudatus Sting nematode Sweetpotato Bactrocera curvipennis Banana fruit fly Mango Bemisia tabaci (types Asia 1, China 1, China 2, Asia Melon, Production Apple and Pear, II (1-8), Italy, Sub-Saharan Africa (1-4), Uganda, Silverleaf whitefly nursery, Tomato, Avocado, Banana, New World, Mediterranean, Middle East-Asia Vegetable Cherry, Citrus, Coffee, Minor 2, Indian Ocean) Bactrocera dorsalis

Oriental fruit fly Lychee, Mango, RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING (syn. B. invadens, B. papayae, B. philippinensis) Botrytis squamosa Leaf blight Onion Papaya, Passionfruit, Summerfruit, Tomato, Burkholderia caryophylli (syn. Pseudomonas Bacterial wilt of carnation Cutflower Vegetable, Viticulture caryophylli)

Tropical fruit fly, Tongan fruit Avocado, Mango, 2: CHAPTER Bactrocera facialis Pinewood nematode species fly Passionfruit, Tomato Bursaphelenchus spp. including B. xylophilus Plantation forest complex Avocado, Citrus, Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly Mango, Passionfruit Cacoecimorpha pronubana Carnation tortrix Cutflower Avocado, Mango, Bactrocera kirki Fijian fruit fly Passionfruit Caliothrips fasciatus Bean Citrus Avocado, Mango, Calonectria brassicae (syn. C. gracile) No common name Tea tree Bactrocera melanotus Fruit fly Passionfruit Blight, leaf spot, cutting and Calonectria pteridis Tea tree Bactrocera occipitalis Fruit fly Citrus, Mango root rot Bactrocera oleae Olive fly Olive Candidatus Liberibacter africanus Huanglongbing (African strain) Citrus Avocado, Mango, Bactrocera passiflorae Fijian fruit fly Papaya, Passionfruit, Huanglongbing (American Candidatus Liberibacter americanus Citrus Vegetable strain) Bactrocera psidii South Sea guava fruit fly Mango, Passionfruit Citrus, Production Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Huanglongbing (Asian strain) Bactrocera trilineola Vanuatu fruit fly Mango nursery Citrus, Mango, Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (syn. Potato, Tomato, Bactrocera trivialis New Guinea fruit fly Zebra chip Vegetable Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous) Vegetable

Bactrocera tuberculata Fruit fly Mango Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Bois noir Viticulture Avocado, Mango, Peach fruit moth, small peach Bactrocera xanthodes Pacific fruit fly Carposina sasakii Apple and Pear Passionfruit fruit borer

47 PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER

Dorsal view of female banana lace-wing bug (Stephanitis typica). Image courtesy of Pia Scanlon, WA DPIRD 48 Table 7. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Citrus tristeza virus (Closterovirus) (mandarin Cephus cinctus Wheat stem sawfly Grains Mandarin stem pitting Citrus stem-pitting strain) Cephus pygmeus European wheat stem sawfly Grains Cladosporium allii (syn. Heterosporium allii, Leaf spot Onion Ceratitis rosa Natal fruit fly Viticulture Cladosporium allii-cepae, Mycosphaerella allii)

Mango sudden decline Ceratocystis fimbriata sensu lato Coffee, Mango Colletotrichum higginsianum Anthracnose Vegetable syndrome, ceratocystis blight

Mango sudden decline Colletotrichum kahawae subsp. kahawai Ceratocystis manginecans Mango Coffee berry disease Coffee syndrome (Colletotrichum coffeanum)

Ceratovacuna lanigera Sugarcane woolly aphid Sugarcane Lentil anthracnose, soybean Colletotrichum lentis (lentil strain) Vegetable Cercosporella rubi Rosette Rubus anthracnose Ceutorhynchus assimilis Cabbage seedpod weevil Grains Colletotrichum truncatum (lentil strain) Lentil anthracnose Grains Ceutorhynchus napi Rape stem weevil Grains Conopomorpha sinensis Lychee fruit borer Lychee Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus Cabbage stem weevil Grains Conotrachelus aguacatae Small avocado seed weevil Avocado PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Cherry leaf roll virus (Nepovirus) (exotic strains) Blackline Rubus Conotrachelus perseae Small seed weevil Avocado Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (Mastrevirus) (syn. Formosan subterranean Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus Grains Coptotermes formosanus Plantation forest Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (Geminivirus) termite Coptotermes gestroi Asian subterranean termite Plantation forest Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus (Polerovirus) Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus Grains 2: CHAPTER Cotinis mutabilis Fig beetle Pineapple Chilo auricilius Sugarcane internode borer Sugarcane Cotton leaf curl virus complex (Begomovirus) Cotton leaf curl disease Cotton Chilo infuscatellus Yellow top borer of sugarcane Sugarcane Cotton leafroll dwarf virus (Polerovirus) Cotton blue disease Cotton

Chilo orichalcociliellus Coastal stem borer Grains Croesia curvalana Blueberry leaftier Blueberry Chilo partellus Spotted stem borer Grains Cryphonectria parasitica* Chestnut blight Nut Chilo sacchariphagus Sugarcane internode borer Sugarcane Cryptosporella umbrina Brown rose canker Cutflower

Chilo terrenellus Sugarcane stem borer Sugarcane Ctenopseustis herana Brown headed leafroller Avocado

Chilo tumidicostalis Spotted sugarcane stem borer Sugarcane Ctenopseustis obliquana Brown headed leafroller Avocado inopinata (syn. inopinata) Manchurian fruit moth Apple and Pear Chinavia hilaris (syn. C. hilare, C. halaris, Acrosternum Green stink bug Nut Cylindrocopturus adspersus Sunflower stem weevil Grains hilare, A. hilaris, Nezara hilaris, Pentatoma hilaris) Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Grapevine phylloxera Viticulture transversa Mango shoot borer Mango Dasineura amaramanjarae Mango gall midge Mango Chromatomyia horticola Pea leafminer Cutflower Chrysoporthe austroafricana Eucalyptus canker disease Plantation forest Dasineura mali Apple leaf curling midge Apple and Pear

Citripestis sagittiferella Citrus fruit borer Citrus Deanolis sublimbalis (syn. Noorda albizonalis) Red banded mango caterpillar Mango Citrus leprosis virus (Cilevirus) Citrus leprosis disease Citrus Deformed wing virus (Iflavirus) Deformed wing virus Honey bee

49 Table 7. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of

Delia antiqua Onion fly Onion, Vegetable americanus Poinsettia thrips Production nursery

Delia floralis Summer cabbage fly Vegetable Elasmopalpus lignosellus Lesser corn stalk borer Sweetpotato

Delia florilega Bean fly Onion, Vegetable Eldana saccharina African sugarcane stalkborer Sugarcane

Dendroctonus ponderosae Mountain pine beetle Plantation forest Elsinoë perseae (syn. Sphaceloma perseae) Avocado scab Avocado

Dendroctonus valens Red beetle Plantation forest Endocronartium harknessii Western gall rust Plantation forest

South African carnation tortrix, Diabrotica barberi Northern corn root worm Grains Cutflower South African carnation miner Diabrotica undecimpunctata Southern corn root worm Grains Ericaphis fimbriata Blueberry aphid Blueberry (with blueberry scorch carlavirus) Diabrotica virgifera Western corn root worm Grains Erionota thrax Banana skipper butterfly Banana Citrus, Production Diaphorina citri Asian citrus psyllid nursery Erwinia amylovora Fire blight Apple and Pear

PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Diaporthe helianthi (syn. Phomopsis helianthi) Sunflower stem canker Grains Erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae Bacterial gall Cutflower

Citrus weevil, West Indian Erwinia papayae Bacterial crown rot Papaya Diaprepes abbreviatus weevil, sugarcane rootstalk Sweetpotato borer Erwinia spp. Mushy canker Papaya CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER Dickeya dianthicola (syn. Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. Erwinia tracheiphila Cucurbit bacterial wilt Melon Slow wilt Cutflower dianthicola) Eumerus strigatus Lesser bulb fly Vegetable Dickeya spp. (onion infecting exotic pathovars) Bacterial soft rot Onion Sugarcane leafhopper ( (syn. Erwinia chrysanthemi) Eumetopina flavipes Sugarcane of Ramu stunt disease) Dickeya spp. (pineapple infecting strains) (syn. Bacterial fruit collapse, Pineapple Eurygaster integriceps Sunn pest Grains Erwinia chrysanthemi) bacterial heart rot West Indian sweetpotato Euscepes postfasciatus (syn. Euscepes batatae) Sweetpotato Ditylenchus destructor Potato tuber nematode Sweetpotato weevil Diuraphis noxia* Russian wheat aphid Grains Euschistus conspersus Consperse stink bug Rubus Apple and Pear, Eutetranychus banksi Texas citrus mite Coffee Blueberry, Cherry, Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila Rubus, Summerfruit, Frankliniella bispinosa Florida flower thrips Citrus Viticulture

Dryocosmus kuriphilus Oriental chestnut gall wasp Nut Frankliniella intonsa Flower thrips Cutflower, Tomato

Dysaphis plantaginea Rosy apple aphid Apple and Pear Frankliniella invasor Thrips Banana Dysdercus spp. (including D. honestus, D. maurus, Frankliniella tritici Eastern flower thrips Cutflower Cotton stainer Cotton D. suturellus (American species)) Fusarium circinatum Pitch canker Plantation forest Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Grey pineapple mealybug Banana, Pineapple Fusarium wilt of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi Cutflower East Asian passiflora virus (Potyvirus) East Asian passiflora virus Passionfruit chrysanthemum

50 Table 7. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris Fusarium wilt of chickpea Grains Apple and Pear, Cherry, Nut, Rubus, Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Fusarium wilt, Panama Summerfruit, Truffle, Banana (exotic vegetative compatibility groups) disease Vegetable, Viticulture

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. glycines Fusarium wilt of soybean Grains Haplothrips chinensis Chinese thrips Cutflower

Fusarium root and stem rot of Harpophora maydis (syn. Acremonium maydis, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lagenariae Melon Late wilt Grains, Vegetable melons Cephalosporium maydis) Large seed weevil, avocado Heilipus lauri Avocado Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini Fusarium wilt of lupin Grains seed weevil

Fusarium root and stem rot of Helicoverpa armigera (carrying Bt resistance alleles) Cotton bollworm Cotton Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (exotic races) Melon melons Hemileia vastatrix Coffee leaf rust Coffee Fusarium root and stem rot of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (exotic races) Melon Heterocrossa rubophaga (syn. Carposina rubophaga, melons bud moth Rubus C. adreptella) Fusarium root and stem rot of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum Melon Heterodera carotae Carrot cyst nematode Vegetable melons PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Heterodera ciceri Chickpea cyst nematode Grains, Vegetable Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (exotic races) Fusarium wilt Cotton Heterodera filipjevi Cereal cyst nematode Grains Fusariosis, fusarium stem rot, Fusarium spp. (F. ananatum and F. guttiforme syn. Heterodera glycines Soybean cyst nematode Grains

pineapple eye rot, fruitlet core Pineapple 2: CHAPTER F. subglutinans f.sp. ananas) rot Mediterranean cereal cyst Heterodera latipons Grains nematode Fusarium virguliforme Sudden death syndrome Grains Heterodera sorghi Sorghum cyst nematode Grains

Fusarium xylarioides f. sp. Abyssiniae, F. xylarioides f. Homalodisca vitripennis (syn. Homalodisca Citrus, Production Coffee wilt Coffee Glassy winged sharpshooter sp. canephorae coagulata) nursery, Viticulture

Fusicladium effusum (syn. Cladosproium caryigenum) Pecan scab Nut Blueberry, Cherry, Homalodisca vitripennis (with Xylella fastidiosa) Glassy winged sharpshooter Summerfruit, Globodera pallida Pale potato cyst nematode Potato Viticulture Globodera rostochiensis (pathotypes RO2, RO3, RO4 Golden potato cyst nematode Potato Homoeosoma electellum Sunflower moth Grains and RO5) Hoplostoma fuligineus Large hive beetle Honey bee Grapevine red blotch-associated virus Grapevine red blotch Viticulture (Geminivirus) (with vector) associated virus, GRBaV Hylesia nigricans Burning moth Plantation forest

Grassy shoot phytoplasma Grassy shoot Sugarcane Hypocryphalus dilutus Ambrosia beetle Mango

Grains, Melon, Hypothenemus hampei Coffee berry borer Coffee Groundnut bud necrosis virus (Tospovirus) Bud necrosis disease Vegetable Hypothenemus obscurus Tropical nut borer Nut Groundnut ringspot virus (Tospovirus) Groundnut ringspot virus Grains Idioscopus nagpurensis Mango leafhopper Mango Guignardia bidwellii Black rot Viticulture

Gymnoconia nitens Orange rust (short-cycled) Rubus Ips typographus Spruce bark beetle Plantation forest

51 Table 7. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of

Kyuri green mottle mosaic virus (Tobamovirus) Tobamovirus group, KGMMV Melon Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast Grains, Rice

Leptinotarsa decemlineata Colorado potato beetle Potato Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly Grains Leptoglossus clypealis Leaf footed bug Nut Mayetiola hordei Barley stem gall midge Grains

Leptoglossus occidentalis Western conifer seed bug Nut Ginger, Onion, Potato, Meloidogyne enterolobii (syn. Meloidogyne Root knot nematode Sweetpotato, Leptoglossus zonatus Western leaf footed bug Nut mayaguensis) Vegetable Lettuce infectious yellows virus (Crinivirus) and other Lettuce infectious yellows Production nursery exotic whitefly transmitted viruses virus Meloidogyne naasi Barley root knot nematode Vegetable Melon, Tomato, Tospovirus, melon severe Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leaf miner Melon severe mosaic virus (Tospovirus) Melon Vegetable mosaic

Liriomyza congesta Pea leaf miner Cutflower Melon yellow spot virus (Tospovirus) Tospovirus group Melon

Apple and Pear, Cutflower, Production Monilinia fructigena Brown rot Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leaf miner nursery, Potato, Blueberry, Cherry Tomato, Vegetable Monilinia leaf blight, blossom Monilinia mali Apple and Pear PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING wilt Vegetable leaf miner, Melon, Onion, Potato, Liriomyza sativae Monilinia polystroma (syn. Monilia polystroma) Asiatic brown rot Apple and Pear American leaf miner Tomato, Vegetable Mummy berry, cotton ball Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi Blueberry American serpentine leaf Cutflower, Potato, disease

CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER Liriomyza trifolii miner Tomato, Vegetable Monochamus spp. including M. alternatus, M. Longhorn beetles Plantation forest Banana, Production galloprovinicialis, M. scutellatus, M. titillator Lissachatina fulica (syn. Achatina fulica) Giant African snail nursery, Sweetpotato, Monosporascus cannonballus Monosporascus root rot Melon Tomato, Vegetable Mungbean yellow mosaic virus, mungbean yellow Mungbean yellow mosaic Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil Rice mosaic India virus, dolichos yellow mosaic virus, Grains virus horsegram yellow mosaic virus Lobesia botrana European grapevine moth Viticulture (Begomovirus) Mycosphaerella eumusae Eumusae leaf spot Banana Lycorma delicatula Spotted lanternfly Viticulture Nemorimyza maculosa Chrysanthemum leaf miner Cutflower Cotton, , Lygus hesperus Western plant bug Vegetable Neonectria ditissima (syn. Nectria galligena and European canker Apple and Pear, Cherry Cotton, Production Neonectria galligena) Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug nursery, Strawberry Nysius huttoni Wheat bug Grains Apple and Pear, Nut, Coffee, Production Plantation forest, Oligonychus ilicis Southern red mite Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth nursery Production nursery, Summerfruit Oligonychus perseae Persea mite Avocado Rosy gypsy moth, pink gypsy Orgyia thyellina White spotted tussock moth Plantation forest Lymantria mathura Apple and Pear moth Pantoea stewartii Stewart's wilt of maize Grains Apple and Pear, Avocado, Coffee, Lymantria monacha Nun moth Plantation forest, Paracoccus marginatus Papaya mealybug Truffle Papaya

52 Table 7. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of

Paradasynus longirostris Hong Kong stink bug Lychee Phytophthora mengei Bark canker Avocado Parasa lepida Blue striped nettle grub Mango Phytophthora pinifolia Dano foliar del pino Plantation forest Passiflora chlorosis virus (Potyvirus) Passiflora chlorosis virus Passionfruit Avocado, Blueberry, Passionfruit crinkle virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit crinkle virus Passionfruit Cutflower, Nut, Passionfruit ringspot virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit ringspot virus Passionfruit Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death Plantation forest, Production nursery, Passionfruit severe leaf distortion virus Passionfruit severe leaf Tea tree, Truffle Passionfruit (Begomovirus) distortion virus Planococcus Vine mealybug Viticulture Passionfruit Sri Lankan mottle Passionfruit Sri Lankan mottle virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit potyvirus Planotortrix octo Green headed leaf roller Cherry Passionfruit vein clearing Plasmopara halstedii Downy mildew of sunflower Grains Passionfruit vein clearing virus (Rhabdovirus) Passionfruit rhabdovirus Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus, sharka Cherry, Summerfruit Passionfruit yellow mosaic Passionfruit yellow mosaic virus (Tymovirus) Passionfruit virus Polychrosis viteana American berry moth Viticulture

Peanut clump virus (Pecluvirus) Peanut clump virus Grains Polyocha depressella Root borer Sugarcane RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING hylaeiformis Raspberry crown borer Rubus Production nursery, Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail Rice Raspberry crown borer Rubus Popillia japonica Japanese beetle Rubus Perkinsiella vastatrix Sugarcane plant hopper Sugarcane 2: CHAPTER Potato spindle tuber viroid (Pospiviroidae) (exotic Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato, Vegetable Perkinsiella vitiensis Sugarcane plant hopper Sugarcane strains) Peronophythora litchii Brown blight Lychee Prays oleae Olive moth Olive Philippine downy mildew of Peronosclerospora philippinensis Grains, Sugarcane maize Procontarinia allahabadensis Mango gall midge Mango Peronosclerospora sacchari Sugarcane downy mildew Sugarcane Procontarinia fructiculi Gall midge Mango Peronosclerospora sorghi Downy mildew of sorghum Grains Procontarinia frugivora Mango fruit gall midge Mango Phialophora cinerescens Phialophora wilt Cutflower Procontarinia mangiferae Mango blossom gall midge Mango Meadow froghopper, meadow Procontarinia matteiana Mango leaf gall midge Mango Philaenus spumarius (with Xylella fastidiosa) Summerfruit spittle bug Procontarinia pustulata Mango leaf gall midge Mango Melon black rot, phomopsis Phomopsis cucurbitae (syn. Diaporthe melonis) Melon fruit rot Procontarinia schreineri Mango gall midge Mango Phyllosticta spp. (including P. cavendishii and P. Banana freckle Banana Prostephanus truncatus Larger grain borer Grains sydowiana) Pseudocercospora fijiensis (syn. Mycosphaerella Black Sigatoka Banana Phytomyza gymnostoma Allium leaf miner Vegetable fijiensis)

Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae Red steele root rot Strawberry Pseudococcus comstocki Comstock's mealybug Viticulture

Phytophthora infestans (A2 mating type and exotic Citrus mealybug, citriculus Late blight Potato, Vegetable Pseudococcus cryptus (syn. Pseudococcus citriculus) Coffee strains of A1 mating type) mealybug, cryptic mealybug

53 Table 7. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Jack Beardsley mealybug Banana Rastrococcus invadens Mango mealybug Banana, Mango Rastrococcus spinosus Mango mealybug Banana, Coffee Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug Viticulture Rhagoletis pomonella Apple maggot Apple and Pear Pseudomonas avellanae (syn. P. syringae pv. Bacterial canker Truffle avellanae) Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Grapevine thrips Mango Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii (AG1) (teleomorph Banded leaf, sheath spot Grains, Vegetable Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (exotic races) Bacterial canker Production nursery Corticium sasakii (syn. Thanatephorus cucumeris))

Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, Pantoea Bacterial canker complex, Rhizoglyphus setosus Bulb mite Cutflower, Vegetable Avocado agglomerans, Xanthomonas campestris avocado blast complex Rhodococcus fascians Leafy gall Cutflower bug Lychee Rice grassy stunt virus (Tenuivirus) Rice grassy stunt virus Rice Psila rosae Carrot rust fly Vegetable Rice ragged stunt virus (Oryzavirus) Ragged stunt virus Rice Puccinia agrophila No common name Vegetable Rice tungro bacilliform virus (unassigned) Rice tungro bacilliform virus Rice Koike's race, rust of garlic and Puccinia allii Onion Waikavirus, rice tungro chives Rice tungro spherical virus (Waikavirus) Rice spherical virus

PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Puccinia apii Rust of celery Vegetable Riptortus dentipes Pod sucking bug Grains Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (exotic pathogenic Stem rust of wheat Grains Schizaphis graminum Greenbug Grains races e.g. Ug99) Scirpophaga excerptalis Top shoot borer Sugarcane Puccinia mixta Rust of chives Onion

CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER Scirtothrips perseae Avocado thrips Avocado Puccinia nitida Rust of dill Vegetable Sesamia grisescens Stem borer Sugarcane Puccinia opizii Rust Vegetable Slow paralysis virus (Iflavirus) Slow paralysis virus Honey bee Puccinia porri Rust of leek Onion Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (Furovirus) Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus Grains Puccinia spp. (exotic species) Rusts Vegetable Spiroplasma citri Stubborn Citrus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Barley stripe rust Grains Spodoptera eridania Southern armyworm Cutflower Pucciniastrum coryli Hazelnut rust Truffle Cotton, Cutflower, Spodoptera frugiperda* Fall armyworm Melon, Vegetable Pyrilla perpusilla Sugarcane pyrilla Sugarcane Spodoptera littoralis Cotton leafworm Cutflower Radopholus similis (exotic strains) Burrowing nematode Ginger Stagonospora sacchari Leaf scorch Sugarcane Raffaelea lauricola Laurel wilt Avocado Seenomid (avocado) moth, Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype IIB (banana Moko Banana Stenoma catenifer avocado fruit borer, avocado Avocado infecting strains) seed moth

Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis (syn. Ralstonia Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil Mango Blood disease Banana solanacearum race 2, biovar 1) Strawberry latent ringspot Strawberry latent ringspot virus (Sadwavirus) Rubus Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis (syn. Ralstonia virus Bacterial wilt Potato solanacearum race 4, Pseudomonas solanacearum) Strymon megarus (as a vector of fusariosis) Pineapple fruit borer Pineapple

Raspberry ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Raspberry ringspot virus Rubus, Strawberry Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (Poacevirus) Sugarcane streak mosaic Sugarcane

54 Table 7. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Scientific name Common name High priority pest of Sweet potato chlorotic stunt Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (Crinivirus) Sweetpotato Unknown Ramu stunt disease Sugarcane virus, SPCSV Longan and lychee witches’ Mild mottle of sweet potato, Unknown (suspected phytoplasma) Lychee Sweet potato mild mottle virus (Ipomovirus)** Sweetpotato broom disease SPMMV Urocerus gigas Giant wood wasp Plantation forest Sweet potato mild speckling Sweet potato mild speckling virus (Potyvirus)** Sweetpotato virus, SPMSV Urocystis cepulae Onion smut Onion Coniothyrium eucalyptus Uromyces lineolatus Rust Vegetable Teratosphaeria gauchensis Plantation forest canker Varroa destructor Varroa mite Honey bee Coniothyrium eucalyptus Teratosphaeria zuluensis Plantation forest Varroa jacobsoni Varroa mite Honey bee canker Veronicella cubensis Cuban slug Sweetpotato Tetranychus pacificus Pacific spider mite Viticulture Verticillium dahliae (defoliating strain) Verticillium wilt Cotton, Nut, Olive Tetranychus piercei Spider mite Banana

Thaumatotibia leucotreta (syn. Cotton, Grains, Mango, Vespa spp. (exotic species including V. orientalis, V. Hornets Honey bee leucotreta) Pineapple, Vegetable velutina, V. crabro) PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Thrips tabaci (exotic strains and biotypes) Onion thrips Onion Watermelon bud necrosis virus (Tospovirus) Watermelon bud necrosis Melon, Vegetable Tilletia indica Karnal bunt Grains Watermelon green mottle mosaic virus (Tobamovrus) Tobamovrus Melon Tomato black ring virus (Nepovirus) Tomato black ring virus Strawberry

Watermelon silver melon virus (Tobamovrus) Tobamovrus Melon 2: CHAPTER Tomato brown rugose fruit Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (Tobamovirus) Vegetable virus, ToBRFV White leaf phytoplasma White leaf Sugarcane Tomato mottle mosaic virus, Tomato mottle mosaic virus (Tobamovirus) Vegetable ToMMV Xanthomonas albilineans (exotic strains, serological Leaf scald Sugarcane groups 2 or 3) Tomato ringspot virus, Tomato ringspot virus (Nepovirus) backberry mosaic virus, red Rubus, Strawberry Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii Xanthomonas leaf blight Onion currant mosaic virus

Tomicus piniperda Pine shoot beetle Plantation forest Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae Bacterial blight Passionfruit

Toxotrypana curvicauda Papaya fly Mango, Papaya Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (syn. Xanthomonas Citrus canker Citrus axonopodis pv. citri) Trichoplusia ni Cabbage looper Vegetable

Trioza erytreae African citrus psyllid Citrus Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum (syn. X. Bacterial blight, angular leaf Cotton axonopodis pv. malvacearum) spot Grains, Nut, Rice, Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle Viticulture Xanthomonas fragariae Strawberry angular leaf spot Strawberry Tropilaelaps clareae Tropilaelaps mite Honey bee Pierce’s disease, blueberry Blueberry, Cherry, Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps mite Honey bee leaf scorch, olive leaf scorch, Production nursery, Xylella fastidiosa (subspecies not specified) South American tomato moth, olive quick decline, phony Summerfruit, Tuta absoluta Tomato, Vegetable tomato leaf miner peach, plum leaf scald Viticulture

55 Table 7. High Priority Pest threats (continued)

Scientific name Common name High priority pest of CONTINGENCY PLANNING Contingency planning is a pre-emptive preparedness initiative that improves readiness for Pierce’s disease, blueberry Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa Coffee, Nut leaf scorch, olive leaf scorch a particular exotic pest threat. Contingency plans are developed by PHA, industries and governments. Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex Nut, Olive Before an incursion occurs, experts are brought together to collate information on a Pierce’s disease, blueberry particular pest or pest group, its biology and available control measures. This includes Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca Citrus, Coffee, Olive leaf scorch, olive quick decline identifying gaps in diagnostics, surveillance and R&D for the pest. Each contingency plan Xylella fastidiosa subsp. piercei Nut provides guidelines and options for steps to be considered and undertaken when developing a response plan for the pest. Xylosandrus compactus Black twig borer Mango, Tea tree Table 8 provides a list of 101 contingency plans that have been developed to date. Zea mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Zea mosaic virus Grains These plans make a considerable contribution to Australia’s preparedness for serious Avocado, Mango, exotic plant pest threats. These contingency plans are located on PHA’s website in the Melon, Papaya, Zeugodacus curcubitae (syn. Bactrocera cucurbitae) Melon fruit fly Pest Information Document Database at planthealthaustralia.com.au/pidd Passionfruit, Vegetable

PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Zuccchini green mottle mosaic virus (Tobamovirus) Tobamovirus group, ZGMMV Melon

Legend f. sp. forma specialis pv. pathovar sp. species

CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER spp. multiple species subsp. subspecies syn. synonym *established in Australia **with sweet potato feathery mottle virus and sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus

56 Table 8. Contingency plans

Scientific name Common name Year Location of document Scope Acarapis woodi Tracheal mite 2012 PHA National – honey bee industry Agromyza ambigua, A. megalopsis, Cerodontha denticornis, Cereal leaf miners 2009 PHA National – grains industry Chromatomyia fuscula and C. nigra Agrotis segetum Turnip moth 2011 PHA National – grains industry Alternaria humicola Leaf spot of field pea 2009 PHA National – grains industry Alternaria triticina Leaf blight of wheat 2009 PHA National – grains industry Anoplophora chinensis Citrus longicorn beetle 2009 PHA National – production nurseries Anoplolepis gracilipes, Linepithema humile, Solenopsis invicta and Tramp ants – yellow crazy, Argentine, fire and 2015 draft DJPR National – production nurseries Wasmannia auropunctata electric ants Aphis fabae, Haplothrips tritici and Schizaphis graminum Exotic sap-sucking pests 2015 PHA National – grains industry Atherigona soccata Sorghum shoot fly 2008 PHA National – grains industry Austropuccinia psidii (syn. Uredo rangelii) Myrtle rust 2015 PIRSA State

National – vegetable and potato RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Bactericera cockerelli and Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum Zebra chip complex 2011 Hort Innovation, PHA industries Bactrocera tryoni and Ceratitis capitata Queensland fruit fly and Mediterranean fruit fly 2013 DPIPWE State Bactrocera tryoni, Ceratitis capitata and exotic fruit fly species Fruit flies Updated bi-annually PIRSA State CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER Barley stripe mosaic virus (Hordeivirus) Barley stripe mosaic virus 2009 PHA National – grains industry Beet pseudo yellows virus (Closterovirus), diodia vein chlorosis virus (Crinivirus), lettuce infectious yellows virus (Crinivirus) and Whitefly transmitted viruses 2010 PHA National – production nurseries tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Begomovirus) Brachyponera chinensis, Camponotus pennsylvanicus, Lasius Asian needle, carpenter, invasive garden, European neglectus, Myrmica rubra, Nylanderia fulva, Solenopsis richteri, fire, tawny crazy or raspberry ant, black imported 2019 QDAF, GIA National – production nurseries Tapinoma sessile, Technomyrmex spp. (excluding T. difficilis and fire, odorous house, white footed (about 100 T. vitensis that are already established), Tetramorium tsushimae species) and Japanese pavement ants Braula coeca Braula fly 2012 PHA National – honey bee industry Burkholderia glumae Panicle blight 2009 PHA National – rice industry Candidatus Liberibacter africanus, Ca. L. americanus, National – citrus and nursery Huanglongbing and vectors 2009 (under review) PHA, Hort Innovation Ca. L. asiaticus, Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae industries Candidatus Liberibacter africanus, Ca. L. americanus, Huanglongbing and vectors 2013 QDAF, GIA National – production nurseries Ca. L. asiaticus, Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae Candidatus Liberibacter africanus, Ca. L. americanus, National – citrus and nursery Huanglongbing and vectors 2015 Hort Innovation, PHA Ca. L. asiaticus, Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae industries Cephus cinctus and Thaumatotibia leucotreta Wheat stem sawfly and false codling moth 2015 PHA National – grains industry

57 Table 8. Contingency plans (continued)

Scientific name Common name Year Location of document Scope Cephus pygmeus European wheat stem sawfly 2008 PHA National – grains industry Ceratocystis ulmi Dutch elm disease 2001 DJPR State Ceutorhynchus assimilis and Dasineura brassicae Cabbage seedpod weevil and brassica pod midge 2011 PHA National – grains industry Chilo partellus Spotted stem borers 2009 PHA National – grains industry Chilo spp. Sugarcane stem borer 2002 SRA National – sugarcane industry Chortoicetes terminifera Plague locust 2010 PIRSA State Chromatomyia horticola, Liriomyza bryoniae, L. cicerina, L. Agromyzid leaf miners 2008 PHA National – grains industry huidobrensis, L. sativae and L. trifolii Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (Tospovirus), impatiens necrotic ringspot virus (Tospovirus), pelargonium flower break virus Thrips-transmitted viruses 2011 PHA National – production nurseries (Carmovirus) and tomato spotted wilt virus (Tospovirus) Colletotrichum truncatum (lentil strain) Lentil anthracnose 2008 PHA National – grains industry Curvularia spicifera (syn. Bipolaris spicifera) Leaf blotch of cereals 2009 PHA National – grains industry PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Daktulosphaira vitifolii Grape phylloxera Updated bi-annually PIRSA State – viticulture industry Deanolis sublimbalis Red banded mango caterpillar 2008 PHA State Diatraea spp. Sugarcane borer 2008 SRA, PHA National – sugarcane industry CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER Diuraphis noxia Russian wheat aphid 2012 PHA National – grains industry Dorysthenes buqueti Sugarcane longhorn stemborer 2009 SRA, PHA National – sugarcane industry Poinsettia thrips 2010 PHA National – production nuseries Eldana saccharina African sugarcane moth borer 2002 SRA National – sugarcane industry Eoreuma loftini Mexican rice borer 2008 SRA, PHA National – sugarcane industry Erwinia amylovora Fire blight 2007 PHA National – apple and pear industry Erwinia amylovora Fire blight 2014 PHA National – production nurseries Erwinia papayae Bacterial crown rot 2011 PHA National – papaya industry Eumetopina flavipes Island sugarcane planthopper 2009 SRA, PHA National – sugarcane industry Eurogaster integriceps Sunn pest 2008 PHA National – grains industry Fulmekiola serrata Oriental sugarcane thrips 2009 SRA, PHA National – sugarcane industry Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, F. oxysporum f. sp. lentis and F. Fusarium wilt of chickpea, lentil and lupin 2009 PHA National – grains industry oxysporum f. sp. lupini Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans Fusarium wilt of canola 2007 PHA National – grains industry Gibberella fujikuroi Bakanae 2008 PHA National – rice industry Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug 2016 GIA National – production nurseries

58 Table 8. Contingency plans (continued)

Scientific name Common name Year Location of document Scope

Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug 2017 PHA Not specific to a particular industry

Harpophora maydis and Plasmopara halstedii Exotic soil-borne pathogens of grains 2013 PHA National – grains industry Helicoverpa zea Corn earworm 2009 PHA National – grains industry Heterodera avenae, H. filipjevi and H. latipons Cereal cyst nematodes 2012 PHA National – grains industry Heterodera carotae Carrot cyst nematode 2008 DPIRD, Hort Innovation National – vegetable industry Heterodera ciceri, H. glycines and H. zeae Exotic nematodes of grains 2013 PHA National – grains industry Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter 2017 PHA, GIA National – production nurseries Liriomyza bryoniae, L. cicerina, L. huidobrensis, L. sativa, L. trifolii and Agromyzid leaf miners 2009 PHA National Chromatomyia horticola Liriomyza bryoniae, L. huidobrensis, L. sativa, L. trifolii and Agromyzid leaf miners 2008 QDAF, Hort Innovation National Chromatomyia horticola Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leaf miner 2009 PHA National – production nurseries PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING National – ornamentals, vegetables, Lissachatina fulica (syn. Achatina fulica) Giant African land snail 2015 GIA legumes Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil 2009 PHA National – rice industry

Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug 2011 PHA National – production nurseries 2: CHAPTER

Lymantria dispar dispar Gypsy moth (Asian and European strains) 2009 PHA National – production nurseries

Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast 2008 PHA National – rice industry Maize dwarf mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Maize dwarf mosaic virus 2011 PHA National – grains industry Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly 2005 PHA National – grains industry Mayetiola hordei Barley stem gall midge 2008 PHA National – grains industry Meromyza americana and M. saltatrix Wheat stem maggots 2009 PHA National – grains industry Nysius huttoni Wheat bug 2008 PHA National – grains industry Ophiostoma spp. Dutch elm disease 2016 QDAF, GIA National – production nurseries Paracoccus marginatus Papaya mealy bug 2011 PHA National – papaya industry Peronosclerospora philippinensis and P. sorghi Downy mildew of maize and sorghum 2009 PHA National – grains industry Phyllophaga spp. May beetle 2008 PHA National – grains industry Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death 2019 PHA, GIA National – production nurseries Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) and tobacco etch virus (Potyvirus) Aphid-transmitted viruses 2011 PHA National – production nurseries Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail 2009 PHA National – rice industry Psila rosae Carrot rust fly 2009 DPIRD, Hort Innovation National - vegetable industry

59 Table 8. Contingency plans (continued)

Scientific name Common name Year Location of document Scope Puccinia psidii Myrtle rust 2015 (Updated 2020) DPIRD State Puccinia psidii sensu lato Eucalyptus rust 2009 PHA National – production nurseries Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Barley stripe rust 2010 PHA National – grains industry Pyrenophora teres f. sp. teres Net form of net blotch 2009 PHA National – grains industry Red clover vein mosaic virus (Carlavirus) Red clover vein mosaic virus 2008 PHA National – grains industry Scirpophaga spp. Top borers 2008 SRA, PHA National – sugarcane industry Sesamia spp. Sugarcane and maize borers 2001 SRA National – sugarcane industry Sitobion avenae Wheat aphid 2009 PHA National – grains industry Sitona spp. complex, especially S. lineatus Pea leaf weevils 2005 DPIRD, PHA National – grains industry Solenopsis invicta Red imported fire ant 2013 QDAF, NBC National Solenopsis invicta Red imported fire ant 2013 QDAF, TACC State Tilletia barclayana Kernel smut of rice 2008 PHA National – rice industry PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING Tilletia contraversa Dwarf bunt of wheat 2007 PHA National – grains industry Tilletia indica Karnal bunt 2006 draft PHA National – grains industry Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle 2005 PHA National – grains industry CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER Tropilaelaps clareae and T. mercedesae Tropilaelaps mites 2012 PHA National – honey bee industry Uromyces pisi and U. viciae-fabae Field pea and lentil rust 2009 PHA National – grains industry Varroa destructor and V. jacobsoni Varroa mites 2012 PHA National – honey bee industry Verticillium longisporum Verticillium wilt of canola 2011 PHA National – grains industry Wasmannia auropunctata Electric ant 2013 QDAF, TACC State Xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens and X. translucens pv. Bacterial leaf streak 2011 PHA National – grains industry undulosa Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease 2011 PHA National – production nurseries Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease 2016 GIA, QDAF National – production nurseries

Legend f. sp. forma specialis pv. pathovar spp. multiple species syn. synonym

60 PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER

Image courtesy of Madeleine Quirk, AUSVEG Image caption 61 Environmental biosecurity preparedness

Environmental biosecurity supports our long-term mental and physical health, economic Environmental Biosecurity Webinars: prosperity, national identity and underpins our existence on Earth. Caring for ecosystems, Building connections for better biosecurity land, seas and aquatic environments benefits us all. Environmental biosecurity often appears to be distinct from agricultural biosecurity, which The Environmental Biosecurity Office of DAWE hosted a series of eight webinars focuses on pests that could have an economic impact on Australia’s agricultural productivity. between July and December 2020 with over 1,000 participants joining the However, there is a significant overlap in pests, pathways, controls, and host species that 90-minute sessions. Each webinar featured presentations by biosecurity experts affect plants grown for agricultural purposes and those found in the natural environment or followed by 30 minutes of facilitated discussion. that have social amenity in urban, rural and regional spaces. Our unique natural environment Three webinars were dedicated to invasive plant pathogens Phytophthora and and wildlife also support a multi-billion dollar domestic and (pre-Covid-19, international) myrtle rust, pathogens that have created significant issues for plants growing tourism sector. in man-made and natural environments. Environmental biosecurity can make use of and build on many aspects of the system A number of constructive insights, lessons, messages and outcomes emerged established for agricultural biosecurity. Environmental biosecurity risk mitigation objectives from the discussions: frequently overlap with other biosecurity risk mitigation programs, which will provide collaboration and efficiency opportunities. • stories and shared experiences are highly motivating and bring us together PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES PLANT AUSTRALIA'S PROTECTING In particular, the EEPL will be used to guide actions and programs that seek to reduce the • publicly and freely sharing research results and data is empowering chance of these organisms becoming established in Australian ecosystems and increase our • there is a need to better understand and draw on Indigenous knowledge and ability to detect, contain and eradicate them from the Australian environment if they occur. past lessons

CHAPTER 2: 2: CHAPTER • early action and intervention is better and more cost-effective than waiting for The Chief Environmental Biosecurity Officer is responsible for developing and delivering an the perfect plan EEPL implementation plan that takes into account recommendations made in the 2017 Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity Review that cover a broad set of risk • everyone has an important role in protecting our environment, and those who mitigation approaches, including: want to be involved need more support. Given its success, the Environmental Biosecurity Webinar Series will return in the • undertaking detailed risk assessments where required first half of 2021. For more information, contact the Environmental Biosecurity • identifying risk management measures Office at [email protected] • developing surveillance measures pre-border, at the border and post-border • improving and creating diagnostic capabilities • building response capacity • supporting research and development • undertaking communication activities.

62 future. consider allenvironmental stakeholders and provide atemplatefor similarwork inthe and associatedcommunities, andnative Australianbees.Theplansare thefirstoftheirkind, Biosecurity Officer todevelop Environmental RiskMitigationPlansfor , mangroves implementation plan.In2019and2020,PHAwas engagedby theChiefEnvironmental Mitigation andpreparedness activitiesare not limitedtothespeciesinEEPLorits expected outcome. greatest riskmitigationimprovement may bemadefor thecost required toachieve the investment. Thiswillbeachieved by usingaset ofguidingrationalestoreveal where the most fundamental principleistoseekthegreatest reduction toenvironmental riskfor the A numberofprincipleshave guideddevelopment oftheEEPLimplementation plan.The targeted asagroup for riskreduction measures. likelihood ofincursionandenvironmental impact.Sometraitsallow EEPLspeciestobe The EEPLcontains adiverse set ofspeciesthatpossessdiverse traitsaffecting the completed by mid-2021. national plant biosecuritypreparedness. Work onthesedocuments isexpected be investments andactivitiesrequired toundertake acoordinated approach toaddressing The NPBPSwillbeunderpinnedby animplementation planthatidentifies andprioritises and surveillance strategies. underpin theNationalPlant BiosecurityStrategy andcomplement thenationaldiagnostic Preparedness Strategy (NPBPS)isbeingdeveloped. Once completed, theNPBPSwill To reflect astronger focus onprevention, anew ten-year NationalPlant Biosecurity Strategy National PlantBiosecurityPreparedness

63 CHAPTER 2: PROTECTING AUSTRALIA'S PLANT RESOURCES ' Chapter 3 Plant industry profiles Plant industry profiles

The following pages provide information on the economic value and the major growing regions for plant industries that are members of Plant Health Australia (PHA).

Graphs show trends over recent years in local value of production (LVP), which is the value of agricultural commodities at the farm gate. Farm gate values are sourced from approved statistical authorities such as Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) and industry sources. Export figures are sourced from the Australian Horticulture Statistics Handbook 2018–19.28

Each profile also provides details of the industry’s key exotic pest threats and the biosecurity PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT initiatives that they have undertaken in 2020. All of these industries are signatories to the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed, apart from the Australian Blueberry Growers’ Association.

Figure 7 shows the contribution of each of the main plant production industries (including honey and

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER beeswax) to total plant gross value of production in 2018–19, the latest year for which this breakdown is available.29,30

28 Hort Innovation (2021). Australian Horticulture Statistics Handbook 2019–20, Accessed online 28 March 2021. horticulture.com.au/growers/help-your-business-grow/ research-reports-publications-fact-sheets-and-more/grower-resources/ha18002-assets/australian-horticulture-statistics-handbook/

29 Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences. Agricultural commodities: March quarter 2021. Accessed 20 March 2021. agriculture.gov.au/ abares/research-topics/agricultural-outlook/data#agricultural-commodities

30 Australian Bureau of Statistics 7503.0 - Value of Agricultural Commodities Produced, Australia, 2018-19. Accessed online 20 March 2021. abs.gov.au/statistics/indus- try/agriculture/value-agricultural-commodities-produced-australia/latest-release#data-download

66 Image caption Figure 7. Comparative value of Australia’s plant production industries, based on gross value of production, 2017-20

39% Grains 3% Cotton 4% Sugarcane 6% Pasture and hay 5% Nursery PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT 12% Fruit 3% Nuts

4% Grapes 3: CHAPTER

13% Vegetables 8% Forestry <1% Honey

Source: ABS 7503 series and ABARES

Image caption 67 ALMONDS

Represented by the Almond Board of Australia Table 9. High Priority Pests of the almond industry australianalmonds.com.au In 2018–19, almond production was valued at $720 million (LVP), with exports valued at Scientific name Common name $675 million. Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm Chinavia hilaris (syn. C. hilare) Green stink bug The domestic market for almonds continues to grow strongly at around 10 per cent per year due to an increasing move to plant-based diets and the health benefits of nuts. The industry Leptoglossus clypealis Leaf footed bug has focused on export market development, with three tonnes of almonds being shipped Leptoglossus occidentalis Western conifer seed bug overseas for every tonne consumed in Australia. Historically, India has been the largest Leptoglossus zonatus Western leaf footed bug export market, but sales to China continue to increase rapidly, making it one of the major destinations for Australian almonds. Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Tropilaelaps clareae Tropilaelaps mite The industry has been expanding rapidly since 2016 with additional hectares bringing the total industry orchard area to just over 53,000 hectares. . Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps mite Varroa destructor Varroa mite

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER The 2020 production was 111,100 tonnes, however as recent plantings reach full maturity the industry’s productive capacity will be approximately 170,000 tonnes. Verticillium dahliae (exotic defoliating strain) Verticillium wilt Xylella fastidiosa (including X. fastidiosa subsp. Nonpareil continues to be the most popular variety with several pollinator varieties such as fastidiosa, X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex, Almond leaf scorch, pecan bacterial leaf scorch Carmel, Price and Monterey planted to overlap the flowering period of Nonpareil to achieve X. fastidiosa subsp. piercei) (with vector) good nut set.

The Australian almond industry depends on honey bees for pollination with more than 230,000 hives required during the pollination season. The almond blossoms provide one of the first natural sources of food for bees each spring.

68 Figure 8. Annual value of almond production, 2007–19

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200 PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Local Value of Production of Production Local Value

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0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 17/18 18/19 CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 9. Distribution of almond production by state and territory, 2018–19 (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory 11% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 22% South Australia 0% Tasmania 67% Victoria <1% Western Australia

Image caption 69 APPLES AND PEARS

Represented by Apple and Pear Australia apal.org.au In 2018–19, apple and pear production was valued at $503 million (LVP) with fresh exports valued at $27 million. The total planted area was 9,375 hectares for apples and 3,175 hectares for pears.

There are approximately 550 commercial apple and/or pear grower businesses in Australia. VIC produces 46 per cent of Australia’s apples and 88 per cent of pears, with the remainder of the gross production divided evenly across the remaining states. The apple and pear industries produced 420,337 tonnes of fruit for the year ending 30 June 2020.

The major production areas include the Goulburn Valley, Gippsland, Yarra Valley and the Mornington PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Peninsula in VIC; Stanthorpe in QLD; Batlow and Orange in NSW; the Huon Valley and Tamar Valley in TAS; the Adelaide Hills in SA; and Donnybrook, Manjimup and the Perth Hills in WA.

The four most common apple cultivars are Cripps Pink (Pink Lady™), Gala, Fuji and Granny Smith.

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER Areas of Cripps Red (Sundowner™), Red Delicious and Golden Delicious are declining. A number of newer club apples such as Jazz™, Kanzi™, Envy™, Smitten™, Rockit™ and Bravo™ have been increasing in production recently. Australia’s main apple export markets are Europe, Papua New Guinea, Hong Kong and Indonesia.

Packham and Williams are the most common pear cultivars grown, plus smaller areas of Beurre Bosc and Corella. New cultivars include ANP-0118 (Lanya™), ANP-0131 (Rico™), and Piqa Boo™. The main pear export markets are New Zealand, Indonesia, Canada and Singapore.

Image courtesy of Apple and Pear Australia Limited Image courtesy of Apple and Pear Australia Limited

70 Image caption Table 10.HighPriorityPestsoftheapple andpearindustry Varroa destructor Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps clareae Rhagoletis pomonella Neonectria galligena) Asiaticbrown rot Neonectria ditissima(syn. Monilinia polystroma (syn. Monilia polystroma) Monilinia mali Monilinia fructigena Lymantria monacha Lymantria mathura Lymantria dispar Halyomorpha halys Erwinia amylovora Dysaphis plantaginea Drosophila suzukii Dasineura mali Cydia inopinata(syn Carposina sasakii B. philippinensis) Bactrocera dorsalis( Scientific name Manchurianfruitmoth . Grapholita inopinata) syn. B.invadens, B.papayae, and Nectria galligenaand Varroa mite Tropilaelaps mite Tropilaelaps mite Apple maggot European canker Monilinia leafblight, blossomwilt Brown rot Nun moth Rosy gypsy moth, pinkgypsy moth Asian gypsy moth Brown marmoratedstinkbug Fire blight Rosy appleaphid Spotted wingdrosophila Apple leafcurlingmidge Peach fruitmoth, smallpeachfruitborer Oriental fruitfly Common name Figure 10.Annualvalue ofappleandpearproduction, 2007–19 Figure 11.Distributionofappleandpearproduction by stateandterritory, 2018–19(basedonLVP) Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 07/08 08/0909/1010/1111/1212/1313/1414/1515/1616/1717/1818/19 FINANCIAL YEAR 10% 48% 14% 12% 10% 6% 0% 0% We Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern New South Australian CapitalTe stern Australia Te Wa rritory les

rritory

71 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES AVOCADOS

Represented by Avocados Australia avocado.org.au In 2018–19, avocado production was valued at $296 million (LVP), with exports valued at $19.7 million, which were mainly shipped to Malaysia, Singapore, and Hong Kong.

Australians’ love of avocados has grown steadily each year since the 1990s. Consumption in 2018–19 reached 3.8 kilograms per person, and 3.88 kilograms person in 2019–20, up from 1.2 kilograms in 1997–98.

QLD continues to dominate Australia’s avocado production followed by WA, NSW, SA and VIC, with a small amount of production in TAS and one known orchard in the NT. PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Orchard areas are expanding in almost every growing region. This geographic diversity in growing regions ensures consumers have access to Australian avocados year-round. Fruit imported from New Zealand and, as of late 2020, Chile, supplements supply during spring and summer. CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER The Hass variety is the predominant avocado produced in Australia, accounting for approximately 81 per cent production, with Shepard accounting for about 16 per cent. Other varieties such as Reed, Sharwil, Gwen, Wurtz and Fuerte make up the balance.

Avocados Australia is active in the Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests (CCEPP) and the National Management Groups (NMG) responding to the annual incursion of three fruit fly species in the Torres Strait, and to the detections of Varroa jacobsoni in QLD, also under active eradication (see page 191–2).

Avocados Australia has also recently participated in updating the industry’s biosecurity plan (version 3.0 was released in February 2020), and signed a Memorandum of Understanding with PHA in June 2020 to improve the industry’s capability to prepare for and respond to biosecurity risks, at the industry level.

72 Image caption Table 11.HighPriorityPestsoftheavocado industry cucurbitae) Zeugodacus curcubitae (syn. Bactrocera Stenoma catenifer Scirtothrips perseae Raffaelea lauricola agglomerans, Xanthomonas campestris syringae, Pantoea Pseudomonas syringae pv. Phytophthora ramorum Phytophthora mengei Paracoccus marginatus Avocado scab Oligonychus perseae Heilipus lauri Elsinoë perseae(syn. Sphaceloma perseae) Ctenopseustis obliquana Ctenopseustis herana Conotrachelus perseae Conotrachelus aguacatae Bactrocera xanthodes Bactrocera passiflorae Bactrocera melanotus Bactrocera kirki Bactrocera kandiensis Bactrocera facialis B. papayae, B.philippinensis) Bactrocera dorsalis(syn. B.invadens, Bactrocera carambolae Scientific name Melon fruitfly avocado seedmoth Seenomid (avocado) moth, avocado fruitborer, Avocado thrips Laurel wilt complex Bacterial canker complex, avocado blast Sudden oakdeath Bark canker Papaya mealybug Persea mite Large seedweevil, avocado seedweevil Brown headedleafroller Brown headedleafroller Small seedweevil Small avocado seedweevil Pacific fruitfly Fijian fruitfly Fruit fly Fijian fruitfly Fruit fly Tropical fruitfly, Tongan fruitfly Oriental fruitfly Carambola fruitfly Common name Figure 12.Annual value of avocado production, 2007–19 Figure 13.Distributionofavocado production by state andterritory, 2018–19(basedonLVP) Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 100 200 300 400 0 07/08 08/0909/1010/1111/1212/1313/1414/1515/1616/1717/1818/19 FINANCIAL YEAR 27% <1% 58% 11% 2% 2% 0% 0% We Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern New South Australian CapitalTe stern Australia Te Wa rritory les rritory

73 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES BANANAS Banana bunchy top virus

Represented by the Australian Banana Growers’ Council (ABGC) A control program for banana bunchy top virus has been operating in NSW and south-east abgc.org.au QLD since 2009. The ABGC is delivering Phase 4 of the project to contain the virus to a limited area through targeted surveillance and destruction of infected plant material to In 2018–19, banana production was valued at $437 million (LVP). Most of the Australian supress the incidence of bunchy top disease on commercial farms. The project is working banana crop is supplied to the domestic market while a small number of growers are with growers to increase their capacity to manage bunchy top disease on their farms. creating export markets in Asia. Yellow Sigatoka and biosecurity awareness, coordination and strategy Bananas are grown commercially in QLD, NSW, WA and the NT. There are currently about 13,000 hectares of bananas grown in Australia; 94 per cent of which are located in four In addition to these major biosecurity threats, ABGC is active in other biosecurity programs. north QLD growing regions: Tully, Innisfail, Lakeland and the Atherton Tablelands. Yellow Sigatoka is an important endemic leaf disease that spreads easily if not controlled and causes significant production losses. An officer is employed by the ABGC to undertake Bananas are grown all year round with the two main varieties being Cavendish and Lady inspections for the presence of yellow Sigatoka and other banana diseases in the north QLD PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Finger. The Cavendish variety accounts for 95 per cent of production. commercial production area and work with growers to assist them to control the disease.

In 2020 there continues to be two major biosecurity threats challenging the banana The ABGC also employs two staff members who have a combined responsibility for industry: coordinating biosecurity related research and development as well as strategy development

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER and implementation. • Panama disease tropical race 4 (Panama TR4) in north QLD • banana bunchy top virus in northern NSW and south-east QLD. Table 12. High Priority Pests of the banana industry Panama TR4

Panama TR4 was first detected on a north QLD banana farm in March 2015. Due to the Scientific name Common name collaborative efforts of banana growers, the ABGC and the Queensland Department of Abaca bunchy top virus (Babuvirus) Abaca bunchy top Agriculture and Fisheries (QDAF), by the end of 2020 the disease was contained to five Bactrocera dorsalis (syn. B. invadens, B. papayae, B. philippinensis) Oriental fruit fly farms in the Tully Valley. While the plants on the original infected property were destroyed Banana bunchy top virus (Babuvirus) (Asian subgroup) Bunchy top and all farming operations ceased, all other quarantined farms continue to produce and pack fruit under strict biosecurity conditions. Biosecurity Queensland conduct surveillance Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Grey pineapple mealybug on all commercial banana farms in north QLD with the frequency of surveillance linked to the Erionota thrax Banana skipper butterfly level of risk of Panama TR4 being detected. The ABGC and QDAF are working collaboratively Frankliniella invasor Thrips to transition the leadership of the Panama TR4 Program from government Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (exotic vegetative compatibility Fusarium wilt, Panama to industry. It is expected that the transition will conclude by June 2023. groups) disease As a result of the second detection, Biosecurity Queensland, industry, local government Lissachatina fulica (syn. Achatina fulica) Giant African snail stakeholders and the Queensland Department of Environment and Science came together Mycosphaerella eumusae Eumusae leaf spot to develop of a feral pig management plan that complements the activities of the Panama Phyllosticta spp. (including P. cavendishii and P. sydowiana) Banana freckle TR4 Program. Feral pigs in Tully have been identified as a major risk vector in the spread of the disease. Pseudocercospora fijiensis (syn. Mycosphaerella fijiensis) Black Sigatoka Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Jack Beardsley mealybug ABGC engaged a highly skilled vertebrate pest management contractor who coordinates, supports and mentors banana farmers to improve pest management practices on their land. Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype IIB (banana infecting strains) Moko Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis (syn. Ralstonia solanacearum This includes increasing skills and building long-term capacity in pest animal management, Blood disease and raising awareness of responsibilities and obligations under legislation. race 2, biovar 1) Rastrococcus invadens Mango mealybug Rastrococcus spinosus Mango mealybug Tetranychus piercei Spider mite 74 Figure 14. Annual value of banana production, 2007–19

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FINANCIAL YEAR CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER

Figure 15. Distribution of banana production by state and territory, 2018–19 (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory 2% New South Wales <1% Northern Territory 95% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 3% Western Australia

Image caption 75 BLUEBERRIES

Represented by the Australian Blueberry Growers' Association Figure 16. Annual value of blueberry production, 2011–19 berries.net.au/home/about/blueberries/abga 300 In 2018–19, blueberry production was valued at approximately $271 million (LVP), with fresh exports valued at $4.8 million. 250

The industry is expanding, with an average 19,008 tonnes of blueberries being produced 200 per annum. Most blueberries are consumed domestically, with less than five per cent exported to markets including Hong Kong, Singapore and Thailand. 150

Around 300 growers produce blueberries on more than 2,500 hectares in all states. ($ MILLION) 100

PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT The major production area is on the NSW north coast. NSW produced around 85 per cent 50 of the Australian crop in 2019. Other regions have increased plantings to take advantage of Production Local Value of late and early season fruit, with the aim of having Australian blueberries available all year-round. 0 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 17/18 18/19 CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER The crop is grown on the NSW north coast and Tumbarumba in southern NSW; the Atherton Tablelands, Bundaberg and Mundubbera in QLD; the Tamar Valley, Meander Valley, Bernie, FINANCIAL YEAR Devonport and the Huon Valley in TAS; the Grampians, Silvan and Strathbogie in VIC; Margaret River and Geraldton in WA; and the Mount Lofty ranges in SA.

There are three varieties of blueberries grown in Australia: northern highbush, southern highbush and rabbiteye. Northern highbush are grown in the cooler climate areas such as VIC, TAS and the southern highlands of NSW, whereas southern highbush and rabbiteye varieties are grown in NSW and QLD. Figure 17. Distribution of blueberry production by state and territory, 2018–19 (based on LVP)

Table 13. High Priority Pests of the blueberry industry 0% Australian Capital Territory Scientific name Common name 74% New South Wales Croesia curvalana Blueberry leaftier 0% Northern Territory Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila Ericaphis fimbriata (with blueberry scorch 17% Queensland Blueberry aphid carlavirus) <1% South Australia Homalodisca vitripennis (with Xylella fastidiosa) Glassy winged sharpshooter 6% Tasmania Monilinia fructigena Brown rot 2% Victoria Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi Mummy berry, cotton ball disease <1% Western Australia Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death Pierce’s disease, blueberry leaf scorch, olive Xylella fastidiosa (subspecies not specified) leaf scorch, olive quick decline, phony peach, plum leaf scald

76 canned fruitindustrydoesnot have aspecificbiosecurityplanormanual. the pomefruit(apple andpear) andstonefruit(summerfruit) industries:however, the Biosecurity plansandmanualshave beendeveloped withPHAandstategovernments for of VIC,processing Australianapples,apricots, peaches,pearsandplumsatShepparton. The canneddeciduousfruitbusinessisprimarilybasedintheGoulburn-Murray Valley region The industryrepresents more than110fruitgrowing businessesandoneprocessor. of 30,000to35,000tonnesprocessed annually. (apples, apricots, peaches,pearsandplums) occurs from December toMay, withvolumes Fruit production ofthevarieties represented by CannedFruits IndustryCouncil ofAustralia at $9.2million. In 2018–19production ofcannedfruitwas valued at$14.7million(LVP) withexports valued fgv.com.au Represented by theCannedFruits IndustryCouncil ofAustralia CANNED FRUITS Figure 19.Distributionofcanned fruitproduction by stateandterritory, 2018–19(basedonLVP) Figure 18.Annualvalue ofcannedfruitproduction, 2007–19 Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 5 07/08 08/0909/1010/1111/1212/1313/1414/1515/1616/1717/1818/19 FINANCIAL YEAR 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% We Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern New South Australian CapitalTe stern Australia Te Wa rritory les rritory

77 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES CHERRIES

Represented by Cherry Growers Australia Figure 20. Annual value of cherry production, 2007–19 cherrygrowers.org.au 180 In 2018–19, cherry production was valued at $157 million (LVP), with exports valued at $79.5 million. 160

140 Cherries are produced in six states, with NSW, VIC and TAS being the three largest producers, followed by SA. These four states have a strong export focus. WA and QLD are relatively 120

small producers, focusing primarily on the domestic market. 100

Australian cherries are available from mid to late October until late February. The window 80 ($ MILLION) of supply in each region is determined by the varieties grown and the local climate. 60 PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT

Cherry production is increasing and moving into new areas largely due to increased export of Production Local Value 40 opportunities. Recent access to key Free Trade Agreement markets such as China, Korea 20 and Vietnam have given mainland growers an unprecedented opportunity which until now 0

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER has been the exclusive domain of TAS with its fruit fly free status. 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 17/18 18/19

Total production is approximately 20,000 tonnes annually of which 25 per cent was FINANCIAL YEAR exported to 37 countries.

Table 14. High Priority Pests of the cherry industry Figure 21. Distribution of cherry production by state and territory, 2018–19 (based upon LVP)

Scientific name Common name Bactrocera dorsalis (syn. B. invadens, B. papayae, Oriental fruit fly B. philippinensis) Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila 0% Australian Capital Territory Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug 14% New South Wales Homalodisca vitripennis (with Xylella fastidiosa) Glassy winged sharpshooter 0% Northern Territory Monilinia fructigena Brown rot 0% Queensland Neonectria ditissima (syn. Nectria galligena and European canker 8% South Australia Neonectria galligena) Planotortrix octo Green headed leaf roller 38% Tasmania Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus, sharka 40% Victoria Pierce’s disease, blueberry leaf scorch, olive <1% Western Australia Xylella fastidiosa (subspecies not specified) leaf scorch, olive quick decline, phony peach, plum leaf scald

78 Table 15.HighPriorityPestsofthechestnutindustry Roundtables. regular representation atPHAmeetings andtheAustralianGovernment’s Biosecurity is maintained intheindustry sectionoftheChestnutsAustraliawebsite. Theindustryhas the riskanalysis documented inthetree nutindustrybiosecurityplan.Asection considered intheAustralianChestnutIndustryStrategic Blueprint 2030andiscovered by Chestnuts Australiaincludesbiosecurityasanintegral partofitsactivities.Biosecurityis the chestnutgallwasp andchestnutweevil. The Australianchestnutindustryisfortunately free from majorexotic insectpestssuchas specifically withAgriculture Victoria. chestnut blight decision-makingcommittees, theCCEPP andthe NMGandworking program for chestnutblight, whichbeganinDecember 2019.Thisincluded sittingonthe Throughout 2020,ChestnutsAustraliaparticipatedintheTransition toManagement are grown primarilyinVICandNSW. flower duringNovember andDecember andare harvested from March through toMay and The mainvarieties grown are Red Spanish,Purton's PrideandDeCoppi Marone. Chestnuts approximately two percent exported, mainlytoAsianmarkets. $12 millionby 2022.Theindustryisprimarilyfocused onthedomesticmarket with planted inNSW, production willincrease toapproximately 1,500tonneswithavalue of 1,250 tonnesofchestnutswere produced. Itisestimatedthatwithmore trees being Around 1,480hectares are planted with275,000chestnuttrees. In2020,approximately less than$0.1million. In 2018–19chestnutproduction was valued at$7.8million(LVP), with exports valued at chestnutsaustralia.com.au Represented by ChestnutsAustralia CHESTNUTS eoi eoitn tan)Verticillium wilt Verticillium dahliae(exotic defoliating strains) Phytophthora ramorum Lymantria dispar Dryocosmus kuriphilus Cryphonectria parasitica Scientific name Sudden oakdeath Gypsy moth (AsianandEuropean strains) Oriental chestnut gall wasp Chestnut blight Common name Figure 23.Distributionofchestnutproduction by stateandterritory, 2018–19(basedon LVP) Figure 22.Annualvalue ofchestnutproduction, 2009–19 Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 09/10 10/1111/1212/1313/1414/1515/1616/1717/1818/19 FINANCIAL YEAR 64% 28% 3% 2% 3% 0% 0% 0% We Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern New South Australian CapitalTe stern Australia Te Wa rritory les rritory

79 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES CITRUS

Represented by Citrus Australia citrusaustralia.com.au In 2018–19 production of oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes and grapefruit was valued at $783 million (LVP), with exports valued at $457 million.

The citrus industry is Australia’s largest fresh fruit exporting industry by volume, with major export markets in China, Japan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, the United States and Thailand.

The five-year production average is 750,000 tonnes per annum, produced from approximately 27,000 hectares of citrus plantings nationally. PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT

Citrus fruits are grown commercially throughout the Australian mainland excluding the ACT. Major growing areas include the Riverina in NSW; Central Burnett, Central Highlands and the far north of QLD; Riverland in SA; the Murray Valley in VIC–NSW and the Midlands

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER and south-west of WA. There are a small number of commercial orchards in Darwin and the Katherine region of the NT.

A biosecurity project, Improving Biosecurity Preparedness of the Australian Citrus Industry (CT 17001), commenced in August 2018, funded by Hort Innovation supported by the citrus levy until June 2021. Additional funding was received from the Australian Government’s Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper.

In 2019, Citrus Australia formed a Citrus Pest and Disease Prevention Committee as a result of growing concern from industry following the 2018 citrus canker outbreak in the NT and north-west WA. The objective is to prepare industry for future exotic plant pest responses.

The citrus industry is supported by a biosecurity plan, the Biosecurity Manual for Citrus Producers and the National Citrus Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy 2018–28. See page 206 for information about the National Citrus Biosecurity Program.

80 Image caption Table 16.HighPriorityPestsofthecitrus industry axonopodis Xanthomonas citrisubsp. Trioza erytreae Spiroplasma citri coagulata) Homalodisca vitripennis(syn. Homalodisca Frankliniella bispinosa Diaphorina citri stem-pitting strain) Citrus tristeza virus(Closterovirus) (mandarin Citrus leprosis virus(Cilevirus) Citripestis sagittiferella Candidatus Liberibacterasiaticus Candidatus Liberibacteramericanus Candidatus Liberibacterafricanus Caliothrips fasciatus Bactrocera trivialis Bactrocera occipitalis Bactrocera kandiensis B. philippinensis) Bactrocera dorsalis(syn. Bactrocera carambolae Anastrepha ludens Xylella fastidiosa subsp.pauca Scientific name pv. pv. citri) B. invadens, B.papayae, citri (syn. Xanthomonas African citruspsyllid Stubborn Glassy wingedsharpshooter Florida flower thrips Asian citruspsyllid Mandarin stempitting Citrus leprosis disease Citrus fruitborer Huanglongbing (Asianstrain) Huanglongbing (Americanstrain) Huanglongbing (African strain) Bean thrips New Guineafruitfly Fruit fly Fruit fly Oriental fruitfly Carambola fruitfly Mexican fruitfly quick decline Pierce’s disease,blueberryleafscorch, olive Citrus canker Common name

Figure 25.Distributionofcitrusproduction by stateandterritory, 2018–19(basedonLVP) Local Value of Production Figure 24.Annualvalue ofcitrusproduction, 2007–19 ($ MILLION) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 0 07/08 08/0909/1010/1111/1212/1313/1414/1515/1616/1717/1818/19 FINANCIAL YEAR 13% 30% 28% <1% 26% 3% 0% 0% We Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern New South Australian CapitalTe stern Australia Te Wa rritory les rritory

81 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES COTTON

Table 17. High Priority Pests of the cotton industry Represented by Cotton Australia cottonaustralia.com.au Scientific name Common name The cotton industry is an integral part of the Australian economy, worth on average more Anthonomus grandis Boll weevil than $2 billion per annum. Almost the entire Australian cotton crop is exported, with Aphis gossypii (exotic strains) Cotton aphid the majority sold to China and the remainder mainly to spinning mills in other parts of Asia. In 2018–19, cotton production was significantly reduced due to drought, valued at Cotton leaf curl virus complex (Begomovirus) Cotton leaf curl disease $1.1 billion (LVP). Cotton leafroll dwarf virus (Polerovirus) Cotton blue disease Dysdercus spp. (including D. honestus, D. maurus, Approximately 60 per cent of the national crop is grown in NSW, with the remainder grown Cotton stainer D. suturellus (American species) in QLD and a small number of fields in VIC. Cotton is predominantly grown as an annual Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (exotic races) Fusarium wilt PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT irrigated summer crop, with -grown cotton representing approximately 20 per cent of the total planted area. Helicoverpa armigera (carrying Bt resistance alleles) Cotton bollworm Lygus hesperus Western plant bug Although a relatively small producer on the world scale, Australia sustainably produces high quality, low contaminant cottons that attract a premium price on the world market. Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER Australian cotton yields are high by international standards, at nearly three times the world Spodoptera frugiperda* Fall armyworm average.31 Thaumatotibia leucotreta (syn. Cryptophlebia leucotreta) False codling moth The Cotton Industry Biosecurity Group meets annually to discuss biosecurity issues and to Verticillium dahliae (defoliating strain) Verticillium wilt make sure industry’s responsibilities under the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed are Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum Bacterial blight, angular leaf spot met each year. (syn. X. axonopodis pv. malvacearum)

*established in Australia

Figure 26. Annual value of cotton production, 2007–19 Figure 27. Distribution of cotton production by state and territory, 2018–19 (based on LVP)

3

2.5

2 0% Australian Capital Territory

1.5 75% New South Wales ($ BILLION) 1 0% Northern Territory 25% Queensland

Local Value of Production of Production Local Value 0.5 0% South Australia 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 17/18 18/19 0% Tasmania FINANCIAL YEAR 0% Victoria <1% Western Australia

31 Cotton Australia (2018). Australian Cotton Industry Statistics

82 Figure 28.Annualvalue ofdriedfruitproduction, 2007–19 project suchassurveillance andemergency scenarios. value chaintobeacontributing participant in national biosecurityrelated activitiesand A biosecuritylevy willbeinplace from 1January2021toenablethedriedvinefruitsindustry understand roles andresponsibilities inapestincursion. major industryprocessors. Theindustryalsoundertakes EPPRDtraining in order to The viticulture biosecuritymanualhasbeendistributedtodriedfruitgrowers through the Currant News. PHA toitsmembersviaaquarterlypublication,TheVine,andthrough theemailnewsletter The driedfruitindustryregularly distributesbiosecurityinformation andguidelinesfrom also intheSA Riverland. region whichspansnorthwestern VICandsouth-west NSWaround theMurray River, and In Australia,grapesfor thedriedfruit industry are predominantly grown intheSunraysia Total exports are expected toincrease toover 5,000tonnesover thenext several years. to be15,000tonnes.Exportmarkets for driedvinefruitsincludeEurope andAsia. value of$30million(LVP), withexports valued at$25.1million.The2021crop isestimated In 2018–19,driedgrapeproduction (sultana types,currants andraisins) hadanestimated driedfruitsaustralia.org.au Represented by DriedFruits Australia Local Value of Production DRIED FRUITS (GRAPES) ($ MILLION) 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 07/08 08/0909/1010/1111/1212/13 13/1414/1515/1616/1717/1818/19 FINANCIAL YEAR

Table 18.HighPriorityPestsofthedriedfruitindustry Figure 29.Distributionofdried fruitproduction by stateandterritory, 2018–19(basedonLVP) Xylella fastidiosa (subspecies not specified) Trogoderma granarium Lycorma delicatula Halyomorpha halys Guignardia bidwellii (Geminivirus) (with vector) Grapevine red blotch-associated virus Drosophila suzukii Candidatus Scientific name Phytoplasma solani plum leafscald leaf scorch, olive quickdecline,phony peach, Pierce’s disease,blueberryleafscorch, olive Khapra beetle Spotted lanternfly Brown marmoratedstinkbug Black rot Grapevine red blotch associatedvirus,GRBaV Spotted wingdrosophila Common name Bois noir 83% 14% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% We Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern New South Australian CapitalTe stern Australia Te Wa rritory les rritory

83 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES GINGER

Represented by the Australian Ginger Industry Association Figure 30. Annual value of ginger production, 2010–19 australianginger.org.au 60 In 2018–19, ginger production was valued approximately $41 million (LVP). Land under

cultivation was about 270 hectares that produced around 9,850 tonnes of ginger. 50 Production takes place in Australia’s subtropical and tropical regions and there are approximately 50 commercial ginger growers, most of them based in QLD. Key growing 40 districts are Gatton, Glasshouse Mountains, Beerwah, Yandina, Mary Valley, Maryborough and Bundaberg. Growers can also be found in northern NSW and far north QLD. 30 ($ MILLION) There are two varieties grown commercially: Jumbo (also known as Canton) and QLD, with 20 PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT 25 per cent sold to the processing sector and 75 per cent sold to the fresh market. No ginger Local Value of Production of Production Local Value is currently exported, and the industry is yet to develop a concrete plan for export. 10

Biosecurity is included in the AgriFutures Australia’s Ginger Program RD&E Plan 2017–22 0

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER and is an integral part of Australian Ginger Industry Association's activities. The association 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 17/18 18/19 represents the biosecurity interests of ginger producers and industry by funding and supporting biosecurity initiatives, and information from PHA is shared regularly with FINANCIAL YEAR members via meetings, newsletters and email up-dates.

Table 19. High Priority Pests of the ginger industry Figure 31. Distribution of ginger production by state and territory, 2018–19 (based on LVP)

Scientific name Common name Aspidiella hartii Yam scale Meloidogyne enterolobii (syn. Meloidogyne mayaguensis) Root knot nematode 0% Australian Capital Territory Radopholus similis (exotic strains) Burrowing nematode 2% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 98% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 0% Western Australia

84 PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER

Image caption 85 GRAINS

Represented by Grain Producers Australia Figure 32. Annual value of grain production, 2007–19 grainproducers.com.au 16 In 2018–19, grain production was valued approximately $11.8 billion (LVP) with exports valued at $7.8 billion. The grains industry accounts for 21 per cent of Australian agriculture’s 14

gross value of production and 16 per cent of agriculture’s export income, making it 12 Australia’s largest plant industry.32 10 In an average year around 34 million tonnes of grain is produced from approximately 8 20 million hectares.33 In the 2019–20 season, due to the second year of drought conditions for many of the grain producing regions of Australia, the winter cropping area was reduced ($ BILLION) 6

to around 18 million hectares which produced a little over 27 million tonnes of grain. Due to 4 Local Value of Production of Production Local Value PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT feed shortages a large proportion of the grain was used domestically for stock feed during 2019–20. 2

0 It is estimated only 8–9 million tonnes were exported compared to an average of 11–12 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 17/18 18/19

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER million tonnes. FINANCIAL YEAR Most of Australia’s grain is produced across the region known as the wheat belt, which stretches from central QLD through NSW, VIC, TAS, SA and southern WA. Due to the wide-ranging soil types and climatic variability across Australia, a range of crop species and varieties are grown, each of which has specific pests and diseases that pose a threat to production and can influence access to markets (both domestic and overseas).

Grain Producers Australia (GPA) funds a biosecurity outreach program, the Grains Farm Figure 33. Distribution of grain production by state and territory, 2018–19 (based on LVP) Biosecurity Program, managed by PHA and delivered by grains biosecurity officers in each grain producing state. The program raises awareness to help improve practices on farm and boost preparedness to manage biosecurity threats. See more on page 205.

Throughout 2019, the grain industry through GPA worked with PHA to develop a strategy 0% Australian Capital Territory for post-border grain biosecurity. The program will focus on surveillance and building 12% New South Wales capacity to respond to potential biosecurity threats. Implementation commenced in 2020 however, due to the impact of Covid-19, there were some delays in full implementation. <1% Northern Territory 6% Queensland The grains industry developed a biosecurity plan, the Biosecurity Manual for Grain Producers, the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Organic Grains Industry, and the 16% South Australia National Grain Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy 2019–29. <1% Tasmania 15% Victoria 51% Western Australia

32 Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences. Agricultural commodities: March quarter 2021. Accessed 20 March 2021. agriculture.gov.au/abares/research-topics/agricultural-outlook/data#agricultural-commodities

33 Grains Research and Development Corporation. Our industry. Accessed online 12 March 2021 https://grdc.com.au/about/our-industry

86 *established inAustralia Table 20.HighPriorityPestsofthegrain industry Diaporthe helianthi (syn. Diabrotica virgifera Diabrotica undecimpunctata Diabrotica barberi Cylindrocopturus adspersus Colletotrichum truncatum (lentil strain) Chilo partellus Chilo orichalcociliellus Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus(Polerovirus) Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus(Geminivirus) Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus(Mastrevirus) (syn. Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus Ceutorhynchus napi Ceutorhynchus assimilis Cephus pygmeus Cephus cinctus stripe strain Bean common mosaicvirus(Potyvirus), peanut Barley mildmosaicvirus(Bymovirus) Ascochyta rabiei (MAT1-1) Scientific name Groundnut ringspot virus(Tospovirus) Groundnut budnecrosis virus(Tospovirus) Fusarium virguliforme Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.lupini Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.glycines Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.ciceris Eurygaster integriceps Diuraphis noxia* Sunflower stemcanker Phomopsis helianthi) Western corn root worm Southern corn root worm Northern corn root worm Sunflower stemweevil Lentil anthracnose Spotted stemborer Coastal stemborer Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus Cabbage stemweevil Rape stemweevil Cabbage seedpodweevil European wheatstemsawfly Wheat stemsawfly Bean common mosaicvirus Barley mildmosaicvirus Ascochyta blight Common name Groundnut ringspot virus Bud necrosis disease Sudden deathsyndrome Fusarium wiltoflupin Fusarium wiltofsoybean Fusarium wiltofchickpea Sunn pest Russian wheataphid Zea mosaic virus(Potyvirus) Trogoderma granarium Tilletia indica leucotreta) Thaumatotibia leucotreta ( Soil-borne wheatmosaicvirus(Furovirus) Schizaphis graminum Riptortus dentipes Corticium sasakii(syn. Rhizoctonia solanif. sp. sasakii(AG1) (teleomorph Puccinia striiformis f. sp.hordei e.g. Ug99) Puccinia graminis Prostephanus truncatus Plasmopara halstedii Peronosclerospora sorghi Peronosclerospora philippinensis Peanut clumpvirus(Pecluvirus) Pantoea stewartii Nysius huttoni Scientific name horsegram yellow mosaicvirus(Begomovirus) mosaic Indiavirus,dolichosyellow mosaicvirus, Mungbean yellow mosaicvirus,mungbeanyellow Mayetiola hordei Mayetiola destructor Magnaporthe grisea Homoeosoma electellum Heterodera sorghi Heterodera latipons Heterodera glycines Heterodera filipjevi Heterodera ciceri Cephalosporium maydis) Harpophora maydis (syn. f. sp. Thanatephorus cucumeris) tritici ( Acremonium maydis, syn. exotic pathogenicraces Cryptophlebia Cryptophlebia Zea mosaicvirus Khapra beetle Karnal bunt False codling moth Soil-borne wheatmosaicvirus Greenbug Pod suckingbug Banded leaf, sheathspot Barley striperust Stem rustofwheat Larger grainborer Downy mildew ofsunflower Downy mildew ofsorghum Philippine downy mildew ofmaize Peanut clumpvirus Stewart's wiltofmaize Wheat bug Common name Mungbean yellow mosaicvirus Barley stemgallmidge Hessian fly Rice blast Sunflower moth Sorghum cyst nematode Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode Soybean cyst nematode Cereal cyst nematode Chickpea cyst nematode Late wilt

87 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES HAZELNUTS

Represented by Hazelnut Growers of Australia Figure 34. Annual value of hazelnut production, 2010–19 hazelnutgrowersaustralia.org.au 4.0 In 2018–19, hazelnut production was valued at $3.0 million (LVP), with exports valued at $0.1 million. 3.5

The industry has expanded, with major on-farm investment from a northern hemisphere 3.0 confectionary manufacturer giving renewed confidence to Australian growers. Approximately 2.5 1.3 million trees are planted on 2,500 hectares, with approximately 350 tonnes of hazelnuts produced in 2020. The industry estimates that by 2022 hazelnut production will be 5,500 2.0 tonnes with a value of $40 million. ($ MILLION) 1.5

PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Hazelnuts are grown in the temperate areas of south-eastern Australia. The main production 1.0 regions are the central tablelands of NSW around Orange, Narrandera, and north-east VIC of Production Local Value around Myrtleford. They are also grown in central and eastern VIC and increasingly in northern 0.5 TAS. 0 CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 17/18 18/19 Australia imports 3,300 tonnes of hazelnut product annually, primarily from Turkey. Imported produce is mainly in kernel form for use by mass market confectioners. FINANCIAL YEAR

In 2020, Hazelnut Growers of Australia was involved in a number of responses to pest incursions affecting the hazelnut industry.

Australia is free from eastern filbert blight, a serious disease affecting the industry in the United States, and most other hazelnut pests and diseases that affect growers overseas. Figure 35. Distribution of hazelnut production by state and territory, 2018–19 (based on LVP) Biosecurity is considered in the Hazelnut Industry Australia – Premium Australian Hazelnuts – Strategic Blueprint 2030, and the industry peak body is represented at PHA meetings and government Biosecurity Roundtables.

0% Australian Capital Territory Table 21. High Priority Pests of the hazelnut industry 23% New South Wales

Scientific name Common name 0% Northern Territory Anisogramma anomala Eastern filbert blight, hazelnut blight 0% Queensland Chinavia hilaris (syn. C. hilare) Green stink bug 9% South Australia Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug 18% Tasmania Lymantria dispar Gypsy moth (Asian and European strains) 40% Victoria Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death 9% Western Australia

88 PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER

Image caption 89 HONEY BEES

Represented by the Australian Honey Bee Industry Council (AHBIC) honeybee.org.au In 2018–19, honey and beeswax production was valued at $162 million (LVP), and the unrecognised value of pollination is believed to be in the order of $14.2 billion.34 There are approximately 25,000 registered beekeepers in Australia operating around 672,216 hives. Over 531,786 hives are operated by commercial beekeepers (those who have more than 50 hives).

The industry also exports live bees, and Australian beeswax commands a premium price overseas. Trade relies on the healthy status of Australia’s bees, with high values attributed to the lack of residue from miticides that are used overseas to treat Varroa mites. PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Australia’s bees are further valued for their pollination services. The economic value of managed and feral honey bees as pollinators was estimated to lie between $8.35 to $19.97 billion in 2014–15.35

AHBIC works in partnership with other industries and governments to protect the health of bees with

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER several biosecurity initiatives including the National Bee Pest Surveillance Program and the development of the Australian Honey Bee Industry Biosecurity Code of Practice.

The National Bee Pest Surveillance Program operates at ports around Australia to provide an early detection mechanism for exotic bees and pests of bees. More about this program is on page 154. This program is due to end on 12 December 2021, and its continuation is currently being considered.

The Australian Honey Bee Industry Biosecurity Code of Practice was endorsed nationally by the honey bee industry in 2016. The aim of the Code is to improve the management of established pests and diseases, and increase preparedness and surveillance for exotic pest threats. Parts of the Code have now been incorporated into beekeeping legislation by NSW, SA and VIC.

The honey bee industry also funds the National Bee Biosecurity Program, a partnership between industry and government, which employees Bee Biosecurity Officers (BBO) in all Australian states. BBOs provide training and education to help beekeepers implement biosecurity measures and ensure they are complying with the Code of Practice and relevant legislation (see page 24).

Following the detection of Varroa mites (Varroa jacobsoni) on Asian honey bees (AHB) in Townsville in June 2016, DAWE established the National Varroa Mite Eradication Program (NVMEP), of which AHBIC has been a part. No AHB or Varroa mites associated with this incident have been found since November 2016 and proof of freedom has been completed.

Suspect Varroa mites (V. jacobsoni) were again detected on AHB at the Port of Townsville in May 2019. Genetic testing of bees indicated that it was a new incident. AHBIC has been involved with the eradication of this second detection. In April 2020, a further nest of AHB was detected at the Port of Townsville and V. jacobsoni were also detected from the nest. These were found to be genetically different from the 2016 and 2019 incursions. The NVMEP has been extended to include this incursion and proof of freedom is expected to be achieved in April 2021.

34 Karasinski J (2018). The economic valuation of Australian managed and wild bee pollinators in 2014–15 Curtin University. Accessed online 12 February 2020 www.aussiepollination.com.au 90 Image caption 35 Karasinski J (2018). The economic valuation of Australian managed and wild bee pollinators in 2014–15 Curtin University. Accessed online 12 February 2020 www.aussiepollination.com.au (based onLVP) Figure 37.Distributionofhoney andbeeswaxproduction by stateandterritory, 2018–19 Local Value of Production Figure 36.Annualvalue ofhoney beeandbeeswaxproduction, 2007–19 ($ MILLION) 100 120 140 160 180 20 40 60 80 0 07/08 08/0909/1010/1111/1212/1313/1414/1515/1616/1717/1818/19 FINANCIAL YEAR 19% 12% 20% 41% 5% 3% 0% 0% We Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern New South Australian CapitalTe stern Australia Te Wa rritory les rritory

Table 22.HighPriorityPestsofthehoney beeindustry V. velutina, V. crabro) Vespa spp.(exotic speciesincludingV. orientalis, Varroa jacobsoni Varroa destructor Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps clareae Slow paralysis virus(Iflavirus) Hoplostoma fuligineus Deformed wingvirus(Iflavirus) Apis mellifera scutellata (hybrid) Apis mellifera scutellata Apis mellifera capensis sub-species) Apis cerana (exotic strains,genotypes and Acute beeparalysis virus(Cripavirus) Acarapis woodi Scientific name Hornets Varroa mite Varroa mite Tropilaelaps mite Tropilaelaps mite Slow paralysis virus Large hive beetle Deformed wingvirus Africanised honey bee African honey bee Cape honey bee Asian honey bee Acute beeparalysis virus,ABPV Tracheal mite Common name

91 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES LYCHEES Represented by the Australian Lychee Growers' Association Figure 38. Annual value of lychee production 2009–19 australianlychee.com.au In 2018–19, lychee production was valued approximately $34 million (LVP), with exports valued 40

at $7.4 million. Currently, the industry’s annual production ranges between 2,500–3,000 tonnes. 35 Lychees are grown in QLD and NSW. The harvest season begins in October in far north QLD and moves down through to NSW until early April. 30

Lychees were introduced into Australia more than 100 years ago and over this time the industry 25 has developed from a ‘small exotic fruit’ industry into a progressive and robust industry. 20 The demand for Australian lychees is on the increase domestically and overseas. Australian lychee exports to the United States continue to increase, with 24 tonnes exported in the ($ MILLION) 15

PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT 2019–20 season. These increases are expected to continue each year as more growers register 10 for this export market. of Production Local Value

Annual production is currently meeting the domestic demand and consumption with 20–25 5

per cent of production for export markets. New plantings will steadily increase the annual 0 CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER production as trees reach maturity and anticipated yield. It is anticipated that annual production 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 17/18 18/19 will increase by up to 75 per cent, 5,000–5,500 tonnes within the next 10 years. A balance needs FINANCIAL YEAR to be retained between domestic and export supply to ensure the industry continues to grow while maintaining its viability and sustainability for all lychee growers.

The Kwai Mai Pink lychee is the most widely grown variety in Australia. It is well regarded by Australian consumers for appearance, shelf life, taste and price. Kwai Mai Pink has become the main export variety especially to Hong Kong, USA, New Zealand and Canada. The late-cropping Figure 39. Distribution of lychee production by state and territory, 2018–19 (based on LVP) Wai Chee is also gaining export recognition with the small seeded Salathiel popular with buyers in Singapore. Other well-known varieties include: Tai So, Fay Zee Siu, Souey Tung, Sah Keng and Kaimana. Over the past 10 years, newer varieties have been developed and are now becoming popular with the Australian growers and consumers. These include: Chompogo, Baitaying, 0% Australian Capital Territory Erdon Lee, Linsansue, Red Ball, Sansuelin and Shuang Balia. Due to poor fruit set and irregular flowering, growers are now planting more of the newer varieties and phasing out the older 1% New South Wales varieties, Tai So, Fay Zee Siu and Souey Tung. 0% Northern Territory Table 23. High Priority Pests of the lychee industry 99% Queensland

Scientific name Common name 0% South Australia Aristobia testudo Lychee longicorn beetle 0% Tasmania Bactrocera dorsalis (syn. B. invadens, B. papayae, Oriental fruit fly 0% Victoria B. philippinensis) 0% Western Australia Conopomorpha sinensis Lychee fruit borer Paradasynus longirostris Hong Kong stink bug Peronophythora litchii Brown blight Pseudotheraptus wayi Coconut bug Unknown (suspected phytoplasma) Longan and lychee witches' broom disease 92 Table 24.HighPriorityPestsofthemacadamiaindustry being managedby theQueenslandGovernment. The macadamiaindustryisalsooneofthecontributors totheVarroa miteincursionresponse the society recently distributedover 500farmbiosecuritysignstomacadamiagrowers. disease management related research projects are beingfundedthrough Hort Innovation, and reviewed andany new pest anddiseasesightings reported. Anumberofintegrated pestand Macadamia Society convenes aforum where pestpressures for theprevious seasonare Approximately 70percent oforchards employ professional pestscouts. TheAustralian in NSW. being developed inMackay andMaryborough inQLDandtheRichmondClarence Valleys growing fastestinBundaberg inQLDandtheClarence Valley inNSW. New plantings are also Northern Rivers region produce more than80percent oftheAustraliancrop. Production is the souththrough totheAtherton Tablelands inthenorth.Collectively Bundaberg andthe Macadamias are grown alongtheeasternseaboard ofNSWandQLD, from Port Macquarie in and runsthrough toAugust. precocious andhighyieldingvariety thatisproving very popular. Harvest commences inMarch Australian-bred varieties have beenreleased inthelastfew years includingMCT1,asmall about 75percent are Hawaiian varieties, withtheremainder beingAustralian.Five new in Australia.Themajorityofplantings are varieties ofMacadamia integrifolia. Ofthese, approximately 800macadamiagrowers with33,000hectares ofcrop underplanting States, therest ofAfrica andSouthAmericaare alsosignificant producers. There are now South Africa andKenya are currently theworld’s largest producers ofmacadamia.China,United Japan, SouthKorea, Taiwan andother Asiancountries askernel andtoChinain-shell.Australia, Approximately 75percent ofthecrop isexported, principallytoEurope, theUnitedStates, The export value oftheAustralianindustrygrew by 9.3percent inthe12months toJune2019. at $257million.Annualmacadamiaproduction hasmore thantripledinthelast10years. In 2018–19,macadamiaproduction was valued at$245million(LVP) withexports valued australian-macadamias.org Represented by theAustralianMacadamia Society MACADAMIAS X. fastidiosa subsp.piercei fastidiosa, X.fastidiosa subsp.multiplex, Xylella fastidiosa (includingX.fastidiosa subsp. Varroa destructor Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps clareae Phytophthora ramorum Hypothenemus obscurus Scientific name ) (with vector) Almond leafscorch, pecan bacterial leafscorch Varroa mite Tropilaelaps mite Tropilaelaps mite Sudden oakdeath Tropical nutborer Common name Figure 41.Distributionofmacadamiaproduction by stateandterritory, 2018–19(basedonLVP) Figure 40.Annualvalue ofmacadamiaproduction 2007–19 Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 100 150 200 250 300 50 0 07/08 08/0909/1010/1111/1212/1313/1414/1515/1616/1717/1818/19 FINANCIAL YEAR 62% 38% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% We Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern New South Australian CapitalTe stern Australia Te Wa rritory les rritory

93 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES MANGOES

Figure 42. Annual value of mango production, 2007–19 Represented by the Australian Mango Industry Association

industry.mangoes.net.au 140 In 2018–19, mango production was valued at $110 million (LVP), with exports valued at 120 $30.7 million. 100 Over the last four years the average production volume has been 70,000 tonnes per year. 80 Approximately 80 per cent of fruit is consumed fresh, 10 per cent is exported and the 60

remaining fruit is processed. ($ MILLION)

In Australia, nine varieties of mango are in commercial production. The most abundant 40 Local Value of Production of Production Local Value variety, Kensington Pride, accounts for around 41 per cent of Australian production. 20 PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT

0 Other varieties include B74 (Calypso), Honey Gold, and R2E2, green eating varieties such as 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 17/18 18/19 Keow Savoey, Falan and Nam Doc Mai, as well as late season varieties such as Brooks, Keitts, Palmers, Kents and Pearls. B74 and R2E2 are popular in export markets. There are FINANCIAL YEAR

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER other varieties produced in smaller volumes.

The industry supplies the Australian market, with production occurring from August to March each year. Most mangoes are grown in QLD and the NT with smaller but significant production in regions throughout WA.

An Industry Development Officer is part-funded through the PHA levy to promote and facilitate biosecurity practices in the mango industry. In 2019 the mango industry updated Figure 43. Distribution of mango production by state and territory, 2018–19 (based on LVP) their biosecurity plan with PHA and governments. This and other associated documents were reviewed in 2020.

0% Australian Capital Territory <1% New South Wales 42% Northern Territory 53% Queensland <1% South Australia 0% Tasmania <1% Victoria 5% Western Australia

94 Table 25.HighPriorityPestsofthemango industry Ceratocystis fimbriatasensulato Batocera rufomaculata Batocera rubus Bactrocera zonata Bactrocera xanthodes Bactrocera tuberculata Bactrocera trivialis Bactrocera trilineola Bactrocera psidii Bactrocera passiflorae Bactrocera occipitalis Bactrocera melanotus Bactrocera kirki Bactrocera kandiensis Bactrocera facialis B. philippinensis) Bactrocera dorsalis(syn. Bactrocera curvipennis Bactrocera correcta Bactrocera carambolae Bactrocera albistrigata Anastrepha obliqua Amritodus atkinsoni Aleurocanthus woglumi Acanthocoris scabrator Scientific name B. invadens, B.papayae, blight Mango suddendeclinesyndrome, Ceratocystis Red-spotted longhornbeetle Lateral-banded mangolonghorn Peach fruitfly Pacific fruitfly Fruit fly New Guineafruitfly Vanuatu fruitfly South Seaguava fruitfly Fijian fruitfly Fruit fly Fruit fly Fijian fruitfly Fruit fly Tropical fruitfly, Tongan fruitfly Oriental fruitfly Banana fruitfly Guava fruitfly Carambola fruitfly White stripedfruitfly West Indianfruitfly Mango leafhopper Citrus blackfly Squash bug Common name cucurbitae) Zeugodacus curcubitae (syn. Xylosandrus compactus Toxotrypana curvicauda leucotreta) Thaumatotibia leucotreta (syn. Cryptophlebia Sternochetus frigidus Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Rastrococcus invadens Procontarinia schreineri Procontarinia pustulata Procontarinia matteiana Procontarinia mangiferae Procontarinia frugivora Procontarinia fructiculi Procontarinia allahabadensis Parasa lepida Idioscopus nagpurensis Hypocryphalus dilutus Deanolis sublimbalis(syn. Noorda albizonalis) Dasineura amaramanjarae Chlumetia transversa Ceratocystis manginecans Scientific name Bactrocera Melon fruitfly Black twigborer Papaya fly False codling moth Mango pulpweevil Grapevine thrips Mango mealybug Mango gallmidge Mango leafgallmidge Mango leafgallmidge Mango blossomgallmidge Mango fruitgallmidge Gall midge Mango gallmidge Blue-striped nettle grub Mango leafhopper Ambrosia beetle Red-banded mangocaterpillar Mango gallmidge Mango shoot borer Mango suddendeclinesyndrome Common name

95 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES MELONS Table 26. High Priority Pests of the melon industry Scientific name Common name Represented by the Australian Melon Association Bemisia tabaci (types Asia 1, China 1, China 2, Asia II (1-8), Italy, Sub-Saharan melonsaustralia.org.au Africa (1-4), Uganda, New World, Mediterranean, Middle East-Asia Minor 2, Silverleaf whitefly In 2018–19 melon production was valued at $151 million (LPV), with exports valued at Indian Ocean) $37 million. Erwinia tracheiphila Cucurbit bacterial wilt The Australian melon industry consists of approximately 250 growers producing, on average Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lagenariae Fusarium root and stem rot of melons around 230,000 tonnes of melons annually across 8,500 hectares. Melons are produced in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (exotic races) Fusarium root and stem rot of melons every mainland Australian state with the majority of production in QLD, NSW, NT and WA. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (exotic races) Fusarium root and stem rot of melons Fresh seedless watermelons, rockmelon, honeydew and Piel de Sapo melons are the major products and are produced all year round. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum Fusarium root and stem rot of melons Groundnut bud necrosis virus (Tospovirus) Bud necrosis disease PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT The main form of value-adding is cut and wrapped fruit, fruit salad products and juices. Kyuri green mottle mosaic virus (Tobamovirus) Tobamovirus group, KGMMV The main destinations for melon exports are New Zealand, United Arab Emirates, Japan, Malaysia, Hong Kong and Singapore. Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leaf miner Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leaf miner, American leaf miner

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER The Australian melon industry has a research and development levy, a PHA levy and an Melon severe mosaic virus (Tospovirus) Tospovirus, melon severe mosaic Emergency Plant Pest Response levy, currently set at zero. The industry contributes to a Varroa mite emergency response and the Torres Strait Fruit Fly Strategy. Melon yellow spot virus (Tospovirus) Tospovirus group Monosporascus cannonballus Monosporascus root rot A Melon Farm Biosecurity Program is funded through the PHA levy to engage with growers Phomopsis cucurbitae (syn. Diaporthe melonis) Melon black rot, phomopsis fruit rot on biosecurity issues. In 2020, the melon industry updated their biosecurity plan and an on-farm biosecurity planner has been developed with NSW Department of Primary Spodoptera frugiperda* Fall armyworm Industries. Watermelon bud necrosis virus (Tospovirus) Watermelon bud necrosis Watermelon green mottle mosaic virus (Tobamovrus) Tobamovrus Watermelon silver melon virus (Tobamovrus) Tobamovrus Figure 44. Annual value of melon production, 2010–19 Zeugodacus curcubitae (syn. Bactrocera cucurbitae) Melon fruit fly Zuccchini green mottle mosaic virus (Tobamovirus) Tobamovirus group, ZGMMV 250 *established in Australia

200 Figure 45. Distribution of melon production by state and territory, 2018–19 (based on LVP)

150 0%0%0%0%0%0% 0% Australian Capital Territory 100 ($ MILLION) 39% New South Wales 39% 10% Northern Territory 50 Local Value of Production of Production Local Value 35% Queensland

0 <1% South Australia 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 17/18 18/19 0% Tasmania FINANCIAL YEAR 1% Victoria 14% Western Australia 96 100% of establishedgroves withmore suitablevarieties. enthusiasm andvision.Inmore recent timesthere hasalsobeensignificant replanting growers have purchased olive groves andjoinedtheassociationbringingrenewed collecting alevy tofundresearch, development andextension projects; since thennew and remains animportant employer inregional Australia.In2013theindustrybegan planted between 1996and2004.Theindustryisnow regarded asmainstream agriculture The Australianolive industrybeganinearnest1990withthemajorityoflarge groves are UnitedStates, China,NZ,JapanandSpain. for therest. There are nomeasurablefresh olive exports. Majorexport markets for Australia $16.5 million.Olive oilaccounted for 96percent oftheexports, withtableolives accounting During 2018–19theolive industryexported around 2,384tonneofolive products worth 85–95 percent extra virgin olive oil. bear fruitbiennially. Dependingonseasonalconditions, production istypicallybetween previous year), or10millionlitres, reflecting seasonalfactorsandolive trees tendingto In 2019-20production ofolive oilwas 9,750tonne(down from 20,000tonneinthe 70 percent ofolive trees concentrated across 20groves. year. Ten milliontrees are grown on450commercial groves covering 20,568hectares, with tonne offresh olives produced, significantly down from the125,000tonnesinprevious In 2018–19Australianolive production was valued at $112million(LVP), withonly49,750 australianolives.com.au Represented by theAustralianOlive Association OLIVES Figure 46.Annualvalue ofolive production, 2007–19 Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 100 150 200 250 50 0 07/08 08/0909/10 10/1111/1212/1313/1414/15 15/1616/1717/1818/19 FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 47.Distributionofolive production by stateandterritory, 2018–19(basedonLVP) Table 27.HighPriorityPestsoftheolive industry Xylella fastidiosa subsp.pauca Xylella fastidiosa subsp.multiplex Verticillium dahliae(defoliating strain) Prays oleae Bactrocera oleae Scientific name quick decline Pierce’s disease,blueberryleafscorch, olive No common name Verticillium wilt Olive moth Olive fly Common name 13% 77% <1% 0% 7% 0% 4% 0% We Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern New South Australian CapitalTe stern Australia Te Wa rritory les rritory

97 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES ONIONS

Represented by Onions Australia Table 28. High Priority Pests of the onion industry onionsaustralia.org.au Scientific name Common name In 2018–19, onion production was valued at $215 million (LVP) with fresh exports valued at Botrytis squamosa Leaf blight $39.2 million. Cladosporium allii (syn. Heterosporium allii, Leaf spot Onions are grown in most states, but SA and TAS together produce 66 per cent of the Cladosporium allii-cepae, Mycosphaerella allii) Australian crop. Key onion production locations are the Lockyer Valley in QLD, north-eastern Delia antiqua Onion fly regions and the Adelaide Plains of SA and the Devonport–Launceston region of TAS. Delia florilega Bean fly The total area planted to onions is largest in SA, as is the average plantings per farm. Dickeya spp. (onion infecting exotic pathovars) Bacterial soft rot (syn. Erwinia chrysanthemi The main type of onion grown in Australia is the traditional brown onion, which accounts for ) PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT 79 per cent of fresh production. Onion production is during late spring, summer and autumn. Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leaf miner, American leaf miner Planting starts around April through to September, harvesting from August to March, and Meloidogyne enterolobii (syn. Meloidogyne Root knot nematode storage supplies the market for the winter months. mayaguensis) Puccinia allii 'Koike's race, rust of garlic and chives CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER Puccinia mixta Rust of chives Puccinia porri Rust of leek Thrips tabaci (exotic strains, biotypes) Onion thrip Urocystis cepulae Onion smut

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii Xanthomonas leaf blight

Figure 48. Annual value of onion production, 2007–19 Figure 49. Distribution of onion production by state and territory, 2018–19 (based on LVP)

300

250 0% Australian Capital Territory 200 2% New South Wales

150 0% Northern Territory

($ MILLION) 14% Queensland 100

Local Value of Production of Production Local Value 58% South Australia 50 9% Tasmania 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 17/18 18/19 3% Victoria

FINANCIAL YEAR 14% Western Australia

98 process ofbeingcommercialised. the next five years. New varieties bred intheNTdesignedfor tropical regions are alsointhe Breeding Program iscontinuing withthegoalofdeveloping new commercial varieties in and themajorPanama passionfruitvarieties are Pandora andPanama Red. ANational September. Themainpurplepassionfruitvarieties grown are MistyGemandSweetheart, Passionfruit isgrown year-round, butmainmarket supplytimeis December through to WA, andthere are new plantings intheNTandVIC. grown inQLD, andaround onethird inNSW. Theindustryisstartingtoexpand in around 375,000passionfruitvines.About60percent oftheAustralianpassionfruitcrop is There iscurrently around 280hectares ofpassionfruitundercultivation inAustraliawith At present, there isaminimal amount ofpassionfruitexported. In 2018–19,passionfruitproduction of4,469tonnesfruitwas valued at$19million(LVP). passionfruitaustralia.org.au Represented by Passionfruit Australia PASSIONFRUIT Figure 50.Annualvalue ofpassionfruitproduction, 2007–19 Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 100 150 200 250 50 0 07/08 08/0909/1010/1111/1212/13 13/1414/1515/1616/1717/1818/19 FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 51.Distributionofpassionfruit production by stateandterritory, 2018–19(basedonLVP) Table 29.HighPriorityPestsofthepassionfruitindustry Scientific name Zeugodacus curcubitae (syn. Bactrocera cucurbitae ) Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Passionfruit SriLankan mottle virus Passionfruit yellow mosaicvirus(Tymovirus) Passionfruit vein clearingvirus(Rhabdovirus) Passionfruit severe leafdistortionvirus Passionfruit SriLankan mottle virus(Potyvirus) Passionfruit severe leafdistortion virus(Begomovirus) Passionfruit ringspot virus(Potyvirus) Passionfruit crinklevirus(Potyvirus) Passiflora chlorosis virus(Potyvirus) East Asianpassiflora virus(Potyvirus) Bactrocera xanthodes Bactrocera psidii Bactrocera passiflorae Bactrocera melanotus Bactrocera kirki Bactrocera kandiensis Bactrocera facialis B. philippinensis) Bactrocera dorsalis(syn. B.invadens, B.papayae, Bactrocera carambolae passiflorae Common name Melon fruitfly Bacterial blight Passionfruit yellow mosaicvirus Passionfruit vein clearingrhabdovirus Passionfruit ringspot virus Passionfruit crinklevirus Passiflora chlorosis virus East Asianpassifloravirus Pacific fruitfly South Seaguava fruitfly Fijian fruitfly Fruit fly Fijian fruitfly Fruit fly Tropical fruitfly, Tongan fruitfly Oriental fruitfly Carambola fruitfly 60% 35% 5% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% We Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern New South Australian CapitalTe stern Australia Te Wa rritory les rritory

99 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PINEAPPLES

Figure 52. Annual value of pineapple production, 2007–19 Represented by GROWCOM

growcom.com.au 80 In 2018–19 production was valued at $47 million (LVP). The industry estimates that in 2020 70 around 49,577 tonnes of fresh fruit and 21,056 tonnes of process fruit were marketed. The farm gate value for fresh fruit is $1,140 per tonne and the average price for processed 60 fruit is $366 per tonne. 50

There are approximately 75 commercial pineapple enterprises, with all but one based in 40 QLD. Key growing districts are in Wamuran, Elimba, Glasshouse Mountains, Beerwah, ($ MILLION) Yandina, Maryborough, Hervey Bay, Childers, Bundaberg, Cawarral, Yeppoon, Rollingstone, 30

PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Mutarnee, Bilyana and Mareeba, with one commercial farm located just outside Darwin in 20 Local Value of Production of Production Local Value the NT. 10 Australia produces less than one per cent of the world’s fresh pineapple but supplies almost 0 the entire domestic market. Four primary packing houses pack and market more than 70 per 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 17/18 18/19 CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER cent of fresh pineapples. The primary pineapple processor, Kraft Heinz – Golden Circle Ltd, FINANCIAL YEAR produces canned pineapple and juice accounting for 91 per cent of the processed fruit.

Approximately 69 per cent of the pineapple varieties grown are smooth Cayenne and 31 per cent of plantings are hybrid varieties that appeal more to the fresh market and this proportion is expected to increase. Figure 53. Distribution of pineapple production by state and territory, 2018–19 (based on LVP)

Table 30. High Priority Pests of the pineapple industry 0% Australian Capital Territory

Scientific name Common name 0% New South Wales Cotinis mutabilis Fig beetle 1% Northern Territory Dickeya spp. (pineapple infecting strains) Bacterial fruit collapse, bacterial heart rot 99% Queensland (syn. Erwinia chrysanthemi) 0% South Australia Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Grey pineapple mealybug Fusarium spp. (F. ananatum and F. guttiforme Fusariosis, fusarium stem rot, pineapple eye 0% Tasmania syn. F. subglutinans f. sp. ananas) rot, fruitlet core rot 0% Victoria Strymon megarus (as a vector of fusariosis) Pineapple fruit borer 0% Western Australia Thaumatotibia leucotreta (syn. Cryptophlebia False codling moth leucotreta)

100 PHA meetings andgovernment BiosecurityRoundtables. Hort Innovation research projects (PS16000andPS16002).Theindustryisrepresented at Australia –thePremium Healthy Nut–Strategic Blueprint 2030,andintwo completed is apriorityfor theindustry, withaspectsofbiosecurityembedded inthePistachioIndustry Australia isfree from majorpestsanddiseasesthataffect pistachiosoverseas. Biosecurity (rolling average oftwo seasons) by 2022andto12,000tonnesby 2030. States. Thedomesticproduction ofpistachiois expected toincrease to4,000tonnes with theremainder importedfrom other majorproducers includingIranandtheUnited Australian pistachioproduction currently meets only50percent ofdomesticconsumption, of pistachios(dry) perannumfrom onetofive hectares. pistachio nutproduction. Around 20mixed fruitgrowers eachproduce lessthanfive tonnes 10 to15hectares, whichistheacknowledged size required tomake alivingsolelyfrom currently inproduction. There are five large pistachioorchards andanother five orchards of in 2020representing atotal of1,165new hectares since 2014.None ofthisnew orchard is plantings inWA. 180hectares ofnew orchards were planted in2018,2002019and220 Waikerie inSA. Further plantings are incentral-west VICandPinnaroo, SA, withsmall Major production areas are alongtheMurray River Valley between Swan HillinVICand orchards. under cultivation with2,900tonnesofpistachionutsproduced from theproductive $16.6 million.In2020,there were approximately 2,000hectares (bearingandnon-bearing) In 2018–19,pistachioproduction was valued at$27million(LVP), withexports valued at pgai.com.au Represented by thePistachioGrowers’ AssociationInc PISTACHIOS Table 31.HighPriorityPestsofthepistachioindustry eoi eoitn tan)Verticillium wilt Verticillium dahliae(exotic defoliating strains) Trogoderma granarium Lymantria dispar Leptoglossus zonatus Leptoglossus occidentalis Leptoglossus clypealis Chinavia hilaris(syn. C.hilare) Amyelois transitella Scientific name Khapra beetle Gypsy moth (AsianandEuropean strains) Western leaffooted bug Western conifer seedbug Leaf footed bug Green stinkbug Navel orangeworm Common name Figure 54.Annualvalue ofpistachioproduction 2008–19 Figure 55.Distributionofpistachios by stateandterritory, 2018–19 (basedonLVP) Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 5 08/0909/1010/1111/1212/1313/1414/1515/1616/1717/1818/19 FINANCIAL YEAR 36% 15% 47% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% We Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern New South Australian CapitalTe stern Australia Te Wa rritory les rritory

101 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANTATION FORESTS

Represented by the Australian Forest Products Association (AFPA) ausfpa.com.au In 2018–19, plantation forestry production was valued at $2.4 billion (LVP),36 with wood product exports valued at $3.9 billion.37 The forest, wood and paper products sector is Australia’s sixth largest manufacturing industry.

Australia is the seventh most forested country in the world, with 132 million hectares of native forest on public and private land and two million hectares of plantation forestry. Of this native forest, only 78,000 hectares is harvested for timber production annually (less than 0.06 per cent of Australia’s total native forests). All native forest harvested is sustainably regrown, with the regrowth quickly

PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT becoming an abundant food source and habitat for native species.

Of the 36.6 million hectares of native forest both available and suitable for commercial wood production, 7.5 million hectares is multiple-use public forests. The remainder is in leasehold and private forests. Multiple-use native forests are managed by state government departments or CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER agencies in NSW, QLD, VIC, WA and TAS and are defined as crown land managed for a range of values including wood harvesting, water supply, conservation, recreation and environmental protection.

Plantation species are split evenly between softwood and hardwood plantations. Softwood plantations are predominately long rotation (from 28 to 40 years) and produce logs for a range of products including structural timber for housing, appearance grade sawn timber, wood-based panels, engineered wood products, paper and paperboard. Most softwood grown in Australia is Pinus radiata, which is the dominant species in SA, WA, NSW, VIC and TAS. P. elliottii and P. caribaea are also grown in QLD and northern NSW, and P. pinaster is grown in WA. There is also a notable area (around 50,000 hectares) of native hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) in the south-east of QLD and northern NSW.

Hardwood plantations include short rotation eucalypt species (eight to 12 years) grown for woodchips to be made into tissue, paper and paperboard products, and around 10 per cent are long rotation species, producing logs for a range of products including appearance grade sawn timber and structural timber for housing. Dominant species planted include , E. nitens and E. regnans. There are also some plantings of Acacia mangium, African mahogany, grown in the NT. In 2015–16, there were 32,000 hectares of plantations in the NT, QLD and WA. This estate comprised approximately 17,900 hectares (56%) of Santalum spicatum and 14,100 hectares (44%) of Indian sandalwood (S. album).38

In 2015, Forest and Wood Products Australia funded the development of the Biosecurity Manual for the Plantation Timber Industry and is currently supporting the development of the Plantation Forests Biosecurity Plan 2021–26. In 2017–18, the DAWE with support from the AFPA, funded the development of a National Forest Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy 2018–23.

36 Forestry LVP data consists of hardwood (plantation) and softwood logs

37 Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences. Agricultural commodities: March quarter 2021. Accessed 20 March 2021. agriculture.gov.au/ abares/research-topics/agricultural-outlook/data#agricultural-commodities 38 Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences. Australia's State of the Forests Report 2018. Accessed online 15 July 2021. agriculture.gov.au/ sites/default/files/abares/forestsaustralia/documents/sofr_2018/web%20accessible%20pdfs/SOFR_2018_web.pdf 102 Image caption Table 32.HighPriorityPestsoftheplantation forestry industry they significantly impactnative forests, plantation forests andurbanstreet trees. detection ofexotic forest pestsandimprove thechances ofsuccessful eradicationbefore National Forest Pest Surveillance Program 2021–26.Theprogram aimstoimprove early plantation sector, toestablishpartnershiparrangements thatwillsupportapost-border at PHA.Thecoordinator isworking withAustralian,stateandterritorygovernments andthe Since April2020,AFPA hasfundedthepositionofNationalForests BiosecurityCoordinator Urocerus gigas Tomicus piniperda Teratosphaeria zuluensis Teratosphaeria gauchensis Phytophthora ramorum Phytophthora pinifolia Orgyia thyellina M. galloprovinicialis, M.scutellatus, M.titillator Monchamus spp.includingM.alternatus, Lymantria monacha Lymantria dispar Ips typographus Hylesia nigricans Fusarium circinatum Endocronartium harknessii Dendroctonus valens Dendroctonus ponderosae Coptotermes gestroi Coptotermes formosanus Chrysoporthe austroafricana Bursaphelenchus (syn. Austropuccinia psidiisensulato( Scientific name Puccinia psidii) spp. includingB.xylophilus exotic variants) Giant wood wasp Pine shoot beetle Coniothyrium eucalyptus canker Coniothyrium eucalyptus canker Sudden oakdeath Dano foliar delpino White spotted tussock moth Longhorn beetle Nun moth Asian gypsy moth Spruce barkbeetle Burning moth Pitch canker Western gallrust Red turpentine beetle Mountain pinebeetle Asian subterranean termite Formosan subterranean termite Eucalyptus canker disease Pinewood nematodespeciescomplex Myrtle rust,guava rust,Eucalyptus rust Common name Figure 57.Distributionofplantationforestry production by stateandterritory, 2018–19(basedonLVP) Figure 56.Annualvalue ofplantationforestry production, 2007–19 Local Value of Production ($ BILLION) 0.5 1.5 2.5 0 1 2 07/08 08/0909/1010/1111/1212/1313/1414/1515/1616/1717/1818/19 FINANCIAL YEAR 16% 27% 15% 16% 10% 16% 0% 0% We Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern New South Australian CapitalTe stern Australia Te Wa rritory les rritory

103 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PROCESSING TOMATOES Figure 58. Annual value of processing tomato production, 2007–19 Represented by the Australian Processing Tomato Research Council

aptrc.asn.au 35

In 2018–19, Australian processing tomato production was valued at approximately $23 30 million (LVP). A total of 210,477 tonnes of tomatoes were delivered to three processors, a slight decline from the previous year. Around 97 per cent of the 2,073 planted hectares 25

were harvested, and the average yield of 105.1 tonnes per hectare was near the industry 20 record despite wet weather during the harvest period. ($ MILLION) 15 Heinz varieties made up the bulk of crops grown in Australia. Most crops (86%) were 10 transplanted, and 100 per cent of the production area was irrigated using sub-surface of Production Local Value

PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT drip lines. 5

0 Australians consumed around 575,000 tonnes of processed tomatoes in 2019, with local 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 17/18 18/19 production supplying approximately one third of this demand. The majority of imports come from Italy and the United States. FINANCIAL YEAR CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER

Table 33. High Priority Pests of the processing tomato industry Figure 59. Distribution of processing tomato production by state and territory, 2018–19 (based on LVP)

Scientific name Common name Bactericera cockerelli* Tomato potato psyllid Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum 0% Australian Capital Territory Zebra chip (syn. Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous) 3% New South Wales Frankliniella intonsa Flower thrips 0% Northern Territory Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leaf miner 0% Queensland Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leaf miner 0% South Australia Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leaf miner, American leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leaf miner 0% Tasmania Lissachatina fulica (syn. Achatina fulica) Giant African snail 97% Victoria South American tomato moth, tomato leaf Tuta absoluta <1% Western Australia miner

*established in Australia

104 PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER

Image courtesy of the Australian Processing Tomato Research Council

Image caption 105 PRODUCTION NURSERIES

Represented by Greenlife Industry Australia (GIA) greenlifeindustry.com.au The nursery industry operates in all states and territories of Australia, being one of the largest and most diverse plant industries in the country. The industry estimates an annual gross production value of approximately $0.9 billion (production nurseries only) will occur in 2021 across the entire supply chain. Greenlife production nurseries supply to ornamental retail, , revegetation, rehabilitation and production horticulture sectors including tree crops (e.g. fruit, berries, vines, tea tree), vegetables, forestry and cut flowers with a combined annual production value of more than $15 billion.

PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT In 2016, Nursery Garden Industry Australia, NGIA (now Greenlife Industry Australia) developed the Australian Plant Production Standard website nurseryproductionfms.com.au which is the one-stop shop for industry biosecurity information for growers, including access to pest fact sheets, management plans, videos and an eLearning portal. The industry has consistently guided RD&E levy investment towards plant protection and biosecurity resources both at a strategic national level as CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER well as at a grower level.

In early 2018, Greenlife Industry Australia achieved certification and recognition of BioSecure HACCP as an Approved Biosecurity Scheme under the Biosecurity Act 2014 (Queensland), the first such recognition of a third party certification program in Australia. This was followed by NSW providing equivalent certification under the Biosecurity Act 2015 (NSW) in late December 2018.

Greenlife Industry Australia continues to work in partnership with state and territory governments on the roll out of BioSecure HACCP, with legal recognition for market access achieved in QLD, NSW, VIC, TAS, SA and WA by the end of 2019. This allows certified producers to self-certify consignments of nursery stock for interstate market access and issue BioSecure HACCP Biosecurity Certificates.

The industry continues to build the online electronic plant pest identification resource Pest ID Tool (pestid.com.au) which combines information and images on endemic and key exotic plant pests that impact on production or trade.

Image courtesy of PIC@PEQ 106 Image caption (based onLVP) Figure 61.Distributionofproduction nurseriesby stateandterritory, 2018–19 Local Value of Production Figure 60.Annualvalue ofproduction nurseries,2007–19 ($ BILLION) 1.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 1 07/08 08/0909/1010/1111/1212/1313/1414/1515/1616/1717/1818/19 FINANCIAL YEAR 45% <1% 18% <1% 33% 3% 0% 0% We Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern New South Australian CapitalTe stern Australia Te Wa rritory les rritory

Table 34.HighPriorityPestsoftheproduction nurseryindustry Xylella fastidiosa Pseudomonas syringae pv. Pomacea canaliculata Phytophthora ramorum Oligonychus ilicis Lymantria dispar Lygus lineolaris Lissachatina fulica (syn. Liriomyza huidobrensis exotic whiteflytransmittedviruses Lettuce infectious yellows virus(Crinivirus) andother Homalodisca vitripennis(syn. Homalodisca coagulata) Echinothrips americanus Diaphorina citri Candidatus Indian Ocean) World, Mediterranean, MiddleEast–Asia Minor2, (1-8), Italy, Sub-Saharan Africa (1-4),Uganda, New Bemisia tabaci(typesAsia1,China2,II Puccinia psidii) Austropuccinia psidiisensulato(exotic variants) (syn. Aphis gossypii (exotic strains) Scientific name Liberibacter asiaticus sbpce o pcfe)Pierce’s disease,blueberry leaf scorch, (subspecies not specified) Achatina fulica) syringae (exotic races) Bacterial canker Giant African snail peach, plumleafscald olive leafscorch, olive quickdecline,phony Golden applesnail Sudden oakdeath Southern red mite Asian gypsy moth Tarnished plant bug Serpentine leafminer Lettuce infectious yellows virus Glassy wingedsharpshooter Poinsettia thrips Asian citruspsyllid Huanglongbing (Asiaticstrain) Silverleaf whitefly Myrtle rust,guava rust,Eucalyptus rust Cotton aphid Common name

107 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES RICE

Figure 62. Annual value of rice production, 2007–19 Represented by the Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia

rga.org.au 300 In 2018–19, rice production was valued at $31 million (LVP) with exports valued at $299 million.39 250

The Australian rice industry is predominantly located in the temperate climatic region of 200 the Riverina in southern NSW, with a small amount grown in northern NSW and an emerging production area in north QLD and NT. In the 2019 season in NSW, 96 farms produced a total 150 of 54,000 paddy tonnes of rice and in the 2020 season, 99 farms produced 45,000 paddy ($ MILLION) tonnes, the latter being the second lowest crop in 70 years. 100 Local Value of Production of Production Local Value PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Rice production in Australia is highly variable, reflecting water availability and the prices of 50 alternative crops. Rice is sown from October to December and harvested in March to May in 0 southern NSW. 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 17/18 18/19

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER Most of the rice produced in Australia is medium grain rice, the majority of which is exported. FINANCIAL YEAR Ninety one percent of the 2019 harvest in southern NSW was medium or short grain varieties.40

The rice industry continues to conduct research into suitable varieties and management techniques to maximise water efficiency and allow production in north QLD. Strict biosecurity measures have been put in place to ensure that any pests endemic in Figure 63. Distribution of rice production by state and territory, 2018–19 (based on LVP) northern Australia are not spread south to the major rice growing area in NSW.

Table 35. High Priority Pests of the rice industry 0% Australian Capital Territory Scientific name Common name 92% New South Wales Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil 1% Northern Territory Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast 8% Queensland Pomacea cancliculata Golden apple snail 0% South Australia Rice grassy stunt virus (Tenuivirus) Rice grassy stunt virus 0% Tasmania Rice ragged stunt virus (Oryzavirus) Ragged stunt virus 0% Victoria Rice tungro bacilliform virus (unassigned) Rice tungro bacilliform virus Rice tungro spherical virus (Waikavirus) Waikavirus, rice tungro spherical virus 0% Western Australia Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle

39 Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences. Agricultural commodities: March quarter 2021. Accessed 20 March 2021. agriculture.gov.au/abares/research-topics/agricultural-outlook/data#agricultural-commodities

40 Sunrice Annual Report 2019. Accessed online 20 March 2021. https://investors.sunrice.com.au/FormBuilder/_Resource/_module/2weQNICYSUy13FE_ jxQXvg/file/annual-reports/Annual_Report_2019.pdf

108 season andproductivity. low-chill rubusvarieties andproduction methods tosimulatewinter extend theharvest production siteswhere harvest occurs lateautumntospring.Hydroponic systems, new autumn. However, year-round supplyispossiblefrom subtropical NSWandsouth-eastQLD Traditionally rubusisacool temperatecrop withpeakproduction inearlysummerto and rain.New plantings continue inresponse toincreasing demandfrom consumers. production islargely underprotected cropping (white plastictunnels) toprotect from wind There isapproximately 700hectares oflandundercultivation withrubusvarieties: Indonesia andPacific Islandcountries. Fresh exports were valued atlessthan$100,000. with approximately onepercent ofproduction exported toSingapore, Hong Kong, India, While mostraspberries,blackberriesandbrambleberriesproduced are consumed locally, fresh production. followed by blackberriesat14percent andother hybrid bramblesconsisting ofonepercent berries. Raspberriesare themostpopularaccounting for 85percent offresh production, loganberries, youngberries andmarionberries) are collectively referred toasrubusorcane Raspberry, blackberryandhybrid brambles(includingsilvanberries, boysenberries, production of9,478tonnes. In 2018–19,therubusindustrywas valued at$187million(LVP), corresponding to berries.net.au/home/about/rubus/raba/ Represented by Raspberries andBlackberriesAustralia(RABA) Figure 64.Annualvalue ofrubusproduction, 2009–19 RUBUS Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 100 120 140 160 180 200 20 40 60 80 0 09/1010/1111/12 12/1313/1414/1515/16 16/1717/1818/19 FINANCIAL YEAR Table 36.HighPriorityPestsoftherubus industry Figure 65.Distributionofrubus production by stateandterritory, 2018–19(basedonLVP) Tomato ringspot virus(Nepovirus) Strawberry latent ringspot virus( Raspberry ringspot virus(Nepovirus) Popillia japonica Pennisetia marginata (syn. Heterocrossa rubophaga Halyomorpha halys Gymnoconia nitens Euschistus conspersus Drosophila suzukii Cherry leafroll virus(Nepovirus) (exotic strains) Cercosporella rubi Arthuriomyces peckianus Scientific name Carposina rubophaga,C.adreptella ) Sadwavirus) red currant mosaicvirus Tomato ringspot virus,backberrymosaic Strawberry latent ringspot virus Raspberry ringspot virus Japanese beetle Raspberry crown borer Raspberry crown borer Brown marmoratedstinkbug Orange rust(short-cycled) Consperse stinkbug Spotted wingdrosophila Blackline Rosette Orange rust(long-cycled) Common name Raspberry budmoth 31% 28% 18% 17% 3% 2% 0% 0% We Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern New South Australian CapitalTe stern Australia Te Wa rritory les rritory

109 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES STONE FRUIT

Represented by Summerfruit Australia Figure 66. Annual value of stone fruit production, 2007–19 summerfruit.com.au 300 In 2018–19, stone fruit production (fresh apricots, nectarines, peaches and plums) was valued at $240 million (LVP), with exports valued at $89 million. Nectarines and peaches 250 comprised two thirds of national stone fruit production, followed by plums and apricots. Production is mainly located in subtropical and temperate Australia where the industry is a 200 major rural and regional employer. VIC produces around 75 per cent of Australia’s stone fruit (138,000 tonnes nationally) with the remaining production spread between NSW, QLD, SA, 150

WA and TAS. ($ MILLION) 100 Increased stone fruit exports have been driven by demand from China. Market access to Local Value of Production of Production Local Value PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT mainland China allowed an expansion of exports. During the 2018–19 export season, a 50 record 23,013 tonnes were exported (an increase of 30%). While slightly down in 2019–20, Australia exported 21,300 tonnes of stone fruit worth $89.11 million, with 11,400 tonnes 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 17/18 18/19 going to China and Hong Kong. Other major markets were United Arab Emirates, Saudi

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER Arabia, Singapore and Malaysia. FINANCIAL YEAR

In 2020, Summerfruit Australia was involved in several responses to pest incursions affecting the industry, including detections of brown marmorated stink bug, Varroa mite and exotic fruit fly. The industry had representation at PHA meetings and the relevant Australian Government Biosecurity Roundtables.

The Biosecurity Plan for the Summerfruit Industry (which also applies to the canned fruit industry) has been adopted, and components of the plan have been acted upon through 2020. Figure 67. Distribution of stone fruit production by state and territory, 2018–19 (based upon LVP)

Table 37. High Priority Pests of the stone fruit industry

Scientific name Common name 0% Australian Capital Territory Anastrepha ludens Mexican fruit fly 11% New South Wales Anastrepha serpentina Sapodilla fruit fly, sapote fruit fly 0% Northern Territory Anastrepha striata Guava fruit fly 2% Queensland Bactrocera dorsalis (syn. B. invadens, B. papayae, Oriental fruit fly B. philippinensis) 6% South Australia Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila 1% Tasmania Halyomorpha halys Brown marmorated stink bug 70% Victoria Homalodisca vitripennis (with Xylella fastidiosa) Glassy winged sharpshooter Western Australia Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth 10% Philaenus spumarius (with Xylella fastidiosa) Meadow froghopper, meadow spittle bug Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus, sharka Pierce’s disease, blueberry leaf scorch, olive Xylella fastidiosa (subsp. not specified) leaf scorch, olive quick decline, phony peach, 110 plum leaf scald of Australian-bred varieties are increasing, particularlyinQLD. States. There iscontinued industryinvestment inanationalbreeding program, andplantings are increasingly beinggrown, withsomevarieties importedfrom FloridaintheUnited States, withsomeAustralian-bred varieties. Insubtropical regions, Australian-bred varieties In temperateregions, thevarieties grown are predominantly from California intheUnited regions from May toOctober, andintemperateregions from OctobertoJune. Strawberries are grown inAustraliathroughout theyear, withproduction insubtropical Bullsbrook andAlbany inWA, theAdelaide HillsinSA, andTAS. Valley andtheMornington Peninsula inVIC,withother production areas inWannaroo, 500 growers. Production isconcentrated intheSunshineCoast area ofQLD, andtheYarra Strawberries are grown inallstatesofAustralia(except theACT andNT)by anestimated Thailand andHong Kong. approximately five percent ofproduction toUnitedArabEmirates,New Zealand, Singapore, Although primarilyfocused onthedomestic market, in2018–19theindustryexported cool chainmanagement. per capitaconsumption, driven by higherplanting numbers,improved varieties andbetter valued at$24.4million.Theincrease inproduction over recent years isdueprimarilytorising In 2018–19,strawberryproduction was valued at$323million(LVP) withfresh exports berries.net.au/home/about/strawberries/sai Represented by Strawberries Australia STRAWBERRIES Table 38.HighPriorityPestsofthestrawberry industry Phytophthora fragariae var. Lygus lineolaris Lygus hesperus Scientific name Xanthomonas fragariae Tomato ringspot virus(Nepovirus) Tomato blackringvirus(Nepovirus) Raspberry ringspot virus(Nepovirus) fragariae Tarnished plant bug Western plant bug Common name Strawberry angularleafspot red currant mosaicvirus Tomato ringspot virus,backberrymosaic virus, Tomato blackring virus Raspberry ringspot virus Red steeleroot rot Figure 69.Distributionofstrawberry production by stateandterritory, 2018–19(baseduponLVP) Figure 68.Annualvalue ofstrawberry production, 2007–19 Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 100 150 200 250 300 350 50 0 07/08 08/0909/1010/1111/1212/1313/1414/1515/1616/1717/1818/19 FINANCIAL YEAR 14% 16% 58% <1% 9% 4% 0% 0% We Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern New SouthWales Australian CapitalTe stern Australia Te rritory rritory

111 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES SUGARCANE

Represented by CANEGROWERS canegrowers.com.au In 2018–19, sugarcane production was valued at $1.2 billion (LVP) with sugar exports valued at $1.53 billion.41 In 2019, the industry produced 32.5 million tonnes of cane, and 4.72 million tonnes of processed sugar.

Australia’s sugarcane is grown in high rainfall and irrigated areas along coastal plains and river valleys on 2,100 km of Australia’s eastern coastline between Mossman in far north

PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT QLD and Grafton in NSW. QLD accounts for about 95 per cent of Australia’s raw sugar production.

Australia is the world’s third largest exporter of raw sugar, with approximately 80 per cent of production sold to international markets. Major export customers include east Asia, China, CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan, the United States and New Zealand.

41 Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences. Agricultural commodities: March quarter 2021. Accessed 20 March 2021. agriculture.gov.au/abares/research-topics/agricultural-outlook/data#agricultural-commodities

112 Image caption (based uponLVP) Figure 71.Distributionofsugarcane production by stateandterritory, 2018–19 Figure 70.Annualvalue ofsugarcane production, 2007–19 Local Value of Production ($ BILLION) 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 200 400 600 800 0 07/08 08/0909/1010/1111/1212/1313/1414/1515/1616/1717/1818/19 FINANCIAL YEAR 95% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 5% 0% We Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern New SouthWales Australian CapitalTe stern Australia Te rritory rritory

Table 39.HighPriorityPestsofthesugarcane industry serological groups 2or3) Xanthomonas albilineans(exotic strains, White leafphytoplasma Sugarcane streak mosaic Unknown Sugarcane streak mosaicvirus (Poacevirus) Stagonospora sacchari Sesamia grisescens Scirpophaga excerptalis Pyrilla perpusilla Polyocha depressella Peronosclerospora sacchari Peronosclerospora philippinensis Perkinsiella vitiensis Perkinsiella vastatrix Grassy shoot phytoplasma Eumetopina flavipes Eldana saccharina Chilo tumidicostalis Chilo terrenellus Chilo sacchariphagus Chilo infuscatellus Chilo auricilius Ceratovacuna lanigera Aleurolobus barodensis Scientific name Leaf scald White leaf Ramu stunt disease Leaf scorch Stem borer Top shoot borer Sugarcane pyrilla Root borer Sugarcane downy mildew Philippine downy mildew ofmaize Sugarcane planthopper Sugarcane planthopper Grassy shoot stunt disease) Sugarcane leafhopper(as avector ofRamu African sugarcane stalkborer Spotted sugarcane stemborer Sugarcane stemborer Sugarcane internode borer Yellow topborer ofsugarcane Sugarcane internode borer Sugarcane woolly aphid Sugarcane whitefly Common name

113 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES SWEETPOTATOES

Represented by Australian Sweetpotato Growers (ASPG) Table 40. High Priority Pests of the sweetpotato industry aspg.com.au Scientific name Common name In 2018–19, sweetpotato production was valued at $83 million (LVP), with exports valued at $2.4 million. The main export markets are United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong and Singapore. Achatina achatina Giant African snail, giant Ghana snail Agrotis segetum Turnip moth, cutworm, black cutworm Sweetpotatoes are available all year round in Australia with total production of around Belonolaimus longicaudatus Sting nematode 100,000 tonnes. There are around 80 commercial producers with farm sizes ranging from 10 to 200 hectares, with most being 15 to 80 hectares. QLD is the biggest producer with Diaprepes abbreviatus Citrus weevil, West Indian weevil, sugarcane 88 per cent of production, mainly around Bundaberg. The second major production area is rootstalk borer around Cudgen in northern NSW. Sweetpotatoes are also grown in Mareeba, Atherton and Ditylenchus destructor Potato tuber nematode Rockhampton in QLD; Murwillumbah in NSW; and Perth, Carnarvon and Kununurra in WA. Elasmopalpus lignosellus Lesser corn stalk borer PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT Four types of sweetpotato are grown in Australia, categorised by skin and flesh colour. Euscepes postfasciatus (syn. Euscepes batatae) West Indian sweetpotato weevil The gold variety (rose-gold skin, gold flesh) dominates the Australian sweetpotato industry with over 90 per cent of production. Red category (red skin, white flesh) makes up around Lissachatina fulica (syn. Achatina fulica) Giant African snail eight per cent, with purple (white skin, purple flesh) and white (white skin, white flesh) Meloidogyne enterolobii (syn. M. mayaguensis) Root knot nematode CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER making up the remainder. The majority of sweetpotato production is consumed Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (Crinivirus) Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus, SPCSV domestically, with around 1.5 per cent exported. Sweet potato mild mottle virus (Ipomovirus)* Mild mottle of sweet potato, SPCSV Commercial growers purchase pathogen-tested planting material several times every year, Sweet potato mild speckling virus (Potyvirus)* Sweet potato mild speckling virus, SPCSV a measure that has doubled marketable yield per hectare. This scheme supports biosecurity Veronicella cubensis Cuban slug by constraining what was previously a pest movement risk between farms. The pathogen testing scheme is reinforced by a major research program into nematode diagnostics and *with sweet potato feathery mottle virus and sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus management, as well as ongoing development of diagnostics for viruses and other endemic and exotic pests. In 2020, the sweetpotato industry updated and progressed its biosecurity plan with PHA. Key efforts included biosecurity training for members of the ASPG executive, and initial development of the Owner Reimbursement Costs Framework, for application during an incursion. Figure 73. Distribution of sweetpotato production by state and territory, 2018–19 (based upon LVP) Figure 72. Annual value of sweetpotato production, 2011–19

120

100 0% Australian Capital Territory 10% New South Wales 80 0% Northern Territory 60 89% Queensland ($ MILLION) 40 0% South Australia

Local Value of Production of Production Local Value 0% Tasmania 20 0% Victoria 0 2% Western Australia 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 17/18 18/19

FINANCIAL YEAR 114 with a35:65splitbetween thedomesticandexport markets. facilities. The2020–21seasonisforecast tosee approximately 240,000tonnesproduced, in theSunraysia region being redeveloped into tablegrapevineyards andpackingshed with new landholdersinvesting inexisting tablegrapeproperties andnon-productive land In thepastthree years there hasbeenasignificant expansion inthetablegrapesector, Tree intheNT. Bunbury regions ofWA; central QLDinEmerald,St George, MunduberraandMareeba; andTi of Sunraysia andtheMurray Valley inVIC;theRiverland inSA; Swan Valley, Carnarvon and of tablegrapesare produced by approximately 900growers inthemajorgrowing regions which was 12.2percent higherthantheprevious year. Green, red andblue-blackvarieties In 2019–20,thetablegrapeindustryexported 152,200tonnes,valued at$623million, and thePhilippineswere valued at$555million. produced. Exportsof152,200tonnespredominantly toChina,Indonesia,Japan,Hong Kong In 2018–19tablegrapeproduction was valued at$445million(LVP), with220,000tonnes australiangrapes.com.au Represented by theAustralianTable GrapeAssociation TABLE GRAPES (based uponLVP) Figure 75.Distributionoftablegrapeproduction by stateandterritory, 2018–19 71% <1% 15% 6% 0% 1% 6% 0% We Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern New South Australian CapitalTe stern Australia Te Wa rritory les rritory Figure 74.Annualvalue oftablegrapeproduction, 2007–19 Table 41.HighPriorityPestsofthetable grapeindustry Xylella fastidiosa (subspecies not specified) Tetranychus pacificus Pseudococcus maritimus Pseudococcus comstocki Polychrosis viteana Planococcus ficus Glassy wingedsharpshooter Lycorma delicatula Lobesia botrana Homalodisca vitripennis(with Xylella fastidiosa) Homalodisca vitripennis(syn. H.coagulata) Halyomorpha halys Guignardia bidwellii (with vector) Grapevine red blotch-associated virus(Geminivirus) Drosophila suzukii Ceratitis rosa Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Bactrocera dorsalis Bactrocera carambolae Argyrotaenia citrana Scientific name Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 100 200 300 400 500 0 07/08 08/0909/10 10/1111/1212/1313/1414/15 15/1616/1717/1818/19 FINANCIAL YEAR Pierce’s disease Pacific spidermite Grape mealybug Comstock's mealybug American berrymoth Vine mealybug Spotted lanternfly European grapevine moth Glassy wingedsharpshooter Brown marmoratedstinkbug Black rot GRBaV Grapevine red blotch associatedvirus, Spotted wingdrosophila Natal fruitfly Bois noir Oriental fruitfly Carambola fruitfly Orange tortrix Common name

115 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES TEA TREE

Represented by the Australian Tea Tree Industry Association Figure 76. Annual value of tea tree production, 2013–19 teatree.org.au 50 In 2018–19, tea tree production was valued at $45 million (LVP), with the vast majority exported. This represents a significant (25%) drop in production due to frost, drought and fire 45 events. 40

In 2020, there were about 140 tea tree growers in Australia and about 4,800 hectares under 35 plantation production. Industry growth has stabilised, with an average annual production of 30 1,100 tonnes of oil. 25

The main product of the Australian tea tree industry is , which is steam distilled 20 ($ MILLION) PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT from alternifolia, an iconic Australian native plant species. Nearly all Australian tea 15 tree oil production is sourced from plantations. Three quarters of plantations are in the coastal region of northern NSW, with 10 per cent located in the Atherton Tablelands of QLD. of Production Local Value 10 5

CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER Tea tree oil is exported as bulk oil which is used to make value-added products including healthcare, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, veterinary and aromatherapy products. Most oil (90%) 0 is exported through an established supply chain to over 70 countries, particularly North 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 17/18 18/19 America and Europe. FINANCIAL YEAR Domestic consumption is estimated to be around 95,000 kilograms per annum, with much of this also destined for the export market as value-added cosmetic and therapeutic goods Figure 77. Distribution of tea tree production by state and territory, 2018–19 such as soap, shampoo, burn dressings and tea tree oil. (based upon LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory 88% New South Wales Table 42. High Priority Pests of the tea tree industry 0% Northern Territory Scientific name Common name 12% Queensland Austropuccinia psidii sensu lato (exotic variants) Myrtle rust, guava rust, Eucalyptus rust (syn. Puccinia psidii) 0% South Australia Calonectria brassicae (syn. C. gracile) No common name 0% Tasmania Calonectria pteridis Blight, leaf spot, cutting and root rot 0% Victoria Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death 0% Western Australia Xylosandrus compactus Black twig borer

116 Table 43.HighPriorityPestsofthetruffleindustry get product to,duetotransportlimitations outofAustralia. growers andexporters, as overseas markets were unpredictable, hard toaccess, andhard to there were reasonable sales madetothissector. Thegreatest impactwas felt by thelargest provide take homemealsduetoCovid-19, saleswere down. However, inmany locations there may beaflow-on effect next season.Withmany restaurants closedoronlyableto for useinthehomewas buoyant, showing asignificant increase onprevious years, and The Australiantruffleindustryhadadifficult2020season.market supplyingtruffles commercial production inAustraliaare T. aestivumandT. borchii. is available whenlocalproduct isoutofseason.Thetwo other speciesoftrufflewithlimited after inoverseas markets, particularlyinthenorthern hemisphere, where Australianproduce Australian T. melanosporumare recognised for theirexcellent qualityandare highlysought newer farmsinSA andsouthernQLDwillproduce inthenext few years. the harvest. There isincreasing production inTAS, ACT, NSWandVIC.Asmallnumberof production area istheManjimupregion ofWA, whichaccounts for around 75 percent of producer ofthePérigord blacktruffle(Tuber melanosporum)intheworld. Themajor Since thefirsttrufflewas harvested in1999,Australiahasbecome thefourth largest has 170membersacross thetrufflegrowing states. 40 percent ofwhichhave harvested truffles.TheAustralianTruffle Growers' Association There isanestimated450to500truffleorchards, ortruffières, around thecountry, 30to harvest exported toEurope, theUnitedStates andAsia. Australian trufflesare marketed inmore than40different countries, withmostofthe significant reduction ontheprevious season. In 2018–19,Australiantruffleproduction was valued at$7million(LVP), representing a trufflegrowers.com.au Represented by theAustralianTruffle Growers' Association TRUFFLES Pucciniastrum coryli Pseudomonas avellanae (syn. P. syringae pv. Phytophthora ramorum Lymantria monacha Halyomorpha halys Anisogramma anomala Scientific name Bacterialcanker avellanae ) Hazelnut rust Sudden oakdeath Nun moth Brown marmoratedstinkbug Eastern filbertblight, hazelnut blight Common name Figure 79.Distributionoftruffleproduction by stateandterritory, 2018–19(basedonLVP) Figure 78.Annualvalue oftruffleproduction, 2012–19 Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 12/13 13/1414/1515/1616/1717/1818/19 FINANCIAL YEAR 68% 12% 6% 0% 0% 0% 7% 7% We Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern New South Australian CapitalTe stern Australia Te Wa rritory les rritory

117 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES VEGETABLES (INCLUDING POTATOES)

Represented by AUSVEG Figure 80. Annual value of vegetable production (excluding potatoes), 2007–19 ausveg.com.au In 2018–19, vegetable and potato production was valued at $2.6 billion (LVP). Major crops 2500 include potatoes, carrots and lettuce. Potato production alone was valued at $659 million (LVP). Exports of vegetables, including potatoes, were valued at $292 million. 2000

Australia’s diverse climate and accommodate vegetable cultivation in all states and 1500 territories, ensuring a constant supply of fresh vegetables. Australian growers provide the majority of fresh vegetables consumed in Australia, and an increasing amount of fresh vegetables are consumed overseas. ($ BILLION) 1000 PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT

The Australian vegetable industry is committed to building its capacity to respond to of Production Local Value 500 potential biosecurity threats. The employment of two full-time biosecurity officers, a tomato potato psyllid national coordinator and a potato pest surveillance officer allows the industry 0 to participate in a range of biosecurity related initiatives. 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 17/18 18/19 CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER In 2020, the biosecurity officers visited numerous growing regions in Australia including FINANCIAL YEAR Bundaberg in QLD, Katherine and Darwin in NT, Southern Tablelands in NSW, and the Lockyer Valley in QLD. They held a series of regional biosecurity awareness seminars in these regions and visited 18 individual farms. Due to Covid-19, further farm visits were not Figure 81. Distribution of vegetable production (excluding potatoes) by state and territory, 2018–19 possible after mid-March. Instead, the officers conducted extensive grower consultation and (based upon LVP) interview sessions by telephone and Zoom. They also ran more than 10 biosecurity webinars and developed several videos and podcasts. Recordings of these are available at ausveg.com.au

The biosecurity officers also participated in technical committee, consultation and project 0% Australian Capital Territory development meetings with the DAWE, and engaged with state government departments, 12% New South Wales other industry bodies and PHA. They also facilitated a Melbourne-based pilot program that focused on exotic plant pest awareness in urban environments. Officers engaged with 1% Northern Territory community gardeners and urban farmers, raising awareness of exotic plant pests and 38% Queensland reporting protocols. 7% South Australia In 2020, the National Potato Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy was finalised, which involved 3% Tasmania significant engagement with potato growers, processors, seed suppliers and certifiers, industry bodies, the Australian Government and governments in WA, NSW, SA, TAS, VIC and 27% Victoria QLD. 11% Western Australia

118 Table 44.HighPriorityPestsofthevegetable industry(excluding potatoes) Liriomyza trifolii Liriomyza sativae Liriomyza huidobrensis Liriomyza bryoniae Heterodera ciceri Heterodera carotae Cephalosporium maydis ) Budnecrosis disease Harpophora maydis (syn. Acremonium maydis, Halyomorpha halys Groundnut budnecrosis virus(Tospovirus) Eumerus strigatus Delia florilega Delia floralis Delia antiqua Colletotrichum lentis (lentil strain) Colletotrichum higginsianum Candidatus Liberibacterpsyllaurous) Candidatus Liberibactersolanacearum (syn. East-Asia Minor 2,IndianOcean) Uganda, New World, Mediterranean, Middle Asia II(1-8),Italy, Sub-Saharan Africa (1-4), Bemisia tabaci(typesAsia1,China2, Bactrocera trivialis Bactrocera passiflorae B. philippinensis) Bactrocera dorsalis(syn.B. invadens, B.papayae, Bactrocera carambolae Aulacophora foveicollis Aphis fabae Alternaria humicola Achatina achatina Scientific name American serpentine leafminer Vegetable leafminer, American leafminer Serpentine leafminer Tomato leafminer Chickpea cyst nematode Carrot cyst nematode Late wilt Brown marmoratedstinkbug Lesser bulbfly Bean fly Summer cabbagefly Onion fly Lentil anthracnose, soybean anthracnose Anthracnose Zebra chip Silverleaf whitefly New Guineafruitfly Fijian fruitfly Oriental fruitfly Carambola fruitfly Red pumpkinbeetle Black beanaphid Leaf spot Giant African snail,giant Ghanasnail Common name *established inAustralia Tsoiu)Watermelon budnecrosis cucurbitae) Zeugodacus curcubitae (syn.Bactrocera Watermelon budnecrosis virus(Tospovirus) Uromyces lineolatus Tuta absoluta Tomato mottle mosaicvirus,ToMMV Trichoplusia ni Tomato mottle mosaicvirus(Tobamovirus) Tomato brown rugosefruitvirus,ToBRFV Tomato brown rugosefruitvirus(Tobamovirus) leucotreta) Thaumatotibia leucotreta (syn. Cryptophlebia Spodoptera frugiperda* Rhizoglyphous setosus (syn. Thanatephorus cucumeris) (teleomorph: Corticium sasakii) Rhizoctonia solanif. sp.sasakii Puccinia spp.(exotic species) Puccinia opizii Puccinia nitida Puccinia apii Puccinia agrophila Psila rosae (exotic strains) Potato spindletuberviroid (Pospiviroidae) exotic strainsofA1matingtype) Phytophthora infestans (A2matingtypeand Phytomyza gymnostoma Root knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi Meloidogyne enterolobii (syn.M. mayaguensis ) Lygus hesperus Lissachatina fulica (syn.Achatina fulica) Scientific name (AG1) Melon fruitfly Rust miner South Americantomatomoth, tomatoleaf Cabbage looper False codling moth Fall armyworm Bulb mite Banded leaf, sheathspot Rusts Rust Rust ofdill Rust ofcelery No common name Carrot rustfly Potato spindletuberviroid Late blight Allium leafminer Barley root knot nematode Western plant bug Giant African landsnail Common name

119 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES Figure 82. Annual value of potato production, 2007–19 Table 45. High Priority Pests of the potato industry

700 Scientific name Common name

600 Aphis fabae Black bean aphid

500 Aphis gossypii (exotic strains) Cotton aphid Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum 400 Zebra chip (syn. Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous) 300 ($ MILLION) Globodera pallida Pale potato cyst nematode 200 PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT

Local Value of Production of Production Local Value Globodera rostochiensis (pathotypes RO2, RO3, Golden potato cyst nematode 100 RO4 and RO5)

0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 16/17 17/18 18/19 Leptinotarsa decemlineata Colorado potato beetle CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER FINANCIAL YEAR Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leaf miner Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leaf miner, American leaf miner

Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leaf miner

Meloidogyne enterolobii (syn. M. mayaguensis) Root knot nematode

Phytophthora infestans (A2 mating type and Late blight exotic strains of A1 mating type) Figure 83. Distribution of potato production by state and territory, 2018–19 (based on LVP) Potato spindle tuber viroid (Pospiviroidae) Potato spindle tuber viroid (exotic strains)

Ralstonia syzygii (syn. Ralstonia solanacearum Bacterial wilt race 4, Pseudomonas solanacearum) 0% Australian Capital Territory 6% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 8% Queensland 40% South Australia 19% Tasmania 17% Victoria 9% Western Australia

120 Table 46.HighPriorityPestsofthewalnutindustry in 2021. industry isworking through therequirements, withtheaimoflevy beinglegislated association andPHAwebsites. Consultation was undertaken ontheEPPRlevy andthe and anOwnerReimbursement Cost Framework for thewalnut industry, available onthe incursions, andfundedprojects toestablishanEmergency Plant Pest Response (EPPR)levy In 2020,theAustralianWalnut IndustryAssociationparticipatedinresponses topest PHA meetings andAustralianGovernment BiosecurityRoundtables. section toraiseawareness ofbiosecurityamonggrowers, andarepresentative attends part oftheindustrydevelopment officer’s role. Theindustrywebsite maintains abiosecurity Biosecurity isincludedintheAustralianWalnut IndustryStrategic Blueprint 2030anditis Australian Walnut IndustryAssociationprioritisesbiosecuritytomaintain thisstatus. Australia isfree from themajorpestsanddiseasesthataffect walnuts overseas, andthe 2021 ascurrent growers expand theirorchards andnew growers enter theindustry. and ManjimupinWA. Theindustryispredicted togrow to14,000tonnes(4,300hectares) by Murray IrrigationArea nearKerang andSwan HillinVIC;theRiverina nearGriffithinNSW; production areas are ontheeastcoast ofTAS; theGoulburnValley nearShepparton;the The Australianwalnut industryoperatesinmoststatesofAustralia.Majorwalnut in-shell walnuts inChina,Turkey andItaly. About 45percent ofAustralia’s walnut production isexported withgreatest demandfor or 1.2milliontrees. $17.9 million.In-shellproduction of12,800tonneswas produced from over 4,000hectares In 2018–19,thewalnut industrywas valued at$44million(LVP), withexports valued at walnut.net.au Represented by theAustralianWalnut IndustryAssociation WALNUTS eoi eoitn tan)Verticillium wilt Verticillium dahliae(exotic defoliating strains) Trogoderma granarium Lymantria dispar Halyomorpha halys Amyelois transitella Scientific name Khapra beetle Gypsy moth (AsianandEuropean strains) Brown marmorated stinkbug Navel orangeworm Common name

Figure 85.Distributionofwalnutproduction by stateandterritory, 2018–19(basedonLVP) Local Value of Production Figure 84.Annualvalue ofwalnut production, 2007–19 ($ MILLION) 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 07/08 08/0909/1010/1111/1212/1313/1414/1515/1616/1717/1818/19 FINANCIAL YEAR 13% 11% 73% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0% We Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern New South Australian CapitalTe stern Australia Te Wa rritory les rritory

121 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES INDUSTRY PLANT CHAPTER 3: 3: CHAPTER

122 Image caption Figure 86.Annualvalue ofwinegrapeproduction, 2007–19 material entering thecountry andtosupportactive surveillance programs. high-priority RD&Etodevelop diagnostic tools,technologies,andprotocols toscreen plant for potentially affected sectors,andensure there isnationalawareness andcoordination of initiative, fundingacoordinator tomanagecross-sectoral preparedness, actinaliaisonrole In 2019Hort Innovation andWineAustraliajointly fundedthenationalXylella preparedness planning andtrainingfor industrypersonnel Australia-wide. sector's capacitytorespond toapestordiseaseincursionthrough emergency response work across thewinesectorandtopromote leadership.AGW hasworked toimprove the Wine BiosecurityCommittee provides amechanismtocoordinate andprioritisebiosecurity AGW promotes biosecuritywithinthesectorandviticulture industrymore broadly. Its an enviable globalreputation for producing highqualitywines. work hard tomanagethespread ofphylloxera. Australiangrapeandwineproducers enjoy in theworld. Australiaremains free from Xylella fastidiosa, andtheindustrycontinues to most devastating grapevinepestsandasaresult possessessomeoftheoldestvineyards The Australianwineindustryhasbeenfortunate todateinavoiding many oftheworld’s and Merlot for reds andChardonnay, SauvignonBlancandSemillonfor whites. (18%) andChardonnay (16%).Themajorvarieties by colour are Shiraz,Cabernet Sauvignon grapes into wine.Themostgrown winegrapevarieties are Shiraz (30%),Cabernet Sauvignon growers, avineyard area of146,128hectares, and2,400Australianwineproducers blending The wineindustryhasasignificant footprint in Australia,withmore than6,000winegrape of Australianwineexports was $2.95billion. In 2018–19,theAustralianwinegrapeindustrywas valued at$961million(LVP). Thevalue agw.org.au Represented by AustralianGrapeandWine(AGW) WINE GRAPES Local Value of Production ($ BILLION) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.6 0 1 07/08 08/0909/10 10/1111/1212/1313/1414/15 15/1616/1717/1818/19 FINANCIAL YEAR

Figure 87.Distributionofwine grapeproduction by stateandterritory, 2018–19(basedonLVP) Table 47.HighPriorityPestsofthewinegrapeindustry Scientific name Candidatus Argyrotaenia citrana Xylella fastidiosa (subspecies not specified) Tetranychus pacificus Pseudococcus maritimus Pseudococcus comstocki Polychrosis viteana Planococcus ficus Lycorma delicatula Lobesia botrana Homalodisca vitripennis Guignardia bidwellii (with vector) Grapevine red blotch-associated virus(Geminivirus) Drosophila suzukii Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Phytoplasma solani Orange tortrix Bois noir plum leafscald leaf scorch, olive quickdecline,phony peach, Pierce’s disease,blueberryleafscorch, olive Pacific spidermite Grape mealybug Comstock's mealybug American berrymoth Vine mealybug Spotted lanternfly European grapevine moth Glassy wingedsharpshooter Black rot Grapevine red blotch associatedvirus,GRBaV Spotted wingdrosophila Grapevine phylloxera Common name 14% 52% <1% 25% 8% 2% 0% 0% We Victoria Tasmania South Australia Queensland Northern New South Australian CapitalTe stern Australia Te Wa rritory les rritory

123 CHAPTER 3: PLANT INDUSTRY PROFILES

Chapter 4 Biosecurity supporting market access and trade

Image courtesy of Department of Agriculture Biosecurity supporting market access and trade

Australia benefits from importing a range of goods and produce from overseas. Imports provide access to a wide range of products, technology and services that enable economic growth in multiple sectors. While Australians consume mostly local products, the food that is imported is commonly produce, which is out of season in the southern hemisphere.

The movement of plant produce and other goods around the world poses biosecurity risks to importing countries. To mitigate the risks, the Australian Government performs a number of activities pre-border, border and post-border to safeguard our biosecurity status and maintain trade.

The Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (DAWE) has primary responsibility for pre-border and border biosecurity activities. These activities focus on minimising the likelihood of exotic pests and diseases reaching our border or arriving through the movement of people and goods into the country. Australia depends on imports of plant propagative material from overseas, for example, importing large quantities of vegetable seeds annually.

International trade is important to Australia in a global economy. Australia gains significant economic benefits as a net exporter of agricultural products, with around two-thirds of agricultural production exported to overseas markets. The amount of exported product varies between industries, with some BIOSECURITY SUPPORTING MARKET ACCESS AND TRADE AND ACCESS MARKET SUPPORTING BIOSECURITY such as the grains and cotton industries exporting much of the produce grown, and others such as the horticulture industry gradually increasing exports. The Australian Government’s efforts to support exports is also covered in this chapter. CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER

126 Image caption Pre-border biosecurity

OBLIGATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS As an active trading nation, Australia has entered into multilateral and bilateral trade agreements that influence the plant biosecurity system. Biosecurity risks are managed in keeping with Australia’s legislative framework for biosecurity and its international obligations.

On a multilateral level, Australia’s rights and obligations in relation to plant biosecurity are set out under World Trade Organization agreements, particularly the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), although others, such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, may apply in certain circumstances.

The SPS Agreement provides World Trade Organization member countries with the right to use sanitary and phytosanitary measures to protect human, animal and plant life or health. The agreement also imposes obligations, including that sanitary and phytosanitary measures cannot be used as a barrier to trade.

Members can specify the level of protection that they consider fitting within their territory. This is known as the appropriate level of protection (ALOP) or acceptable level of risk, provided it is science-based, is applied consistently, and considers the objective of minimising negative trade effects. Australia’s ALOP is defined in section 5 of the Biosecurity TRADE AND ACCESS MARKET SUPPORTING BIOSECURITY Act 2015 as providing “a high level of sanitary and phytosanitary protection aimed at reducing biosecurity risk to a very low level, but not to zero”.

All Australian state and territory governments have agreed to this statement as the basis 4: CHAPTER for the national biosecurity system. Consistent with these requirements, Australia’s policy is to undertake science-based risk assessments to determine the level of risk, and if the risk does not achieve the ALOP for Australia, to determine the measures that need to be applied to reduce risk to achieve ALOP.

Australia has a number of bilateral free trade agreements with other countries, each of which deals with biosecurity issues and are consistent with the SPS Agreement as Australia does not negotiate on specific biosecurity measures within its free trade agreements.

There are also multilateral agreements on plant protection, to which Australia is a party, that outline the responsibilities and obligations to members. These agreements help harmonise phytosanitary (plant health) measures.

Image caption 127 The International Plant Protection Convention The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) was established to protect the world’s plant resources from the spread of serious plant pests, diseases and invasive species by international trade. The IPPC is an Article XIV statutory body of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, from which it receives program funding, sourced from FAO assessed contributions and donations and supplemented by voluntary contributions of contracting parties.

The IPPC has over 180 contracting parties and is recognised in the SPS Agreement as the body responsible for the establishment of phytosanitary standards relating to pests associated with plants and plant products in international trade, as well as to anything that can act as a vector for plant pests and diseases.

These standards, known as International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs), set specific requirements for the management of biosecurity issues, such as the development of pest risk analyses or guidelines for surveillance. Importantly, these standards are a means by which governments can harmonise their phytosanitary regulations. The standards not only reduce the number of pests moved through international trade, but also help facilitate safe trade. Australia, through DAWE, coordinates and provides input into four international governance bodies:

• Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, the governing body that oversees implementation of the IPPC BIOSECURITY SUPPORTING MARKET ACCESS AND TRADE AND ACCESS MARKET SUPPORTING BIOSECURITY • IPPC Strategic Planning Group, which determines strategic priorities for IPPC activities • IPPC Standards Committee (SC) and associated working groups responsible for the development of ISPMs

CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER • IPPC Implementation and Capacity Development Committee (IC) responsible for facilitating implementation of the convention and its standards and recommendations. Australia contributes through membership of the SC (one of three members from the FAO’s South West Pacific region) and IC, with one expert member. Australia also supports the development of Phytosanitary Treatments and Diagnostic Protocols through membership on the Technical Panel for Phytosanitary Treatments and the Technical Panel on Diagnostic Protocols. In addition to these longer-term roles, Australia strongly contributes to the development and use of ISPMs by providing nominees to the Expert Working Groups to develop new and revised standards and implementation materials.

Australia also continues to contribute a number of technical resources and expertise to support other contracting parties better manage biosecurity risks, including guidance on managing risks posed by sea containers and internet trade of plants and plant products. Australia has also taken a lead role in the development and implementation of the electronic generation and transmission of phytosanitary certification through the IPPC ePhyto program. Reporting and exchange of information, including the pest status of contracting parties, is available on the International Phytosanitary Portal at ippc.int

Image courtesy of AUSVEG

128 Image caption Australia’s membership of these IPPC bodies provides an important avenue for DAWE to PRE-BORDER ACTIVITIES TO MITIGATE THE RISKS FROM raise and address plant health matters related to international trade. The department IMPORTS consults with peak industry groups and state and territory governments on documents released for global consultation to determine Australia’s position on items for the IPPC The DAWE has primary responsibility for pre-border activities to mitigate the risk of exotic agenda. pests and diseases reaching our border or arriving through the movement of people and goods into Australia.

Canberra Agreement Pre-border activities include: The Pacific Plant Protection Organisation (PPPO), a Regional Plant Protection Organisation (RPPO) recognised under the IPPC, is an auxiliary body established under the then South • conducting risk assessments and risk analyses to consider the level of biosecurity risk Pacific Commission of the Canberra Agreement. The PPPO provides advice and support to that may be associated with imports and imposing relevant risk management measures its members on phytosanitary measures to facilitate international trade whilst protecting • regulating imports to manage risks the plant health status of parties. The Pacific region covers Pacific island countries and • conducting pre-border verifications, inspections and audits on imports territories of the United States and France as well as Australia and New Zealand. • monitoring imports to ensure they meet all import conditions and managing In 2020, the annual PPPO Executive Committee meeting was held face-to-face, with non-compliance through engagement with importers and exporting country NPPOs Australian participation. Australia also presented training seminars, alongside New Zealand as appropriate and the PPPO Secretariat, to PPPO Executive Committee members and Biosecurity • revise import conditions to manage emerging risk and/or changes in pest status, where Authority of Fiji staff. Due to Covid-19 restrictions later in the year, the annual PPPO IPPC necessary regional workshop to consider draft ISPMs and other materials was held virtually. • conducting pest and disease surveillance in neighbouring countries • participating in international plant health agreements The Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Pacific region • collaborating with international partners on multilateral or bilateral plant health issues Australia is also a member of a second RPPO, the Asia and Pacific Plant Protection

and the development of standards TRADE AND ACCESS MARKET SUPPORTING BIOSECURITY Commission (APPPC). The Plant Protection Agreement is an intergovernmental treaty • building regional capacity through collaborative activities administered by the APPPC. The APPPC covers phytosanitary issues relating to the movement of pests in trade, pesticide use and regulation, and integrated pest management. • gathering intelligence to determine and address emerging biosecurity risks • negotiating market access for Australian exports

Through its Standards Committee, the APPPC develops Regional Standards for 4: CHAPTER • establishing pre-border risk management schemes in partnership with industry and Phytosanitary Measures (RSPMs) that deal with specific regional issues, support the National Plant Protection Organisations (NPPOs) region’s trade and may form the basis of an international standard. Australia is an active participant in the APPPC assisting with the development of standards and their • education and awareness activities. implementation in the region. In late 2019, the RSPM for the movement of fresh mango fruit was adopted by the APPPC Session forum. This commodity standard was a first for the region and helped to inform development of the draft concept ISPM on commodity standards, at the international level. Australia holds the Chair – currently Mr Bertie Hennecke, Assistant Secretary at DAWE – and is a member of the APPPC Standards Committee. These opportunities allow Australia to enhance its plant health engagement with the 28 member countries of the APPPC. This strengthens regional plant health and biosecurity capacity and implementation of international plant health standards.

Due to Covid-19, the annual APPPC IPPC regional workshop was held virtually, and a number of other activities planned for the region are being augmented to be delivered virtually or have been delayed. This includes workshops four and five of the surveillance workshop series (2016–22) on surveillance management, methodologies and analysis, the workshop on risk categorisation, and that proposed on the topic of risk categorisation and mitigation for semi-processed products under ISPM 32. 129 REGULATING IMPORTS TO MANAGE RISK Since imported plant products could bring exotic pests into the country, the importation of plants and plant products into Australia is strictly regulated. The Australian Government has Plate it. Don’t plant it. responsibility for regulation under the Biosecurity Act 2015, the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, and where relevant, the Gene Technology Act 2000 and any The biosecurity risks posed by planting fruits, vegetables or seeds from plant food subordinate legislation. products intended for eating are explained in the ‘Plate it. Don’t plant it.’ campaign. Import conditions are imposed to ensure that goods entering the country do not introduce With an increased focus on sustainable practices, home gardeners have been new pests and diseases to Australia. Import conditions are determined on a case-by-case encouraged to be practical and plant seeds and planting material from food items basis, depending on the pest risks associated with the commodities and intended uses. like fruit and vegetables, and seed from herbs and . While this may seem to DAWE verifies that imported goods meet these conditions and compliant goods are allowed be a cost effective and resourceful option, there is a risk that people could unwittingly introduce exotic pests and diseases into their garden, which could then entry. spread further, threatening Australia’s agricultural industries, unique natural Some imported goods require an import permit, and these are issued under the Biosecurity environment and biodiversity. Act 2015. Other goods may be permitted entry without a permit subject to meeting Instead, ‘Plate it. Don’t plant it’ encourages gardening enthusiasts to visit reputable alternative conditions that are outlined in the Biosecurity (Prohibited and Conditionally suppliers such as nurseries to source plants and seeds either certified as free of Non-prohibited Goods) Determination 2016. Permits may also be required under the pests and diseases or grown from healthy propagation material. Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 for imports of internationally endangered species designated by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Unlike the conditions imposed on imported goods (based on end-use and the Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora, and live specimens. potential high risk of introducing plant pests and diseases with seed imported for growing), eating goods have a lower risk of introducing pests and diseases and In establishing import conditions, Australia must be confident that the required risk therefore have less strict import conditions on them. This creates a problem if management measures are properly implemented and can be maintained. Pre-border site BIOSECURITY SUPPORTING MARKET ACCESS AND TRADE AND ACCESS MARKET SUPPORTING BIOSECURITY people plant things meant to be eaten. visits or audits may be required. Locally, planting fruit and vegetable scraps and seeds saved from Australian-grown food may also unintentionally help spread pests and diseases that are found only Assessing import risks in certain parts of the country. An example is bacterial wilt of potato, which could Import risk assessment is an important part of Australia’s biosecurity protection. CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER spread further within Australia by planting old potatoes. Assessments consider the level of biosecurity risk posed by pests that may be associated with imports and impose relevant risk management measures. More information is on the ‘Plant it. Don’t Plate it.’ webpage agriculture.gov.au/ pests-diseases-weeds/protect-animal-plant/dont-plant-it Assessments are conducted by technical and scientific experts and can take several forms, such as Biosecurity Import Risk Analyses (BIRAs), pest risk assessments, policy reviews and technical advice. BIRAs have a timeframe for completion which is regulated by legislation and the process includes mandated public consultation periods and a formal appeal process.

A BIRA under the Biosecurity Act 2015 may be conducted where relevant risk management measures have not been established, or where they exist for a similar product and pest or disease combination, but the likelihood or consequences of entry, establishment or spread of pests or diseases could differ significantly from those previously assessed. Otherwise, other forms of risk assessments can be used.

Risk analyses are conducted in accordance with Australia’s rights and obligations under the SPS Agreement and following the guidance of relevant international standards including ISPM 2 (Framework for Pest Risk Analysis) and ISPM 11 (Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests) of the IPPC. The food you buy is for eating, not planting

130 Table 48 details policy advice finalised by December 2020, as well as draft policy advice that Table 48. Australian Government import policy advice, final and in progress* is currently in progress.

Regulated risk analyses conducted before 16 June 2016 were completed under the Year Commodity Country (from) Quarantine Act 1908 and were called an Import Risk Analysis. Finalised policy advice 1998 Apples (Fuji) Japan DAWE is responsible for conducting each BIRA as well as other risk analyses, but the process can involve other stakeholders including: 1998 Pears (Ya) China 1999 Thailand • departmental officers with expertise in science and regulation, pests and diseases, 1999 Mangoes Philippines commercial processes or other relevant disciplines 1999 Pears Korea • a Scientific Advisory Group, comprising external scientific and economic experts 2000 Durian (supplement) Thailand • a BIRA Liaison Officer, acting as the first point of contact for stakeholders • other external experts, government agencies and domestic and international 2000 Seed contaminants (review of tolerances) All countries stakeholders. 2002 Apple and pear (budwood) Generic A review of existing biosecurity policy can be undertaken when there is a change in 2002 Citrus Egypt biosecurity risk, and when there are technological advancements or process improvements 2002 Grapes (table) USA that remove or minimise the biosecurity risk associated with a particular commodity. 2002 Lentil (seed and human consumption) All countries

These ‘non-regulated’ risk reviews are usually undertaken because of a change in 2002 Papaya Fiji biosecurity risk such as a change in pest status or new scientific information. The reviews Philippines, , Sri 2002 Pineapple can also be initiated by requests from an industry body or country, and usually result in more Lanka, Thailand treatment options for importers to meet biosecurity requirements. 2002 Tomato (truss, review) New Zealand TRADE AND ACCESS MARKET SUPPORTING BIOSECURITY

Similar methodology can be used to conduct a scientific review of existing policy, with 2003 Cherries (into WA) New Zealand specific adjustments and modifications to methods being explained in the individual reports. 2003 Citrus (revision) Israel

Information about the assessment of plant imports for weed potential is in Chapter 7. 2003 Grapes (table, revisions) USA 4: CHAPTER 2003 Maize (bulk) USA Pre-border verifications, inspections and audits on imports 2003 Olive (plants from approved sources) Generic A range of verifications, inspections and audits are undertaken offshore to manage risks 2003 Pears (Asian) China prior to import into Australia to ensure that exporting countries can meet Australia’s Philippines, Solomon Islands, 2003 Pineapple (modification) biosecurity requirements, to provide export systems for safe trade, and prevent the arrival of , Thailand non-compliant consignments at the border. 2003 Pome fruit testing China, Japan, Korea Regular verifications and audits are undertaken to ensure compliance of specified plant 2003 Sweet corn (seed) USA material with prescribed risk management procedures. Controls could also extend to 2003 Tomato (truss) Netherlands production areas and stock feed processing facilities. 2004 Lychee and longan China, Thailand The Australian Government works with national plant protection organisations in exporting 2004 Mangosteen Thailand countries to increase confidence in their systems’ ability to effectively manage biosecurity 2004 Persimmon Israel, Japan, Korea risks pre-border. This reduces the pressure on mitigating risks at the border and provides opportunities to reduce post-border intervention. 2005 Grapes (table) Chile 2005 Oranges (sweet) Italy 2005 Pears China 131 Table 48. Australian Government import policy advice, final and in progress (continued)

Year Commodity Country (from) Year Commodity Country (from) Finalised policy advice (continued) Finalised policy advice (continued) 2006 Grapes (table, revisions) USA 2011 Grapes (table) Korea 2006 Grains Various 2011 Hazelnut propagative material Chile 2006 Limes (Tahitian) New Caledonia 2011 Mangoes (revisions) India 2006 Mangoes Taiwan 2011 Mangoes 2006 Permitted seeds All countries 2011 Pseudomonas syringae pv. actindae New Zealand 2006 Stone fruit (into WA) New Zealand 2011 Taro corms (fresh) Generic 2006 Wood packaging Generic Eueupithecia cisplatensis for the biological 2012 Source country 2007 Apples New Zealand control of the weed Parkinsonia aculeata 2007 Avocado (revision) New Zealand 2012 Mangosteen Indonesia 2007 Grains Various 2012 Pineapple (de-crowned) Malaysia 2007 Lettuce (re­-instatement) New Zealand Drosophila suzukii (spotted wing 2013 All countries drosophila) 2008 Grains Various 2013 Ginger Fiji

BIOSECURITY SUPPORTING MARKET ACCESS AND TRADE AND ACCESS MARKET SUPPORTING BIOSECURITY 2008 Mangoes India 2013 Grapevine propagative material All countries 2009 Bananas Philippines Cook Islands, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, 2013 Island cabbage Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous Vanuatu 2009 (capsicum, nursery stock, potato tubers, New Zealand, USA CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER tamarillo fruit, tomato) 2013 Lilium spp. Taiwan 2009 Capsicum Korea 2013 Lychee Taiwan, Vietnam Mastrus ridens for the biological control 2009 Mandarin (Unshu) Japan 2013 Source country of codling moth, Cydia pomonella 2010 Apples China Potato propagative material (Solanum 2013 All countries 2010 Hops propagative material All countries tuberosum) 2010 Mangoes Philippines (additional areas) Baeodromus eupatorii for the biological 2014 Source country 2010 Phalaenopsis orchids (nursery stock) Taiwan control of the weed Ageratina adenophora

Plectonycha correntina for the biological Cydia succedana for the biological control 2010 Source country 2014 Source country control of Madeira vine of gorse (Ulex europaeus) 2010 Stone fruit USA Eueupithecia spp. for the biological control 2014 Source country 2011 Apples New Zealand (review) of the weed Parkinsonia aculeata Candidatus Liberibacter spp. and their 2011 All countries 2014 Grapes (table) Japan vectors associated with Rutaceae 2011 Grapes (table) China 2014 Salacca Indonesia

132 Table 48.AustralianGovernment importpolicyadvice, finalandinprogress (continued) 08Dragonfruit 2018 2018 ThripsandOrthotospoviruses 2018 Strawberries 2017 2017 Dragonfruit 2017 2017 2017 2017 Poppy straw for processing Nectarines 2016 Grapes(table,into WA) 2016 Grapes(table) 2016 2016 Grapes(table) 2016 2016 2015 Mangoes Fresh ginger 2015 2015 2015 2015 Commodity 2014 Year control ofTradescantia fluminensis Kordyana brasiliensis for thebiological control ofChromolaena odorata Cecidochares connexa for thebiological to nectarineIRA) Peaches, plumsandapricots (extention risk analysis (hostcucurbitseeds) Cucumber green mottle mosaicviruspest celery) (apiaceous crops, includingcarrot and Allcountries Candidatus Liberibactersolanacearum Zantedeschia spp.propagative material biological control ofyellow lacscale Tachardiaephagus somervilleifor the material Phytophthora spp.hostpropagative Cylindropuntia fulgidavar. mamillata biological control ofcoral cactus Dactylopius tomentosus (fulgida) for the biological control ofgorse, Ulex europaeus Tortricid moth, Cydia succedana, for the Finalised policyadvice (continued) Source country Indonesia Source country All countries Korea China Vietnam All countries All countries Turkey, Hungary, Portugal China USA Sonora, Mexico India All countries All countries Indonesia, Thailand,Vietnam Fiji All countries Source country Country (from) 00Strawberries 2020 2020 Pomegranate 2020 2020 2020 Chinesejujubes Allcountries Pineapple(de-crowned) 2020 Mealybugs andvirusesthey transmit 2020 Longan 2019 Dates 2019 2019 2019 Brassicaceous vegetable seeds 2019 Avocado 2019 Limes 2019 2019 Commodity 2018 Year of Euphorbia paralias Venturia paralias for thebiologicalcontrol control ofMikania micrantha Puccinia spegazziniifor thebiological and Sagittariacalycina biological control ofSagittariaplatyphylla Listronotus appendiculatusfor the import conditions) Cucurbitaceous crop seeds(review of (Halyomorpha halys) Brown marmoratedstinkbug Finalised policyadvice (continued) Source country Japan Source country India Source country All countries China Taiwan Vietnam Middle EastandNorth Africa region All countries Fiji, Samoa,Tonga All countries Chile Vanuatu Cook Islands,Niue,Samoa,Tonga, Country (from)

133 CHAPTER 4: BIOSECURITY SUPPORTING MARKET ACCESS AND TRADE Table 48. Australian Government import policy advice, final and in progress (continued) OTHER INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES

Year Commodity Country (from) Participating in international plant health systems Draft policy advice (in progress) Australia engages in international activities to gather national and international plant pest information. The information is made available to regional plant health practitioners Apples (stop the clock provisions have 2009 USA been activated on this policy) through a variety of sources including published records, surveillance data, insect and herbarium collections and networks. Intelligence assessments of High Priority Pests 2012 Potatoes for processing New Zealand informs pre-border risk management and early detection of pests that may enter and Apiaceous crop seeds (review of import establish in Australia. 2017 All countries conditions) Australia also participates in setting standards for both international and regional bodies. Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, 2018 Capsicum spp. This cooperative approach boosts Australia’s ability to actively monitor pests pre-border, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu limits their spread, and reduces their impact on the agricultural systems of regional Cut flower and foliage (extension of neighbours and trading partners. Significant effort is also invested in gaining intelligence and 2018 consultation period for another six All countries promoting Australia’s interests in the evolution of trade regulations, codes and standards. weeks) 2018 Limes Mexico Building capacity in the Asia-Pacific region Pepino mosaic virus and pospiviriods in 2018 All countries Activities to build capacity are delivered for Asia-Pacific countries that are close to Australia tomato seeds and for important and emerging trading partners. Commonly, these activities are 2018 Xylella bacterial pathogens All countries coordinated through regional bodies, such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) or the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) group of countries. Activities are 2020 Oriental melons and rockmelons Korea often delivered with the assistance of funding from the Department of Foreign Affairs and BIOSECURITY SUPPORTING MARKET ACCESS AND TRADE AND ACCESS MARKET SUPPORTING BIOSECURITY Trade. * Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. Plant risk analyses. agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/risk-analysis/plant Capacity building activities yield a better understanding of the plant pest risks in the region, improve regional biosecurity, build diagnostic networks and capabilities, and foster links

CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER among plant health and biosecurity agencies and experts. These programs also help Australia to meet its formal international obligations to assist developing countries.

Increasingly, capacity building activities promote approaches to managing phytosanitary risk that safeguard existing trade or create opportunities for expanding markets.

Anticipating exotic plant pest threats A range of sophisticated technologies and approaches including research, shared international resources and intelligence are used to anticipate exotic plant pest threats and to help prevent their introduction and spread. Work is undertaken with domestic and international partners to inform responses to emerging risks and to risks associated with deliberate or inadvertent non-compliance.

Information and intelligence are shared between partners through legislative requirements, memoranda of understanding and agreements with international bodies. The intelligence is used to develop cargo profiles and targeted campaigns, and to support identification and management of non-compliance, enabling resources to be focused on the areas of greatest risk. See also High Priority Pests and National Priority Plant Pests in Chapter 2.

134 Ensuring exports meet required standards

Many Australian plant industries export a proportion of the food and fibre that they produce. Biosecurity Bite video series A few, notably grains, sugar and cotton, export almost everything that is grown. Just as imports are subject to restrictions to protect plant health, exports must also meet In August 2020, DAWE released the Biosecurity Bite series. The seven animated conditions, such as evidence of pest freedom in the area where the produce was grown. videos in the series are aimed at the general public and explain key biosecurity Export trade is therefore heavily reliant on plant biosecurity. principles and show how plant pest and disease risks are managed pre-border, at the border and post-border in Australia. The Export Control Act 1982 and its subordinate legislation provides the legal framework by which Australian producers can export their products. Exporters must meet the The videos cover a range of topics, from the key role biosecurity plays in ensuring requirements of the act and any quarantine requirements of the importing country. safe trade, to explaining the import risk analysis process, and highlighting how biosecurity is everyone’s responsibility. Although focused on plant biosecurity, the DAWE regulates the provision of phytosanitary export inspection, verification, and key messages apply to biosecurity in general and offer a great behind the scenes certification services for plants and plant products, to meet the importing country look at Australia’s biosecurity system. requirements and Australia’s international obligations. The full video series is available online agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/australia/ The department also negotiates technical market access for Australian export produce and biosecurity-bite has responsibility for the Australian Wood Packaging Certification Scheme, which enables Australia to provide ISPM 15 compliant wood packaging material for export.

The Export Control (Plant and Plant Products) Orders 2011 provide criteria for the export of fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, hay and straw, specific prescribed grains, and other plants or BIOSECURITY SUPPORTING MARKET ACCESS AND TRADE AND ACCESS MARKET SUPPORTING BIOSECURITY plant products for which a phytosanitary certificate, or any other official certificate, is required by an importing country authority.

More specific legislation relating to the export of plants and plant products is listed in Table

49. Strong linkages are maintained with exporters through industry consultative committees 4: CHAPTER (e.g. the Grain and Plant Products Export Industry Consultative Committee and Horticulture Export Industry Consultative Committee) which are instrumental in developing effective and efficient operational responses to government policy and legislation.

The Export Control Act 1982 will be replaced with the Export Control Act 2020 on 28 March 2021. Australia’s agricultural export legislation continues to underpin our reputation as a supplier of safe and reliable food and other products, and the assurances to our trading partners that Australian exports meet their requirements. However, the new legislation will consolidate and streamline existing export-related requirements and ensure the legislation is more relevant, responsive and efficient for exporters, farmers and other primary producers.

135 Table 49. Australia's export legislation, administered by the Department of Agriculture, Meeting biosecurity conditions of importing countries Water and the Environment To assist Australia’s exporters, the Manual of Importing Country Requirements (MICoR) provides information on the specific requirements of importing countries that must be met Legislation to export plants and plant products from Australia. This includes requirements for import Export Charges (Collection) Act 2015* permits, phytosanitary certificates, additional declarations and treatments, and other Export Charges (Collection) Regulation 2015* relevant export information and documentation. Information in Micor Plants is a guide only and exporters are advised to also check with the importing country before exporting. Export Charges (Imposition – Customs) Act 2015 Export Charges (Imposition – Customs) Regulation 2015 For plant industries, the Export Documentation (EXDOC) system supports the preparation and issue of export documentation for primary produce prescribed under the Export Control Export Charges (Imposition – Excise) Act 2015 Act 1982 and associated legislation. Export Charges (Imposition – General) Act 2015 The system provides certification for plant and plant product exports, as well as for animal Export Charges (Imposition – General) Regulation 2015 products. EXDOC accepts details of proposed exports from exporters. This is linked to Export Control Act 1982* endorsements and results in inspections as required, and where applicable, an export permit Export Control (Fees) Order 2015* and phytosanitary certificate is issued. Export Control (Hardwood Wood Chips) Regulations 1996* The Plant Export Management System (PEMS) is an IT system that is used by the Export Control (Orders) Regulations 1982* department to capture and store information relating to the export of plants and plant Export Control (Organic Produce Certification) Orders* products from Australia, including plant export Authorised Officer (AO) inspection and calibration results for product and transport units. Export Control (Plants and Plant Products) Order 2011* Export Control (Plants and Plant Products – Norfolk Island) Order 2016 * The availability of PEMS for industry aims to streamline the plant export inspection

BIOSECURITY SUPPORTING MARKET ACCESS AND TRADE AND ACCESS MARKET SUPPORTING BIOSECURITY documentation process for clients and external AOs, by eliminating the need for manual Export Control (Prescribed Goods – General) Order 2005* submission of inspection and calibration documentation. Export Control (Regional Forest Agreements) Regulations* Export Control (Unprocessed Wood) Regulations* With funding from the Busting Congestion for Agricultural Exporters budget announcement, DAWE is looking to further enhance PEMS and develop alternative methods of providing CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER Export Inspection Charges Collection Act 1985* assurance that plant export entities are meeting their obligated requirements. Export Inspection (Establishment Registration Charges) Act 1985* Export Inspection (Quantity Charge) Act 1985* Negotiating market access Export Inspection (Service Charge) Act 1985* There is a high level of investment in negotiating protocols and building export systems that Primary Industries (Customs) Charges Act 1999 increase the value of plant exports. Primary Industries (Customs) Charges Regulations 2000 Australia negotiates technical market access with its trading partners for the benefit of Horticulture Marketing and Research and Development Services Act 2000 Australia’s producers. These activities are conducted in close consultation with industry stakeholders, while taking into consideration the required phytosanitary requirements. Horticulture Marketing and Research and Development Services (Export Efficiency) Regulations 2002 Changes in pest status, the emergence of new or improved treatment technologies, and * Will be repealed when the Export Control Act 2020 commences on 28 March 2021 reviews by trading partners of their import conditions mean that negotiations surrounding market improvement and market maintenance are increasingly the focus of activities to ensure Australia can continue to export its plant products.

When prioritising activities, the department consults with industry to ensure its processes select market pathways with the highest likelihood of technical and commercial success, with a strong focus on evidence-based analyses.

136 The Grains Industry Market Access Forum provides a conduit between government and industry to ensure market access decisions are informed and prioritised in line with overall industry benefit.

For the horticulture industry, advice to DAWE on the industry’s priorities for new or improved A new Export Plan for fresh produce to New Zealand market access requests is provided through Hort Innovation’s Trade Assessment Panel. November 2020, saw Australia’s DAWE and New Zealand’s (NZ) Ministry for Primary Table 50 (see page 138) details market access achievements since 2000, including access to Industries (MPI) meet virtually for the annual Australia–New Zealand Biosecurity new markets, improving opportunities in existing markets, and preserving existing market Cooperation meeting. access. At the meeting, the parties signed a new Export Plan replacing the 30-year-old Plant pest surveillance supports market access Bilateral Quarantine Arrangement to come into effect in February 2021. The agreement removes the need for NZ specific requirements, often duplicated within Australia’s Governments and industries conduct systematic checks for pests within our borders to system, provides a template for future market access negotiations and improvements provide evidence that Australia does not have certain exotic pests of concern for market and streamlines export requirements for those sending produce to multiple overseas access. Outcomes are collated to provide evidence of absence of a pest from the country, markets. state or region. Better surveillance information gives confidence of claims of pest absence and area freedom. Australia exports $170 million of horticultural produce to NZ each year. The new Export Plan is expected to reduce red tape and ease regulatory burden. The key changes that The Australian Government invested in improving biosecurity surveillance and analysis will save money and time in the horticultural export supply chain include: through the Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper which concluded in June 2019, strengthening surveillance arrangements in Australian industry groups and governments. • easier compliance with clearer requirements Australia’s plant pest surveillance programs are detailed in Chapter 5. • easier market entry for new entities • removal of nominated inspectors, packhouse or growers each year, and being able TRADE AND ACCESS MARKET SUPPORTING BIOSECURITY National Minimum Dataset Specifications for surveillance to use whoever is approved by NZ To ensure consistency in the collection and sharing of surveillance data, Australia uses the • no need for packhouses to be Registered Establishments if they are not undertaking National Minimum Dataset Specifications (NMDS), introduced in 2017 following agreement treatments or Authorised Officer inspections, a cost saving of over $6,000 a year in CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER of the National Biosecurity Committee. Within the NMDS, each record has its own unique registration fees and audits identifier code, with data captured on the location and type of surveillance activity, as well as • perpetual treatment provider registration, removing the need for annual the name and jurisdiction of the organisation capturing the data. re-applications • reduced audit costs due to the move to a compliance-based assurance model With the use of the NMDS and real time data tools such as AUSPestCheck™, Australia will with less audits on compliant entities continue to be amongst a handful of countries able to fully comply with the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures on recording and reporting of plant health • only one inspection of a consignment, provided it has been completed by an surveillance information. Authorised Officer on a grower basis. Relieving agricultural export congestion is part of the Australian Government’s Ag2030 plan to reach $100 billion in farmgate value by 2030 and is welcomed by exporters.

137 Table 50. Market access achievements for pollinator and plant product exports from Australia since 2000

Year achieved Commodity Country Year achieved Commodity Country Market access gained and restored Market access gained and restored (continued) 2000 Lemons South Korea 2010 Citrus European Union 2000 Oranges South Korea 2010 Citrus (grapefruit) Japan

Multiple products (from Goulburn Valley) 2010 Kiwifruit India 2003 New Zealand – pest free area 2010 Table grapes China 2003 Olives, rooted cuttings Peru 2011 Lentils Saudi Arabia 2003 Tomatoes, greenhouse USA 2012 Carrots Taiwan 2004 Lychees, nursery stock Brazil 2012 Chia seed, sowing Peru 2004 Mangoes China 2012 Cotton seed, stock feed USA 2004 Mangoes, irradiated New Zealand 2012 Grapevine, nursery stock Chile 2004 Olives, rooted cuttings Morocco 2012 Hemp seeds, sowing Uruguay 2005 Cherries (from TAS) Japan 2012 Honey Egypt 2005 Citrus China 2012 Paulownia, rooted cuttings Peru 2005 Citrus (unspecified) South Korea 2012 Pearl millet seed, sowing India 2005 Mangoes South Korea 2012 Sorghum seed, sowing Peru BIOSECURITY SUPPORTING MARKET ACCESS AND TRADE AND ACCESS MARKET SUPPORTING BIOSECURITY 2005 Seed potatoes, microtubers South Africa 2012 Sunflower seed, sowing Bolivia 2006 Apples Japan 2012 Table grapes, summerfruits and cherries Indonesia 2006 Bananas – resumption of trade New Zealand 2012 flower, rooted cuttings Peru CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER 2006 Papaya New Zealand 2012 Whole lupins, processing Taiwan

2006 Potatoes, brushed ware Thailand 2013 Apples USA 2006 Seed potatoes (from VIC and WA) Thailand 2013 Bana grass cuttings Phillipines

2007 Mangoes South Korea Barley – for consumption following a 2013 Ecuador 2007 Multiple products South Korea technical submission in 2008 2008 Cherries (mainland) USA Canola – re-opening of trade after 2008 Lupins South Korea 2013 resolving quarantine issues preventing China exports since 2009 2008 Lychees New Zealand 2013 Cherries Philippines Citrus (from Sunraysia) – seasonal 2009 Japan Cherries – access after initiating a protocol freedom 2013 China and meeting Chinese requirements 2009 Peanuts, processed India 2013 Citrus Philippines Cherries – access reinstated for non pest 2010 Taiwan 2013 Creeping signal grass, sowing Malaysia free areas

2010 Cherries (from TAS) South Korea 2013 Pome fruit Philippines 138 Table 50.Market access achievements for pollinatorandplantproduct exportsfrom Australiasince 2000(continued) 2013 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2013 2013 2013 2013 erahee Commodity Year achieved macadamia nutsin-shellfor consumption Macadamia nuts–access gainedfor Split broad beans Nectarines Melon (Cucumus melo) French Polynesia Honey bees (live queens) Honey and other apiculture products following suspension for allAustralianfruit Table grapes–market access restored Onion seed,sowing Mangoes andlychees Lentils –market access restored import suspensionsfor Australianfruit Citrus –market access restored following Blueberries Table grapes Table grapes and peaches) Summerfruit (apricots, plums,nectarines Sandalwood Maize grain Mahogany logs Lupins Grape seed Forage legumeseed,sowing Eucalyptus seed Cherries Table grapes Summerfruit Soybeans Teak seed,sowing Market access gained andrestored (continued) Iran China Japan Fiji Vietnam Mexico USA Saudi Arabia Vietnam India South Korea Japan Thailand India Mexico India India China Chile Paraguay Thailand Philippines Philippines Indonesia Peru Ecuador Country 2020 2019 2018 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2016 2016 erahee Commodity Year achieved mung beans), sowing Bean seeds(black beans,fababeansand Walnuts Raw cotton bales Radish seeds Carrot seeds Carrots –restored Beet seeds Beet seeds Almonds Strawberries Phaseolus vulgaris(bean) seed Hard mature avocados Dried, shelledalmonds All melons clefts Vegetable seeds,sowing Queen bees Plums Plant-based horsefeed Peaches Medicago sativa seed Iran Honey Plants andplant products Logs withoutbarkandsawntimber Lentils Cherries Apricots Wheat seed,sowing Watermelons Market access gained andrestored (continued) Argentina India Iran Mexico Ecuador Taiwan Mexico Ecuador Chile United ArabEmirates Iran Japan Chile Kuwait India Chile Solomon Islands China China China Iran Saudi Arabia Myanmar Iran Vietnam China Bolivia Japan Country

139 CHAPTER 4: BIOSECURITY SUPPORTING MARKET ACCESS AND TRADE Table 50. Market access achievements for pollinator and plant product exports from Australia since 2000 (continued)

Year achieved Commodity Country Year achieved Commodity Country Market access gained and restored (continued) Improvements in market access (continued) 2020 Brussel sprout seeds, sowing Mexico 2009 Citrus – revised protocol China

2020 Cherries (mainland Australia) Korea 2009 Mangoes – revised protocol China 2020 Citrus – restored European Union 2010 Apples (from TAS) – improved conditions China 2020 Grains Iran Cherries (from mainland) – stand alone 2010 USA 2020 Industrial or medicinal plants Iran cold treatment 2020 Oilseeds and oleaginous fruits Iran 2010 Citrus South Korea 2020 Seeds and fruit Iran 2010 Grapefruit Japan

2020 Seeds, sowing Argentina 2011 Citrus – 3 degree cold disinfestation USA 2020 Straw and fodder Iran Citrus – in-transit cold disinfestation from 2011 Indonesia Improvements in market access non pest free areas 2005 Citrus – 2–3 degree cold disinfestation Thailand 2011 Macadamia nuts India Zucchini – removal of Queensland fruit fly 2005 New Zealand Table grapes – in-transit cold from the pest list 2011 Indonesia disinfestation from non pest free areas 2006 Carrots – freedom from nematode South Korea

BIOSECURITY SUPPORTING MARKET ACCESS AND TRADE AND ACCESS MARKET SUPPORTING BIOSECURITY 2012 Apples USA 2006 Citrus – 3 degree cold disinfestation South Korea 2012 Avocado – in-transit cold treatment New Zealand Mangoes – new phytosanitary 2006 Malaysia requirements Citrus (unspecified) – 3 degree in-transit 2012 India cold treatment

CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER Multiple products (from TAS) – 2006 reinstatement of Queensland fruit fly area Taiwan Citrus (unspecified) – in-transit cold 2012 New Zealand freedom treatment

2006 Tomatoes – improved conditions New Zealand Citrus (unspecified) – more favourable 2012 India 2007 Citrus – 2–3 degree cold disinfestation Japan temperatures and flexible conditions

2008 Cherries (from TAS) – revised protocol Japan 2012 Pears – in-transit cold treatment New Zealand 2012 Table grapes – in-transit cold treatment New Zealand 2008 Citrus – in-transit cold disinfestation Indonesia All products – FTA negotiations concluded 2008 Mangoes, irradiated India 2013 South Korea in December 2013 2008 Mangoes – reduced inspection rate Japan 2013 Apples Taiwan Multiple products – 2–3 degree cold 2008 Taiwan disinfestation 2013 Canola China Multiple products – removal of Standard Citrus – some import limitations removed 2013 Thailand 2008 Operating Policy and Procedure United Arab Emirates by Thailand requirement Fruit – revised protocol including 2013 Phillipines 2008 Oats India favourable cold treatment conditions Table grapes – in-transit cold 2008 Indonesia 2013 Grain and seed Iran 140 disinfestation Table 50.Market access achievements for pollinatorandplantproduct exportsfrom Australiasince 2000(continued) 2013 Commodity Year achieved 2018 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2014 2013 2013 2013 2013 Grain andseed De-hulled kilndriedoats Wheat Table grapes Lentils Citrus Chickpeas Chickpeas Cherries Walnuts Pumpkins Mango Lychees Kangaroo pawnurserystock varieties Blood orangesandother sweet orange new protocol Wheat andbarley –access improved with treatment Table grapes–new temperature for cold control Persimmons –irradiationfor fruitfly from nonpestfree area districts Citrus –more varieties approved for export Korea treatment Cherries –new temperature for cold Cherries –improved inspectionrates Grain andseed Wheat Indonesia Soybeans –removal ofafive percent tariff Plants andplant products Hay Improvements inmarket access (continued) Country India Iran China China Pakistan Iran China Japan Japan USA USA Colombia Korea China Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Kenya Hong Kong Qatar Libya 2004 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2010 2010 2010 2009 2008 2007 2007 2007 2007 2006 2004 2004 2004 2020 2020 2020 2020 2019 2019 2019 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 erahee Commodity Year achieved Citrus umrri pahsadncaie)Taiwan Table grapes Summerfruit (peaches andnectarines) Multiple products Multiple products Citrus Papaya Mangoes Lychees Multiple products Potatoes Summerfruit Grain Citrus (unspecified) Citrus Multiple products Potatoes Cut anddriedflowers Citrus Table grapes Summerfruit Pome fruit Malting barley Timber andlogs Table grapes Seeds, sowing Table grapes Citrus Seed potatoes Rolled oatsandoatflakes Persimmons Improvements inmarket access (continued) Maintained inmarket access Thailand Thailand Vietnam Thailand Thailand New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand Thailand Mauritius Canada India China Mauritius Indonesia South Korea Malaysia Various India India India India Malaysia New Zealand Malaysia Vietnam Vietnam Indonesia Iran Thailand Country

141 CHAPTER 4: BIOSECURITY SUPPORTING MARKET ACCESS AND TRADE Table 50. Market access achievements for pollinator and plant product exports from Australia since 2000 (continued) Border biosecurity

Year achieved Commodity Country Live animals and plants, packaging, plant material, animal products and certain food from Maintained in market access (continued) overseas have the potential to introduce some of the world’s most damaging pests into Australia. Pests, weeds and diseases can also hitchhike a ride on containers, machinery, 2012 Barley (malting), processing South Korea vehicles, equipment and various non-plant and animal-based products. This could devastate 2012 Multiple products Indonesia our valuable agriculture and tourism industries and unique environment. 2012 Multiple products Vietnam With increasing levels of international trade and travel, the detection of threats at the border 2012 Pome fruit India remains an important element of the biosecurity system. Australia has strict laws relating to 2012 Summerfruit (plums) Taiwan the importation of certain goods, including goods brought back from overseas by travellers, to reduce the chance of an exotic pest incursion. All products – implementation of a new 2013 All markets security paper for export health certificates The DAWE has primary responsibility for international border biosecurity activities, to 2013 Apples Thailand restrict the import of items that pose a risk to Australia. The department undertakes a 2013 Apples – revised improved export protocol Taiwan range of measures at the border to reduce and detect biosecurity risks, including: 2013 Avocado Thailand • raising awareness of Australia’s biosecurity requirements among importers, industry Cottonseed, for stock feed – re-instated operators, travellers, and senders of mail 2013 methyl bromide fumigation and new USA • screening and inspecting international vessels, travellers and baggage, cargo, mail, tolerance levels animals, plants and plant products arriving in Australia 2013 Kiwifruit Thailand • managing the high biosecurity risks of live plants and animals through containment, BIOSECURITY SUPPORTING MARKET ACCESS AND TRADE AND ACCESS MARKET SUPPORTING BIOSECURITY 2013 Pears Thailand observation, testing and/or treatment at post-entry quarantine facilities 2013 Persimmon Thailand • identifying and evaluating the specific biosecurity risks facing northern Australia through the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy. 2013 Strawberries Thailand

CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER 2014 Table grapes China Activities at the border are risk-based, informed by evidence and subject to review and continual improvement. 2015 Grains, consumption Vietnam 2015 Nuts, consumption Vietnam The Australian border restrictions, implemented in March 2020 due to Covid-19, significantly reduced international arrivals. For much of the year, travellers were not arriving 2015 Plant based stockfeed Vietnam from the typical range of countries from which they would ordinarily arrive. Similarly, the 2015 Seed, sowing Vietnam numbers of biosecurity risk items intercepted at the airports were not typical of the Wheat – access maintained for grain for numbers that would ordinarily occur. Between January and October 2020, 80,372 2015 Indonesia consumption biosecurity risk items were intercepted at Australia’s international airports: 18,364 at 2016 Mangoes Korea Melbourne, 11,888 at Perth and 27,097 at Sydney. 2016 Wheat flour India In 2020, around 79 million mail items moved through mail centres compared to 87 million 2017 Fruit fly host commodities New Zealand in 2019. The most commonly intercepted items in both years were seeds, meat and other animal products, such as pet supplements. 2017 Plants and plant products Myanmar Cherries, summerfruits, table grapes – 2019 China treatment options 2019 Citrus, Mangifera, Prunus spp., Solanaceae European Union 2019 Ware potatoes Korea 142 Australian (see Figure 88). authorities, operatorsandstaffare anexample ofthebiosecurityresponsibilities ofevery biosecurity risksthey findduringday-to-day operations.Thespecialresponsibilities of FPoE The See.Secure. Report. Hotline (1800798636)isfor FPoE workers toreport any avm/vessels/first-point-entry-and-non-first- point-entry A mapofthepoints ofentry for vessels isavailable from agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/ must managevegetation toensure weed speciesdonot flower andspread seed. Biosecurity Standards for both landingplaces andports.For example, operatorsatseaports The requirements for FPoE authoritiesandoperators are listed intheFirstPoint ofEntry spreading andestablishing. arrangements andsystems inplace tomanagetheriskofpestsanddiseasesentering, workers toreduce biosecurityrisks.Operatorsandauthoritiesare required tohave facilities, respond tothem.TheAustralianGovernment works withFPoE authorities,operatorsand permitted. FPoE operatorsandstaffare inauniquepositiontonotice biosecurityrisksand First point ofentry (FPoE) refers toseaportsandairportswhere international arrivals are First pointofentrybiosecurityoperators the permitconditions mustbemet. specified onBICON. Where permitconditions are different from importconditions onBICON, imported into Australiaunderpermitconditions thatare different from importconditions Upon requests through importpermitapplications,goodsmay beallowed tobebrought or More information onimportriskassessment isonpage130. reviewed, soimportersneedtochecktheconditions eachtimethey travel orsendgoods. when inspectinggoodsarrivinginAustralia.Importconditions withinBICON are regularly The information available onBICON isthesameinformation thatbiosecurityofficers use check theconditions ofentry atagriculture.gov.au/import/online-services/bicon must bemet tobebrought orimportedinto Australia.People wishingtobringingoodscan information onimportconditions for plant, animal,mineralandhumancommodities which BICON, theAustralian Government’s BiosecurityImportConditions database,holds broker to facilitatetheprocess. the goodsare worth. Allimportersare encouraged tousetheservices ofalicensed customs allowed toenter. Sometimes thetreatments willbemore costly andtimeconsuming than complex. People whowishtoimportgoodsare advisedtocheckwhether thegoodswillbe and diseasesbeingimportedwithcargo. Biosecurityrestrictions on importedgoodscanbe The AustralianGovernment works withthecargo andshippingindustriestoprevent pests Activities todealwithrisksposedby cargo imports COLLABORATIONS TO REDUCE BORDER BIOSECURITY RISKS Figure 88.Entityresponsibility for biosecurityrisks, firstpointsofentry(ports) Biosecurity atportsandother firstpoints of entry isshared between stakeholders. Image courtesy of theDepartment of Agriculture, Water andtheEnvironment

143 CHAPTER 4: BIOSECURITY SUPPORTING MARKET ACCESS AND TRADE GOVERNMENT SCREENING AND INSPECTION Screening mail DAWE employs more than 7,000 staff,42 some of whom contribute to the inspection of When goods arrive at the Australian border, they are assessed for biosecurity risk and a international vessels and travellers, cargo and mail for biosecurity risks as they arrive at decision is made on whether they can enter Australia. airports, seaports and mail centres. Officers operate in conjunction with the Department of When sending mail to Australia, the contents of packages must be accurately declared on Home Affairs and the , which regulate people movements and the mail article declaration. The department applies risk profiles to all international mail to intercept illegal goods, such as drugs and weapons. target high biosecurity risks. Biosecurity officers assess the risk based on the declaration Some goods need to be declared at the border, whether they are being brought back from and use detector dogs and x-ray to screen packages. overseas or arriving in the mail. The department’s risk assessment and intelligence tools are Some goods may require treatment (at the importer’s expense) before they are permitted used to assess biosecurity risk and respond appropriately. into Australia. Goods that are not permitted will either be exported back to the sender overseas or destroyed. If any attempt has been made to conceal goods, the importer may Screening passengers be subject to an investigation and possible criminal prosecution. Passengers travelling to Australia are provided with an Incoming Passenger Card by the aircraft or cruise vessel crew. Similarly, the crew complete a Crew Declaration Form. The Incoming Passenger Card and Crew Declaration Form are legal documents and must be completed truthfully. Travellers must declare if they are carrying certain food, plant or animal products. Declared goods are assessed by a biosecurity officer and, if the import conditions are met, released to the traveller.

The department applies automated risk assessments to all international travellers to target high biosecurity risks. Biosecurity officers assess the risk and select travellers for screening based on both the declaration and the automated and physical risk assessment outcomes. BIOSECURITY SUPPORTING MARKET ACCESS AND TRADE AND ACCESS MARKET SUPPORTING BIOSECURITY Baggage is screened for undeclared goods by x-rays, detector dogs or physical inspection. Based on risk assessments, biosecurity officers may inspect baggage regardless of whether travellers declare goods or do not declare any goods. CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER Depending on the item and its biosecurity risk, you may:

• pay for the goods to be treated to mitigate the biosecurity risk (for example, fumigation, gamma irradiation) • pay to export the goods from Australia • forfeit the goods for destruction. The first two options are subject to fees and special conditions may apply. Biosecurity officers can also inspect baggage when passengers do not declare any goods.

Alternatively, goods such as food, plant material or animal items that pose an unacceptable biosecurity risk can be voluntarily disposed of in bins located in the terminal. Goods that present an unacceptable level of biosecurity risk will be managed in accordance with the Detector dogs are trained to find items that could bring pests or diseases into Australia such as certain food, plant Biosecurity Act 2015. If arriving passengers are found to have made a false declaration on material and animal products. Image courtesy of the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment the Incoming Passenger Card, they can be penalised. A stronger approach to enforcement of the Biosecurity Act 2015 may cause a visitor's visas to be cancelled for failing to declare food concealed in luggage, or knowingly providing false or misleading information.

42 Australian Government. Transparency Portal. Accessed online 31 March 2020 transparency.gov.au

144 amongst many. odour. Thisiscalledanactive response andallows theteamtopinpoint theexact itemfrom When screening mailorcargo items,dogswilloffer afocused digatthesource ofthetarget This iscalledapassive response andisasafe, non-intrusive method ofindicatingtopeople. sit besidetheitemorpersonofinterest toindicatethatthey have found something. of itemthey are screening. Whenscreening atinternational passengerterminalsthey will They willoffer adifferent behaviour whentarget materialisdetected, basedonthetype The department’s dogsare multipurposeanddeploy across awiderangeofenvironments. stink bugsonanimportedforklift and cactusseedsdeclared aswindow decorations. included concealed seedsthatwere tapedtotheinsideofabooklet, brown marmorated items thedetector dogsfindare seedsandnuts,fruitmeat.Someunusualfinds Use ofdetectordogs tleproud/media-releases/super-sleuth-ulf TheHon David Littleproud. Media release: SupersleuthUlfshows why he’s topdog.Accessed online17May 2021https://minister.awe.gov.au/lit- 43 as well asresearch anddevelopment oftechnologies toautomaticallyidentify seeds. expand theuseof3Dx-ray. Additional algorithm development projects are alsounderway Airport andMelbourne andSydney International MailCentres andhasplanstofurther The department has3Dx-ray unitspermanently installedintheMelbourne International automatic detection ofthese riskitemsmore accurately andfasterthanever before. vegetable, plant material,meatandseafood are deployed onthe3Dx-ray unitsenabling algorithms toautomaticallydetect biosecurityriskmaterial.Algorithmstoidentify fruit, environments. Thedepartment hasalsodeveloped anddeployed theworld’s firstbiosecurity first biosecurityagencyintheworld todeploy 3Dx-ray capability inairportandmail DAWE hasestablisheditselfastheworld leaderinbiosecurityinnovation by beingthe Use of3D x-ray technology items andscreened 15,706,488millionmailitemsnationally. their working life. In2020thedetector dogfleet intercepted approximately 13,500risk eight years, andonaverage, detector dogsintercept upto9,000biosecurityrisksduring as certain food, plant materialandanimalproducts. They have aworking life ofaboutsix to Detector dogsare trainedtofinditemsthatcould bringpestsordiseasesinto Australiasuch extreme hunt, food andretrieve drives. have anextraordinary senseofsmell,becooperative andgentle withpeople,andpossess rigorous testingtoensure they possesstheidealcharacteristicsfor thejob.They needto exclusively from theAustralianBorder Force Detector DogBreeding program andundergo mail centres andcourier depots throughout Australia.Detector dogsare currently sourced There are approximately 40detector dogteamsoperatingininternational airports,seaports, and detection technologies. exotic pestsanddiseases.They are usedincombination withother biosecuritystrategies Detector dogsare usedby DAWE andplay akey role inhelpingtoprotect Australiafrom 43 Thethree mostcommon requirements for Approved Arrangements. More aboutpestsurveillance isinChapter 5. Data from border surveillance isusedtoinform policywhenreviewing import conditions and information materialtoraiseawareness ofkey exotic priorityplant pests. When visitingsites,NBSstaffengagewiththeindustryparticipants anddistribute activities are carriedouttogether with stateorterritorycounterparts. eradication. Iftheinfestation isfound togobeyond thebiosecurityentry point, response will delimittheextent oftheinfestation before conducting aresponse to complete its exotic ant surveillance program. Whensignificant exotic plant pestsare detected, NBSstaff detections since theprogram’s establishment. They alsomaintain Australia’s mostextensive NBS staffhave agrowing trackrecord ofdetecting exotic plant pestswithmore than60 to Australia’s area freedom determinations. containers, goodsorpassengersattheborder andbefore they establishandtocontribute pests. Theaimistodetect exotic peststhatmay have escapedfrom conveyances, addition totargeted surveillance for arangeofnationalhighpriorityplant andenvironmental NBS surveillance activitiesincludegeneralsurveillance for any potential exotic pestsin of surfaces. vegetation, dunnageorother rubbishpiles,andthelevel ofweed control andmaintenance These includethetype,quantity andoriginofthegoodsreceived, thepresence of An assessment ismadeofthebiosecurityriskasiteposesbasedonnumberfactors. surrounding areas. biosecurity riskmaterial(so-called Approved Arrangements airports), andpremises ofbusinesseshandling importedgoodsofbiosecurityinterest or of Australia’s biosecurityentry points. Theseincludefirstpoints ofentry (seaports and The teams’scope ofwork includessiteassessments andplant healthsurveillance atall and Darwin. DAWE. NBSstaffare locatedintheportsof ,Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth under thepolicydirection ofBorder Controls Branch,BiosecurityOperationsDivision,within The NationalBorder Surveillance (NBS)Program commenced inlate2016andoperates sion by thedepartment andwithoccasional compliance monitoringorauditing. assessment ofgoods inaccordance withdepartmental requirements, usingtheirown sites,facilities,equipment andpeople, andwithoutconstant supervi- Department ofAgriculture, Water andtheEnvironment. Thesearrangements allow operators tomanagebiosecurityrisksand/or perform thedocumentary Approved Arrangements, previously Quarantine Approved Premises andCompliance Agreements, are voluntary arrangements entered into withthe 44 NATIONAL BORDER SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM 44 ), plusassociatedor

145 CHAPTER 4: BIOSECURITY SUPPORTING MARKET ACCESS AND TRADE PROTECTING OUR NORTHERN COASTLINE Figure 89. Biosecurity risk pathways regulated by NAQS The unique biosecurity threats in Australia’s north – stretching from Cairns in QLD to Broome in WA and including the Torres Strait – are managed by DAWE’s Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS).

The northern coastline is vast and sparsely populated. It faces biosecurity risks from countries close to Australia including Indonesia, Timor-Leste and Papua New Guinea. These countries have many pests, plant diseases and weeds that are not present in Australia, which could spread to Australia by human activities or natural pathways.

There are three main components to NAQS: surveillance, Torres Strait operations or regulation, and community engagement.

Officers carry out surveillance for exotic pests, diseases and weeds on horticultural plants as well as native and cultivated alternative hosts. Pest checks are made for nationally agreed target species as well as those identified as High Priority Pests during biosecurity Image courtesy of the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment planning for industries. Reports of damage on host plants are also investigated. Increasingly, surveillance is conducted in partnership with industry and other government partners. Exotic fruit fly surveillance and eradication Each year NAQS staff notify relevant authorities when a pest, disease or weed is found that Exotic fruit fly species – including Oriental fruit fly and melon fly – are present in Papua New is a new record for Australia or is an extension to a pest’s known range or host. Guinea and are one of the biggest biosecurity risks to Australia’s horticultural industries. Annual incursions into the Torres Strait by these pests are associated with monsoonal This intelligence improves national and local incursion responses and aids in determining weather patterns moving over Papua New Guinea. Incursions are detected by permanent BIOSECURITY SUPPORTING MARKET ACCESS AND TRADE AND ACCESS MARKET SUPPORTING BIOSECURITY plant pest status across the north. traps placed throughout the Torres Strait islands that are monitored by the NAQS team. In the Torres Strait, department officers manage risks associated with the southward These seasonal incursions are being eradicated under the Exotic Fruit Fly in Torres Strait movement of people, vessels, aircraft and goods through the Strait to mainland Australia. Response Plan 2018–21. The response is managed by the Queensland Department of This includes traditional visitors from Papua New Guinea under the Torres Strait Treaty CHAPTER 4: 4: CHAPTER Agriculture and Fisheries and falls under the auspices of the Emergency Plant Pest – up to 30,000 movements per year. Response Deed. Officers regulate plant risks associated with the movement of goods and conveyances That means that the 15 potentially affected industry Parties pay a share of the cost of from Papua New Guinea and through the islands. Regulated pathways are from Papua keeping these pests out of Australia. See Chapter 6 for more on emergency responses. New Guinea into Torres Strait, and from the Torres Strait Protected Zone to the Permanent Biosecurity Monitoring Zone, and from either zone to mainland Australia, as shown in Figure 89.

Importantly, the success of activities is due to the cooperation and good will of people in northern Australia. The strategy invests heavily in community engagement including the well-known campaign ‘Top Watch’ to create strong community support. As a result, biosecurity awareness is high and local communities comply with requirements in the Torres Strait, report unusual pests and diseases, and provide access to land and country for surveillance.

Oriental fruit fly (left) and melon fly (right) are persistent biosecurity risks to Australia’s horticultural industries. Images courtesy of Scott Bauer (left) and Florida Division of Plant Industry Archive, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (right), Bugwood.org

146 Australia canbereleased. plants grown from importedseedthatare free from diseasesofbiosecurityconcern to seeds, andsomehigh-risknurserystock.For restricted seeds,onlytheprogeny seedsofthe under a‘process management system’ are permittedtoundertake quarantine for restricted screening. Asubset ofthedepartment’s approved facilitylistedinTable 51thatoperate Some restricted seedsare alsorequired toundergo post-entry quarantine disease all associatedcosts for services. any biosecurity concern, thedepartment willrelease thegoodstoimporter, whocovers testing andscreening procedures have taken place andtheplants are deemedtobefree of biosecurity risksthey pose,andthespecificscreening and testingrequired. Once allrequired The amount oftimetheplants spendinapost-entry quarantine facilitydependsonthe (see Table 51). post-entry quarantine diseasescreening atadepartment’s approved facility post-entry quarantine facilityatMicklehaminVIC.Medium-risk nurserystockcanundergo High-risk nurserystockundergoes diseasescreening andtesting atthegovernment may develop importconditions for thenew speciesorgenuswhichare addedtoBICON. outcomes oftheweed riskassessment and/or thediseaseriskassessment, thedepartment assessment. Anew plant genuswillalsorequire adiseaseriskassessment. Subjecttothe previously beenimportedandhave noimportconditions, willbesubjecttoaweed risk and issueaphytosanitary certificate priortoexport. New plant speciesthathave not The nationalplant protection organisation ofthecountry ofexport willinspecttheplants BICON and,ifthespecies isallowed toenter Australia,applyingfor animportpermit. Plant importersbegintheprocess by checkingimportconditions usingtheimportdatabase the genusandspeciesofplant andtheform oftheimportedplant material. imported for thepurposesofgrowth orpropagation. Importconditions vary, dependingon Live plant materialisdefinedasalllive plants orplant material,other thanseeds,thatis Australia canbereleased. and testingtoensure onlymaterialfree from pestsanddiseasesofbiosecurityconcern to spending timeinpost-entry quarantine facilities,allowing for growth anddiseasescreening be imported,subjecttospecificimportconditions. Theseincludeimportedplant material competitiveness andproductivity ofAustralianagribusiness.Asaresult, live plants can be advantageous attimesfor growers toimportnew varieties, tohelpmaintain the While importedlive plant materialcanintroduce foreign plant pestsanddiseases,itcan POST-ENTRY PLANT QUARANTINE Table 51.Australia's post-entry plantquarantinefacilities* *** Note thesefigures represent individualApproved Arrangement sites andnot facilities ororganisations asawhole. ** Note thesefigures represent facilities andorganisations asawhole anddoesnot includetheindividualApproved * Note thetablerepresents Australia's post-entry plant quarantine facilities asat21Decmber2020,however the Government facilities Australian plant material*** for medium-risk Arrangement sites (SG) Approved state government Scientific (S)and plant material*** for medium-risk Arrangement sites Private Approved plant material** approved for high-risk private (P) facilities Scientific (S)and material** high-risk plant facilities approved for State government number of approved facilities issubjectto changeover time. Arrangement sites thatmaybeassociated withthem. 11 S 1 P 1 S – – – – – – – NSW ACT 2 SG 4 S 1P 1S 2P 2 P 11 310 53 7 7 15 11 1 2 1 1 SG 3 S QLD 3 SG 7 S SA 3 S TAS – 2 SG 2 S VIC – 1 2 1 2 SG 6 S WA 2 P – – NT – – – –

147 CHAPTER 4: BIOSECURITY SUPPORTING MARKET ACCESS AND TRADE

Chapter 5 Plant pest surveillance and diagnostics Plant pest surveillance and diagnostics

Despite having excellent pre-border and border biosecurity systems in place there is always a chance that exotic pests can enter and become established in Australia. A unique and highly effective post-border biosecurity system exists to provide additional protection from exotic pests. Plant pest surveillance and diagnostics are critical components of this system.

Surveillance covers activities that detect and record the presence or absence of plant pests, while diagnostics is used to precisely identify a plant pest.

The information derived from surveillance and diagnostics provides the basis on which decisions about the status of pest presence, absence and distribution are made. This underpins the profitability, productivity and sustainability of Australia’s plant industries and helps protect our landscapes and natural environment from plant pests.

Surveillance is carried out around the country by state governments, the Australian

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT Government and plant industries, with increasing support from the community, and aims to:

• find new incursions or outbreaks before they spread too far to be eradicated or contained CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER • gather the ‘evidence of absence’ data needed to show overseas trading partners that Australia is free from pests of particular concern • monitor the amount or distribution of pests at a national, regional or property level. Diagnostic services, are primarily provided by governments, universities and research organisations, and are coordinated via a national network to support the definitive identification of pest species, types and strains to:

• provide information to ensure appropriate response to an incursion is undertaken • support pest management • provide evidence of pest status (pest presence or absence).

Farmer and researchers. Image courtesy of CSIRO

150 Image caption Plant pest surveillance OVERSIGHT OF PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy Information on the presence or absence of plant pests is highly valuable because it The National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy (NPBSS) was developed in 2013 to underpins many aspects of the biosecurity system. An effective surveillance system guide national efforts to improve and reform surveillance arrangements. The NPBSS enables early detection of plant pests and diseases, supports pest freedom claims and underpins the National Plant Biosecurity Strategy (see page 20) and complements the facilitates market access. Activities within the plant biosecurity surveillance system work National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy (see page 166). together to achieve five key objectives. Implementation of the 2013–20 NPBSS has played a key role guiding activities to support Early warning – Shows where new biosecurity measures are required to prevent the arrival improvements to the national plant biosecurity surveillance system. or spread of a plant pest, with surveillance along high-risk pathways being a priority. Some of the key achievements of the 2013–20 NPBSS include: Early detection – Finding a new pest or outbreak early, before it has a chance to spread and become widely established. • implementation of the Plant Surveillance Network Australasia–Pacific (PSNAP)

Plant pest status – Data confirming that pests are absent from growing areas • development of the national data aggregation system, AUSPestCheck™, to connect and demonstrates to other countries that they can safely import Australian produce without coordinate surveillance data systems across Australia receiving pests and help to justify our import conditions to other countries. This is known as • creation of a suite of industry surveillance strategies to establish partnerships to ‘evidence of absence’ and is critical information to support access to markets within improve national surveillance outcomes. Australia and overseas. Work is underway to develop a revised ten-year NPBSS and implementation plan to provide continued benefits for the national plant health surveillance system. It is expected that this DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT Delimiting the spread of pests – The ability to define where pests are present and where work will be completed during the first half of 2021. they are not provides critical information to support decisions for an eradication response.

Monitoring established pests – This includes surveillance for pests such as Queensland National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance System framework CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER and Mediterranean fruit flies, and grapevine phylloxera, which are only found in some parts Under the National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance System framework developed in 2017 of Australia. (see Figure 90), the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (DAWE), peak industry bodies, state and territory governments, Plant Health Australia (PHA), community and environmental stakeholders work in partnership to carry out biosecurity surveillance and analysis.

The framework provides an overview of the national system and is used to identify areas for improvement and reform. It was developed as part of the Australian Government’s investment in improving biosecurity surveillance and analysis through the Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper.

151 Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance The Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance of the Plant Health Committee (PHC) provides coordination and leadership for plant pest surveillance in Australia. Figure 90. National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance System framework The subcommittee comprises representatives from the Australian Government, state and territory governments, PHA and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Surveillance enablers Research Organisation (CSIRO). • Policy and legislation • Processes and • Communications and In 2020 the key roles of the subcommittee were: • Partnerships and workflows engagement shared responsibility • Information • Evaluation and • overseeing the development of National Surveillance Protocols, including the process management assurance • Risk analysis and risk for review based allocation • Technology and tools • Resources and funding • People capability • supporting the PSNAP to improve connections between surveillance practitioners and build capacity and capability for surveillance • coordinating and overseeing the development of a website to support the network Surveillance processes • designing processes to prioritise national surveillance efforts • Specific surveillance • Delivery • Protocols and • supporting review of the NPBSS programs • Data collection procedures • enhancing the collaboration, coordination, efficiency and effectiveness of surveillance • Design (surveys, • Capability and SPECIFIC efforts nationally. trapping) capacity SURVEILLANCE PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT

Plant Surveillance Network Australasia–Pacific • Observations • Notifications • Data collection The PSNAP was established in 2017 and encourages membership from a range of • Inspections • Investigations

GENERAL stakeholders including, but not limited to, state and territory governments, the SURVEILLANCE

CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER Australian Government, CSIRO, PHA, universities and plant industry experts. • Quality systems • Diagnostic protocols • Capability and Activities are coordinated via a network implementation working group and a network • Proficiency testing • Pest reference capacity programs system coordinator, operating out of PHA. The network provides a platform for communication DIAGNOSTICS about plant pest surveillance and acts as a coordination point for surveillance professionals and practitioners to strengthen surveillance capacity and capability. Applications The Annual Surveillance Workshop is delivered by PHA to share ideas and knowledge, and • Emerging pests • Social amenity pests • Environmental pests to provide professional development opportunities. The network is supported by a website

PESTS • Industry priority pests plantsurveillancenetwork.net.au which contains resources, news and events on plant pest surveillance. • Border • Northern Australia • Jurisdictions • Urban and peri-urban • External territories •

REGIONS • Rural • Offshore management regions

• Hosts • Regulated • Emerging pathways • Commodities and • Unregulated or industries natural PATHWAYS

Australia’s national surveillance system framework, developed in 2017. Image courtesy of the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment

152 GOVERNMENT SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS Specific surveillance is where checks or surveys are made for particular pests, and records are captured. Most specific surveillance is done by governments, but plant industries also undertake specific surveillance for pests of concern. Annual Surveillance Workshop 2020 The most extensive programs for specific surveillance – in terms of the number of pests Over 120 people working in pest surveillance attended the fourth Annual Surveillance and the wide range of locations where surveillance occurs – are the National Plant Health Workshop in December 2020 with representatives from several plant industries, the Surveillance Program, the National Border Surveillance Program (see page 145), the Australian Government, state governments, research agencies, Fiji, New Zealand and Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (see page 146) and surveillance programs for fruit Timor-Leste. flies (see page 146). There are also programs that are partnerships between industry and government(s) such as the National Bee Pest Surveillance Program (see page 154) and the Delivered by PHA, the two-day virtual workshop built a better understanding of Grains Farm Biosecurity Program (see page 205). surveillance activities and initiatives in the wider plant pest surveillance system, connected stakeholders, facilitated capability building and grew the Plant Surveillance These and other surveillance activities across Australia (as shown in Table 52 on page 158) Network Australasia–Pacific. occur in addition to the surveillance undertaken to eradicate pests (see Chapter 6). The workshop theme aligned to the International Year of Plant Health was National Plant Health Surveillance Program ‘International, Regional, National and Local – where do you fit in the surveillance The National Plant Health Surveillance Program is managed by DAWE in collaboration with continuum?’. Program topics included international surveillance systems, post-border state and territory governments. surveillance, cross-industry plant pest surveillance initiatives, urban surveillance and farm monitoring. DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT The program, in place since the 1990s, provides funds to state and territory governments to look for pests of particular concern. It provides important ‘early detection’ surveillance Input was also sought from participants on the future activities of the Plant Surveillance for Australia’s top 40 unwanted and exotic National Priority Plant Pests (see page 41), and Network Australasia–Pacific and the structure and content of National Surveillance other biosecurity risks. Protocols. 5: CHAPTER

Surveillance is conducted around international entry points such as airports and seaports, More information is available on the Plant Surveillance Network Australasia–Pacific where exotic pests could potentially enter Australia and spread. This includes trapping for website plantsurveillancenetwork.net.au ‘hitchhiker’ pests such as the brown marmorated stink bug and gypsy moths, which could arrive on imported cargo and quickly move into nearby peri-urban or urban areas if not intercepted quickly.

Plants around the country are also checked for signs of the nation’s most unwanted exotic plant pest, Xylella fastidiosa, as part of the program’s early detection activities.

Information collected by the program provides a critical source of the ‘evidence of absence’ data needed to support trade and market access for Australian producers.

153 INDUSTRY SURVEILLANCE STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMS National Forest Biosecurity Program Examples of industry surveillance programs (as shown in Table 52 on page 158) include Activities to initiate a National Forest Biosecurity Program continued in 2020 with those for grains, cotton, honey bees, mangoes, sugarcane and vegetables, and they are the National Forest Biosecurity Coordinator (employed by PHA) progressing the often facilitated by industry biosecurity officers. Surveillance programs for the citrus and establishment of a government–industry partnership to enhance forest pest surveillance. forest industries, for which specific national strategies were released in 2018, are being An assessment of the high-risk pathways for the entry of forest pests into Australia established. and high-risk site surveillance in QLD, NSW and VIC is being used to identify the requirements for a risk-based national program of surveillance for forest pests.

The National Forest Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy 2018–23 and its implementation plan guide the program, in consultation with industry, government and the R&D sector. The program is overseen by a National Forest Biosecurity Surveillance Group, with the coordinator working directly with industry, state governments and environmental groups. In 2020 the coordinator role was funded by the Australian Forest Products Association (see page 102).

National Bee Pest Surveillance Program The National Bee Pest Surveillance Program is an example of a strong biosecurity partnership between the industries that rely on pollination, all state and territory governments, the Northern Australian Quarantine Strategy team and the Australian PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT Government, as well as port staff and beekeepers.

The program, led by PHA, has coordinated surveillance activities at ports nationwide since 2012. It is an early detection system for a wide range of pests and diseases of honey bees. CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER The program uses a variety of surveillance activities for 14 exotic bee pests and pest bees, four regionalised but significant bee pests, and continued surveillance of European honey bee (Apis mellifera) swarms at ports that could have hitchhiked on cargo and be carrying exotic pests.

A total of 175 sentinel hives of European honey bees were located at 33 sea and airports in 2020. Sentinel hives contain active European honey bee colonies that are inspected for bee pests including Varroa mite, exotic bee viruses, tracheal mite, Tropilaelaps mites, large African hive beetle, small hive beetle and Braula fly. Apart from detections of established pests in known regions, no exotic bee pests were detected.

Floral sweep netting is also carried out near ports for the early detection of exotic pest bees including red dwarf honey bee, the giant honey bee, exotic and established strains of Asian honey bee and bumble bees. European honey bees collected by sweep netting may also be inspected for exotic pests.

Australia also had 200 empty hive boxes, termed catchboxes, positioned across 26 ports. Approximately 1,600 inspections took place for the presence of either European or Asian honey bees. European honey bee swarms were captured on eight occasions, and despite these catchboxes not being particularly suitable for Asian honey bees, this species was National Bee Pest Surveillance Program in Derby, WA. Image courtesy of WA DPIRD captured once. In addition, three European honey bee swarms, and two Asian honey bee swarms, were collected at or near Australian ports. 154 competitiveness oftheAustraliangrainindustry. claims. Itsupportsongoingmarket access andenhances theproductivity andinternational continued freedom from theimpactsofexotic pestsanddemonstration ofpeststatus National GrainBiosecuritySurveillance Strategy 2019–29–Provides aframework for White Paper tosupportplant industries. The following surveillance strategieswere fundedby DAWE’s Agricultural Competitiveness Development ofsurveillance strategies support international anddomesticmarket access. of dataandinformation onthepresence orabsence ofpeststo surveillance for thedetection ofnew pestsandthecollection 2020–25 –Developed toguideacoordinated approach to National PotatoIndustryBiosecuritySurveillance Strategy coastline andisolatedgrowing regions. to itshighplant diversity, sparsepopulation,extensive northern Australiapresents uniquebiosecuritychallengesdue consultation withplant industriesandgovernments, because Strategy 2020–25–Developed following extensive National Tropical PlantIndustriesBiosecuritySurveillance Innovation Inaugural winneroftheDrKimRitmanAward for Science and Innovation. Imagecourtesy of Agriculture Victoria Brendan Rodoni, winnerof theinaugural DrKimRitmanAward for Science and More information aboutProfessor Rodoni isontheABA website agriculture.gov.au/aba significantly toinnovations inbiosecurity. and apassionfor peopleandcapabilitydevelopment, hisefforts have contributed With astrong ethos ofdelivery ofoutcomes for stakeholders, asenseofpublicpurpose impactful scientist andeducator, locallyandinternationally. the theoretical andpracticalperspectives ofbiosecurityhave madehimaninfluential and Highly respected withawealth ofknowledge, Professor Rodoni’s understandingofboth managing plant biosecurityrisks. scientific contributions andnationalleadershipinimproving Australia’s capabilityin Victoria andajoint appointee withLaTrobe University, was recognised for hisoutstanding Brendan Rodoni, Research Director, Microbial Sciences, Pests andDiseaseswithAgriculture diseases. strengthen ourbiosecuritysystem tobetter managetheriskofexotic plant pestsand Biosecurity Awards was created tohonourthelateDrKimRitman’s legacythathelped of theDrKimRitmanAward for Science andInnovation. ThiscategoryoftheAustralian In November 2020,Professor Brendan Rodoni was announced astheinauguralwinner

155 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS GENERAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS General surveillance programs raise awareness about pests with growers and the wider community and rely on people to look for and report anything unusual.

Building strong and integrated surveillance technology Growers undertake a wide range of routine crop monitoring activities to inform production practices and manage established pests and diseases. Biosecurity manuals, industry The iMapPESTS: Sentinel Surveillance for Agriculture program is creating national newsletters, fact sheets, webpages and apps developed by industry, PHA and governments cross-industry surveillance capability to help Australia’s plant industries more provide information that encourage the reporting of unusual pest or disease symptoms effectively manage airborne pests and pathogens. that may be detected during crop monitoring. The program uses a mobile network of smart surveillance tools, with specialised Findings made by general surveillance activities can be reported to state or territory trapping technology, deployed across Australia to monitor the presence of government agriculture departments via the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline, 1800 084 881. high priority pests and pathogens affecting major agricultural sectors, including grains, cotton, sugar, horticulture, wine, forestry, and also emerging industries. Surveillance for exotic pests is also an important component of emergency responses and is covered in Chapter 6. The mobile ‘sentinel’ units incorporate airborne trapping equipment, a weather station, telemetry and power to capture samples for downstream laboratory analysis and reporting. Various techniques are used to determine which pests and pathogens are present, and in what quantities, based on defined lists of priority targets. Next generation sequencing technologies provide insect diversity data, including for

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT beneficials and predators, to give a picture of insect population dynamics.

The resulting data are collated, visualised and shared with industry and government stakeholders to guide the direction and intensity of scouting efforts and pest control

CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER actions on-farm. The system can also facilitate a rapid, coordinated response during incursions, including use in delimiting surveys and proof-of-freedom claims.

More information is available at www.imappests.com.au

iMapPESTS is led by Hort Innovation and funded by DAWE as part of its Rural R&D for Profit Program, and the seven plant-based RDCs: Hort Innovation, GRDC, SRA, CRDC, Wine Australia, AgriFutures Australia and FWPA.

(from L to R) iMapPESTS Sentinels 2, 3 and 1 set up at SARDI’s Waite Campus in Adelaide, SA. Queensland fruit fly surveillance in Nedlands and Dalkeith regions, WA. Image courtesy of WA DPIRD Image courtesy of asbCreative 156 International Plant Sentinel Network The International Plant Sentinel Network (IPSN), coordinated by Botanic Gardens Conservation International, acts as an early warning system to recognise new and emerging pest and pathogen risks. Created in 2014, initially as a Euphresco project, the IPSN has established national and international partnerships between plant scientists, botanic Boosting pest surveillance by gardeners gardens and arboreta. Agriculture Victoria’s Urban Plant Health Network (UPHN) uses social media in combination Gardens and arboreta hold a range of native flora, exotic plants and close relatives of crops, with an extensionAUS™ website, extensionaus.com.au/urbanplanthealthnetwork, to boost making them ideal sentinels to detect new plant pest or disease incursions in Australia. general surveillance efforts by urban and community gardeners in Melbourne. With millions of visitors every year, they are also an invaluable way to inform the The online community of practice puts gardeners in touch with a team of scientists and community about plant biosecurity. industry experts who share information about exotic pests and diseases that might be By building connections with international networks, Australian plants in botanic gardens found in the home garden. Gardeners are encouraged to look out for and report anything and arboreta overseas act as sentinels that may identify potential threats to the health of unusual using the MyPestGuide™ Reporter app. In 2020, the UPHN focused on six exotic our unique flora. pests:

Sentinel plants also provide information which can help: • brown marmorated stink bug • glassy winged sharpshooter • increase understanding about ‘known’ pests and diseases (e.g. dispersal mechanisms, • Asian citrus psyllid origin)

• spotted wing drosophila DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT • identify new pest–host associations (e.g. suggest which species of plant may be • red imported fire ant particularly susceptible or resistant to a particular pest) • Asian honey bee • identify potential biocontrol agents.

To increase awareness about these pests and how to report them, UPHN posted 5: CHAPTER As of 2020, seven Australian botanic gardens – the Australian National Botanic Gardens content on social media, collaborated with PHA on a webinar series, and created the (Canberra), National Arboretum Canberra, Royal Botanic Garden Sydney, Royal Botanic Top 6 Pests Activity Book and Pest Warrior Comic Book for kids. Gardens Victoria, Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Botanic Gardens of South Australia and Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens – were part of the network. More information is In just 15 months, the UPHN grew from having 10 to 22 core members from 11 available from plantsentinel.org different industry and science-based organisations, and 1,160 followers on Facebook (@urbanplanthlth). The IPSN has been carrying out a pilot study in Australia and New Zealand to determine the feasibility of utilising botanic gardens collections for general surveillance of pests and disease issues on three plant species that are priorities in the United Kingdom (Quercus robur, Pinus sylvestris and Rosa spp.) This activity is funded by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs in the UK, from April 2020 to March 2021.

PHA is working with Australian botanic gardens and arboreta on a project entitled ‘Establishing a program of plant pest surveillance’, where a network of staff and volunteers in botanic gardens and arboreta has been formed to raise awareness of biosecurity and to undertake surveillance for key pests.

The Urban Plant Health Network put gardeners in touch with a team of scientists and industry experts to share information about exotic pests and diseases that mightNational be found Bee in the Pest home Surveillance garden Program in Derby, WA 157 PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS IN 2020 Table 52. Australia's plant biosecurity surveillance programs . The following figures show the same surveillance programs by target host (Figure 91) and Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Type of surveillance* target pest type (Figure 92). Australian Government During 2020, 117 plant pest surveillance programs were undertaken, which are detailed by Various jurisdiction in Table 52. environmental, External Territories production and High priority exotic pests General and specific Surveillance Program ornamental plants

Figure 91. Surveillance programs by target host Tropical horticultural, 3% Broadacre – cotton International Plant Health environmental High priority exotic pests General and specific Surveillance Program 13% Broadacre – grains and agricultural species 5% Broadacre – multiple 1% Broadacre – sugarcane Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, 5% Forestry Tropilaelaps clareae, T. mercedesae, General (noting other Acarapis woodi, Oplostoma fuligineus, 9% Honey bees Bee swarms at stakeholders conduct National Bee Pest Braula coeca, acute bee paralysis virus, first points of the targeted 7% Horticulture – fruit Surveillance Program deformed wing virus, slow paralysis entry surveillance required virus, Apis cerana, A. dorsata, A. florea, under this program) PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT Horticulture – grapes 1% Bombus terrestris and new exotic 14% Horticulture – multiple swarms of A. mellifera 9% Horticulture – vegetable Plant families of 1% Nursery crops high economic CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER importance and 3% Urban/natural environment known or 28% Multiple potential key Specific high priority exotic pests and National Border Surveillance hosts of specific any pest belonging to key taxonomic General and specific Program exotic pests, groups focusing on regulatory Figure 92. Surveillance programs by target pest type import pathway risks

National Plant Health Various, based Surveillance Program High priority exotic pests including on the species General and specific (delivered through states and exotic gypsy moth and fruit fly species surveyed 41.03% Invertebrate – insect territories)

0.85% Invertebrate – other Exotic fruit flies including Bactrocera Northern Australia dorsalis, B. latifrons, B. trivialis, 49.57% Multiple Quarantine Strategy – Various Specific B. umbrosa, Zeugodacus atrisetosa, exotic fruit fly trapping 0.85% Pathogen – bacteria Z. cucurbitae, Z. decipiens 2.56% Pathogen – fungi 2.56% Pathogen – multiple Tropical Northern Australia horticultural, Pathogen – virus 123 high priority exotic pests, 2.56% Quarantine Strategy – environmental General and specific diseases and weeds pest and disease surveys and agricultural species Western Australia Grains Biosecurity Officer examining specimen under a microscope 158 Table 52.Australia's plantbiosecuritysurveillance programs (continued) vegetable diseases Area widemanagement – Forest Health Surveillance Forestry Corporation ofNSW Fall armyworm trapping Exotic longhornbeetle Exotic fruitflies–Riverina Diseases ofcotton inspections Citrus budwood mother tree Production CGMMV Pest Free Place of citrus andcherries Asian market access for Surveillance program name Brassicaceae and Cucurbitaceace including Multiple hosts General forests crops summer grain Maize, other around ports Various hosts stone fruit) crops (citrus, horticultural Various Cotton Specific hosts Multiple citrus Cucumber green mottle mosaicvirus Cucurbits citrus Cherries and agthssTarget pests Target hosts Within New SouthWales green mottle mosaicvirus priority pestsincludingcucumber Various endemicandexotic high priority pests Various exotic andendemichigh Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) germari) mulberry longhornbeetle (Apriona beetle glabripennis), Japanesepinesawyer Asian longhornbeetle (Anoplophora exotic fruitflies capitata), other trilure responsive Mediterranean fruitfly(Ceratitis vasinfectum) wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dahliae), exotic strainsofFusarium strains ofVerticillium wilt(Verticillium (Phymatotrichum omnivorum), exotic Texas root rot virus (Begomovirus), disease (Luteovirus), cotton leafcurl (Xanthomonas campestris), cotton blue Exotic strainsofbacterialblight and other highprioritypests Various grafttransmissablediseases attracted exotic fruitflies neohumeralis), various cuelure lesser Queenslandfruitfly(Bactrocera Queensland fruitfly(Bactrocera tryoni), (Monochamus alternatus), brown Type ofsurveillance* Specific Specific Specific Specific Specific Specific Specific Specific Program Forest High-RiskSurveillance no iess–Rvrn Onions,garlic Onion diseases–Riverina surveillance psyllid andzebra chip National tomatopotato multi pestsurveillance Surveillance Program – National Plant Health Surveillance Program National BeePest Khapra beetle Surveillance program name Multiple hosts Solanaceous Multiple environment surrounding Ports and facility Grain processing agthssTarget pests Target hosts Within New SouthWales (continued) priority pestsofPinusspp. Various exotic andendemichigh cockerelli) Tomato potato psyllid (Bactericera gracilipes) Wasmannia auropunctata, Anoplolepis and invasive ants (Solenopsisspp., (Xanthomonas axonopodis subsp.citri), Liberibacter asiaticus), citruscanker erytreae), huanglongbing(Candidatus citri), African citruspsyllid (Trioza granati), Asiancitruspsyllid (Diaphorina (including Brevipalpus spp.,Aceria bug (Halyomorpha halys), exotic mites amylovora), brown marmoratedstink Xylella fastidiosa, fire blight sharpshooter (Homalodisca), vitripennis (Lymantria spp.),glassy winged cucurbitae, Z.tau,gypsy moth B. zonata, Ceratitis capitata, Zeugodacus B. trivialis,umbrosa, B.xanthodes, B. passiflorae, B.psidii,trilineola, B. melanotus, B.occipitalis, B. facialis, B.kandiensis, B.kirki, B. correcta, B.curvipennis,dorsalis, albistrigata, B.carambolae, B.caryae, Multiple includingBactrocera swarms ofA.mellifera Bombus terrestris andnew exotic virus, Apiscerana, A.dorsata,florea, deformed wingvirus,slow paralysis Braula coeca, acutebeeparalysis virus, Acarapis woodi, Oplostoma fuligineus, Tropilaelaps clareae, T. mercedesae, Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, Trogoderma granarium (Puccinia allii) smut (Urocystis cepulae), onionrust White rot (Sclerotium cepivorum), onion (Erwinia Type ofsurveillance* Specific Specific Specific Specific Specific Specific

159 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Table 52. Australia's plant biosecurity surveillance programs (continued)

Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Type of surveillance* Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Type of surveillance* Within New South Wales (continued) Within the Northern Territory (continued)

Plant Pest Diagnostic Service All pests and pathogens that can Multiple Broadacre crops General horticultural and Serpentine leafminer (Liriomyza – broadacre cropping affect broadacre crops (pastures) Serpentine leafminer Specific ornamental huidobrensis) hosts All pests and pathogens that can Plant Pest Diagnostic Service Horticultural affect horticultural crops (mango, General – horticulture crops Within the Northern Territory chilli, watermelon, Cucurbitaceae)

Area Freedom Surveillance Horticultural Regional Fruit Fly Monitoring Horticultural Exotic fruit flies (Bactrocera spp. and Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) Specific Specific Program crops and Surveillance crops Ceratitis spp.)

Mango malformation (Fusarium Within Queensland mangiferae), mango pulp weevil (Sternochetus frigidus), mango seed Area freedom surveys Multiple Multiple pests Specific Major Industry Monitoring Mango weevil (Sternochetus mangiferae), General and targeted and Surveillance mango gall midges (Procontarinia spp.) Area wide management of Multiple Multiple viruses and bacterial pests Specific and general and red banded mango caterpillar vegetable diseases vegetable hosts (Deanolis sublimbalis) Banana pest surveillance Banana A range of banana pests General Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT Grain bulk handling Tropilaelaps clareae, T. mercedesae, Stored grains Endemic and exotic stored grain pests General companies Acarapis woodi, Oplostoma fuligineus, Ports and National Bee Pest Braula coeca, Aethina tumida, acute bee surrounding Specific Exotic strains of bacterial blight Surveillance Program paralysis virus, deformed wing virus environment (Xanthomonas campestris), blue and slow paralysis virus, Apis cerana, CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER disease (suspected Luteovirus), cotton A. dorsata, A. florea, Bombus terrestris, bunchy top virus, cotton leaf curl virus and new exotic swarms of A. mellifera (Begomovirus), cotton leafroll dwarf virus (Polerovirus), Texas root rot Endemic and exotic diseases Multiple including citrus canker Cotton (Phymatotrichum omnivorum), exotic Specific of cotton (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri), strains of Verticillium wilt (Verticillium huanglongbing (Candidatus dahliae), exotic strains Fusarium wilt Liberibacter spp.), Asiatic citrus psyllid (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum) (Diaphorina citri), giant African snail and all other exotic viruses. Endemic (Achatina fulica), glassy winged cotton diseases, including Fusarium sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis), and Verticillium spp. Pierce's disease (Xylella fastidiosa), banana black sigatoka (Mycosphaerella Endemic and exotic grains Grains and Various viruses, especially aphid National Plant Health fijiensis), red imported fire ant Specific virus surveys cotton transmitted Polerovirus complex Surveillance Program – Multiple (Solenopsis invicta), electric ant Specific multi pest surveillance (Wasmannia auropunctata), yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes), Exotic Fruit Fly in the Torres Exotic fruit fly including Bactrocera and Multiple Specific Bactericera cockerelli, Candidatus Strait Program Zeugodacus spp. Liberibacter solanacearum, potato leafminer, pea leafminer, serpentine Forest High-Risk Surveillance Various exotic and endemic high Multiple Specific leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis), Program priority pests of Pinus spp. American leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii), vegetable leafminer (Liriomyza sativae), exotic fruit flies (Bactrocera General forest pest Multiple General forest pests General spp. and Ceratitis spp.) surveillance

160 Table 52.Australia's plantbiosecuritysurveillance programs (continued) Surveillance program name diagnostic service project Grow Help Australia cotton Sucking pestmanagement in monitoring Silverleaf whiteflyresistance inspections Post-Entry Quarantine – broadacre cropping Banana Plant Pest DiagnosticService Panama TR4Program Surveillance Program National Plant Health Program Resistance Monitoring National GrainInsect Surveillance Program National BeePest hosts and ornamental Fruit, vegetable Cotton Cotton maize, peanuts) cotton, sorghum, crops (e.g. Broadacre field crops Broadacre field Multiple Grains environment surrounding Ports and agthssTarget pests Target hosts Within Queensland(continued) Ralstonia spp.,Erwiniaspp.andviruses Rhizoctonia spp.,Pythium Colletotrichum spp.,Alternaria spp., Phytophthora spp.,Fusarium spp., encountered pathogensinclude home gardeners. Commonly parks, gardens, hobby growers and affect horticulturalcrops, national All pestsandpathogensthatcan solenopsis) Solenopsis mealybug (Phenacoccus B-type) Silverleaf whitefly(Bemisiatabaci field crops All pathogensthataffect broadacre pastures) broadacre crops (cotton, grains, All pathogensthatcanaffect f. sp.cubense) Panama disease(Fusarium oxysporum sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis) (Xylella fastidiosa) andglassy winged exotic gypsy moths, Pierce's disease Multiple, includingexotic fruitflies, (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) sawtoothed grainbeetle beetle (Cryptolestes ferrugineus), (Tribolium castaneum ), rustygrain oryzae), rust-red flourbeetle dominica), rice weevil (Sitophilus Lesser grainborer (Rhyzopertha and new exotic swarms ofA.mellifera A. dorsata,florea, Bombusterrestris, and slow paralysis virus,Apiscerana, paralysis virus,deformed wingvirus Braula coeca, Aethina tumida,acutebee Acarapis woodi, Oplostoma fuligineus, Tropilaelaps clareae, T. mercedesae, Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, Type ofsurveillance* General Specific Specific General General Specific Specific Specific Specific Surveillance program name diagnostic service Bee pestsandpestbees monitoring Serpentine leafminer Project monitoring Fall Armyworm Response surveys West Indiandrywood termite surveillance psyllid andzebra chip National tomatopotato northern region cereals andpulseswithinthe and severity ofdiseases diagnostics oftheincidence Surveys andassociated surveys trials andgeneralpest cane inspections,variety Sugar industrysurveys, seed Grape phylloxera Program Grains Farm Biosecurity Multiplepests surveillance program Giant pinescaleindustry Multiple disease Bee surveillance –endemic Area freedom surveys bee European honey Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) Multiple Multiple structures Timber Solanaceae pulses Cereals and Sugarcane agthssTarget pests Target hosts Vitus vinifera stored grains In-crop and Giant pinescale(Marchalina hellenica ) Pinaceae bees European honey Within Queensland(continued) Within SouthAustralia Multiple pests huidobrensis) Serpentine leafminer(Liriomyza (Cryptotermes brevis) West Indiandrywood termite solanacearum cockerelli) andCandidatus Liberibacter Tomato potato psyllid (Bactericera and pulsesinthenorthernregion Various pestsanddiseasesofcereals koepkei), exotic pestsanddiseases P. kuehnii),yellow spot (Mycovellosiella rust (Puccinia melanocephala, (Sporisorium scitamineum),sugarcane virus (Fijivirus),sugarcane smut (Potyvirus), Fijileafgall(disease albilineans), sugarcane mosaicvirus subsp. xyli),leafscald(Xanthomonas Ratoon stunting disease(Leifsonia xyli vitifoliae) Grapevine phylloxera (Daktulosphaira (Cephus cinctus) sp. tritici),wheatstemsawfly wheat stemrust(Puccinia graminis f. Sunn pest(Eurygaster integriceps), Russian wheataphid(Diuraphis noxia), Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica ), Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium), (Puccinia striiformis f. sp.hordei), Various, includingbarley striperust American foulbrood (Paenibacillus spp.) Type ofsurveillance* General andspecific General andspecific General andspecific Specific Specific General andspecific General andspecific General andspecific General andspecific General andspecific General andspecific General andspecific

161 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Table 52. Australia's plant biosecurity surveillance programs (continued)

Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Type of surveillance* Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Type of surveillance* Within South Australia (continued) Within Tasmania

Horticultural Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitus American foulbrood (Paenibacillus Mediterranean fruit fly General and specific crops capitata) spp.), European foulbrood (Melissococcus pluton), chalkbrood Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, (Ascophera apis), sacbrood (Nosema Tropilaelaps clareae, T. mercedesae, Bee surveillance – European honey apis, N. ceranae), sacbrood virus Acarapis woodi, Oplostoma fuligineus, General and specific Ports and endemic disease and pests bees (Morator aetatulas), greater wax moth National Bee Pest Braula coeca, acute bee paralysis surrounding General and specific (Galleria mellonella), lesser wax moth Surveillance Program virus, deformed wing virus and slow environment (G. achroia grisella), European wasps paralysis virus, Apis cerana, A. dorsata, (Vespula germanica), Braula coeca, A. florea, Bombus terrestris and new bumble bee (Bombus terestris) exotic swarms of A. mellifera Commercial Multiple, including exotic invasive ants blueberry crops Blueberry rust surveillance Blueberry rust (Thekopsora minima) Specific (tramp ants), Asian and African citrus and wholesale psyllids (Diaphorina citri, Candidatus nurseries Liberibacter africanus), huanglongbing Codling moth trapping National Plant Health (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus), Apples, cherries Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) Specific Surveillance Program – Multiple citrus canker (Xanthomonas axonopodis General and specific surveillance multi pest surveillance pv. citri), glassy winged sharpshooters Host fruit trees,

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT Bactrocera dorsalis, B. tryoni, Ceratitis (Homalodisca vitripennis and Fruit fly trapping surveillance fruit and Specific capitata and exotic fruit flies H. coagulata), brown mamorated vegetables stink bug (Halyomorpha halys), Xylella fastidiosa Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, Tropilaelaps clareae, T. mercedesae, Eucalyptus spp., Acarapis woodi, Oplostoma fuligineus, CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER Ports and Ports of Entry Trapping National Bee Pest Aethina tumida, acute bee paralysis ornamental Exotic gypsy moths (Lymantria spp.) General and specific surrounding Specific Program Surveillance Program virus, deformed wing virus and slow trees environment paralysis virus, Apis cerana, A. dorsata, A. florea, Bombus terrestris and new Multiple – Bactrocera albistrigata, exotic swarms of A. mellifera B. carambolae, B. caryae, B. correcta, B. curvipennis, B. dorsalis, B. facialis, Brown marmorated stink bug B. kandiensis, B. kirki, B. melanotus, Ports of Entry Trapping Various fruit fly (Halyomorpha halys), citrus canker B. occipitalis, B. passiflorae, B. psidii, General and specific Program hosts (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri), gypsy B. trilineola, B, trivialis, B. tryoni, moths (including Lymantria albescens, B. umbrosa, B. xanthodes, B. zonata, L. atameles, L. concolor, L. dispar asiatica, Ceratitis capitata, C. rosa, Zeugodacus L. dispar dispar, L. dispar japonica, cucurbitae, Z. tau L. dissoluta, L. fumida, L. marginata, L. minomonis, L. monacha, L. postalba, Horticultural Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis National Plant Health L. pulverea, L. sinica, L. umbrosa, Mediterranean fruit fly General and specific Surveillance Program – Multiple Specific crops capitata) L. xylina) (Candidatus multi pest surveillance , huanglongbing Liberibacter asiaticus), Bactericera Horticultural cockerelli, Diaphorina citri, Trioza Queensland fruit fly Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) General and specific crops erytreae, B. trigonica, Trioza apicallis, Pierce’s disease (Xylella fastidiosa), Tomato potato psyllid Tomato potato psyllid (Bactericera Solanaceae General and specific glassy winged sharpshooter program cockerelli) (Homalodisca vitripennis), Bactrocera, Zeugodacus and Ceratitis spp. (exotic Tomato yellow curl leaf virus Solanaceae Tomato yellow curl leaf virus General and specific fruit fly species) Silverleaf whitefly Nursery stock Silver leaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) Specific Trogoderma glabrum program Multiple Trogoderma glabrum General and specific surveillance

162 Table 52.Australia's plantbiosecuritysurveillance programs (continued) Surveillance program name Tomato potato psyllid surveillance Khapra beetle trapping Warehouse beetle and Exotic fruitflies–Sunraysia Crop Safe Program market access Area freedom surveillance for Online publicreporting pathways gardens, urban community tomato crops, potato and Commercial outlets and animalfeed grain processors Stored grains, agthssTarget pests Target hosts stone fruit) crops (citrus, horticultural Various In-field grains potatoes tomatoes and area, processed Blueberries, port surveillance All hosts,general Within Tasmania (continued) Within Victoria cockerelli) Tomato potato psyllid (Bactericera granarium) variable), Khaprabeetle Warehouse beetle (Trogoderma capitata) Mediterranean fruitfly(Ceratitis (Trogoderma granarium) truncatum), Khaprabeetle lentil anthracnose (Colletotrichum and Karnalbunt (Tilletia indica), anthracnose (Colletotrichum lupini) rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae), lupin (Puccinia striifomis f.sp. hordei), lentil f.sp. conglutinans), barley striperust ciceris) andcanola (Fusarium oxysporum chickpea (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. longisporum), Fusarium wiltsof Verticillium wilt(Verticillium (Ceuthorhynchus assimilis),canola cabbage seedpodweevil wheat stemsawfly(Cephus pygmeus), midge (Mayetola hordei ), European (Agrotis segetum), barley stemgall (Cicadulina mbila),turnipmoth (Liriomyza trifolii), maize leafhopper American serpentine leafminer pyriform scale mottle mosaicvirus,green snail, bacterial canker, cucumbergreen cockerelli), grapevine phylloxera, tomato potato psyllid (Bactericera invicta), tomatoyellow leafcurlvirus, red importedfire ant (Soelenopsis Blueberry rust(Thekopsora minima), All plant pests (Trogoderma Type ofsurveillance* Specific Specific Specific General Specific General Surveillance program name Passive MedFly Program surveillance psyllid andzebra chip National tomatopotato multi pestsurveillance Surveillance Program – National Plant Health Surveillance Program National BeePest MyPestGuide e-surveillance Program Grains Farm Biosecurity Surveillance system Forest Health andBiosecurity Program Forest Health Surveillance backyards Fruit trees in hosts Solanaceous Multiple environment surrounding Ports and surveillance All hosts,general stored grains In-crop and Multiple Multiple agthssTarget pests Target hosts Within Victoria(continued) capitata) Mediteranean fruitfly(Ceratitis cockerelli) Tomato potato psyllid (Bactericera wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) psyllid (Trioza erytreae) andspotted psyllid (Diaphorinacitri),African citrus (Halyomorpha halys), Asiancitrus spp.), brown marmoratedstinkbug (Lymantria disparandotherLymantria plum pox virus,Asiangypsy moth sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis), (Xylella fastidiosa), glassy winged Ceratitis captitata), Pierce's disease exotic fruitflies(Bactrocera spp., citri), (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Multiple includingcitruscanker swarms ofA.mellifera Bombus terrestris andnew exotic virus, Apiscerana, A. dorsata,A.florea, deformed wing virus,slow paralysis Braula coeca, acutebeeparalysis virus, Acarapis woodi, Oplostoma fuligineus, Tropilaelaps clareae, T. mercedesae, Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, All plant pests wheat stemsawfly(Cephus cinctus) rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp.tritici), (Eurygaster integriceps), wheatstem Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica), Sunnpest Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium), (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei), Multiple includingbarley striperust priority pests Various exotic andendemichigh dutch elmdisease nematode (Bursaphelenchusspp.)and beetle (Tetropium fuscum),pinewilt castaneum), brown spruce longhorn spruce longhorn beetle (Tetropium wood wasp (Urocerus fantoma ), black sawyer beetle (Monocamus alternatus), priority pestsofPinusspp.Japanese Various exotic andendemichigh Type ofsurveillance* General Specific Specific Specific General andspecific Specific Specific Specific

163 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Table 52.Australia's plant biosecurity surveillance programs (continued)

Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Type of surveillance* Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Type of surveillance* Within Victoria (continued) Within Western Australia (continued)

Various, including brown marmorated Various, including barley stripe rust Multiple plant stink bug (Halyomorpha halys), Asian (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei), hosts in citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri), African Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium), Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica), Russian periurban citrus psyllid (Trioza erytreae), Asian Grains Farm Biosecurity In-crop and wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia), Sunn General and specific Urban Plant Health Network landscape, honeybee, red imported fire ant General Program stored grains including (Solenopsis invicta), spotted wing pest (Eurygaster integriceps), wheat community drosphila (Drosophila suzukii) and stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. gardens glassy winged sharpshooter tritici), wheat stem sawfly (Cephus (Homalodisca vitripennis) cinctus) Many Victorian funded containment Pasture and fruit Medfly Area Freedom (Ord Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis horticultural Specific Green snail (Cantareus apertus) Specific River Area) capitata) program trees hosts Within Western Australia Broadacre crops, MyCrop e-surveillance general All plant pests General and specific Agrisearch Grain crops Grain pests General surveillance AgWest grain testing All hosts, general Grain crops Grain pests General MyPestGuide e-surveillance All plant pests General and specific laboratory surveillance PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT

Browsing ant (Lepisiota frauenfeldi), Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni, red imported fire ant (Solenopsis Tropilaelaps clareae, T. mercedesae, Ant Blitz Urban areas General invicta), Small black sugar ant Acarapis woodi, Oplostoma fuligineus, Ports and National Bee Pest Braula coeca, acute bee paralysis virus, (Lepisiota capensis) surrounding Specific CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER Surveillance Program environment deformed wing virus, slow paralysis virus, Apis cerana, A. dorsata, A. florea, General Bombus terrestris and new exotic Biosecurity Blitz surveillance, all All plant pests General swarms of A. mellifera hosts National grain insect resistance monitoring Grain crops Grain pests Specific General program surveillance, all Brown marmorated stink bug Brown marmorated stink bug Specific hosts, urban (Halyomorpha halys) Multiple including Asian citrus psyllid areas (Diaphorina citri), citrus canker (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri), National Plant Health Pome and citrus citrus longicorn beetle (Anoplophora Tomato, potato, Surveillance Program – Specific crops chinensis), glassy winged sharpshooter Candidatus Liberibacter capsicum, chilli Tomato potato pysllid (Bactericera multi pest surveillance General (Homalodisca vitripennis), Xylella solanacearum and eggplant cockerelli) fastidiosa, brown marmorated stink crops bug (Halyomorpha halys)

National Variety Trials Grain crops Grain pests General Codling moth surveillance Pome fruit Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) Specific

Stored grain Pantry Blitz Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) General products Urban areas and European wasp surveillance horticultural European wasp (Vespula germanica) General and specific Broadacre crops PestFax e-surveillance crops All plant pests General

164 Table 52.Australia's plant biosecurity surveillance programs (continued)

Surveillance program name Target hosts Target pests Type of surveillance* Within Western Australia (continued) More than 600 Port of Entry – Asian gypsy forest, orchard, Asian gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) Specific moth trapping ornamental and native species Port of Entry – fruit fly Horticultural Various Bactrocera and Ceratitis spp. Specific trapping hosts Many Queensland fruit fly horticultural Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) Specific surveillance hosts

Sentinel stored products Stored grain Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) General and specific merchants products

Tomato spotted wilt virus, potato leafroll virus, potato virus S, X and Y, Seed potato schemes Seed potatoes General and specific potato spindle tuber viroid, potato cyst nematode

Environmental, Browsing ant (Lepisiota frauenfeldi), red

urban areas, DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), Tramp ant surveillance ports of entry, General small black sugar ant (Lepisiota other high-risk capensis) sites

Legend CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER f. sp. forma specialis pv. pathovar sp. species spp. multiple species syn. synonym * General surveillance is a range of crop monitoring and awareness activities outside of specific surveys that can be used to detect the presence or absence of pests, including the presence of new or unusual pests or symptoms. Targeted surveillance is where checks or surveys are made for particular pests, and records are captured.

Image caption 165 Diagnostics – identifying plant pests and OVERSIGHT OF NATIONAL PLANT BIOSECURITY DIAGNOSTICS diseases National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy The National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy (NPBDS) has guided activities to support Accurate diagnosis of plant pests and diseases underpins all aspects of the plant the strengthening of the diagnostic sector since its completion in 2012. The NPBDS biosecurity system. The cause of poor plant health can sometimes be difficult to determine. underpins the National Plant Biosecurity Strategy (see page 20) and complements the There can be many different causes for a given symptom, not all of them related to insects National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy (see page 151) and the draft National Plant or pathogens. The health of a plant may be affected by soil structure and nutrients, weather Biosecurity Preparedness Strategy, the development of which was progressed in 2020. conditions, amount of light, other environmental and cultural conditions, as well as the The 2012 NPBDS sets out the recommendations and actions necessary to ensure Australia activities of animals and people. has the people, infrastructure, diagnostic standards and tools to provide delivery of plant It is essential that diagnostic services can quickly and accurately identify if a plant health biosecurity diagnostic services. issue is caused by a pest or disease and, if so, whether it is an established or exotic pest Some of the key achievements include: species. The differences between species can be very minor, making identification a matter of an expert undertaking close examination, morphological comparison to reference species • implementation of the National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network or using molecular techniques. • improved and enhanced output of National Diagnostic Protocols Diagnostics also supports many of the management practices that are integral to the • development of laboratory standards with accreditation and proficiency testing. production and trade of plant products. Pest management programs, including the A revised NPBDS and implementation plan are being developed to guide activities over

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT selection and application of farm chemicals, rely on the accurate identification of pests. Rapid identification supports quarantine processes such as maintaining pest free areas, the next decade to ensure Australia’s diagnostic system remains robust and effective. which allow access to domestic and international markets. This work is expected to be completed during the first half of 2021.

Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER The Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics (SPHD) provides leadership in plant pest diagnostics policy, standards and coordination for Australia. This subcommittee of the Plant Health Committee was established to sustain and improve the quality and reliability of plant pest diagnostics.

Implementation of the NPBDS is led by SPHD, ensuring the diagnostic system effectively supports the broader biosecurity system.

Key roles and responsibilities of SPHD include:

• reviewing and developing diagnostic policies, protocols and standards • reviewing, developing and implementing strategies to address national capability and capacity issues • endorsing National Diagnostic Protocols (NDPs) (see Figure 93 on page 168) • coordinating and fostering the National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network • building national capability through a professional development framework • driving the development and uptake of accreditation and quality management systems for diagnostic laboratories • improving the surge capacity of diagnostic services to support plant pest responses. DPIRD expert taxonomist for pest insects. Image courtesy of WA Agriculture Authority 166 National PlantBiosecurityDiagnosticNetwork tools toassistinpestidentification. which contains resources, memberexpertise andcontact details, news, events andvarious The network issupportedby aPHA-hosted website plantbiosecuritydiagnostics.net.au surge capacityduringincursions. services, preventing duplicationofeffort, identifying andaddressing gaps,andproviding An integrated, nationalnetwork hasnumerous benefits,including more efficient delivery of activities. members ofthenetwork together toshare ideasandknowledge, andtoidentify future proficiency testingprogram. Eachyear theAnnualDiagnosticians’Workshop brings and sharingofdiagnosticresources, andoffers professional development activitiesanda coordinator, operatingoutofPHA.Thenetwork facilitatescommunication between experts Activities are coordinated viaanetwork implementation working group andanetwork Ministry for PrimaryIndustries. governments, theAustralianGovernment, CSIRO, PHA,universities andtheNew Zealand are from arangeoforganisations including,butnot limitedto,stateandterritory plant pathologists,through toresponse program managersandpolicymakers. Members The network comprises experts across thediagnosticsystem, from entomologists and maintain diagnosticcapabilityandcapacityfor AustraliaandNew Zealand. The NationalPlant BiosecurityDiagnosticNetwork (NPBDN)was formed tohelpbuildand Plant BiosecurityDiagnosticNetwork alsodelivered presentations ontheirwork. Four researchers whoreceived residential placements offered by theNational Dickeya fangzhongdai andhoney beemites. • diagnosticsfor particularpestsincludingAfrican citrusgreening • MALDI-TOF massspectrometry for bacterialpathogens • next generationsequencingfor viruses • a numberofpresentations ondifferent technologiesincluding: The themefor theworkshop was ‘Over thehorizon – pestsandtests’included Australia, multipleuniversities andPHA. Zealand Ministryfor PrimaryIndustries,ScionResearch, CSIRO, SugarResearch The attendeesrepresented 19organisations including alljurisdictions,theNew the NationalPlant BiosecurityDiagnosticNetwork. keen tobuildtheirnetwork, share theirexperiences andstrengthen capabilityof attracted more than80participants involved inplant healthdiagnostics,whowere The ninth AnnualDiagnosticians’Workshop held inBrisbaneMarch 2020 Annual Diagnosticians’Workshop 2020 Participants attheAnnualDiagnosticians' Workshop, Brisbane,March 2020

167 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS NATIONAL DIAGNOSTIC PROTOCOLS Figure 93. National Diagnostic Protocol endorsement process National Diagnostic Protocols (NDPs) are documents that contain detailed information about a specific plant pest or related group of pests, to allow accurate taxonomic identification.

They comply with International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) 27, Diagnostic Protocols for Regulated Pests, and include diagnostic procedures and data on the pest, its hosts, taxonomic information, detection methods and identification. New protocols include diagnostic information relevant to surveillance activities and the high throughput of samples.

The protocols are used in:

• emergency responses to exotic plant pests • general surveillance for pest status • testing of material for compliance with certification procedures • surveillance as part of an official control or eradication program • pest diagnostic operations associated with phytosanitary certification

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT • routine diagnosis of pests found in imported consignments • detection of a pest in an area where it is not known to occur. SPHD is responsible for endorsing the protocols, setting them as the agreed procedures for definitive identification of pests in the event of an incursion. The use of endorsed NDPs CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER provides confidence in diagnostic outcomes and consistency across the laboratories of the NPBDN. Table 53 lists the published NDPs available on the NPBDN website plantbiosecuritydiagnostics.net.au

The protocols are developed according to SPHD Reference Standards, which include the processes of peer review, verification and endorsement as shown in Figure 93.

These reference standards cover:

• Reference Standard 1: Glossary of Terms (Version 4) • Reference Standard 2: Development of Diagnostic Protocols – Procedures for Authors (Version 7) • Reference Standard 3: Guidelines for the Approval Process of National Diagnostic Protocols (Version 5.2) • Reference Standard 4: Guidelines for Verification and Peer Review Reports (Version 4). The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) has diagnostic protocols that are recognised internationally. Where an IPPC diagnostic protocol exists, it is used in preference to an NDP, unless it is shown that the NDP has improved procedures for Australian conditions. NDPs may also contain additional information to aid diagnosis. IPPC protocols are available on the IPPC website ippc.int/en/core-activities/standards-setting/ispms

168 * National DiagnosticProtocol reference number Table 53.NationalDiagnosticProtocols Phytoptus avellanae Phytophthora ramorum Phyllosticta ampelicida(syn. Guignardia bidwellii ) Phakopsora euvitis Ophiostoma ulmi Neonectria ditissima Monilinia fructigena Mayetiola destructor Lymantria dispar Liriomyza trifolii Leptinotarsa decemlineata Homalodisca vitripennis Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.ciceris Endocronartium harknessii Echinothrips americanus Diuraphis noxia Diaporthe helianthi Dendronoctonus valens Cryphonectria parasitica Clavibacter michiganensissubsp.sepedonicus Cherry leafroll virus Zebra chip Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni Candidatus Liberibactersolanacearum Candidatus Liberibacterasiaticus Bactericera cockerelli Adoxophyes orana Scientific name (Nepovirus) Endorsed protocols Hazelnut bigbudmite Sudden oakdeath Black rot Grapevine leafrust Dutch elmdisease European canker Apple brown rot Hessian fly complex 27 Asian gypsy moth, gypsy moth American serpentine leafminer 23 36 Colorado potato beetle Glassy wingedsharpshooter Fusarium wiltofchickpea Pine gallrust Poinsettia thrips Russian wheataphid Sunflower stemcanker Red turpentine beetle Chestnut blight Potato ringrot 12 Blackline European stonefruityellows X disease Huanglongbing Tomato potato psyllid Summer fruittortrix Common name 39 5 13 29 37 21 1 41 42 22 32 4 28 40 24 11 8 10 17 25 20 30 18 number NDP* C. eucalypticola, C.fimbriata Ceratocystis spp.includingC.maginecans, Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Bymovirus group Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Bursaphelenchus cocophilus Burkholderia glumae Begamovirus group Banana bract mosaicvirus Austropuccinia psidii Agrilus planipennis Xylella fastidiosa Xanthomonas citrisubsp. Uromyces viciae-fabae Tilletia indica Synchytrium endobioticum Scirtothrips perseae Roesleria subterranea Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe grisea) Pulvinaria iceryi Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Protopulvinaria pyriformis Potato spindletuberviroid (Pospiviroidae) Potato moptop virus Plum pox virus(Potyvirus) tracheiphila) Plenodomus tracheiphilus (syn. Phoma Scientific name (Pomovirus) (lentil strain) (Potyvirus) Endorsed protocols(continued) Draft protocols No common name Bois noir Bymovirus group Pine wiltnematode Red ringnematode Panicle bight Begamovirus group Banana bractmosaicvirus Guava (eucalyptus) rust Emerald ashborer Pierce’s disease Citrus canker Lentil rust Karnal bunt Potato wart Avocado thrips Grape root rot Rice blast Pulvinaria scale Barley striperust Pyriform scale PSTVd Potato moptopvirus Plum pox virus Mal secco Common name 6 9 31 19 16 3 35 14 34 38 33 7 15 2 26 number NDP*

169 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Table 53. National Diagnostic Protocols (continued)

NDP* NDP* Scientific name Common name Scientific name Common name number number Draft protocols (continued) Draft protocols (continued) Ceratovacuna lanigera Sugarcane woolly aphid Deformed wing virus strains, slow bee Honey bee viruses paralysis virus strains and acute bee paralysis Chilo spp. including C. auricilius, C. infuscatellus, Gold fringed rice borer, top borer, spotted virus C. partellus, C. polychrysus, C. sacchariphagus, stem borer, dark headed stripe borer, spotted C. terrenellus borer and stem borer Hordieivirus group Hordieivirus group

Cicidula mbila South African maize leafhopper Hyalesthes obsoletus Cixiidae plant hopper Citripestis sagittiferella Citrus fruit borer Lepisiota frauenfeldi, L. incisa Browsing ant Colletotrichum lentis Lentil anthracnose Liriomyza huidobrensis Pea leafminer Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil Coptotermes spp. including C. formosanus, Subterranean termite C. gestroi Lobesia botrana European grapevine moth

Coryphodema tristis South African cossid moth Maize dwarf mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Maize dwarf mosaic virus Cotton leaf curl virus (Begomovirus) Cotton leaf curl disease Orthaga euadrusalis Mango web weaver PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT Cotton leaf roll dwarf virus (Polerovirus) Cotton leaf roll dwarf virus Pantoea stewartii Stewart's wilt of maize Cryptotermes spp. including C. brevis, C. dudleyi, Pecluvirus group Pectovirus group Drywood termite Incisitermes minor Pernoscleospora spp. Sugarcane downy mildew CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER Daktulosphaira vitifoli Grape phylloxera Phyllosticta spp. including P. cavendishii, Banana freckle Deanolis sublimbalis Red banded mango caterpillar P. maculata, P. musarum Dendroctonus spp. Southern and mountain pine beetles Phymatotrichum omnivorum Texas root rot Diaphorina citri Asian citrus psyllid Phytophthora infestans A2 Late blight Drosophila suzukii Spotted wing drosophila Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug Dysaphis plantaginea Rosy apple aphid Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail Pseudocercospora fijiensis, Mycosphaerella Erionata thrax Banana skipper butterfly Black Sigatoka, eumusae leaf spot eumusae Erwinia amylovera Fire blight Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug Fusarium circinatum Pine pitch canker Pseudomonas syringae pv. papulans Blister spot of apple Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Panama disease Pseudopezicula tetraspora Angular leaf scorch grape Fuvovirus group Wheat soil-borne virus group Raffaelea lauricola Laurel wilt and vector beetle Giberella fujikuroi Bakanae Ralstonia spp. including R. solanacearum, Globodera pallida, G. rostochiensis Potato cyst nematode Moko, bugtok and banana blood disease R. syzygii subsp. celebesensis Grapevine flavescence doree phytoplasma Flavescence doree Ramu stunt (Tenuivirus) Ramu stunt Grapevine red blotch virus (Grablovirus) Grapevine red blotch virus Red clover vein mosaic virus (Carlavirus) Red clover vein mosaic virus

Heterodera spp. Cyst nematodes Scirpophaga excerptalis Top shoot borer 170 Table 53. National Diagnostic Protocols (continued)

NDP* Scientific name Common name number Draft protocols (continued) Scirpophaga nivella White rice borer Scirtothrips aurantii South African citrus thrips Scolytines Bark beetles Sitobian avenae English grain aphid Stagonospora sacchari Leaf scorch of sugar Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil Sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma Sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma Tilletia barclayana (syn. T. horrida) Kernel smut of rice Trioza erytreae African citrus psyllid Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle

Tropilaelaps spp. Tropilaelaps mites DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT Verticillium dahliae (defoliating strain) Verticillium wilt Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (Bymovirus) Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus

Xanthomonas axonpopodis pv. allii Xanthomonas leaf blight (onion) 5: CHAPTER Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum Hyper virulent bacterial blight of cotton Xanthomonas fragariae Angular leaf scorch of strawberry Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum Banana bacterial wilt Xylella exotic leafhopper vectors (Acrogonia terminalis, Cicadella viridis, Dilobopterus costalimai, Draeculacephala minerva, Xylella exotic leafhopper vectors Graphocephala atropunctata, Oncometopia fascialis, Xyphon fulgidum) Xylella exotic vectors (Philaenus spumarius) Meadow spittlebug Xylophilus ampelinus Bacterial blight of grapevine

Legend Endorsed – the protocol has been assessed and endorsed by the Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics as a National Diagnostic Protocol Draft – the protocol is under development, an old draft, or in the pre-endorsement review process f. sp. – forma specialis pv. – pathovar spp. – multiple species subsp. – subspecies syn. – synonym Farmer and researchers. Image courtesy of CSIRO

Image caption 171 DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES IN AUSTRALIA

Diagnostic services are distributed across every state and territory in Australia. Services are delivered by a range of agencies, including state and territory governments, the Australian Government, commercial and private diagnostic laboratories, museums, the CSIRO and universities.

Australia’s diagnostic facilities and their services are detailed in Table 54.

Services may be provided on an ad hoc, commercial or nationally coordinated basis, as required. Diagnostic operations are often performed as part of collaborative research activities that focus on specific pests of concern. PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER

WA Grains Biosecurity Officer examining specimen under a microscope. Image courtesy of WA DPIRD

172 Image caption Table 54.Australia’s diagnosticservices, theircapabilities,accreditations andcollections Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney ac giutrlIsiue ac NSWDPI Yanco Agricultural Institute, Yanco Wagga Wagga Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Tamworth Tamworth Agricultural Institute, Operational Science, Mascot West Pennant Hills Forest Health Management Laboratory, Macleay Museum,Sydney Advisory Station, Grafton Grafton Agricultural Research and Institute, Menangle Elizabeth MacarthurAgricultural NSWDPI,University ofSydney CSIRO CSIRO Cotton Research Unit,Narrabri Cereal Rust Laboratory, Cobbitty Narrabri Australian Cotton Research Institute, Australian Museum,Sydney Black Mountain Laboratories,Canberra Orange Agricultural Institute,Orange Agricultural Scientific Collections Unit, Black Mountain Laboratories,Canberra CSIROHealth andBiosecurity Black Mountain Laboratories,Canberra CSIROHealth andBiosecurity Black Mountain Laboratories,Canberra Laboratory andlocation NSW Office ofEnvironment and Heritage Charles Sturt University, NSWDPI NSW DPI DAWE NSW DPI University ofSydney NSW DPI NSW DPI NSW DPI,CSIRO Australian Museum CSIRO (AustralianNationalInsectCollection) National Research Collections Australia, NSW DPI CSIRO (AustralianNationalHerbarium) National Research Collections Australia, Organisation Australian CapitalTerritory methods Plant pathogens,usingboth classical andmolecular pathology) Invertebrates andpathogens(vegetables andrice Plant pathology andmolecularbiology pathology andbroadacre crops) Invertebrates andpathogens (entomology, plant investigation todetermine causalagent of immature stagesofarthropods. Pathology Pest anddiseaseidentification, collection andrearing Internal routine diagnostics Entomology Insect pests Entomology Rust pathology and mycology) Invertebrates andpathogens(virology, bacteriology bacteriology) Cotton pathology(e.g. mycology, virology and Entomology biology Insect, nematodeandmiteidentification, molecular Fungi identification Bee pathogens identification (mycology andentomology) Invertebrates andpathogens,specialistinsectmite Fungi identification, weeds andseeds Diagnostic capability New SouthWales 5.2/7.2 quarantine containment DAWE accredited BC2 andBC3) (biosecurity containment Arrangement site DAWE Approved (ISO/IEC 17025:2005); NATA accreditation ISO9001 IEC 17025:2005) (NATA) accreditation (ISO/ Testing Authorities National Associationof Accreditation Entomology Entomology Fungi, bacteriaandnucleicacids Entomology other invertebrate collections centipede), earthworm and (e.g. spider, Insect, nematode,mite,other Fungi, bacteriaandarthropods Herbarium andfungicollections Collections

173 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Table 54. Australia’s diagnostic services, their capabilities, accreditations and collections (continued)

Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections Northern Territory

CSIRO Tropical Ecosystems Research Ant identification for general public and biosecurity Tropical Ecosystems Research Centre CSIRO Centre, Darwin purposes ant collection

Northern Territory Economic Insect NT Department of Industry, Entomology Laboratory, Berrimah Insects and mites, molecular biology Reference Collection and insect DNA Tourism and Trade collection

NT Department of Registration for exchange (export Herbarium, Flora and Fauna Division, Plant identification for general public and commercial Native plant collection of the Northern Environment and Natural and import) of scientific Palmerston purposes Territory Resources specimens

Mollusc, insect, and myriapod collections of the Northern Territory Natural Sciences, Museum and Art Mollusc, insect, fish and other faunal identifications for Registration for exchange (export fauna with some interstate and Museums and Art Galleries of Gallery of the Northern Territory, the general public, commercial and biosecurity and import) of scientific overseas material. Also extensive the Northern Territory Darwin purposes specimens reference collections and expertise

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT covering fish, terrestrial vertebrates and marine invertebrates

Plant pathology: herbarium specimens, desiccated virus and virus-like disease

CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER collections in tissue and nucleic acids from Australia and northern Tropical plant pests. Plant pathology including neighbouring countries. Entomology: microscopy, serology and molecular assays Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy Department of Agriculture, Northern Territory Quarantine Insect (conventional and real time PCR), NGS sequencing Regional Laboratory, Darwin Water and the Environment Collection which comprises pinned, wet (minION), for selected organisms. Entomology and and slide-mounted insect pests botany including microscopy and molecular capacity primarily from WA, NT and Timor Leste; includes the National Arbovirus Monitoring Program collection of Culicoides biting midges

Registered for exchange of Northern Territory Plant Pathology Plant pathology, virology, bacteriology, PCR, mycology scientific specimens (Australian Plant Pathology Laboratory, Berrimah Herbarium and plant pathogen nucleic and diagnostics native non-CITES specimens) and acids collection the index herbarium

Queensland Biosecurity Queensland Control Centre, QDAF Fire ants Fire ant reference collection Berrinba Bowen Research Station, Bowen QDAF Entomology Cairns Research Station, Cairns QDAF Plant pest and disease triage

Entomology, plant pathology, molecular and Centre for Tropical Agriculture, Mareeba QDAF Entomology bacteriology 174 Table 54.Australia’s diagnosticservices, theircapabilities,accreditations andcollections (continued) South AustralianMuseum, Adelaide Laboratory andlocation Urrbrae, Adelaide Develiopment Institute (SARDI), South AustralianResearch & Sciences, Adelaide School ofEarthandEnvironmental Intertek, Adelaide Urrbrae, Adelaide Australian WineResearch Institute, QDAF Ecosciences Precinct, DuttonPark Toowoomba University ofSouthernQueensland, Toowoomba Toowoomba Research Station, Acaralogy andentomology Woodford, Mackay, Tully Sugar Research Australia,Indooroopilly, South Johnstone QueenslandMuseum South Johnstone Research Station, Queensland Museum,SouthBrisbane Warwick, Nambour Food Innovation, St Lucia, DuttonPark, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Regional Laboratory, Cairns Northern AustraliaQuarantine Strategy QDAF QDAF Maroochy Research Station, Nambour Gatton Research Station, Gatton SARDI (PIRSA) Entomology University ofAdelaide Intertek Institute Australian WineResearch Queensland University ofSouthern Sugarcane pestsanddiseases QDAF Sugar Research Australia QDAF Queensland Innovation, University of Agriculture andFood Queensland Alliance for DAWE and Cabinet SA Department ofPremier Organisation entomology (cereals, pulseandhorticulture), nematology, Molecular diagnosticsandsurveillance, plant pathology Potato blackleg(molecular) Viticulture virology (molecular) fruit flyscreening mycology, nematology, molecularbiologyandexotic Entomology, plant pathology, virology, bacteriology, Plant pathologyandnematology virology, nematologyandmycology Field crop pestsanddiseases,molecular, entomology, Nematology, entomology andplant pathology Plant pathologyandvirology microscopy limited molecularcapacity. Botany including organisms. Entomology includingmicroscopy and (conventional andreal timePCR)for selected microscopy, serology andmolecularassays Tropical plant pests.Plant pathologyincluding Plant pathology Vegetable pestsanddiseases Entomology Diagnostic capability Queensland (continued) South Australia and plants (BC2) containment facilitiesfor insects testing. DAWE accredited Biologicals andfor potato virus is NATA accredited under Molecular DiagnosticsLaboratory 17025:2018 NATA Accredited ISO/IEC containment levels BC2andBC3. Class 5.2and5.3.Biosecurity DAWE Approved Arrangement for Accreditation University Entomology collection, Adelaide Plant pathologyandentomology Acarology andentomology collection overseas specimensandalarge fruitfly extensive insectcollections including disease collections. Entomology: and desiccated virusandvirus-like Plant pathology:herbariumspecimens Collections

175 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS Table 54. Australia’s diagnostic services, their capabilities, accreditations and collections (continued)

Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections Tasmania Laboratories DAWE containment Plant Diagnostic Services, New Town Entomology, plant pathology (virology, mycology, approved, Virology section have (satellite entomology laboratories at DPIPWE nematology and bacteriology including molecular Insect reference collection NATA accreditation (ISO/IEC Devonport and Launceston) testing), TASAG ELISA testing services (virology) 17025:2005) Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Queen Victoria Museum and Invertebrate reference collection Insect identification for the general public Launceston Art Gallery covering most groups including insects Feed grain quarantine assessments for declared International Seed Testing Prohibited and quarantinable species Seed Analysis Laboratory, Mt Pleasant DPIPWE species Association accredited seed reference collection Prohibited and quarantinable species Staphyt, Devonport Staphyt, Australasia Plant pathology seed reference collection

Limited pathology diagnostics, particularly focusing on Sustainable Timber Tasmania Sustainable Timber Tasmania testing for Phythophthora cinnamomi. Entomology, Laboratory, Derwent Park, Hobart specialising in beetles for internal projects

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Tasmanian Museum and Art Entomology, specialising in beetles and moths, and Tasmanian forest insect collection, Hobart Gallery insect identification for the general public herbarium including weeds and fungi

University of Tasmania, University of Tasmania Cradle Coast Tasmanian Institute of Plant pathology (mycology including molecular testing) Limited collection of fungal pathogens Campus, Burnie CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER Agriculture

University of Tasmania, University of Tasmania Sandy Bay Entomology, plant pathology, forest pathology and Laboratory DAWE containment Tasmanian Institute of Insect reference collection Campus, Hobart molecular testing approved Agriculture Victoria Victorian Plant Pathogen Herbarium: DAWE accredited quarantine 43,000 specimens of fungi, bacteria, Commercial diagnostic laboratory for general plant containment 5.2. Laboratory is nematodes and a limited number of pathology, pathogen identification, entomology, NATA accredited under viruses. Victorian Agricultural Insect Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Bundoora DJPR mycology, virology, nematology, bacteriology, fungal AgriBusiness. NATA accredited for Collection (VAIC): 200,000 invertebrate and insect , high throughput molecular potato virus testing, specimens. Victorian Agricultural Insect diagnostics and weeds phytoplasma, nematology, fruit Tissue Collection: DNA collection fly and phylloxera identification associated with VAIC Fungal, bacterial and virus pathogen CropSafe Program: general plant pathology, DAWE accredited quarantine working collections pertaining to Agriculture Victoria, Horsham DJPR entomology and virology (grains focus); Post-Entry containment 5.2/6.1 temperate grain crops; Australian Gene Quarantine Facility (grains) Bank (grain germplasm) Operational Science Laboratory, DAWE accredited quarantine DAWE Entomology and plant pathology Entomology collection Tullamarine Airport containment 5.2/7.2

176 Table 54.Australia’s diagnosticservices, theircapabilities,accreditations andcollections (continued) Melbourne Museum Laboratory andlocation South Perth DPIRD DiagnosticPlant Laboratories, Perth Department ofEnvironmental Biology, National Herbarium ofVictoria Mickleham Plant Post-Entry Quarantine facility, Biotechnology Centre Insectidentification for generalpublic Western AustralianState Agricultural Western AustralianMuseum Western AustralianMuseum,Kewdale Murdoch University Phytophthora Laboratory, Murdoch International Airport Operational Science, DA, Perth Broome Northern AustraliaQuarantine Strategy, DPIRD Technology Curtin University of Victoria Royal Botanic Gardens DAWE Murdoch University DAWE DAWE Museums Victoria Organisation bee pathogens bacteriology, mycology, seedsandlimitednumberof identification, entomology, nematology, virology, Commercial diagnosticlaboratoryfor plant pathogen Mycology Mycology andweeds and nematology bacteriology, botany, virology (traditionalandmodern) General plant pathologyincludingmycology, for plant pathogenidentification Commercial andresearch molecularbiologylaboratory purposes Diagnostic laboratoryfor commercial andresearch viruses exotic pestsincludingarthropods, fungi,bacteriaand Identification ofquarantine intercept samples,mostly exotic pests Identification ofquarantine intercept samples,mostly Entomology Diagnostic capability Victoria (continued) Western Australia laboratory isQC2accredited accredited. Plant quarantine Seed labisISTA andQC2 containment 5.2/7.2 DAWE accredited quarantine Accreditation Herbarium, includingfungiandweeds invertebrate collections Western Australianplant pathogenand Western Australia Largest invertebrate collection in exotic invertebrates Small reference collection, mostly collection ofseedandcultures exotic invertebrates withalimited Small reference collection, mostly Entomology collection Collections

177 CHAPTER 5: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS NATIONAL REFERENCE COLLECTIONS Biological reference collections are an essential part of the plant biosecurity system, providing validated reference specimens for comparison during the identification of a plant pest. Comprehensive and well-maintained collections are a vital tool to support effective diagnostics, and they are also used for other purposes, such as biodiversity or scientific research.

Most biosecurity and biodiversity reference collections contain:

• Exotic pest specimens – necessary for identification since these pests are not present in Australia. • Common native relatives and look-alikes of exotic pests – essential for comparison when identifying exotic or unknown pests, and used in the development of effective diagnostic methods. • Type specimens – definitive and validated specimens of a species or strain, which are important for taxonomic research and diagnostics. • Historical material and records – including vouchers and evidence of surveillance or distribution.

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT Diagnosticians use collections to determine the status of a pest and to support export market access. Proof of area freedom requires vouchering of specimens and records under international standards including ISPM 8, Determination of Pest Status in an Area, a service that is provided by Australia’s collections. CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER The National Plant Pest Reference Collections Strategy45 and implementation plan were developed by SPHD in 2018. Implementation of the strategy will ensure reference collections are integrated into the plant biosecurity system, coordinated with other system components, and can support Australia’s trade and biosecurity activities.

In 2020, implementation of the strategy was undertaken to:

• confirm specimens of the National Priority Plant Pests were present in Australian reference collections • determine a prioritised approach to address any key gaps • develop nationally agreed standards for curation and the vouchering of specimens.

45 Plant Health Australia (2018). National Plant Pest Reference Collections Strategy. Accessed online 17 April 2020 from planthealthaustralia.com.au/ Image courtesy of Agriculture Victoria wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Plant-Pest-Reference- Collections-Strategy.pdf.

178 Image caption IDENTIFICATION OF FRUIT FLIES The accurate identification of fruit flies is a key component of Australia’s biosecurity system that underpins the domestic movement of fruit and vegetables, maintains international market access for Australian producers and protects Australia’s borders from exotic pest incursions.

The latest version of the Australian Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies (v 3.1) was released in 2018. The volume was developed in consultation with, and input from, fruit fly entomologists, scientists, academics and diagnosticians from Australia and overseas, including government departments of agriculture or primary industries and research institutions.

The handbook consists of two integrated components: an illustrated hardcopy identification ‘bench-top handbook’ and an online resource.

The fully illustrated handbook includes new images of all target species and revised information pages. The handbook includes 65 pests and close relatives in Dacinae (Bactrocera, Dacus, Zeugodacus, Ceratitis), Trypetinae (Anastrepha, Rhagoletis, Toxotrypana), Phytalmiinae (Dirioxa) and Drosophilidae (Drosophila suzukii). Introductory sections support bench-top diagnostics, and links to the online resource provide more PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT in-depth information (e.g. molecular diagnostic techniques).

The Fruit Fly Identification Australia website fruitflyidentification.org.au is a companion to the handbook and includes: CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER • high-resolution diagnostic images of target species • pages detailing information about all high priority target pests and non-pest close relatives • a 3D rotating fly and glossary of morphological terms • supplementary information on molecular diagnostic tools and applications • a completely new and fully illustrated lucid key to 65 species, including all high priority target taxa and readily confused non-pest Australian species.

Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) in Queensland fruitfly (Bactrocera tryoni) stained with pink dye. Image courtesy of Pia Scanlon, WA DPIRD Image caption 179 ONLINE SYSTEMS SUPPORTING PLANT BIOSECURITY Digital resources are of increasing importance to plant biosecurity, providing fast access to and analysis of information. Many online systems are used by stakeholders in the biosecurity system.

AUSPestCheck™ AUSPestCheck™ is a system developed by PHA for coordinating and hosting surveillance data on the presence or absence of exotic and established pests around Australia. This system can collate surveillance data from multiple industry and government sources and provide registered participants information of pest status around the country, using alerts, tables, maps and graphics. During 2020, AUSPestCheck™ facilitated proof-of-concept trials for coordinating surveillance data online.

All the information is integrated to allow mapping and searching for information about plant pests. Standardised data are uploaded either manually using preformatted templates, or automatically from pre-existing databases or systems via an application programming interface.

PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT MyPestGuide™ Reporter MyPestGuide™ Reporter is a free surveillance data capture and reporting app developed and operated by the WA Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development (DPIRD) primarily for use by the broader community and industry. CHAPTER 5: 5: CHAPTER Using MyPestGuide™ Reporter, users send images of plant pests or symptoms directly to government diagnostic services for identification and receive a response back through the app.

To improve Australia’s ability to collect general surveillance data and encourage reporting of new pests, requirements for national implementation of the MyPestGuide™ Reporter app are being investigated.

The Pest and Disease Image Library The Pest and Disease Image Library (PaDIL) is a repository of high-quality images displaying the key diagnostic features of each pest and disease specimen and facilitates simple image comparison between features of similar species to assist with specimen triaging and taxonomic identification.

PaDIL contains detailed records of invertebrates, bacteria, fungi, viruses, viroids and phytoplasmas that threaten field crops, pasture, forestry, horticulture, marine, human health and animals. The resources within PaDIL assist government and industry to make decisions intended to protect Australia's economy, environment, human health and amenity from invasive threats. PaDIL is hosted and managed by PHA and jointly owned and governed by the DAWE, PHA, Museums Victoria and WA DPIRD.

180 Image caption The Australian Plant Pest Database The Australian Plant Pest Database (APPD) is a key reference system for plant pests. The APPD contains information on validated specimen records of plant pests and diseases of significance to agriculture (including pastures), forestry or the environment.

Currently the APPD draws information from 18 databases throughout Australia. The database is interrogated during every plant pest incursion in Australia to assist with pest status information.

The Biosecurity Portal The Biosecurity Portal is hosted by PHA, bringing together a suite of online biosecurity information that can be found at biosecurityportal.org.au. At the end of December 2020, there were 21 active Biosecurity Portal SharePoint sites, with another two new sites under construction.

Sites on the Biosecurity Portal fall into four categories: PLANT PEST SURVEILLANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND SURVEILLANCE PEST PLANT • tools and databases, such as the Australian Plant Pest Database • knowledge bases and data libraries, such as the Fruit Fly Body of Knowledge • shared spaces for committees and working groups, such as the National Fruit Fly Strategy Advisory Committee 5: CHAPTER • awareness and information resources.

Other resources Databases of agreed import policies (BICON) and export conditions (MICoR) are maintained by the DAWE, as described in Chapter 4.

PHA also has the Pest Information Document Database on its website. This database holds factsheets, contingency plans, diagnostic protocols and other information specific to Australia’s high priority exotic pests to support stakeholders in the biosecurity system.

Moth borer, Chilo terenellus, larva in sugarcane, PNG. Image courtesy of Sugar Research Australia

Image caption 181 Image courtesy of Tamara Hepburn - Australian Macadamia Society Chapter 6 Managing plant biosecurity emergencies Managing plant biosecurity emergencies

Even with a highly effective biosecurity system, including strong border controls, there is still a risk that new plant pests will enter the country. Passenger arrivals and commodity imports are increasing and, together with natural means of entry such as wind and water currents, the risk of exotic pest incursions is ever present.

Australia has post-border mechanisms to rapidly and effectively respond to plant pests to minimise negative impacts. These include nationally collaborative and coordinated means to:

• report suspect plant pests of concern through the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline 1800 084 881 • manage plant biosecurity incidents on the ground through an all-hazards approach identified under the Biosecurity Incident Management System (BIMS) • determine the national response and associated shared funding to plant biosecurity incidents under the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD) • prepare for potential plant biosecurity incidents through training and awareness activities. This chapter uses the EPPRD definition of a plant pest, which is: any species, biotype or strain of invertebrate pest or pathogen injurious to Plant Health, Unprocessed Plant Products, Bees or Fungi provided that it is discrete, identifiable and genetically stable, but excludes Genetically Modified Organisms.

MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES BIOSECURITY PLANT MANAGING 6: CHAPTER This definition does not include weeds.

Other defined terms from the EPPRD appearing in this chapter are identified through capitalisation, with the current version of the EPPRD available at planthealthaustralia.com.au/epprd

184 Image caption joining onbehalfofthenationalpassionfruitindustry. During 2020onenew cropping sectorsigneduptotheEPPRD, withPassionfruit Australia industry bodyundertheEPPRD. nursery production, forestry, ediblefungiandhoney bees–are represented by apeak The majorityofAustralia’s plant cropping sectors–extending across broadacre, horticulture, Plant industrycropping sectors provisions oftheagreement andprogressive improvement tomeet theneedsofsignatories. has thedualroles ofhelpingtoensure thatresponses are carriedoutinaccordance withthe PHA isthecustodianofEPPRDwhichcameinto effect inOctober2005.Thecompany a nationalresponse. Pest (EPP) by providing prioragreement onthegovernance (decision making)andfundingof 2020). Itsupportstherapidandeffective response tothedetection ofanEmergency Plant all stateandterritorygovernments, and38plant industrypeakbodies(as at31December The EPPRDisaformal, legallybinding agreement between PHA,theAustralianGovernment, provisions oftheEPPRD, thefocus ofthischapter. Serious exotic plant peststhatwould affect agriculturalindustriesare dealtwithunderthe collaboration whenresponding toabiosecurityincident. however, nationalarrangements andagreements thatsupportgovernment andindustry responsibility for responding totheincident resides withtherelevant jurisdiction.There are, In caseswhere anew pestisdetected thatwarrants furtheraction,operational arrangements National plantbiosecurityresponse EMERGENCY PLANT PEST RESPONSE DEED and they are documented inschedule13oftheagreement. Signatories have already agreed thatsomehighpriorityplant pests(see page46) are EPPs, anestablishedplant pestthatisrestricted toadefinedarea ofAustraliathrough theuse • aseriousplant pestofunknown oruncertain originwhichmay beanentirely new plant • avariant from ofaplant pest that isestablishedinAustraliabutcanbedistinguishedby • aknown exotic plant pestnot yet present inAustralia • regionally andnationallyifitwere toestablishinAustralia,andmeets oneofthefollowing: In brief, aplant pestmay beconsidered an EPPifitcould have anadverse economic impact For aplant pesttobecovered by theEPPRD, itmustbeanEPPasdefinedintheagreement. Emergency PlantPests convened by theCCEPP, asrequired, toadviseonspecificmatters. Committee onEmergency Plant Pests (CCEPP). Ascientific advisorypanelmay alsobe The NMGisadvisedontechnicalmatters related totheresponse by aConsultative beneficial. requirements, ifitisagreed thateradicationoftheEPP istechnicallyfeasible andcost- a response undertheEPPRD. TheNMGapproves response plans,includingallfunding The NationalManagement Group (NMG) makes thekey policyandfinancialdecisions about PHA. Thiscomposition reflects thepartnershipapproach embeddedthroughout theEPPRD. Government, allstateandterritorygovernments, industrypartiesaffected by theEPP, and membership rights, withboth committees comprising representatives from theAustralian when responding toanEPP. Onlythosepartiesthat are signatories totheEPPRDhave The termsoftheEPPRDidentify two key committees tosupporteffective decisionmaking responding willbeshared, basedontherelative publicandprivate benefitoferadication. making andoperationalprocesses ofresponding toanEPP, includinghow thecost of The EPPRDspecifiesgovernment andindustryroles andresponsibilities inthedecision Decision makingundertheEPPRD response isrequired toprevent anincident ofregional andnationalimportance. defined area, andislikely tohave anadverse economic impactsuchthatanemergency of regulatory measures, thatisnot native toAustralia,hasbeendetected outsidethe pest appropriate investigative methods

185 CHAPTER 6: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES Categorisation of EPPs PLANTPLAN Investment in a response plan by governments and industries is guided by the relative PLANTPLAN provides nationally consistent guidelines for response procedures, outlining public and private benefit of eradication. This is known as ‘categorisation’ of the EPP, with the phases of an incursion (investigation and alert, operational, stand down and transition four categories and the process for categorisation described in the EPPRD. to management) and key roles and responsibilities of industry and government participants during each of these phases. It incorporates best practice in EPP responses and is consistent If the NMG agrees to implement and fund a response plan for an EPP which has not been with the Biosecurity Incident Management System (BIMS; see page 187). PLANTPLAN is categorised, then costs will be shared 50 per cent by government parties and 50 per cent part of schedule 5 of the EPPRD and is endorsed by all EPPRD signatories. by industry parties until categorisation has occurred. PLANTPLAN is supported by several documents that provide further detail and guidance Transition to management on specific topics as required. All supporting documents are available at Following the implementation of a response plan, the NMG (on the advice of the CCEPP) planthealthaustralia.com.au/plantplan may conclude that it is no longer feasible to eradicate the EPP. In such incidents the NMG may agree to proceed with a short (maximum 12 months) ‘transition to management’ Review and evaluation phase. During this phase, certain activities may be agreed upon and funded to support To maintain the ongoing relevance and integrity of the EPPRD, the implementation of the transition from the ‘emergency response’ phase to ongoing management outside of agreement is subject to continual review and improvement. This encompasses a formal EPPRD processes. review of the agreement every five years, an annual review of PLANTPLAN, individual incident debriefs (for completed or current responses), and findings arising from training The objectives and activities undertaken in the transition to management phase are activities. considered on a case-by-case basis and depend on the biology of the pest and the MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES BIOSECURITY PLANT MANAGING circumstances relating to the stage of the response. Activities might include development In October 2020, the third formal review of the EPPRD was initiated, coinciding with a key of control options and tools to support pest management, research to improve knowledge milestone marking 15 years since ratification of the agreement. A holistic review of of the pest, or communication, engagement and training activities. PLANTPLAN also commenced during 2020, providing an opportunity to reflect on its structure and format to ensure it continues to meet the needs of end users.

CHAPTER 6: 6: CHAPTER Owner Reimbursement Costs PHA manages the continual improvement to the EPPRD and PLANTPLAN on behalf of the During a response under the EPPRD, growers impacted by the response plan actions, and signatories. With review processes in progress, no significant amendments to the EPPRD who are covered by the provisions of the EPPRD, may be eligible to receive reimbursement or changes to PLANTPLAN were made during 2020. of specific costs or losses. These are referred to as Owner Reimbursement Costs (ORCs) and are funded by both government and industry through the EPPRD arrangements. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL BIOSECURITY RESPONSE AGREEMENT If a new pest is considered to primarily impact the environment or social amenity and is not able to be dealt with under the EPPRD, then the National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement (NEBRA) may be activated. The NEBRA is a non-legally binding arrangement signed by all Australian governments, which came into effect in January 2012.

During 2020 the governments continued with their review of the agreement, and a new version is expected to be available in 2021.

186 provides aguidefor personnelworking withinoperationscentres establishedatnational, • canbeappliedtoallbiosecurityincidents, irrespective of sectororscaleresponse • co-exists withandcomplements current, sectorspecificandjurisdictionalresponse • The system isan‘allhazards’ approach, which: Incident Management System (BIMS). Across allsectors,biosecurityincidents are managedin accordance withtheBiosecurity confidentially. Information onAustralia’s diagnosticsystem indescribedChapter 5. the potential pestorthecauseofunusualplant symptoms. Eachcallistreated seriouslyand A report through thehotline triggersinvestigations by thereceiving jurisdiction toidentify department ofagriculture. Plant Pest Hotline (1800084881),withcallersdirected totherelevant stateorterritory reporting ofpotential new plant pestsordiseasesinAustralia.Itisreferred toastheExotic The stateandterritorygovernments collectively maintain anational hotline tofacilitate some ofthekey systems andtraining activitiestoprepare for emergency responses. maintain andimprove response capabilityandcapacity. Thefollowing sectiondescribes A rangeofpreparedness activitiesare undertaken by industry, government andPHAto Preparing for plantbiosecurity incidents This ensures greater interoperability, withresponse capacityabletobeboostedmore easily. Coordination System andtheNew Zealand Critical Incident Management System. including AustralasianInter Services Incident Management System, AustraliaEmergency employed by other emergency response agenciesacross Australiaandinother countries, Importantly, BIMSisconsistent withcontemporary incident management systems BIOSECURITY INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM REPORTING A PLANT PEST OR DISEASE state, territory, localandfieldlevels. arrangements conferences thatwillbenefittheirNBRT roles. They canalsoapplyfor sponsorshipfrom theNBRT toattendexternal workshops and their skillsinexercises andresponses through workshops organised by theadvisorygroup. Members oftheNBRT participateinprofessional development opportunitiesandmaintain Australia managestheadministrationofNBRT. Agriculture, Water andtheEnvironment, AnimalHealth AustraliaandPHA.AnimalHealth advisory group, withstandingmembersfrom theAustralianGovernment Department of response andanother ofhighlyexperienced mentors. TheNBRT program ismanagedby an The NBRT hastwo cohorts ofmembers:agroup ofpersonnelwithexperience inafunctional operations andlogistics. perform functionsincludingincident management, liaison,publicinformation, planning, incidents. They may bedeployed in aState Coordination Centre orLocal Control Centre to management, incident management ormore specifically, responding tobiosecurity Members are government officers withknowledge, experience andtraininginemergency incident. Deployment might beinresponse toananimal,plant, aquaticorenvironmental biosecurity jurisdiction toboostcapacitytemporarilyassistinaresponse toabiosecurityincident. personnel, drawnfrom biosecurityagenciesacross Australia,whocanbedeployed toa The NationalBiosecurityResponse Team (NBRT) isagroup oftrainedandexperienced which allows for consistent nationalmessaging. The NBCENalsohasakey role indeveloping nationaltalking points duringaresponse, during aresponse thatisrelevant tothem. PHA andAnimalHealth Australia.Industrypersonnel receive network communications the AustralianGovernment, stateandterritorygovernments, andorganisations including engagement duringaresponse. Thenetwork consists ofcommunication managersfrom preparedness andprevention activitiesnationallythatrelate tocommunication and The NationalBiosecurityCommunication andEngagement Network (NBCEN)advances National BiosecurityCommunication andEngagementNetwork restrictions. Italsohelpsthewidercommunity tounderstandtheirrole inbiosecurity. disease affecting theirproperty, andhow tocomply withmovement andother quarantine It aidsresponse activitiesby informing growers ofwhatthey candotoprevent thepest or communication andengagement withthoseimpactedby abiosecurityincident isvital. ensuring thatthepublicandstakeholders are kept informed ofactivities. Effective During anEPPresponse, therelevant stateorterritorygovernment takes thelead in NATIONAL BIOSECURITY RESPONSE TEAM NATIONAL COMMUNICATION ARRANGEMENTS

187 CHAPTER 6: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES Biosecurity Incident Public Information Manual During a response, agricultural agencies and industry organisations refer to the Biosecurity Incident Public Information Manual (BIPIM), developed by the NBCEN. The BIPIM is in line with the Public Information function set out in BIMS. Industry liaison training The use of the BIPIM ensures that anyone performing a function in public information During 2020, PHA worked with state and territory governments to train plant industry knows their role and how each of the jurisdictions work with industry to deliver consistent representatives on the role of industry liaison functions in a biosecurity emergency information to stakeholders and the public. response. Having specific roles and job cards can help jurisdictions recruit additional personnel The training in QLD, WA and SA focused on how the industry liaison functions deliver the promptly when they are needed in a long-term or widespread biosecurity incident. vital link between the Incident Management Team and the affected industry. Although The BIPIM is available as an AUSVETPLAN resource document from the Animal Health differing in the level at which they work (local, operational or state coordination level), Australia website animalhealthaustralia.com.au the liaison officer and the liaison co-ordinator both: TRAINING IN BIOSECURITY EMERGENCY RESPONSES • contribute to decision making by providing the position of the affected industry on aspects of the response The effective delivery of EPP responses is supported by preferentially using trained and experienced personnel at all levels of the response. This includes representatives from • inform the response strategy and actions by providing advice on the industry sector industries and governments, covering roles on national decision-making committees and potential impacts of response actions through to being members of control centres and field-based officers. • support industry communication and engagement activities. MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES BIOSECURITY PLANT MANAGING This training is provided by state and territory governments, the Australian Government, Attendees said that, apart from learning about their role in a response, the training was PHA and peak plant industry bodies. It is offered in a variety of forms, from short an excellent opportunity to network with other industry and government biosecurity presentations and e-learning courses, through to formal educational qualifications. Joint representatives to establish links and relationships across sectors in advance of an training may also be delivered with Animal Health Australia. CHAPTER 6: 6: CHAPTER incursion. Parties also undertake simulation exercises on a regular basis, where responders are put The training will continue to be rolled out nationally during 2021 with the remaining through their paces under a simulated incursion scenario. This provides practice in EPP jurisdictions each having an opportunity to host. responses and improves preparedness by identifying aspects of the system that need More information about industry liaison functions is available from improvement. planthealthaustralia.com.au/plantplan In addition to emergency response training, a range of related skills-based training is offered to members of the plant biosecurity system. For example, plant pest taxonomic identification and technique-based training is available to members of the National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network to address gaps in skills or capacity (see Chapter 5).

Representatives from ten plant industries participated in the liaison training in March 2020 in Brisbane 188 Qualifications for biosecurityemergency responses the EPPRD. The aimistoensure thatmemberscaneffectively fulfiltheirroles andobligationsunder additional trainingontherole ofindustryrepresentatives inaresponse (see page 188). stakeholders. Thisyear, additionalindustryliaisontrainingwas implemented toprovide training toindustryandgovernment representatives, growers andother biosecurity PHA conducts theNationalEPPTraining Program onbehalfofitsmembers,delivering National EPPTraining Program A fulllistofVETtrainingproviders canbefound onmyskills.gov.au BachelorofBiosecurityScience (Box HillInstitute). • Graduatecourse inBiosecurity(Advanced) (AustralianNationalUniversity) • MasterofBiosecurity(Murdoch University) • GraduateCertificate inPlant Biosecurity(Murdoch University) • Examples oftheuniversity courses are: students withagoodgrounding for entering thebiosecurityworkforce. These university courses increase awareness inthebiosecuritysystem andprovide Some Australianuniversities offer graduateandpost-graduate qualificationsinbiosecurity. PUA50219 –DiplomaofPublicSafety (BiosecurityEmergency Response Management). • PUA40419 –Certificate IVinPublicSafety (BiosecurityEmergency Response Leadership) • PUA30919 –Certificate IIIinPublicSafety (BiosecurityEmergency Response Operations) • Qualifications available are: standard. ensures thatbiosecurityemergency response trainingacross thecountry meets thedesired those inother emergency response areas, suchaspolice andfirefighters. Thesystem Achieving thesequalificationsputsbiosecurityresponse personnelonthesamefooting as work experience andtraining. delivered by jurisdictions,allowing people toachieve formal qualificationsbasedontheir Package were released inJuly2019.Thesealignwiththeemergency response role training Updated biosecurityemergency response qualificationsaspartofthePublicSafety Training conducted in2020. industry groups, andalsoonastatebasis.DuetoCovid-19, nosimulationexercises were Simulation exercises are runfrom anationalperspective by PHAworking withstatesand delivered andtestspecificaspectsofmember’s biosecurityemergency preparedness. of theNationalEPPTraining Program. These exercises supporttheother forms oftraining Practical training in emergency response via simulation exercises is an important component Simulation exercises planthealthaustralia.com.au/bolt BOLT courses are open toallplant biosecuritystakeholders andare available from 2020. courses for growers andresearches hadacombined total of362course enrolments in with theevolving nature ofemergency responses. ThePest Reporting andResponses enrolments, indicatinggooduptake ofinformation thathasbeenupdatedtoensure currency Since itsrelease inJuly2020,thePlant BiosecurityinAustraliacourse hashad271 In 2020,nearly3,000usersenrolled inindividualBOLT courses. reporting andresponses, how toreport andwhatmay happenafterwards. Growers –PestReporting andResponses –Thiscourse outlinesagrower’s role in afterwards. reporting andresponses, reporting obligations,how toreport andwhatmay happen Researchers –Pest Reporting andResponses –Thiscourse outlinesaresearcher’s role in Practice. In2020,itwas refreshed andaccess was madefree for allbeekeepers inAustralia. honey beeshealthy andsupportstheAustralianHoney BeeIndustryBiosecurityCode of Biosecurity for Beekeepers –Thiscourse provides bestpractice industryadvice onkeeping decision-making process inanincident. and theNMG,roles andresponsibilities ofthecommittees andtheirmembers,the National EPPResponse Management–Thiscourse introduces thepurposeofCCEPP EPPRD. Australia. Italsoexplains how emergency responses toplant pestsare managedunderthe Plant BiosecurityinAustralia–Thiscourse provides anoverview ofplant biosecurity in Training). Courses available during2020included: PHA offers onlinetrainingthrough thee-learningplatform BOLT (BiosecurityOnline Online traininginplantbiosecurity

189 CHAPTER 6: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES Notifications and responses in 2020 Plant Biosecurity in Australia: Online training This section highlights the notifications of plant pest incidents and the nationally PHA hosts an online learning platform, BOLT, that provides free courses on topics coordinated responses that were managed under the EPPRD during 2020. related to plant biosecurity. In 2020, a new online course on the fundamentals of plant biosecurity in Australia was launched. Information on national responses to pests or weeds that are not managed under the EPPRD but may have flow-on implications for Australia’s plant industries (such as red The Plant Biosecurity in Australia course covers important information on the: imported fire ants or red witchweed) may be found on the Australian Government’s Outbreak website outbreak.gov.au • structure and key participants in the biosecurity system • work completed before a pest is detected, designed to protect Australia’s plant NATIONAL RESPONSE PLANS resources, including: During 2020, a new incursion of Varroa jacobsoni in QLD initiated a response under the o the National Plant Biosecurity Strategy EPPRD, implemented through an amended version of the existing response plan for o biosecurity planning the unrelated 2019 incursion. In June 2020, area freedom from the 2016 incursion of o surveillance programs V. jacobsoni was recognised nationally. o training A short summary of a selection of national response plans in place during 2020, together MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES BIOSECURITY PLANT MANAGING o on-farm biosecurity with a description of key activities undertaken during the year, is in Table 55 (page 191). • key elements of biosecurity emergency response management • fundamentals of Emergency Plant Pest responses in action. OTHER PLANT PEST NOTIFICATIONS

CHAPTER 6: 6: CHAPTER A number of plant pests were reported during 2020 that did not proceed to a response The course is essential learning for anyone who will be representing their plan in 2020. Some were assessed as requiring no further action: others were still under organisation in the event of an emergency response to a plant pest. It is also investigation in 2020 and further actions may be taken in 2021. These pest detections are great background knowledge for anyone who is involved in biosecurity. listed in Table 56 (page 193). This and other courses are available at planthealthaustralia.com.au/BOLT

Thehe AustraliAustraliana PlantPlant producerspr Governmentovernment & beekeeperseekeeper

Plantlant industryndustry representativeepresentative Australia’s plant bodiesdi biosecurity partnership Community, supplysupply cchainhai Researchersesearchers & downstrdownstreame industriesindustries Plant Health Australia

Plant biosecurity in Australia operates best when key participants work as partners 190 Table 55.Responses toplantpestsunderEPPRDarrangements* (2019 incident) Varroa jacobsoni (2016 incident) Varroa jacobsoni parasitica Cryphonectria Past action cucurbitae Zeugodacus Region Crops affected Bactrocera trivialis Common name Bactrocera dorsalis Scientific name Varroa mite Varroa mite VIC Chestnuts Chestnut blight Melon fly New Guineafruitfly Oriental fruitfly reliant crops pollination- various Honey and reliant crops pollination- various Honey and and vegetables Various fruits QLD QLD Torres Strait to thisincursion. detections ofAsian honey beeorV. jacobsoni related activities implemented in2019withnofurther bee nestandmiteswere destroyed. Surveillance endorsed by theNMGinJuly2019.The Asian honey related tothe2016incursion.Response plan Australia andconfirmed viagenetic testingtonot be May 2019.Thedetection was anew entry into Detected onAsianhoney bee(Apiscerana) inQLD 2019. Proof offreedom surveillance activitiesongoingin 2016 anderadicationactivitiesundertaken. Response planendorsedby theNMGinSeptember June 2016. Detected onAsianhoney bee(Apiscerana) inQLD revised response planfor transitiontomanagement. feasible toeradicatechestnutblight andendorseda In 2019theNMGagreed thatitwas nolonger eradication activitiescontinued through to2019. detections occurred in2014, 2016and2017 Following extensive surveillance activitiessporadic eradication activitiesundertaken. endorsed by theNMGinNovember 2010and First detected inSeptember 2010.Response plan July 2018toJune2021. A new response planwas endorsedby theNMGfor 3-year response planfrom July2015toJune2018. eradicated through successful implementation ofa In 2019theNMGagreed annualincursionshadbeen Australia. mainland protect to eradicated and Strait Exotic fruitfliesare sporadicallydetected intheTorres Proof offeedom isexpected tobeachieved inApril2021. (see below). for eradicationoftheunrelated 2020incursionofV. jacobsoni In July2020theresponse planwas revised toincorporate activities activities ongoing. The response entered theproof offreedom phasewithsurveillance completion oftheresponse plan. jacobsoni (2016)hadbeeneradicatedfollowing successful In June2020theNMGagreed thatthe2016incident ofVarroa response plan. Ongoing activitiesfor transitiontomanagement delivered underthe ongoing inresponse tosporadicfruitflydetections. Surveillance anderadicationactivitiesintheTorres Strait were Situation asof31December 2020

191 CHAPTER 6: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES 192

CHAPTER 6: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES * Thistablemaynot reflect allCost Shared responses in2020 Table 55.Responses toplantpestsunderEPPRDarrangements*(continued) Xanthomonas citri Past action (2020 incident) Region Varroa jacobsoni Crops affected Common name Scientific name Citrus canker Varroa mite nurseries production Citrus, reliant crops pollination- various Honey and NT, WA QLD canker hadbeeneradicatedfrom WA. response activitiesandtheNMGagreed thatcitrus successfully achieve proof offreedom. WA completed NMG whichincludedallactivitiesrequried to In 2019arevised response planwas endorsedby the and extensive eradicationactivitiesundertaken. Response planendorsedby theNMGinMay 2018 no detections incommerical citrusorchards. spread ofthediseasewas observed andthere were plants inthehomeandgarden sector. No natural in northernWA. Theincident was restricted topotted tracing activitiesidentifying additional infected plants Initially detected inDarwin,NT, inApril2018with New incursionin2020. achieved early2021. absence surveillance ongoing,withcountry freedom expected tobe successful completion ofemergency response activities.Evidence of The response entered theproof offreedom phasefollowing the Proof offreedom isexpected tobeachieved inApril2021. include activitiesfor eradicationofthe2020incident. response planfor theunrelated 2019incident ofV. jacobsoni, to In July2020theNMGendorsedarevised version oftheexisting genetics tonot berelated tothe2016or2019incursions. The detection was anew entry into Australiaandconfirmed via Detected onAsianhoney bee(Apiscerana) inQLDApril2020. Situation asof31December 2020 Table 56. Plant Pest detections notified under the EPPRD in 2020 that did not proceed to a response plan*

Scientific name Common name State** New detections Alternaria burnsii Alternaria blight QLD Aphis lugentis No common name SA Cytospora sorbicola Dieback WA Dickeya fangzhongdai No common name QLD Erwinia persicina No common name TAS Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leafminer NSW Planchonia stentae South African pit scale QLD, WA Spodoptera frugiperda Fall armyworm Torres Strait, QLD

* Some pests not listed in this table are still under investigation. If further action is implemented, these pests may be reported in future publications. ** Reflects detection location as at the time of notification. In some cases the Plant Pest was subsequently detected in additional states or territories. MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES BIOSECURITY PLANT MANAGING CHAPTER 6: CHAPTER

Image caption 193 Image courtesy of Melinda Simpson Chapter 7 Controlling plant pests and weeds Controlling plant pests and weeds

While many resources are invested in keeping new pests out of Australia and responding to pest detections, existing pests and weeds require biosecurity measures to prevent further spread.

This chapter describes biosecurity measures that apply to established pests and weeds found in certain parts of Australia that must be managed.

There is a national system that coordinates domestic quarantine restrictions to prevent pest spread within Australia, but post-border control of pests and weeds is one part of the biosecurity system where agricultural industries and the Australian community have a major role to play.

Farmers are aware that they have responsibility for controlling pests and weeds on their property and the use of on-farm biosecurity practices is on the rise. However, there is more that producers can do to prevent biosecurity incursions on their properties.

CONTROLLING PLANT PESTS AND WEEDS AND PESTS PLANT CONTROLLING This chapter details the communication initiatives undertaken by Plant Health Australia (PHA), governments and industries to encourage on-farm biosecurity risk mitigation.

The chapter finishes with an overview of Australia’s weed biosecurity system. CHAPTER 7: CHAPTER

Image courtesy of AUSVEG 196 Image caption Domestic quarantine RESTRICTIONS ON INTERSTATE TRAVELLERS CARRYING PRODUCE Plant pests can be spread easily from one part of Australia to another through the Anyone travelling within Australia, moving house across regional or state borders, or moving movement of plants, plant products, people, soil and equipment. The main concerns are produce around the country is bound by restrictions on what they can and cannot carry, set newly established and regionalised pests. by state and territory legislation. Rules apply to high-risk material including plants and plant products, fruit and vegetables, honey and beekeeping equipment, soil, agricultural machinery To address this risk, domestic quarantine restrictions imposed on the movement of high-risk and recreational equipment. items apply in each state and territory. Restrictions operate under state and territory legislation to complement and support the national quarantine legislation that governs the The Australian Interstate Quarantine website interstatequarantine.org.au provides import and export of goods to and from Australia. information on domestic quarantine restrictions for travellers and producers. This information is also available in a downloadable booklet, Australian Interstate SUBCOMMITTEE ON DOMESTIC QUARANTINE AND MARKET Quarantine: A Traveller’s Guide. ACCESS There are quarantine bins at some high-risk domestic airports, ferry terminals, and state or The coordination of domestic quarantine between the state and territory governments is quarantine zone borders. Travellers must dispose of any restricted products at those points. assisted by the Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access (SDQMA). Rules change as new pest incursions occur, so travellers are advised to check on the Australian Interstate Quarantine website for the latest information.

This committee consists of senior plant health regulators from state and territory WEEDS AND PESTS PLANT CONTROLLING governments, representatives from the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (DAWE) and an independent chair from PHA.

The objective of the committee is to develop, review and maintain domestic quarantine standards and conditions that allow movement of produce around the country while 7: CHAPTER avoiding the spread of regionalised plant pests. For example, produce from fruit fly affected regions can be moved to non-affected regions for sale, once it has met certain conditions such as in-field and post-harvest treatments.

The SDQMA is tasked with ensuring that conditions are:

• technically justified and least trade restrictive, to minimise regulatory burdens on industry • coordinated and harmonised across the country and regions to the extent possible • consistent with Australia’s international obligations under the World Trade Organization’s Agreement of the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. SDQMA works closely with state and national plant quarantine agencies and industries to develop and implement new treatment arrangements, as well as adopting international treatment practices, which not only provide for domestic trade, but also present a potential pathway to support international market access.

Travellers must surrender fruit and vegetables in amnesty quarantine bins located at airports, seaports and checking stations.

197 Restrictions on interstate movement of OFFICIAL CONTROL OF QUARANTINE PLANT PESTS TO PROTECT OVERSEAS TRADE commercial consignments Since 2017, the Plant Quarantine Pest and Official Control National Policy – implemented by the Chief Plant Health Managers across Australia – has helped to contain and control new Commercial trade in products being moved around Australia is managed by the states and plant pests and diseases, while allowing the Australian Government to continue to regulate territories, who regulate the provision of certificates attesting that the goods meet the imports to prevent pest entry at the international border. The policy also facilitates exports, receiving state or territory’s entry conditions. Consignments of produce that originate from a so growers can continue sending their products to overseas markets. controlled region can be shipped into a region that does not have the pest of concern, if the produce is certified to have been treated in such a way that it no longer poses a biosecurity On occasions, an exotic plant pest or disease may enter Australia that cannot be eradicated. risk. It might be growing or packing produce in a particular way, such as under cover, or being In these circumstances, responsibility for managing the pest or disease rests with industry treated after harvest. and the government of the state or territory in which it occurs.

Four types of certificates are issued by the exporting state or territory to certify that produce When ‘official control’ is applied, the state or territory government has put in place measures for interstate trade meets the receiver’s requirements: that aim to contain and control the pest or disease. These mandatory activities include:

Plant Health Certificate – issued by a government officer from the state or territory of • containment or suppression activities (mostly involving destruction, disposal and origin. decontamination)

CONTROLLING PLANT PESTS AND WEEDS AND PESTS PLANT CONTROLLING • surveillance in the area where the pest or disease could establish Plant Health Assurance Certificate – supplied by an approved business under an Interstate Certification Assurance (ICA) scheme. To issue these certificates a business must meet • movement restrictions so the pest or disease does not spread to an area that is not specific requirements and undergo regular audits by the state or territory government affected. accreditation authority.

CHAPTER 7: 7: CHAPTER Official control can be applied at a regional or national level. If it is applied nationally, it must be consistent across all states and territories. BioSecure HACCP Biosecurity Certificate – issued through a third party. In 2018, Nursery and Garden Industry Australia (now Greenlife Industry Australia) received approval to issue When an exotic pest or disease enters and is officially confirmed to be in Australia, DAWE the first certificates of this type. has an obligation to notify the International Plant Protection Convention. When other countries become aware of the presence of the pest or disease in Australia, it can trigger Area Freedom Certificate – issued by a government officer when an area is known to be trade bans or restrictions on our exports, as well as requests for Australia to review its free of a particular pest. current import conditions. The Australian Interstate Quarantine website lists all ICAs by state or territory and holds the If Australia can provide trading partners with evidence that the pest or disease is under Schedule of National Interstate Certification Assurance Documents, a complete list of ICAs. official control, the department can continue to justify regulating international imports to The site also refers users to BioSecure HACCP Biosecurity Certificates, where they exist. prevent exotic pest entry.

Official control may also underpin negotiations for export with concerned trading partners to accept plants or products that have been produced in areas of Australia that are not affected by the pest or disease, or are treated to importing country standards to manage the biosecurity risk. If an established pest is not under official control, the department cannot justify continuing to prevent the pest’s entry by regulating imported goods and conveyances for that pest.

While there are numerous benefits in implementing official control, there are also costs associated with containment, surveillance and movement restrictions. State and territory governments, in consultation with peak industry bodies, must determine whether official control is cost-beneficial or whether other management options are more appropriate for the plant pest.

198 Resident receiving information aboutQueenslandfruitflyduringaresponse. Imagecourtesy of WA DPIRD backed by legislation:itisnot anexhaustive listofallpestsfound inAustralia2020. The regionalised pestslistedinTable 57(page 200)are thoseformally recognised and relevant industries. supported by jurisdictionaloperationsincooperation withtheother jurisdictionsand Legislation atthejurisdictionallevel supportstheabilitytocontain pests.Thelegislationis beneficial measures for containment. regional orstatelevel, dependingoncurrent distributionandtheabilitytoimplement cost impacts, primarilythrough containment. Regionalised pestscanbecontained atalocal, Following theestablishment ofthesepests,measures canstill betaken tominimise success ineradicatingexotic pests,butthere are instances where thisisnot possible. production industriesare detected, eradicationistheidealgoal.Australiahashadgreat When new exotic pestswiththepotential tocauseseriouseconomic impactonplant AUSTRALIA’S REGIONALISED PESTS informed. commercial producers. Itissupported by ane-newsletter andTwitter tokeep stakeholders The website preventfruitfly.com.au provides information for backyard growers and system. important pests,how they canbemanaged, andpromotion ofanationally coordinated Australia andprovided opportunitiestoincrease thegeneralawareness offruitflyas This hasbrought theNFFC abetter understanding ofcurrent fruitflychallengesacross to improve engagement withstakeholders through anincreased communication presence. to promote coordination ofactivitiesbetween members.Aparticularfocus in2020hasbeen Regular meetings provide animportant opportunitytoidentify priorityareas for actionand were launched inNovember 2020. The 2020–25NationalFruit FlyStrategy andassociated2020–21Implementation Plan to updateitbetter reflect current andemerging nationalfruit flymanagement issues. In 2020,theNFFC worked withkey stakeholders toreview progress onthestrategy and The NFFC oversees andmonitorsimplementation oftheNationalFruit FlyStrategy. adopting acooperative approach tofruitflymanagement. • ensuringnationalsystems support market access • minimisingtheincidence andspread offruit fly • maintaining Australia’s freedom from exotic fruitfly • from PHA.Itfocuses onfour areas: Innovation. Ithasanindependent chairandissupportedby amanagerandsecretariat The NFFC includes representatives from governments, horticulture industriesandHort market access. prevents fruitfliesbeingaconstraint tosustainableproduction orabarriertotradeand The NationalFruit FlyCouncil (NFFC) helpsdrive thedelivery ofanationalsystem that management collectively. fruit fliesfrom reaching orbecoming establishedinAustraliaandtotacklefruitfly Given thewidespread ramificationsoffruitflies,it’s ineveryone’s interest toprevent exotic WA andSA, andMediterranean fruit flyspreading from WA. quarantine restrictions toprevent Queensland fruitflyfrom spreading into TAS, and theMediterranean fruitfly. They are thefocus ofpestmanagement programs and Two fruitflyspeciesinAustraliaare significant pestseconomically –Queenslandfruitfly system ofsurveillance andanongoingeradicationresponse intheTorres Strait. here. To ensure we remain free ofthesedevastating pests,Australiahasanextensive fly –would causeconsiderable damagetocrop production inAustraliashouldthey establish overseas. Someofthese–like theOriental fruitfly, Natalfruitfly, melonflyandpeachfruit Australia isfortunate tobefree ofsomethemostdamagingfruitflyspeciesthatoccur PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF FRUIT FLIES

199 CHAPTER 7: CONTROLLING PLANT PESTS AND WEEDS Table 57. Australia’s regionalised pests

Scientific name Common name Area of regionalisation New South Wales 2020–25 National Fruit Fly Strategy released Endemic within all of NSW excluding the Queensland Fruit Fly Control Zone on the Victorian border as The 2020-25 National Fruit Fly Strategy was released in November 2020 at a meeting Bactrocera tryoni Queensland fruit fly defined in Biosecurity (Queensland Fruit Fly) Control of the National Fruit Fly Council (NFFC). The strategy provides a framework for Order 2017 governments, industries and research funders to advance fruit fly management in Present within the Banana Bunchy Top Virus Control Australia and prevent exotic species from establishing. Banana bunchy top Banana bunchy top Zone on the far north coast as defined in the virus (Babuvirus) virus Biosecurity (Banana Bunchy Top Virus) Control Order The strategy focuses on maintaining and improving access to domestic and 2017 international markets for affected industries, which make up about half of Australia’s Present within the Grapevine Phylloxera Infested $13 billion horticulture sector. Daktulosphaira Grapevine phylloxera Areas, comprising the Sydney and the Albury-Corowa vitifoliae regions as defined in the Biosecurity Regulation 2017 The strategy builds on the 2008 version and is the result of a collaborative effort by Australia’s horticultural industries, state governments, the Australian Government, Present within the Citrus Red Mite Biosecurity Zone, comprising the Cumberland and Northumberland Hort Innovation and various research institutions. It reflects their contributions and Panonychus citri Citrus red mite CONTROLLING PLANT PESTS AND WEEDS AND PESTS PLANT CONTROLLING maps the actions required to meet the needs of affected parties. counties as defined in the Biosecurity Regulation 2017

These needs have been captured under eight interdependent priority areas: market Present in NSW excluding the Seed Protected Area, access; management of established fruit fly; prevention, preparedness and response; comprising specific areas within the Central Ralstonia Bacterial wilt of Tablelands and Northern Tablelands as defined in CHAPTER 7: 7: CHAPTER research; surveillance; diagnostics; communication and engagement; and cooperation. solanacearum potatoes the Biosecurity Regulation 2017 under the The NFFC is tasked with overseeing the implementation of the strategy under the Biosecurity Act 2015 2020–21 Implementation Plan to identify and monitor key activities under the strategy. Present in NSW excluding the Seed Protected Area, More information is available from the Prevent Fruit Fly website preventfruitfly.com.au Spongospora Powdery scab of comprising specific areas within the Central subterranea potatoes Tablelands and Northern Tablelands as defined in the Biosecurity Regulation 2017

Northern Territory

Aleuroidicus Spiraling whitefly Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Katherine dispersus

Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Katherine, Bactrocera tryoni Queensland fruit fly Tennant Creek, Alice Springs

Cosmopolites Banana weevil borer Darwin rural area sordidus

Cucumber green CGMMV Darwin, Darwin rural area, Katherine, Ti Tree mottle mosaic virus

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense Panama disease Darwin, greater Darwin, Nhulunbuy tropical race 4

Thrips palmi Melon thrips Darwin rural area

200 Table 57.Australia’s regionalised pests(continued) jackbeardsleyi Pseudococcus pustulata Procontarinia lilacinus Planoccoccus virus (Potyvirus) Papaya ringspot fijiensis Mycosphaerella Liriomyza sativae tropical race 4) (Panama disease f. sp.cubense) Fusarium oxysporum odoratissimum (syn: Fusarium Fiji diseasevirus (Muir) Eumetopina flavipes Deanolis sublimbalis Cryptotermes brevis mottle mosaicvirus Cucumber green (Pagenstecher) Chilo terrenellus virus (Babuvirus) Banana bunchy top Area ofregionalisation gracilipes Anoplolepis Common name Scientific name genotype Apis cerana, Java Asian honey bee Yellow crazyant mealybug Jack Beardsley Torres Strait andnorthern tipofCapeYork Peninsula BoiguIsland,Torres Strait islands Mango leafgallmidge Coffee mealybug South-eastQLD, asfarnorthBundaberg area SomenorthernandeasternTorres Strait Islands Papaya ringspot virus Black Sigatoka Vegetable leafminer tropical race 4 Panama disease Sugarcane biosecurityzones 4,5and6 Fiji diseasevirus planthopper Island sugarcane caterpillar Red bandedmango termite West Indiandrywood mottle mosaicvirus Cucumber green Sugarcane stemborer Bunchy top Queensland Torres Strait islandsandtheCape York Peninsula northern peninsulaarea ofCapeYork Some islandsinTorres Strait andatSeisiainthe place. the Tully Valley. Acontainment program remains in separate commercial bananagrowing properties in Detected in2015,2017,2018and2020onfive peninsula area ofCapeYork Torres Strait islandarchipelago andthenorthern Peninsula northoftheJardine River Islands intheTorres Strait as well asCapeYork Bowen, Townsville Greater Brisbane,WideBay–Burnett, Rockhampton, north QLDandtwo intheWideBay region Confined tothree quarantined businesses;onein New Guinea(SaibaiandDauan) two ofthethree Torres Strait islandsclosetoPapua Detected onanumberofoccasions insugarcane on Noosa, southtotheNSWborder eradication inTownsville. focus ofaVarroa jacobsoni (Varroa mite) A genetically distinctpopulationofAHBisthe Mossman), west ofDimbulaandsouthtoFeluga. Surrounding Cairnsregion, northtoTwyford (near Cairns totheGoldCoast Populations dotted invarious locationsfrom Table 57.Australia’s regionalised pests(continued) auropunctata Wasmannia Tetranychus piercei virus (Carlavirus) mosaic-associated Sugarcane striate (Potyvirus) virus (strain A) Sugarcane mosaic Area ofregionalisation purpurea Pseudocercospora Common name Scientific name rostochiensis Globodera vitifoliae Daktulosphaira Cantareus apertus Bemisia tabaci Paenibacillus larvae Nosema ceranae Melissococcus pluton mottle mosaicvirus Cucumber green Caracollina lenticula Electric ant Spider mite mosaic virus Sugarcane striate virus Sugarcane mosaic Cercospora leafspot Potato cyst nematode Phylloxera Green snail Murchison, SheppartonandGillieston Silverleaf whitefly American foulbrood Nosema European foulbrood mottle mosaicvirus Cucumber green Lens snail Queensland (continued) South Australia Victoria Far northQLD, Cairnshinterland, BingleBay Weipa, CapeYork Peninsula Sugarcane biosecurityzone 2and6 Sugarcane biosecurityzones 4,5and6 Council Mareeba Shire Council andTablelands Regional and Mornington Koo Wee Rup, Thorpdale,Gembrook, Wandin North Whitebridge Mooroopna, Nagambie,north-eastVIC,Upton and Six Phylloxera Infested Zones: Maroondah, Cobram Island following detection inhoney samplefrom Kangaroo Endemic across mostofSA, undereradication on Kangaroo Island Endemic across mostofSA butnot known tooccur on Kangaroo Island Endemic across mostofSA butnot known tooccur Northern Adelaide Plains Known tobepresent onsixproperties onthe North Known tobepresent onfour properties atLargs

201 CHAPTER 7: CONTROLLING PLANT PESTS AND WEEDS Table 57. Australia’s regionalised pests (continued) Table 57. Australia’s regionalised pests (continued)

Scientific name Common name Area of regionalisation Scientific name Common name Area of regionalisation Western Australia Western Australia (continued)

WA. Regulations or controls for movement and Pentalonia Carnarvon. Host material restricted from Achroia grisella Lesser wax moth Banana aphid control in specified areas nigronervosa movement to rest of the state

Plodia WA. Regulations or controls for insecticide Kimberley. Host material restricted from Indian meal moth Aethina tumida Small hive beetle interpunctella resistant strains movement to rest of state Rhyzopertha WA. Regulations or controls for insecticide Lesser grain borer Bemisia tabaci dominica resistant strains Perth and Carnarvon. Host material restricted (Gennadius, 1889) Silverleaf whitefly WA. Regulations or controls for insecticide from movement to Kununurra Sitophilus granarius Granary weevil B biotype resistant strains Broome. Host material restricted from movement WA. Regulations or controls for insecticide Brontispa longissima Palm leaf beetle Sitophilus oryzae Rice weevil to rest of state resistant strains Angoumois grain WA. Regulations or controls for insecticide Mediterranean fruit WA. Regulations or controls for movement and Sitotroga cerealella Ceratitis capitata moth, grain moth resistant strains CONTROLLING PLANT PESTS AND WEEDS AND PESTS PLANT CONTROLLING fly control in specified areas WA. Absent from east Kimberley region. Chortoicetes Australian plague Thrips palmi Melon thrips Kimberley (area of low pest prevalence) Regulations or controls for movement and control terminifera locust in specified areas Tribolium WA. Regulations or controls for insecticide Rust-red flour beetle CHAPTER 7: 7: CHAPTER Cornu apertus Green snail WA. Regulations for control in specified areas castaneum resistant strains Confused flour WA. Regulations or controls for insecticide Tribolium confusum Cosmopolites Kununurra. Host material restricted from beetle resistant strains Banana weevil borer sordidus movement to rest of state Trogoderma Warehouse beetle variabile Cryptolestes WA. Regulations or controls for movement and Flat grain beetle ferrugineus control in specified areas *The regionalised pests listed are those formally recognised and backed by legislation in jurisdictions, and is not Cryptolestes WA. Regulations or controls for movement and an exhaustive list of all pests found in Australia in 2020 Flat grain beetle pusillus control in specified areas

WA. Regulations or controls for insecticide Ephestia elutella Tobacco moth resistant strains

Mediterranean flour WA. Regulations or controls for insecticide Ephestia kuehniella moth resistant strains

WA. Regulations or controls for movement and Galleria mellonella Larger wax moth control in specified areas

European house WA. Regulations or controls for movement and Hylotrupes bajulus borer control in specified areas

Oryzaephilus Sawtoothed grain WA. Regulations or controls for insecticide surinamensis beetle resistant strains

202 CONTROLLING PLANT PESTS AND WEEDS AND PESTS PLANT CONTROLLING CHAPTER 7: CHAPTER

Image courtesy of AUSVEG

Image caption 203 Community involvement in domestic THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT As the community’s closest tier of government, local government is a key stakeholder in quarantine biosecurity management. Local government’s involvement in biosecurity varies from state to state and even from region to region, but generally includes: THE BIOSECURITY OBLIGATIONS OF ALL AUSTRALIANS • managing pest species on land owned by local governments Abiding by international and domestic border restrictions is one role that all Australians must play in maintaining Australia’s biosecurity status. In addition, everyone has an • on-going support for local community groups in the area of natural resource obligation to avoid spreading plant pests and weeds, including keeping a lookout for management including the management of post-border invasive species anything unusual and reporting unfamiliar pests. • developing and enforcing pest management local laws under the Local Government Act 1995 The introduction of a general biosecurity obligation or duty makes explicit the role that all • providing tools, management plans, staff support and training on post-border biosecurity Australians have to play in the biosecurity system. A biosecurity risk exists when dealing issues with any pest, disease or contaminant. This includes moving an animal, plant, turf, soil, machinery or equipment that could carry a pest, disease or contaminant. • delivering environmental education programs and other information relating to biosecurity in the community People in QLD, NSW and TAS are now required by law to take all reasonable and practical • regional collaboration between local governments to deal with regional biosecurity issues steps to prevent or minimise the risk of causing a biosecurity ‘event’ and limit the • providing field trial sites for biological control of certain weeds. CONTROLLING PLANT PESTS AND WEEDS AND PESTS PLANT CONTROLLING consequences of such an event. A biosecurity event is caused by a pest, disease or contaminant that is, or is likely to become, a significant problem for human health, social amenity, the economy or the environment.

CHAPTER 7: 7: CHAPTER Australians are not expected to know about all biosecurity risks, but are expected to know about those associated with their day-to-day work and hobbies. For example:

• Those who live or work in a biosecurity zone (for example a builder or developer in a fire ant biosecurity zone) are expected to know what can and cannot move in to and out of the zone, and any other precautions required. • Residential gardeners are expected to know the basics about reducing the risks of spreading a pest or disease, and the problem pests in their local area. They are not expected to know about all of the biosecurity risks to plants. • Farmers are expected to stay informed about and appropriately manage the pests and diseases that could affect or be carried by their crops and livestock, as well as weeds and pest animals that could be on their property. • Land owners are expected to stay informed about and appropriately manage the weeds and pest animals (such as wild dogs) that could be on their property. • Transporters of agricultural produce are expected to check whether the transportation of goods could spread diseases or pests and, if so, to manage the risks appropriately.

Australians are expected to abide by a general biosecurity duty or obligation and be aware of the risks posed by their activities, like bushwalking.

204 grains and assistinany post-border incidents. risks for graingrowers. Biosecurity officers alsoundertake surveillance for exotic pestsof Ground Cover articlesare distributedyear-round toraiseawareness ofseasonalbiosecurity PHA for inclusionin thenationalreporting toolAUSPestCheck™. Media, newsletter and in graingrowing regions. Datafrom thesesurveys hasandcontinues tobecaptured within been undertaken withindustry, improving on-farm biosecurityas well asraisingawareness Since itbeganin2007,thousands ofin-crop andstored grainpestanddiseasesurveys have protect theirfarms. running trainingsessionsonbiosecurity management practices thatgrowers canuseto engage growers atfielddays andconferences, givingpresentations anddemonstrations management practices among graingrowers andothers alongthesupplychain.Theofficers states. GrainsBiosecurityOfficers are responsible for raisingawareness ofbiosecurity and GrainProducers Australia,inpartnershipwiththegovernments offive grain-producing The GrainsFarm BiosecurityProgram isfundedby grainproducers andmanagedby PHA Grains Farm BiosecurityProgram farmers, landholdersandthecommunity. advice includingbiosecurity, naturalresearch management andemergency management for system. For example, theNSWLocal LandServices bringstogether agriculturalproduction groups ofproducers andothers alongthesupplychaintostrengthen thestate’s biosecurity Some stategovernments have additionaloutreach programs withofficers whowork with with producers ofparticularcrops. some ofthesenationalprograms are oftenfundedby grower levies andsotendtowork preparedness for, biosecurityrisksatthefarmlevel. Biosecurityofficers associatedwith engagement programs are fundedby industriestoimprove the management of, and involved inbiosecuritycommunication andengagement. Biosecurityextension and Through theleadershipoftheirpeakbodies,plant industriesare becoming increasingly the remit ofseveral programs, describedinthefollowing sections. uptake ofon-farm biosecurityvaries between andwithinindustries. Increasing thisuptake is More andmore growers are appreciating thebenefitsofon-farm biosecurity. Therateof pests oftheircrop are includedinbiosecuritymanuals(page 208). that farminputsare cleananddiseasefree. Thesemeasures andinformation aboutthe providing footwear for visitstoproduction areas, disinfecting pruningshearsandensuring Often measures are procedural, suchaschangingvehicles between zones onaproperty, On-farm biosecurity measures are most effective whenintegrated into everyday activities. biosecurity for theirregion, theirindustryand supporting market access for produce. layer ofprotection, allowing producers tominimisepestproblems aswell asboosting entry andspread ofpests,diseasesandweeds. Measures usedonfarmestablishanother On-farm biosecurity isaset ofmeasures producers canusetoprotect aproperty from the On-farm biosecurity BIOSECURITY EXTENSION AND ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMS movement Australian Biosecurity2030Workshop: Buildingamass Symposium andwillform thebasisofBiosecurity2030agenda. Outcomes from theworkshop willfeed into the2021AustralianBiosecurity community leaderstomake abiosecuritycommitment. on innovative andsuccessful biosecurityinitiatives, andencourage industryand expand theBiosecurityWarrior educationprogram, share analysis andresearch The consensus was todevelop mechanismstosupportbiosecuritychampions, strategies tomainstream biosecurityandmotivating Australianstoparticipate. successful AustralianandNew Zealand campaigns,followed by dialogues on building thefoundations ofamassmovement. Guestspeakers presented on discussions centred oncreating andnurturingon-the-ground biosecurityand The workshop definedwhatthebiosecuritysystem would looklike in2030with build new partnershipsandstrengthen existing ones. agriculture, human,weed, pestanimal,wildlife, aquaticandenvironment sectors, The workshop sawdelegatesfrom the‘biosecuritycollective’ from across the mass movement. of Australia’s biosecuritysystem through mobilisinga25-millionstrong biosecurity convened inavirtualworkshop inNovember 2020toinfluence thefuture direction More than250biosecuritypractitionersfrom across AustraliaandNew Zealand

205 CHAPTER 7: CONTROLLING PLANT PESTS AND WEEDS Vegetable and Potato Farm Biosecurity Program The Vegetable and Potato Farm Biosecurity Program is an extension and engagement program funded by vegetable growers and managed by PHA and AUSVEG to enhance the biosecurity management practices of producers and others along the supply chain in that Farm Biosecurity Producer of the Year Award winners industry.

Each year, PHA and AHA through the Farm Biosecurity Program, partners with the It focuses on increasing the awareness and adoption of farm biosecurity among vegetable Australian Government to recognise farmers who demonstrate exceptional, proactive and potato growers and is increasingly being used as a platform for driving strategically biosecurity practices. important biosecurity initiatives.

In 2020, two winners in the plant category were announced: Templeton Ginger at the Two dedicated biosecurity officers develop extension and training material, write articles on ABARES Conference dinner in March and Kees Weel (KW) Orchards at the Australian biosecurity themes for industry magazines, engage with producers at field days, and liaise Biosecurity Forum in November. with growers during pest incursions. In 2020, the officers completed a pilot urban biosecurity program after many of the recent exotic pest incursions were located at Having experienced cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in the NT in 2014, Kees seaports, airports and other urban hotspots across Australian cities. became a strong advocate for proactive biosecurity measures. When establishing the KW Orchards citrus and wine grape property at Trentham Cliffs in NSW, Kees and the Throughout 2020, the officers took part in a variety of forums, biosecurity meetings and property’s management team developed a farm biosecurity plan by combining previous working groups. Their involvement also precipitated a number of initiatives with industry CONTROLLING PLANT PESTS AND WEEDS AND PESTS PLANT CONTROLLING management experience and advice from the Biosecurity Manual for Citrus Producers. and researchers to extend surveillance capabilities and improve general surveillance reporting outcomes. Templeton Ginger is Australia’s largest ginger producer and, with its long history, the company has experienced how detrimental pest and disease outbreaks can be for National Citrus Biosecurity Program

CHAPTER 7: 7: CHAPTER small businesses. Current directors John, Shane and Kylie Templeton have a strong focus on implementing biosecurity practices to ensure the longevity, economic As part of a partnership program funded by Hort Innovation and DAWE, a National Citrus viability and integrity of their business and the industry as a whole. Biosecurity Program was initiated in 2017 to improve biosecurity planning, preparedness and awareness in the citrus industry.

During 2020, the National Citrus Biosecurity Coordinator worked with government and industry to improve surveillance for exotic pests and raise awareness of pest threats among citrus growers and others along the supply chain.

The program re-established the First Detectors Network, a group of growers and crop scouts who monitor their crops regularly for any sign of exotic pests. The coordinator has also worked with the Urban Plant Health Network to improve awareness and surveillance in peri-urban and urban communities in VIC.

Should an exotic pest enter Australia, early detection of incursions helps to limit their spread and aims to minimise the cost of eradication. Improved surveillance also helps to provide ongoing evidence to demonstrate area freedom from pests, to support market access.

The National Citrus Biosecurity Coordinator is a member of the Citrus Pest and Disease Prevention Committee (CPDPC), an industry initiative established in 2018 to identify and coordinate biosecurity preparedness activities for High Priority Pests for the citrus industry. The CPDPC and the National Citrus Biosecurity Program are working to establish a network of traps for Asian citrus psyllid, the vector of huanglongbing. Shane and Julie Templeton with Minister Littleproud at the ABARES Conference dinner. Image courtesy of Steve Keough Photography

206 Plant BiosecuritySurveillance Strategy, asdescribedinChapter 1. DAWE. Thestrategyisalignedwith theNationalPlant BiosecurityStrategy andNational Surveillance Strategy 2018–28,developed by PHAinconsultation withCitrusAustraliaand The program isguidedby theframework provided by theNationalCitrusBiosecurity to develop capabilityanddeliver farmbiosecurityinformation toproducers. In 2020,PHAworked withmelon,avocado, mango,grapeandwine industryrepresentatives biosecurity riskstotheircrop(s). awareness ofon-farm biosecurityand improve management decisionstomitigatethe to grow. Many industriesnow recognise theimportance of tailoringinformation toraise Each year thenumberofindustriesestablishingfarmbiosecurityprograms continues Farm biosecurityprograms for plantindustries is co-funded through theSouthAustralianApiaryIndustryFund. through theHoney BeeCompensation andIndustryDevelopment Fund. TheSA position governments contributing in-kindresources. TheVictorianBBOpositionisco-funded honey beeindustrythrough acomponent oftheagriculturalhoney levy, with state beekeepers inAustralia2020.TheNationalBeeBiosecurityProgram isfundedby the online trainingcourse, Biosecurityfor Beekeepers, was refreshed andmadefree toall To assistcompliance withtheCode andprovide advice onkeeping honey beeshealthy, an at beekeeper clubmeetings, delivery ofworkshops andapiaryvisits. education-based activities.Theseincludeattendance atindustryfielddays, presentations pest anddiseasemanagement practices, whileperforming avariety ofextension and in understandingtheirbiosecurityobligationsundertheCode andprovide generaladvice on Bee BiosecurityOfficers (BBOs) are employed inallsix states. TheBBOssupportbeekeepers biosecurity. (the Code), whichprovides aframework for Australianbeekeepers toengageinbest-practice Underpinning theprogram istheAustralianHoney BeeIndustryBiosecurityCode ofPractice pests anddiseasesthatare already inAustralia,andtoprovide information onexotic pests. the AustralianHoney BeeIndustryCouncil. Theprogram aimstohelpbeekeepers manage The NationalBeeBiosecurityProgram ismanagedandadministered by PHAonbehalfof National BeeBiosecurityProgram biosecurity practices (page 206). to recognise thecontribution ofproducers whodemonstrateoutstanding,proactive on-farm The Farm BiosecurityProducer oftheYear Award was establishedby PHA,AHAandDAWE diseases, pestsandweeds. towards protecting theirfarmsandfuture from theimpactofnew orestablished By considering how theseprinciplesapplytotheirproperties, producers cangoalongway train,planandrecord. • farmoutputs • feral animals andweeds • production practices • people,vehicles andequipment • farminputs • essentials: Resources produced by Farm Biosecurityare structured around thesixbiosecurity practice, apersonalprofile builder, abiosecurityplannerandplanningapp. templates for biosecuritygatesigns, industry specificinformation, videosoutliningbest array ofinformation andtools,includingbiosecuritymanuals,templatesfor record keeping, by diseases,pestsandweeds. Theprogram website farmbiosecurity.com.au provides an The program aimstohelpproducers identify andreduce theriskstotheirenterprises posed Farm Biosecurity, toprovide biosecurityadvice for both crop andlivestock producers. PHA andAHAwork together inajoint communication andawareness program, The Farm BiosecurityProgram

207 CHAPTER 7: CONTROLLING PLANT PESTS AND WEEDS BIOSECURITY MANUALS FOR PRODUCERS To help improve farm biosecurity, PHA in partnership with plant industries and governments, has released 21 crop-specific biosecurity manuals, listed in Table 58.

These documents are designed with growers and consultants in mind, explaining effective measures that can be incorporated in day-to-day operations to improve biosecurity and help protect farms from both exotic and established pests. Each manual also raises awareness of the exotic High Priority Pests identified in the biosecurity plan for that industry, increasing the likelihood of detecting an exotic pest incursion early.

The information from biosecurity manuals is also provided in the crops section of the Farm Biosecurity website farmbiosecurity.com.au and complete manuals are available for download.

Table 58. Biosecurity manuals for producers

Manual Version

CONTROLLING PLANT PESTS AND WEEDS AND PESTS PLANT CONTROLLING Biosecurity Induction Manual for Bundaberg Horticultural Farms 1.0 Biosecurity Manual for Beekeepers 1.1 Biosecurity Manual for Citrus Producers 2.0

CHAPTER 7: CHAPTER Biosecurity Manual for Grain Producers 4.0 Biosecurity Manual for Sugarcane Producers 1.0 Biosecurity Manual for the Nursery Production Industry 1.0 Biosecurity Manual for the Papaya Industry 1.0 Biosecurity Manual for the Plantation Timber Industry 1.0 Biosecurity Manual for the Viticulture Industry 1.0 Cherry Growers' Biosecurity Manual 2.0 Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Banana Industry 1.0 Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Cotton Industry 1.1 Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Northern Adelaide Plains Vegetable Growers 1.0 Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Organic Grains Industry 1.0 Onion Growers’ Biosecurity Manual 1.0 Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Almond Industry 1.0 Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Apple and Pear Industry 2.0 Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Avocado Industry 1.0 Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Mango Industry 1.0 Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Summerfruit Industry 1.0 Potato Growers' Biosecurity Manual 1.1

208 Image caption MANAGING PESTS ON FARM It is estimated that up to 73 per cent ($20.6 billion)46 of Australia’s total value of crop production is attributable to the use of crop protection products. Table 59 illustrates the Australian farmers manage pests with a variety of methods tailored to the type of pest, amount and type of agricultural chemicals used for controlling plant pests in Australia. the crop and agroecological conditions. Most growers use an integrated pest management This total expenditure on pesticides for plants represents over eight per cent of the gross approach, which means that they combine chemical, cultural, mechanical and biological value of production for all crops in Australia.47, 48 controls in a flexible way that can change over time.

Cultural and mechanical control Chemical control Cultural and mechanical control refers to the practice of modifying the growing environment For the management of many plant pests, pesticides are the fastest and easiest option of production crops to reduce the prevalence of unwanted pests. Examples include tillage for control and most growers use at least one type of chemical to maintain productive methods and changing soil pH levels, irrigation practices and fallow periods, which make the agriculture. Pesticide availability in Australia is regulated by the Australian Pesticides and environment less favourable for the survival, growth and reproduction of pest species. Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA), an independent statutory authority. As the These practices can provide significant relief from some pests when used effectively. national regulator of agricultural and veterinary chemicals, the APVMA regulates pesticides in line with responsibilities described in the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (Administration) Act 1992 and the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code Act 1994. Biological control Biological control is a method of controlling pests using natural enemies. Natural enemies of The APVMA exists to ensure that Australia has access to safe and effective agricultural and pests are known as biological control agents and include predators, parasitoids and veterinary chemicals to control pests and diseases of animals and plants. It also monitors pathogens. Biological control has been highly successful in many instances, with a number and enforces compliance with the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code and other of pest problems permanently solved by importation and successful establishment of legislation. Records are kept of approved agricultural and veterinary constituents, registered biological control agents. Successes tend to be confined to particular ecosystems or pest products and approved labels. More information is available from apvma.gov.au situations, and when they are effective, can provide long-term and even permanent results.

All agricultural chemicals sold or used in Australia must be registered with the APVMA. 46 CropLife Australia, 2018. Economic activity attributable to crop protection products. Deloitte Access Economics Pty Ltd. agriculture.gov.au/SiteCollec- National registration ensures that all agricultural chemical products, when used as directed tionDocuments/abares/data/agricultural-commodities-statistics.xlsx on the product label, will be effective and have no harmful or unintended effects on people, 47 Australian Pesticide and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Gazette No 5 March 2020. Accessed online 31 March 2020, apvma.gov.au/node/64531 animals, crops, the environment or international trade. The actual use of chemicals is 48 Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Research Economics and Sciences. Agricultural commodities December quarter 2020. Accessed online 21 June regulated by state and territory governments. 2021, abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/agriculture/value-agricultural-commodities-produced-australia/latest-release WEEDS AND PESTS CONTROLLING – BIOSECURITY POST-BORDER

Table 59. Sales of plant chemicals in Australia, 2016–20 CHAPTER 7: 7: CHAPTER Herbicide Insecticide Fungicide Mixed function pesticide Miticide Molluscicide Nematicide Total No. of products 3,301 1,445 939 149 131 54 18 6,037

2016 Value of product sales ($ million) 1,717 337 254 32 19 12 4 2,375 No. of products 3,363 1,482 967 148 131 54 15 6,160

2017 Value of product sales ($ million) 1,683 484 343 39 36 16 2 2,603 No. of products 3,517 1,515 1,021 145 131 52 16 6,397

2018 Value of product sales ($ million) 1,714 413 269 37 20 14 2 2,469 No. of products 3,643 1,570 1,088 145 134 51 17 6,648

2019 Value of product sales ($ million) 1,507 358 242 32 25 13 3 2,180 No. of products 3,772 1,589 1,133 149 133 57 16 6,849

2020 Value of product sales ($ million) 1,984 315 280 31 27 14 4 2,655

209 Australia’s weed biosecurity system

The scope of Australia’s plant biosecurity system covers more than just invertebrates and pathogens, with a range of prevention, surveillance, eradication and ongoing management activities in place to address the threats posed by weeds. It has been estimated that the annual cost to the Australian economy from the agricultural impacts of weeds is almost $5 billion,49 with a comparable cost likely to be incurred on the environmental sector.

A weed is a plant that requires some form of action to reduce its negative effects on the economy, the environment, human health or amenity. Weeds reduce the establishment, growth and yields of field crops, pastures and forestry, and can invade natural environments, outcompeting native plants and disrupting processes.

Around 20 new naturalisations of garden plants are recorded each year, albeit a small number from the large pool of over 30,000 plant species that have been imported for cultivation in Australia.

CONTROLLING PLANT PESTS AND WEEDS AND PESTS PLANT CONTROLLING Australia’s weed biosecurity system aims to:

• prevent entry of high weed risk species • detect and eradicate or contain significant weeds in the early stages of invasion

CHAPTER 7: CHAPTER • mitigate the impacts of established weeds. Responsibility for weed biosecurity is shared between governments, industries and the community. Legislation sets out the various roles of governments in managing weeds across Australia. State and territory government departments of primary industries and environment, along with local governments or natural resource management authorities, have responsibility for weed biosecurity policy and management.

Weed management is also a component of on-farm biosecurity. Producers of both crops and livestock take actions to prevent the entry of new weeds and manage established weeds on their properties. Plant industries play an integral part in the weed detection and reporting network.

49 McLeod R (2018) Annual Costs of Weeds in Australia. eSYS Development Pty Limited. Published by the Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, Canberra, Image courtesy of Victorian Strawberry Industry Development Committee Australia

210 Image caption imported today itwould besubjected to aWeed RiskAssessment. Ornamentals like agapanthus can easilyescape garden bedsandbecome aweed intheenvironment. Ifitwas being and-weeds The strategyisavailable from agriculture.gov.au/pests-diseases-weeds/pest-animals- approaches by clarifyingpriorities,roles andresponsibilities. national collaboration andwilldrive thedevelopment ofconsistent andcoordinated national level thatwillresult inbenefitsacross Australia.Itdraws attention toareas thatrequire The strategyprovides information onwhere improvements canbemadeatthenational needs. weeds. Thestrategyisreviewed every 10years toensure itremains relevant toAustralia’s to keep Australia's economic, environmental andsocialassets secure from theimpactsof overarching policyfor weed management inAustralia.Itoutlinesgoalsandactionsrequired EIC oversees theadministrationofAustralianWeeds Strategy 2017–27,whichisthe PHA, theCentre for Invasive SpeciesSolutions,Wildlife Health Australia,AHA,andABARES. Australian Government, allstateandterritorygovernments, andobservers from theCSIRO, for identifying andresolving weed issuesatanationallevel. Itcomprises membersfrom the The Environment andInvasives Committee (EIC)provides anintergovernmental mechanism NATIONAL APPROACH TO ADDRESSING WEED ISSUES environment. to ensure they are unabletogrow andspread, shouldthey be inadvertently released inthe directed for mandatorytreatment ifweed seedsare found. Treatments devitalise theseeds Seed consignments importedfor other uses,suchasfor humanconsumption, may alsobe purity analysis, theseedlot may bedeniedentry until theweed seedshave beenremoved. Seed Testing Association.Ifany weed speciesare detected eitherby visualinspectionor regime ofstatisticalsamplingandanalysis atalaboratoryaccredited by theInternational Generally, larger seedlots (more than10kilograms) undergo purityanalysis underastrict biosecurity officer before permissionisgiven for ittoenter. weeds thatmay be present asacontaminant, consignments mustalso beinspectedby a conditions, includingverification ofthebotanical name(species). To prevent theentry of All propagative materialentering thecountry mustmeet standard biosecurityimport around theworld. consultation andcollaboration ofweed experts andhasbeenadapted for useinother parts weed risk.Australia’s Weed RiskAssessment system was developed following extensive permitted toenter Australia,itwillrequire aweed riskassessment todetermine itspotential If aplant speciesisnot listedintheBiosecurityImportConditions database(BICON) asbeing of any proposed new plant imports. have beensubjecttoaWeed RiskAssessment process thatdetermines theweed potential culture orany other materialfor propagation) into Australia.Since 1997,new plant species The DAWE develops andimplements biosecuritypoliciesfor plant imports(seeds, tissue biosecurity arrangements have significantly reduced thisrisk. However, mostofthesespecieswere importeddecadesagoandmodernimprovements to ornamentals, withintroductions for potential pasture speciesbeinganother key source. Around 65percent ofcurrent weed specieswere originallyimportedfor useasgarden PREVENTING THE ENTRY OF NEW WEEDS INTO AUSTRALIA

211 CHAPTER 7: CONTROLLING PLANT PESTS AND WEEDS WEED SURVEILLANCE Hawkweeds, Hieracium species, are also the subject of eradication programs in NSW, VIC and TAS. State and local government weed officers conduct surveillance throughout Australia as part of routine inspections of properties for declared plants. Weeds are also targeted in Weed containment programs occur at state, regional and local levels under each the surveillance activities of the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (page 146). jurisdiction’s legislation, aimed at preventing further spread of significant weeds that cannot be eradicated. One example is the ongoing detection and treatment of parthenium weed Community-based weed spotter programs are active in many states and local areas. (Parthenium hysterophorus) incursions from established populations in QLD into NSW. Volunteers in these groups report new weed detections in their areas and are generally Similarly, the NT has on-going responses to detect and treat new cross-border incursions of supported in their activities by government agencies through state herbaria. An example parthenium, rubber vine (Cryptostegia grandiflora) and Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata). is the Weeds at the Early Stage of Invasion program run by the Victorian Government. Local or regional government organisations lead coordinated control programs for declared Surveillance also extends to online trade, with governments sharing information between weeds across multiple properties within which control is generally the legal responsibility of jurisdictions when declared plants are found to be advertised for sale. each land owner. ERADICATION AND CONTAINMENT OF WEEDS Eradication of weeds is only possible if incursions are detected early, and a response is mounted before they have a chance to spread too far.

CONTROLLING PLANT PESTS AND WEEDS AND PESTS PLANT CONTROLLING The National Tropical Weeds Eradication Program continued in 2020, targeting five weed species native to tropical America that have been detected in north QLD (and one also in northern NSW). The program is managed by the Queensland Government and is cost-shared by the Australian, QLD, NSW, NT and WA governments. The species are: CHAPTER 7: 7: CHAPTER • limnocharis (Limnocharis flava), a wetland plant • miconia (Miconia calvescens, M. nervosa, M. racemosa), a rainforest tree and shrubs • mikania vine (Mikania micrantha). The National Red Witchweed Eradication Program also continues. The response is led by the Queensland Government and has been funded by the Australian, QLD, NSW and NT governments, Meat and Livestock Australia, Grain Producers Australia and Canegrowers. After four years of treatment there has been a 99 per cent reduction in the number of red witchweed (Striga asiatica) detections and a demonstrated 85 per cent decline in the soil seedbank. Hawkweeds, Hieracium species, are the subject of eradication programs in NSW, VIC and TAS.

212 MANAGING ESTABLISHED WEEDS The management of established weeds is a shared responsibility between landholders, community, industry and government. At the national level, the Australian Government administers a number of programs, including the National Landcare Program and the Established Pest Animals and Weeds Management Pipeline Program, to assist with the management of established weeds for the benefit of the environment, agricultural productivity and local communities. Through these programs, the Australian Government invests in RD&E activities, national coordination and the development and implementation of policy and associated programs.

Combating weeds is an integral part of most farming systems. Problem weeds and their management differ greatly among industries and regions, but most production systems take an integrated approach of chemical and non-chemical control methods. Weeds are commonly managed using a combination of competition with other plants, herbicide applications, soil tillage, slashing, grazing, weed seed capture or burning. No-till production systems, which use herbicides to control weeds, are now common in Australia.

Plant industry research funding bodies, such as the Grains Research and Development WEEDS AND PESTS PLANT CONTROLLING Corporation, invest considerably in RD&E to improve weed management systems, particularly for herbicide resistant and other difficult to control weeds. Co-investment by industries and governments is often used for the biological control of high priority weeds, which is particularly important in grazing systems and natural ecosystems where CHAPTER 7: CHAPTER intensive weed control measures are cost-prohibitive. See Table 60 (page 230) for examples of RD&E projects targeting weeds.

Weed management in natural ecosystems is undertaken by a range of groups including private and government land owners, pastoralists, rangers, volunteers and contractors. These groups undertake sensitive restoration activities to maintain local bushland and control weeds across the . For example, in Indigenous Protected Areas and other areas under management by traditional owners in the NT, groups are employed to reduce the impact of established weeds across extensive areas of country. On the northern coastline, ranger groups also conduct surveillance for new incursions in collaboration with the states and territories and the Australian Government through the Northern Australian Quarantine Strategy.

Image caption Image caption 213213

Chapter 8 Plant biosecurity RD&E Plant biosecurity research, development and extension

Understanding the biology of plant pests, the hosts that are susceptible to them, their effects on production and methods of control are fundamental to an effective plant biosecurity system.

Plant biosecurity research, development and extension (RD&E) develops this understanding and how it can be applied to minimise the negative impacts from plant pests.

Industry and government often combine resources to invest in plant biosecurity RD&E. The research on pests and how to manage them is undertaken by research institutions across Australia, including

PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT CSIRO, the Australian Government, state and territory agencies as well as universities, plant industries, Plant Health Australia (PHA), botanic gardens and private organisations.

The science underpinning Australia’s plant biosecurity system takes many forms. It covers the topics of pest management, crop improvement, crop protection, risk analysis, data management, CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER surveillance, diagnostics, protecting the natural environment, and the basic biology of pests and crops. It also involves the full range of crops grown in Australia as well as pollinators.

The pests investigated include bacteria, fungi, nematodes and viruses, along with the diseases they cause, as well as weeds, insects and other invertebrates, such as mites.

The 2020 data provides an overview of national plant, weed and pollinator biosecurity RD&E, with a summary of where it was carried out, the size, the topic, pest and crop types.50 Surveillance programs that include some research or extension activities are also included, as are some training and awareness programs.

Biosecurity Coordinator Callum Fletcher presenting on on-farm biosecurity and exotic pests, using tomato potato psyllid as a case study, at the 2020 NT Farmers workshop in Darwin, NT. Image courtesy of Madeleine Quirk, AUSVEG 50 Every year, the methods used to collect data for this chapter improve incrementally. While every effort is made to secure accurate data for inclusion in Table 60 on page 230, we acknowledge that it is not complete. 216 Australia andForest andWood Products Australia. Corporation, DairyAustralia,GRDC,SugarResearch Australia,AgriFutures Australia,Wine behalf ofthestateandterritorygovernments), Cotton Research andDevelopment Development Corporations), theVictorianDepartment ofJobs, Precincts andRegions (on The committee isfundedby Hort Innovation (leadcoordinator role across theResearch and CSIRO andthePlant BiosecurityResearch Initiative. Hort Innovation, GrainsResearch andDevelopment Corporation (GRDC), WineAustralia, state governments, PHA,theCouncil ofRural Research andDevelopment Corporations, The implementation committee includesrepresentatives from theAustralianGovernment, implementation ofthestrategy. the AGSOC Research andInnovation Committee, ischaired andsupportedby PHAtodrive The NationalPlant BiosecurityRD&EStrategy Implementation Committee, whichreports to matters ofnationalinterest suchasplant biosecurityresearch. whose goalistoimplement cross-jurisdictional cooperative andcoordinated approaches to the Agriculture SeniorOfficials’Committee (AGSOC) Research andInnovation Committee sits undertheNationalPrimaryIndustriesRD&EFramework. Theframework isoverseen by Developed in2013by PHAincollaboration withstakeholders around Australia,thestrategy establish orspread withinAustralia. and socialrisksposedby establishedpestsaswell asthosethatmay enter, emerge, The strategy’s objective istoenabletheeffective management ofeconomic, environmental dependent onthem. and strengthen cross-sectoral biosecurityRD&Efor Australia’s plant industriesandthose The NationalPlant BiosecurityRD&EStrategy provides anoverarching framework toguide National PlantBiosecurityRD&EStrategy the Department ofForeign Affairs andTrade. Science, theDepartment ofEducation, theDepartment oftheEnvironment andEnergy, and and theEnvironment (DAWE), butalsothrough theDepartment ofIndustry, Innovation and RD&E activities.Thisoccurs predominantly through theDepartment ofAgriculture, Water The AustralianGovernment currently contributes toavariety ofplant biosecurityrelated statutory authorities Australian Government agenciesand Initiative willencourage furthercross-sectoral activities. A memorandumofunderstandingsignedin2020withthePlant BiosecurityResearch the region. reducing threats tospeciessuchasAcacia andEucalyptus growing inAustraliaandacross learning modules.ACIAR’s initiationofasouth-eastAsianforest biosecuritynetwork is Clinics andexpert mentoring, andthePacific Plant BiosecurityPartnership offers online for incursionsandpre-border security. Research projects buildcapacitythrough Plant Health knowledge ofthespread ofpestsanddiseasescontributes toAustralia’s preparedness Building biosecurityscience capacityinourneighbouringcountries contributes toearlier exotic incursions,andtodevelop andshare bestpractice inbiosecuritymanagement. about thebiologyandmanagement ofexotic pestsanddiseases,preparing for potential management, beehealthandforestry. Thisresearch provides auniqueopportunitytolearn program areas, includinghorticulture, agriculturalsystems, crop improvement and ACIAR’s biosecurityprojects adopt various approaches andare spread across several collaborations. research haspositionedACIAR asatrustedscience partnerandhasresulted inenduring and Australia.By focusing onfieldswhere Australiahasspecialresearch competence, the productive andsustainableagriculturalsystems for thejoint benefitofdeveloping countries International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) commissions research toachieve more Through international agriculturalresearch partnerships,theAustralianCentre for aciar.gov.au RESEARCH AUSTRALIAN CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL

217 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH COUNCIL

arc.gov.au The Australian Research Council (ARC) is a Commonwealth entity and advises the Australian Australia’s Biosecurity Future: Unlocking the Government on research matters, administers the National Competitive Grants Program next decade of resilience (a significant component of Australia's investment in research and development) and has responsibility for Excellence in Research for Australia. In November 2020, CSIRO released the report Australia’s Biosecurity Future: Unlocking the Next Decade of Resilience. The report produced in partnership The ARC’s purpose is to grow knowledge and innovation for the benefit of the Australian with Animal Health Australia, PHA and the Centre for Invasive Species Solutions community through funding the highest quality research, assessing the quality, engagement is an update on the 2014 version. and impact of research, and providing advice on research matters.

The report was developed collaboratively through interviews and workshops In seeking to achieve its purpose, the ARC supports the highest-quality fundamental and PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT with 26 organisations across the biosecurity system including the Australian applied research and research training through a multi-disciplinary national competition. Government, state governments, research, industry, and non-government Clinical and other medical research is primarily supported by the National Health and Medical organisations. It acknowledges the growing biosecurity risks with links to Research Council. In addition, the ARC encourages partnerships between researchers and increasing trade and travel, outlines a transformational vision for a resilient industry, government, community organisations and the international community. CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER biosecurity system in 2030 and provides recommendations under three key themes: system connectivity, shared responsibility, and science and technology. The outcomes of ARC-funded research deliver cultural, economic, social and environmental benefits to all Australians. The report is available from .au/en/Do-business/Futures/Reports/Health/ Biosecurity-Futures

Researchers in the lab of the Plant Innovation Centre at the Post-Entry Quarantine facility at Mickleham in VIC. Image courtesy of Mark Whattam, Plant Innovation Centre

218 COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ORGANISATION csiro.au/research As Australia’s national science agency, CSIRO solves the greatest challenges through Improving border diagnostics and treatment options innovative science and technology, in collaboration with industry, governments and The team from the Plant Innovation Centre at the Post-Entry Quarantine facility communities. CSIRO feeds into the plant biosecurity system via the Health and Biosecurity (PIC@PEQ), have partnered with key research and industry collaborators to further and Agriculture and Food business units, and the national research collections. build diagnostic capability and assess emerging treatments to better manage biosecurity risks. The Health and Biosecurity unit delivers research-based solutions to manage the impacts of invasive pests, weeds and diseases. It also assesses the risks they pose, prioritises the The team is working with the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries pathways of entry and provides new technologies for surveillance and early response (QDAF) to assess the Oxford nanopore sequencing MinION technology which through sensor networks and autonomous platforms. The Agriculture and Food unit provides real-time DNA and RNA sequencing to improve identification of insects to RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT takes an integrated gene-to-plate approach to improving crop quality and yield. species level at the border.

CSIRO is the custodian of a number of plant and plant pest specimen collections that A related project is evaluating emerging technologies using CRISPR-Cas genetic contribute to the biological knowledge that underpins a significant part of the country’s

manipulation for in-field detection of high priority pathogens. With QDAF’s help, 8: CHAPTER taxonomic, genetic, agricultural and ecological research. Collections include the Australian the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment is updating the use of Tree Seed Centre, Australian National Insect Collection and Australian National Herbarium, conventional DNA amplification assays to more efficient quantitative or ‘real-time’ amongst others. assays to target key pests and pathogens in imported high-risk plants.

PLANT INNOVATION CENTRE In terms of assessing emerging treatments, the team is investigating alternative The Plant Innovation Centre was launched at the Mickleham Post-Entry Quarantine facility herbicides to replace glyphosate as a pre-border treatment to ‘devitalise’ imported near Melbourne’s Tullamarine Airport in November 2017. The purpose of the facility, known cut flowers to prevent them from being propagated. as PIC@PEQ, is to:

• develop in-house R&D capability to conduct applied trials that address operational issues with a focus on implementing into service delivery • partner with scientific research communities and industry leaders • develop closer collaborative links with the education sector. Outcomes will improve the capacity to address current and anticipated plant biosecurity risks, ensuring the nation has a modern and effective plant biosecurity system in place to secure Australia's border.

The centre’s research team consists of a small group of departmental scientists who partner with external scientists and other biosecurity stakeholders to deliver on plant biosecurity related projects.

MinION e-DNA system is being used to identify species of insects. Image courtesy of CSIRO 219 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONS Research and development corporations (RDCs) bring together industry and researchers to establish the strategic directions for RD&E and to fund projects that provide industries with the innovation and productivity tools needed to compete in global markets.

There are fifteen rural RDCs covering most Australian agricultural industries, with seven focusing on plant production. RDCs provide funding and support to research providers including state governments, universities, CSIRO, industry associations and research organisations in the private sector. They invest around $800 million each year, with almost $300 million of this from Australian Government funding and around $500 million from industry levies.

PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT In 2020, the DAWE released its National Agricultural Innovation Agenda, providing national leadership and driving improvements across the agricultural innovation system by targeting five pillars of reform:

1. strengthening ecosystem leadership, cohesion and culture through clear strategic CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER direction and increased collaboration

2. improving the balance of funding and investment to deliver both incremental and transformational innovation, and growing private sector and international investment

3. embedding world-class innovation practices through greater transparency and entrepreneurship

4. strengthening our regions to achieve a greater uptake of innovation

5. creating the next generation innovation platform by improving the foundations of agricultural innovation, including data and regulatory setting.

In late 2020, 15 rural RDCs came together to form the Agricultultural Innovation Australia Ltd (AIA) to drive a new cross-industry research, leverage private sector investment and to target transformational innovation.

The National Agricultural Innovation Policy Statement is expected to be released in the first half of 2021, to deliver maximum benefits to industry and the broader economy.

The statement will:

• provide a narrative for Australia’s agricultural innovation system, including the importance of supporting the uptake of innovation • help new entrants navigate the system through its many players, organisations and structures • outline new National Agricultural Innovation Priorities to drive collaboration and focus investment.

Testing alternative treatments to devitalise imported cut flowers so they cannot be propogated. Image courtesy of Mark Whattam, Plant Innovation Centre (PIC@PEQ) 220 Image caption working collaboratively withgrowers and consultants todeliver industryledbiosecurity • investigating anddelivering new andimproved tools,systems andstrategies for the • investigating andmonitoringtheeconomic, environmental andsocialimpactsofbiotic • RD&E thatcontributes to: the goalofincreasing theproductivity andprofitability ofcotton farms.CRDCsupports Protecting Australiancotton from endemicandexotic biotic threats isakey focus area under CRDC invests across five strategicareas, asoutlined intheStrategic RD&EPlan2018–23. impact. continued success isinvestment ininnovation andtransformative technologiestodeliver the cotton industryandthewidercommunity. Akey drivingforce behind theindustry’s Australian Government andcotton growers thatinvests inworld-leading RD&Etobenefit The Cotton Research andDevelopment Corporation (CRDC) isapartnershipbetween the crdc.com.au adoption ofknowledge. • resistance breeding • weed management • pestmanagement • biosecurityplanning • incursionriskanalysis • AgriFutures Australiainvests inbiosecurityRD&Eactivities,including: the organisation istogrow thelong-term prosperity ofAustralian ruralindustries. affect theagriculturalsector. Primarilyfundedby theAustralianGovernment, thevisionof industries thatdonot have theirown RDC,new andemerging industries,andthe issuesthat AgriFutures Australiainvests inresearch, leadership,innovation andlearningtosupport agrifutures.com.au to levy payers andtheAustralianGovernment. principles thatmustbeobserved wheninvesting levy funds,aswell asreporting obligations have statutoryfundingagreements withtheAustralianGovernment thatlay outthegeneral mixture ofindustryowned companies andstatutorycorporations. Theindustryowned RDCs RDCs ofrelevance toAustralia’s plant industriesare describedinthissection.They includea COTTON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION AGRIFUTURES AUSTRALIA preparedness activitiesandaddress identified knowledge gaps. surveillance, prevention andsustainableresponsible management ofbiotic threats threats and papermanufacturers. government agencieswithintheAustralianwood products sector, withtheexception ofpulp international competitiveness ofwood products. FWPA isfundedby private companies and FWPA provides services totheindustrythatare designedtoincrease thesustainabilityand solutions for theindustryandpromotion oftheindustry’s products, services andvalues. These services includedirect andcollaborative investment inRD&Eto provide innovative RD&E investments, genericpromotion andother services asrequested by members. impediments totheirsupply. FWPA iscommitted tohelpingindustrygrow through targeted nationally integrated strategytoincrease demandfor forest andwood products andreduce Forest andWood Products Australia(FWPA) isanindustryservice company thatprovides a fwpa.com.au FOREST AND WOOD PRODUCTS AUSTRALIA

221 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E GRAINS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

grdc.com.au The GRDC is a corporate Commonwealth entity established to plan and invest in RD&E for the Australian grains industry to create enduring profitability for grain growers. Activities drive the discovery, development and delivery of innovation to the benefit of grain growers, the grains industry value chain and the wider community.

GRDC’s primary source of income is through a levy on grain growers, which is partially matched by the Australian Government. The research portfolio covers 25 leviable crops, spanning temperate and tropical cereals, oilseeds and pulses, which are worth over $13 billion a year in farm production. PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT The GRDC investment objective ‘optimise input costs’ and an overarching core biosecurity framework are part of the GRDC’s five-year RD&E plan.

The following key investment targets are related to crop protection and biosecurity: CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER • develop and implement management options to minimise the cost of effectively and sustainably managing vertebrate and invertebrate pests, weeds and diseases • maintain and/or improve the price of Australian grain through differentiation based on functionality, food safety and traceability, sustainability of production, reduced downgrading, new and/or enhanced grain classification processes, and optimal management of biosecurity issues • reduce the gap between actual and potential grain yield through more informed and timely decision-making on planting time, crop or variety choice, weed management, pest and disease control, and crop nutrition.

222 Image caption maintaining adiverse rangeofRD&Eandmarketing service providers. sound investment ofindustryandpublicfunds,supportscapacitybuildingby Hort Innovation isaccountable for theefficient, effective andeconomically andethically promote theinterests ofAustralianhorticulturalindustriesoverseas, includingtheexport • provide information, services andproducts related toprogram outcomes • increase theproductivity, farmgateprofitability andglobalcompetitiveness of • provide leadershipto,andpromote thedevelopment of, theAustralianhorticulture sector • community. Key functionsare to: research, development andmarketing annuallytoprovide benefittoindustryandthewider 1 Hort Innovation (2020).Australian Horticulture Statistics Handbook 2018-19 51 for possibleincursionsisalsoahighpriority. Cooperating withgovernment departments toprevent entry ofthesepestsand toprepare pest-resistant crop varieties andsupportquarantine anddisease-free seedcaneprograms. The SRA Breeding Program andSRA BiosecurityProgram collaborate tobreed diseaseand biosecurity, plant healthandfarmingsystems. in-house researchers conducts research intheareas ofplant breeding, traitdevelopment, and millingbusinesses,matchingfundsfrom theAustralianGovernment. Ateamof In itsrole astheindustryservices body, SRA receives thestatutorylevies paidby growers payers andtheAustraliansugarcane industry. and adoption projects thatdrive theproductivity, profitability andsustainabilityofitslevy Sugar Research Australia(SRA) invests inandmanagesaportfolio ofresearch, development sugarresearch.com.au (RDC) for Australia’s $14.4billionhorticulture industry. Hort Innovation isanot-for-profit, grower-owned research anddevelopment corporation horticulture.com.au HORT INNOVATION SUGAR RESEARCH AUSTRALIA of horticulturalproducts. marketing, programs andservices horticultural industriesby investing grower levies andgovernment fundsinRD&E, 51 Around $110millionisinvested in of thewineindustry. key stakeholders tocoordinate anddirect investments tobestaddress theRD&Epriorities contributions matchedby theAustralianGovernment. WineAustralia collaborates with Wine Australia’s revenue comes from levies ontheannualwinegrapeharvest with wine. disseminating knowledge, encouraging adoption andprotecting thereputation ofAustralian Wine Australiasupportsacompetitive winesectorby investing inRD&E,marketing, wineaustralia.com industry andgovernment. International Year ofPlant Health, providing astrong focal point for collaboration between In thelaterpartof2020,PBRIsupportednationalefforts oftheUN-declared mutual benefits. ACIAR towork withitscountry partners onbiosecurityresearch andcapacitybuildingwith global biosecurityissues.InNovember 2020,afurtherpartnershipwas formalised with and Euphresco, extend therole ofPBRI’s collaboration andco-investment oncommon Strategic international partnershipswithBetter Border Biosecurity(B3)New Zealand (NZ) focus areas toensure thatRD&Eprioritiesreflect current nationalbiosecurityissues. An investment planwillbedeveloped toimplement thisstrategy, usingthePBRI’s sixkey Strategy was subsequently renewed toprovide acurrent framework for co-investment. In July2020,thePBRIprogram was refunded for afurtherthree years, andthePBRI biosecurity. of nationalsignificance, whichhave thepotential tocreate areal difference toplant In May 2020,anindependent review found thePBRIhadcoordinated investment inprojects period, includingcashandin-kind,isapproximately $50million. though PBRImembers.Thetotal value ofthecross-sectoral portfolio over thethree-year Since 2017,there have been15collaborative RD&Eprojects coordinated andcontracted the Plant BiosecurityResearch Initiative (PBRI)throughout 2020. Collaboration andcoordinated investment inbiosecurityRD&Econtinued tobeafocus for pbri.com.au WINE AUSTRALIA THE PLANT BIOSECURITY RESEARCH INITIATIVE

223 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E State and territory governments

Most of Australia’s state and territory departments of agriculture have dedicated RD&E Regulating biosecurity risks from seed in the mail divisions that undertake research, including aspects of plant biosecurity that are a priority for that jurisdiction. These organisations carry out a significant proportion of Australia’s Imported seeds and invasive weeds pose a significant biosecurity risk as they can agricultural RD&E. carry exotic insects and diseases. A smaller proportion of projects are undertaken by researchers in other departments in Regulations imposed on imported seeds depend on the species, the risks posed some states. Research projects are funded by the state, territory and Australian and end-uses. Some can be imported without restrictions, others require Governments, and some are commissioned by commercial clients. treatment at the border, and some need to be grown and tested for diseases in post-entry quarantine facilities. PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT Last year, more than 158 million mail articles were posted to Australia. The challenge of regulating mail was expounded by an international ‘brushing’ scheme which led to people receiving unsolicited seeds in their mail. Over 200

CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER seed packets are found daily and, while detector dogs regularly find seeds, packaging and low odour makes it difficult.

To improve detection, DAWE partnered with Rapiscan Systems to trial low-, high-resolution x-rays with real-time video imaging and computer algorithms to automatically detect seeds in mail.

PIC@PEQ are also working with Steritech to assess the use of low dose eBeam and x-rays to treat undeclared seed in mail by ‘shooting’ a beam of electrons to break DNA molecules, to kill the seed or render it harmless.

Proof-of-concept trials have begun, with various substrates – like glass, electronics and plastics – to assess possible negative effects on other materials.

Seeds are most commonly intercepted biosecurity risk items. In 2020 they made up 75 per cent of the total interceptions in mail centres. Image courtesy of DAWE Field of legumes. Image courtesy of Madeleine Quirk, AUSVEG 224 Tourism andTrade andCharlesDarwinUniversity. A partnershipalsoexists between theNorthern Territory Department ofPrimaryIndustry, Queensland Department ofAgriculture andFisheries. Centre for Crop Health –apartnershipbetween University ofSouthernQueenslandand Primary IndustriesandCharlesSturt University. Graham Centre for Agriculture Innovation –apartnershipbetween NSW Department of Development InstituteandtheUniversity ofAdelaide. Waite Research Institute–apartnershipbetween theSouthAustralianResearch and Primary Industries,Parks, Water andEnvironment and theUniversity ofTasmania. Tasmanian InstituteofAgriculture –apartnershipbetween theTasmanian Department of Queensland Department ofAgriculture andFisheriestheUniversity ofQueensland. Queensland Alliance for Agriculture andFood Innovation –apartnershipbetween the and LaTrobe University. AgriBio –apartnershipbetween theVictorianDepartment ofJobs, Precincts andRegions of expertise for thegovernment agenciestowork with. biosecurity prioritiesare fundedandsupportedby researchers. Italsoprovides alarger pool Collaborative research arrangements alsoensure thatstateandterritorygovernment plant generation sequencers) andencourage thespecialistagriculturaltrainingofstudents. These partnershipsallow for thesharingoffacilities,staffandequipment (such asnext Some stateandterritorygovernments have formed partnershipswithuniversities. industries. research skillsinareas ofsignificance totheAustraliancommunity andplant production facilities andservices inspecificsubjectareas. They contribute specialistknowledge and Private research institutionscommonly collaborate withuniversities toprovide research arrangements. governments, industriesanddomesticorinternational sources, ofteninpartnership the community, ofteninpartnershipwithother organisations. Research isfundedby Many universities across Australiaprovide biosecurityresearch andeducationservices for University andprivate research institutes COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH ARRANGEMENTS growers. management strategies,worked todeliver real impactandin-field solutionsfor Australian through laboratory-based research, fieldwork andthedevelopment ofintegrated farm In 2019,thecentre grew tomore than75researchers andprofessional supportstaffwho, improving thereturn oninvestments incrop protection. • communication andengagement • genomicanalysis ofco- • physiological impactsofdisease • bioinformatics • Five foundation projects willalsosupportCCDM’s research outputs: canolaandpulsediseases. • cereal diseases • fungicideresistance management anddiseaseimpacts • There are three key research themes: direction thatwillguideitsresearch efforts andfocus through tomid-2022. co-supported by Curtin University andtheGRDC.In2019,CCDM rolled outitsnew strategic impact ofdiseaseintheAustraliangrainsindustry. Establishedin2014,thecentre is The Centre for Crop andDiseaseManagement (CCDM) focuses onreducing theeconomic ccdm.com.au Attraction and Acceleration Program. Centre program, withsupplementary supportfrom theNSWTrade andInvestment’s Research activities are supportedby a$3.7mgrant from theARC’s IndustrialTransformation Training who are distributedacross andmove freely between participatingorganisations. Research With afocus onresearch training,thecentre supportsresearch fellows andPhDstudents, organisations. coordinates research andresearch trainingacross three universities andfour partner sustainable andenvironmentally friendlytoolstocontrol fruitflypests.Thecentre Training Centre dedicatedtoproviding theAustralianhorticulture industrieswithnew, The Centre for Fruit FlyBiosecurityInnovation isanARCfunded IndustrialTransformation fruitflyittc.edu.au CENTRE FOR CROP AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT CENTRE FOR FRUIT FLY BIOSECURITY INNOVATION

225 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR BIOSECURITY RISK ANALYSIS COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTRE FOR HONEY BEE PRODUCTS cebra.unimelb.edu.au The Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis (CEBRA) is a group of quantitative crchoneybeeproducts.com scientists housed in the School of Biosciences at the University of Melbourne. CEBRA The Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Honey Bee Products was established in focuses on improving the management of biosecurity risk, working closely with Australia November 2017 to bring together industry and research expertise from across Australia and New Zealand’s peak biosecurity regulatory bodies. for five years. The research work is trans-disciplinary across four programs, driving innovation within the industry to meet export demands. CEBRA’s remit covers animal, plant and environmental biosecurity, as well as protecting social amenity, and its scientific output spans the biosecurity continuum. Areas of expertise The CRC aims to help resolve problems that limit the value and expansion of the Australian include pest pathway analysis, incursion impact assessment, mathematical and statistical honey bee products industry by focusing on honey bee hive sites, honey products, modelling, and agricultural economics. health and chain of custody. The CRC has 25 industry and community partners and is

PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT presently running 35 projects. CEBRA collaborates with organisations in New Zealand and the United States, and has international linkages with Canada, South Africa and the United Kingdom. CEBRA collaborates with a wide range of state and national agencies.

CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER CEBRA was created in 2013 by deeds between the Australian Government's DAWE, New Zealand’s Ministry for Primary Industries and the University of Melbourne, which will expire in 2021.

AUSTRALIAN PLANT BIOSECURITY SCIENCE FOUNDATION

apbsf.org.au The Australian Plant Biosecurity Science Foundation was established to follow the Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (PBCRC), which finished operations in June 2018, and is supported by unspent funds from PBCRC.

The foundation supports plant biosecurity RD&E and capacity building, particularly where there is a need for investment in environmental, capacity building, international linkages, non-levy payer, cross-sectoral and strategic plant biosecurity research. It also invests in commercial IP developed by and inherited from the PBCRC. The Foundation aims to build on the legacy of the PBCRC, strengthening the collaborative networks between communities, governments, research and industry in Australia and overseas.

Bee Biosecurity Officers inspecting hives in an avocado orchard. Image courtesy of WA DPIRD 226 Kevin Powell (SRA) and ISRI team evaluating moth borer trails in sugarcaine, Indonesia. Image courtesy of Sugar Research Australia

227 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Plant biosecurity RD&E projects in 2020 Figure 95. RD&E projects by research type or location 8% Field based (ecology) In 2020, a substantial amount of RD&E that benefits plant biosecurity occurred across 8% Field based (other) Australia. PHA received data from over 90 organisations who were asked to provide information relevant to plant or pollinator (e.g. honey bee) biosecurity RD&E projects 16% Laboratory based (molecular) which they either funded or in which they were involved. 5% Laboratory based (non-molecular)

Research projects covered the spectrum of crops and pest types relevant to Australian 46% Multiple plant production industries and the natural environment. Figures 94–98 present the 17% Policy or office-based research projects by pest type, research type, project value, biosecurity area and affected crop type to give some indication of how research budgets are spent in Australia.

PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT Table 60, starting on page 230, lists 681 plant biosecurity related research projects undertaken during 2020. Although projects have simply been listed by project title in the table, other information (e.g. an abstract) was sourced to help categorise the research. CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER

Figure 94. RD&E projects by pest type Figure 96. RD&E projects by project value

2% Bacteria 5% $1-$20,000 19% Fungi 21% $20,001-$100,000 20% Insect 12% $100,001-250,000 14% $250,001-$500,000 38% Multiple 14% $500,001-$1,000,000 2% Nematode 22% $1,000,001-$5,000,000 0% Other 7% $5,000,001+ 4% Other invertebrate 5% Unknown 2% Other pathogen

0% Unknown 3% Virus 11% Weed

228 *The definitionfor ‘crop type’ are generally basedontheHort Innovation, AgriFutures Australia andGRDC crop groupings. Figure 97.RD&Eprojects by biosecurityareas 23% 14% <1% 12% 6% 6% 2% 3% 5% 8% 1% 1% 2% 3% 7% 7% Risk analysisandmodelling Research centreorcommitte Prevention Pest management Pest basicbiology Multiple Mark Information management Host orpestidentification Host basicbiology Extension Emergency response Diagnostics Crop improvemen Systems approaches Surveillance et accesssupport

t e Figure 98.RD&Eprojects by crop type* <1% 24% <1% 11% <1% 19% 4% 6% 1% 4% 3% 7% 4% 2% 3% 2% 1% 3% 3% Nursery crops Natural environment Horticulture -other Horticulture -multiple Horticulture -vegetable Horticulture -nuts Horticulture -grapes Horticulture -fruit Fo Broadacre -other Broadacre -multiple Broadacre -sugarcane Broadacre -grains Broadacre -cotton Other crops Multiple crops Urban/amenities Unknown Pollinators restry s

229 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 230

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects Helicoverpa monitor for resistance allelesin Application ofmoleculartoolsto – Fullbright Scholarship support Managing Verticillium riskfor cotton cotton pests2 support management ofemerging Integrated pestmanagement to cotton pests1 support management ofemerging Integrated pestmanagement to for highyieldresearch technical leadandpestmanagement Integrated pestmanagement diseases Innovative solutionstocotton whitefly oncotton farms Improved management ofsilverleaf cotton integrated pestmanagement in Identifying sensorsfor better cotton spider miteandstrawberryin caused by two spotted mite,bean Evaluation ofrelative damage in cotton Alternaria andblackroot rot disease management practices tocontrol chemistries, biocontrol agents and Evaluate efficacyofnovel from irrigationwater pathogens using environmental DNA Detecting cotton pestsand ARCHub and soils suppressive cotton farmingsystems Characteristics ofdisease University ofQueensland improved cotton production Biological basedproducts for Bioclay Verticillium for cotton Project title CSIRO Texas Tech NSW DPI,Lower NamoiCGA, CSIRO NSW DPI QDAF NSW DPI QDAF Queensland Univeristy ofSouthern NSW DPI NSW DPI University ofQueensland CRDC,Converte PtyLtd QDAF, NSWDPI,CSIRO Western Sydney University research Organisation undertakingthe Broadacre –cotton Scholarship, NSWDPI CRDC, Fullbright CRDC, CSIRO CRDC, NSWDPI CRDC, QDAF CRDC, NSWDPI CRDC, QDAF QDAF Southern Queensland, CRDC, University of CRDC, NSWDPI CRDC, NSWDPI DAWE CSIRO CRDC, QDAF, NSWDPI, CRDC, Monsanto (USA) Funding source orbody northern region sorghum stalkrot in the GRDC sustainable management of An integrative approach towards increased lentil yield Actinobacterial endophytes for increased chickpeayield Actinobacterial endophytes for weeds real-time detection ofresistance in A simpleandinnovative testfor ascochyta blight risk A modelfor predicting chickpea practices inWA weed resistance management A 'focus farms' study tooptimise systems disease suppressive cotton farming Using DNAdiagnosticstomonitor cotton withtheGFP gene(Hon) causal agent ofVerticillium wiltof Transformation ofVerticillium dahliae, monitoring improved insectresistance resistance management through Sustainable silverleaf whitefly development innorthernAustralia Science leadershipfor cotton black root rot risks Ready-to-use soiltesttomanage extension extension andcentral QLDregional National biosecurityordisease best practice Mirid andmealybugmanagement Project title Broadacre –cotton (continued) Queensland University ofSouthern Flinders University Flinders University GRDC University ofWestern Australia Authority Queensland, WA Agricultural University ofSouthern GRDC University ofWestern Australia Sydney Crown Analytical,University of Queensland NSW DPI,University of QDAF CSIRO Australia Microbiology Laboratories QDAF QDAF research Organisation undertakingthe Broadacre –grains GRDC Flinders University Flinders University GRDC Distributors Ltd, CSIRO CRDC, Cotton Seed CRDC CRDC, QDAF CSIRO Co-operative Ltd, QDAF, CRDC, Ord River District CRDC CRDC, QDAF CRDC, QDAF Funding source orbody Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) iifraisfudto rjc utnUiest CD)GRDC ratings for thesouthernregion Cereal andpulsecultivar resistance Management Curtin University (CCDM) Centre for Crop Disease Bioinformatics foundation project analysis molecular marker program –genetic Australian wheatandbarley regional level resistance management targeted at Extension Network –fungicide Australian Fungicide Resistance breeding support program –wheatandbarley Australian cereal rustcontrol leaf rust,striperustandstem2 wheat andbarley withresistance to and knowledge required tobreed program –delivering genetic tools Australian cereal rustcontrol leaf rust,striperustandstem1 wheat andbarley withresistance to and knowledge required tobreed program –delivering genetic tools Australian cereal rustcontrol cereal rustpathogensinAustralia program –continued monitoringof Australian cereal rustcontrol to root lesionnematode GRDC Assess wheatcultivars for tolerance focus onlentils Ascochyta blight ofpulseswitha Curtin University (CCDM) focus onchickpea Ascochyta blight ofpulseswitha Ascochyta blight offieldpea defence andfood security molecular interactions for plant Cereals andrustdiseases– Project title Broadacre –grains(continued) utnUiest CD)GRDC DJPR Curtin University (CCDM) University ofAdelaide Melbourne Queensland, University of University ofSouthern Curtin University (CCDM), University ofSydney University ofSydney CSIRO University ofSydney Queensland University ofSouthern GRDC GRDC Curtin University (CCDM), SARDI Curtin University (CCDM) University ofSydney research Organisation undertakingthe GRDC, DJPR GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC Technologies Breeders, AustralianGrain LongReach Plant ARC Funding source orbody region farming systems ofthesouthern seed banksinhigh rainfall zone management ofannualryegrass enable theintegrated andprofitable Development oflocalstrategies to rust Australian barley crops againstleaf Development ofgenetic toolsfor crops deployment ofgenetic resistance in principles tooptimise the strategies –usingevolutionary Development ofgenedeployment grain cropping herbicide resistance inAustralian Determining theincidence of grains region pest management inthenorthern Delivery ofimproved invertebrate yield GRDC control andmaintenance ofcrop Crown AnalyticalServices PtyLtd Cultural management for weed Cultivar crown rot tolerance trials Crown rot resistance ciliate protozoa – biologicalcontrol ofslugsusing products for snailandslugcontrol Control ofsnailsandslugs:New crops weeds innarrow leafandalbuslupin WA bluelupinandother broadleaf potential herbicidesfor managing Consultative review determine species revision ofAustralianTrogoderma Conduct integrative taxonomic foundation project Communicatons andengagement aphids incanolafields(PhD) aphidophagous tolocate Chemical cuesusedby Project title Broadacre –grains(continued) University ofAdelaide GRDC University ofSydney, CSIRO CSIRO Charles Sturt University QDAF GRDC University ofWestern Australia GRDC Queensland University ofSouthern University ofMelbourne Australia Network PtyLtd Independent Consultants GRDC CSIRO Curtin University (CCDM) Murdoch University research Organisation undertakingthe GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC Intergrain GRDC DAWE GRDC Funding source orbody

231 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 232

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) program the Australianpeanutbreeding key agronomic andqualitytraitsin and genotyping toolsfor selectionof Development ofrapidphenotyping and tolerance for Pratylenchus thorneiresistance Evaluation ofCAIGEelitegenotypes stripe rustdisease Enhancing resistance towheat Engineering rustresistance ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)inbarley season weed set control ofannual Effective useofdiquatfor late Stagonospora nodorumblotch Effective genetic control of tritici blotch Effective genetic control ofSeptoria resistance varieties withgreater crown rot improved grower access todurum Durum crown rot benchmarkingfor powdery mildew Durable resistance tobarley ascochyta blight? metabolites for andagainst Do somechickpeasproduce service) Disease screening service (fee for grain growers management toolsfor Australian Disease epidemiologyand deployment nematode resistance gene Development oftoolstoaccelerate Project title Broadacre –grains(continued) Australia Queensland, Peanut Company of University ofSouthern of SouthernQueensland University ofSydney, University ARC Australian NationalUniversity CSIRO Synergy Consulting WA DPIRD NSW DPI Queensland GRDC University ofSouthern Curtin University (CCDM) GRDC Department ofRegional NSW DJPR University (CCDM) Western Australia,Curtin Queensland, University of University ofSouthern WAAA, NSWDPI,SARDI, DJPR, of SouthernQueensland,SARDI University ofAdelaide, University research Organisation undertakingthe GRDC (USA) Two Blades Foundation GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC Fee for Service GRDC GRDC Australia Peanut Company of Funding source orbody virulence ofthepathogen and understanding ofevolution and resistance toSeptoria leafblotch Identification of novel sources of grass weeds inwinter cereals management ofemerging summer PHA Herbicide options for the Rural Directions PtyLtd Grains farmbiosecurityprogram Grain weeds advisorycommittee treatments thornei andP. neglectus withspecific Glasshouse trialfor Pratylenchus stem rot ofcanolaandpulses Genetics solutionstoSclerotinia potential inchickpea ASSD approach toenhance adaptive gene-pool expansion andintegrated Genetics ofwildgermplasm, to out-compete weeds Genetically improving wheat's ability barley Genetic solutionstocrown rot in in cereals andpulses enhancement for nematodecontrol affecting majorcrops –germplasm Genetic control ofnematodespecies crops legged earthmiteinAustraliangrain Future options for thecontrol of red GRDC underlying mechanisms Fungicide resistance detection and Curtin University (CCDM) pathogenesis offungalplant disease Extracellular vesicles inthe Extension andengagement Project title Broadacre –grains(continued) University ofAdelaide Incorporated Northern Grower Alliance GRDC Queensland University ofSouthern Curtin University (CCDM) GRDC Curtin University (CCDM) CSIRO CSIRO Queensland, GRDC University ofSouthern Cesar Australia Queensland University ofSouthern Curtin University (CCDM), La Trobe University research Organisation undertakingthe GRDC GRDC FMC Australasia GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC ARC GPA GRDC Funding source orbody Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) crown rot inwheat Integrated genetic solutionsto region diseases intheGRDCnorthern tools tomanagesummercrop Integrated diseasemanagement growers strategies for cereal andpulse Integrated diseasemanagement chickpeas package for ascochyta blight in Integrated diseasemanagement virus management preparedness andimplicationsfor peach aphid–nationalsurveillance, Insecticide resistance inthegreen cereal andpulses Incidence andseverity ofdiseasein delivery ofherbicidetolerance traits Improving weed control inpulses– management ofEtiella inlentils Improving monitoringand Phytophthora root rot ofchickpea Improving management of practices through improved agronomic Improving diseasemanagement wheat management ofyellow spot in Improved genetic solutionsfor disease diagnostics novo fungicideresistance and Improved approaches for rapidde disease-induced yieldloss Impacts ofhostresistance on of grainspests advisory platform for management Identification, surveillance and Project title Broadacre –grains(continued) QDAF of SouthernQueensland, CSIRO, University ofSydney, University Queensland (lead),QDAF University ofSouthern DJPR CSIRO Cesar Australia DJPR University ofAdelaide NSWDPI SARDI Western Sydney University SARDI University ofAdelaide, DJPR University (CCDM), WAAA, GRDC Southern Queensland,Curtin WA DPIRD, University of Curtin University (CCDM) DJPR Cesar Australia research Organisation undertakingthe GRDC GRDC GRDC, DJPR GRDC GRDC GRDC, DJPR GRDC SA GrainIndustryTrust GRDC GRDC Australia, DJPR University ofWestern DPI, SARDI, QDAF, GRDC, WA DPIRD, NSW GRDC Funding source orbody pathogen populations profit: surveillance andmonitoring of barley foliar pathogensonyield and Minimising theimpactofmajor service model material transitioningtoafee for profit: screening ofelitebreeder barley foliar pathogensonyieldand Minimising theimpactofmajor host differential sets profit: development ofinternational barley foliar pathogensonyieldand Minimising theimpactofmajor in blacklegdiseaseofcanola Mechanisms of antifungal resistance inheritance ofresistance Mechanisms, evolution and groups co-ordination ofgrower andadvisor in NSW–establishment and Managing earlyseasoncanolapests development oftechnicalcontent establishment pestsinNSW– Managing earlyseasoncanola intensive pulsecropping systems Managing Botrytis diseasesin under threat offungicideresistance Management ofbarley diseases NSW ryegrass workshop, south-east Let’s talkglyphosateresistant canola small conical snailsoutofbarley and Investigating snailrollers toclean improvement network International mungbean at Lake Bolac herbicide resistant annualryegrass Integrated weed management of Project title Broadacre –grains(continued) nvriyo dlie AD GRDC University ofAdelaide, SARDI QDAF ARC DJPR University ofMelbourne University ofAdelaide GRDC FarmLink Research Limited Cesar Australia GRDC SARDI Curtin University (CCDM) GRDC FarmLink Research GRDC Limited Stirlings toCoast Farmers Development Centre, QDAF Asian Vegetable Research GRDC and Southern Farming Systems research Organisation undertakingthe GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC ACIAR Funding source orbody

233 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 234

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) and easternAfrica on wheatproduction insouthAsia Mitigating theeffects ofstriperust Ethiopia sustainability offababeansin improve productivity and Mitigating diseaseconstraints to crown rot including interactions with Fusarium and durumgraininnorthernNSW high qualityAustralianprimehard improve profitability ofproducing Optimum management strategiesto GRDC pests management ofinvertebrate grain University ofQueensland Novel suppression andresistance New usesfor existing chemistry decisions ingraincrops timing ofpestmanagement New knowledge toimprove the cereal crops for root pathogens New capabilitytosurvey pulseand cultivar diseaseresistance ratings National variety trials–pathologyof National variety trials–pathology program WAAA, DJPR National mungbeanimprovement National hay agronomy project improvement program –phaseII National Brassicagermplasm management ofresistance deployment offungicidesfor Modelling framework for optimising in Bangladeshandbeyond Mitigating theeffects ofwheatblast Project title Broadacre –grains(continued) University ofSydney ACIAR University ofWestern Australia eateto einlNWGRDC Department ofRegional NSW GRDC University ofMelbourne CSIRO SARDI DJPR Queensland University ofSouthern QDAF GRDC NSW DPI Curtin University (CCDM) Improvement Centre International WheatandMaize research Organisation undertakingthe GRDC Trust GRDC, SA Grain Industry GRDC GRDC GRDC, QDAF AgriFutures Australia GRDC ACIAR ACIAR Funding source orbody ogu ig etn ceeQDAF Sorghum midgetestingscheme GRDC Australian farmingsystems Soil-borne diseaseinteraction in CSIRO Curtin University (CCDM) Snail biocontrol revisited –phaseII Septoria nodorumblotch ofwheat toolkit GRDC R-HapSelect, ahaplotype-based resistance inbarley novel using utilisation ofnovel disease germplasm for rapiddiscovery and Screening ofdiverse barley Curtin University (CCDM) Resistance tobarley net blotches thresholds for Russian wheataphid Regional riskassessment and by growers plant tissue toguidesustainableuse Quantification offungicideactives in DJPR PulseBio 4–biosecure pulseseeds insect pests Protection ofstored grainsagainst Phosphine resistance use Pathways toregistration –minor mungbean improvement program Pathology supportfor theQLD Project title industry western node Statistics for theAustraliangrains Stem nematodeinoats weeds inAustraliangraincropping Surveillance ofherbicideresistant Broadacre –grains(continued) Queensland, WA DPIRD, WAAA University ofSouthern DJPR, NSWDPI,CSIRO, SARDI, GRDC University ofQueensland SARDI, Cesar Australia GRDC Department ofRegional NSW Davren GlobalPtyLtd Murdoch University QDAF AKC Consulting PtyLtd University ofQueensland research Organisation undertakingthe Curtin University nvriyo dlieAgriFutures Australia University ofAdelaide University ofWestern Australia Charles Sturt University, WA DPIRD of SouthernQueensland, CSIRO, SARDI, University GRDC, DJPR, NSWDPI, GRDC ACIAR WA DPIRD GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC Funding source orbody GRDC GRDC Table 60. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research Broadacre – grains (continued) Survey of the summer and autumn Brassica refuges for diamondback moth in the western region to WA DPIRD GRDC predict early season risk of infestation

Survey of vertebrate and invertebrate pests and beneficials WA DPIRD GRDC harbouring in harvest weed seed control systems PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT Surveys and associated diagnostics of the incidence and severity of QDAF GRDC, QDAF diseases of cereals and pulses in the northern region

Surveys and associated diagnostics 8: CHAPTER of the incidence and severity of University of Adelaide GRDC diseases of cereals and pulses in the southern region (SA) The functional characterisation of a Australian National University ARC novel immune response in plants

The interaction between arbuscular University of Southern mycorrhizal fungi, rhizobia and root GRDC Scholarship Queensland lesion nematodes in mungbean

The roles of pathogen effectors in Australian National University ARC promoting rust diseases of plants

Towards effective genetic and sustainable management of ascochyta blight of chickpea: accurate, effective, cheaper and DJPR GRDC rapid high-throughput method for qualitative and quantitative evaluation for ascochyta blight genetic resistance

Towards effective genetic and sustainable management of Griffith University, University of scochyta blight of chickpea: Southern Queensland, DJPR, WA GRDC ascochyta blight pathogen biology, DPIRD population dynamics and epidemiology

Towards effective genetic and sustainable management of ascochyta blight of chickpea: identification and characterisation of University of Adelaide GRDC novel sources of ascochyta blight resistance in elite cultivars and wild relatives of chickpea Moth borer Sesamia grisescens larva in sugarcane. Image courtesy of Sugar Research Australia Image caption 235 236

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) and chickpeagenotypes phenotyping ofpathogenisolates ascochyta blight ofchickpea: sustainable management of Towards effective genetic and virus inMyanmar vectors ofsugarcane streak mosaic Identification ofpotential arthropod QLD General pestmanagement –south QLD General pestmanagement –north QLD General pestmanagement –central Woodford training andtechnicaladvice – General pathologydiagnostic, training andtechnicaladvice –Tully General pathologydiagnostic, stunting disease Diagnostic laboratoryfor ratoon productivity improved sugarcane soilhealthand molecular biologicalassays for Development ofcommercial canegrubs Development ofanartificialdiet for ethylene injection(PhD) Control ofred witchweed by Weed surveillance investment Weed speciesfor potential research respond tochangingvirusthreats oilseeds breeding programs to germplasm for Australianpulseand Virus threats –new toolsand by Fusarium molecular details ofcanolainfection Towards understandingthe Project title Broadacre –grains(continued) Broadacre –sugarcane Areas Agriculture Research inDry International Centre for SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA QDAF SRA University ofQueensland QDAF DJPR Queensland, DJPR, WA DPIRD ARC NSW DPI,QDAF, University of University ofMelbourne research Organisation undertakingthe ACIAR SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA GRDC GRDC GRDC, NSWDPI GRDC Funding source orbody Project title the absence ofbees Ensuring lucerne seedproduction in protection Eco-friendly pesticidesfor crop higher CO activate grassresistance under Time toprime–usingsilicon to monitoring through improved insectresistance Sustainable insectmanagement Soldier flymanagement rot – nematodesandPachymetra root Soil diagnosticassay laboratory sugarcane (including biosecurity)inAustralian for pest,diseaseandweed RD&E Situation analysis andopportunities program –Woodford resistance for theSRA breeding Screening clonesfor disease program –Tully resistance for theSRA breeding Screening clonesfor disease detection blueprint at thesugarfactory–disease Ratoon stunting diseasedetection manage themwhenthey arrive? Moth borers –how are we goingto – inthefield Keeping ourchemicalsintheirplace germplasm quarantine for sugarcane International anddomestic existing product contingency for lossofamenitywith insecticides for canegrubcontrol as Identifying new generation 2 Broadacre –sugarcane (continued) nvriyo etr utai AgriFutures Australia University ofWestern Australia University ofQueensland etr ynyUiest ARC Western Sydney University research Organisation undertakingthe NSW DPI SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA, University ofQueensland SRA , SRA SRA SRA Broadacre –multiple Broadacre –other Ag PtyLtd ARC, NSWDPI,Innovate CRDC, NSWDPI,GRDC SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA, QDAF Funding source orbody Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) China blueberries for market access to for Queenslandfruitflyin Additional cold treatment schedule Gasteroclisus) Fireweed biocontrol (weevil: Australia Rice –weed management in wasps seed wasp andassociatedparasitoid Quantitative DNAtestsfor lucerne north Australia rice growing packages for tropical Northern Rice Australia –developing crus-galli) indrill-sown rice barnyard grass(Echinochloa establishment, andgrowth of phase ontheseedbank, Impacts ofthepasture legume wilt ofbananainsouth-eastAsia response tothespread ofFusarium An integrated management Project title vcd uboc iodsre Uiest fQenln Hort Innovation progenitors for resistance Nigeria andscreening wildbanana – community management in Banana bunchy topvirusmitigation University ofQueensland Avocado sunblotch viroid survey capacity building Avocado industrybiosecurity biosecurity project Australian mangoindustry NSWDPI communication program Australian lychee industry Auscitrus horticulturalproject Australian appleandpearindustry weed management program for the An integrated pest,diseaseand Broadacre –other(continued) QDAF CSIRO, DAWE Agropraisals PtyLtd University ofAdelaide Queensland University ofSouthern Charles Sturt University University ofQueensland Hort Innovation University ofQueensland Association Australian MangoIndustry Association Australian Lychee Growers' DJPR, University ofTasmania QDAF research Organisation undertakingthe Horticulture –fruit Hort Innovation AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia DAWE Foundation Bill &Melinda Gates PHA Hort Innovation Collaborative Research QDAF Tasmania, NSWDPI, DPIRD, University of Hort Innovation, DJPR, WA ACIAR Funding source orbody maximum residue limitprogram Citrus agrichemicalandexport development Cherry market access andtrade Breeding better bananas and passionfruitindustries Biosecurity planfor lychee, papaya sunblotch viroid Bee surveillance for avocado Banana industryR&Dcoordination Project title Horticulture –fruit(continued) hryGoesAsrlaHort Innovation Citrus Australia Cherry Growers Australia University ofQueensland PHA CSIRO Council Australian BananaGrowers' research Organisation undertakingthe Hort Innovation Melinda GatesFoundation Tropical Agriculture, Bill& International Institiutefor Hort Innovation University ofQueensland Hort Innovation Funding source orbody

237 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body Project title Funding source or body research research Horticulture – fruit (continued) Horticulture – fruit (continued) National citrus canker Facilitating the development of the Citrus canker research NT DITT Berries Australia Hort Innovation eradication program Australian berry industries

Citrus pest and disease prevention Farm survey 2020 – charcoal rot Victorian Strawberry Citrus Australia Citrus Australia Victoria Strawberry Industry committee incidence in the VIC strawberry Industry Development Certification Authority industry Committee Agricultural Produce Cold plasma treatment of Murdoch University Commission (Strawberry post-harvest strawberry pathogens Fusarium wilt tropical race 4 Committee) University of Queensland Hort Innovation research program 2 PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT Conditional non-host systems QDAF Hort Innovation Fusarium wilt tropical race 4 QDAF (led), NT DITT, James Cook protocol for fruit fly in mangoes Hort Innovation research program 3 University Developing integrated pest Generation of data for pesticide management compatible controls Peracto Pty Ltd Hort Innovation IPM Technologies Hort Innovation applications in horticulture crops 1 CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER for spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) Generation of data for pesticide Peracto Pty Ltd Hort Innovation Developing knowledge and applications in horticulture crops 2 management of strawberry red leaf QDAF, University of Queensland Hort Innovation disorder High health, pre-commercial propagation material for Australian DJPR Hort Innovation Development of area-wide strawberry growers management approaches for fruit Huanglongbing tolerant rootstock flies in mangoes for Indonesia, QDAF ACIAR NSW DPI NSW DPI Philippines, Australia and the evaluation Asia-Pacific region Implementation of Development of integrated pest recommendations from the avocado management compatible methods IPM Technologies, Cesar GIA Hort Innovation Hort Innovation industry nursery voluntary for controlling Drosophila suzukii in Australia accreditation scheme review berry crops Development of molecular markers Implementing precision agriculture for Fusarium wilt resistance in University of Queensland Hort Innovation solutions in Australian avocado University of New England Hort Innovation banana production systems

Disinfestation of blueberries against Improved management of charcoal QDAF Hort Innovation Mediterranean fruit fly for market Murdoch University Hort Innovation rot of strawberry access to Japan Improved plant protection for the QDAF, NT DITT Hort Innovation Employment of a national citrus banana industry Citrus Australia PHA surveillance coordinator Improving avocado orchard productivity through disease Murdoch University Hort Innovation University of Tasmania Tasmanian Government management 1 Expanding crop protection options (Tasmanian Institute of (Agricultural Innovation for control of blueberry rust Agriculture), Staphyt Pty Ltd, Fund) NSW DPI Improving avocado orchard productivity through disease University of Queensland Hort Innovation management 2 Exploring integrated pest management compatible methods Cesar Australia Hort Innovation Improving biosecurity preparedness for spotted winged drosophila in PHA, Citrus Australia Hort Innovation berry crops of the Australian citrus industry

238 Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) blackberries CitrusAustralia redberry mite( essigi)on Integrated pestmanagement of Industry ledsurveillance pilot citrus canker development ofavolatile profile for Odour detection dogand improvement program National strawberryvarietal program 2 National passionfruitbreeding program 1 National passionfruitbreeding breeding including PRSV-P resistance National papaya breeding program, diseases onstrawberryfarms biosecurity for control ofsoil-borne National masterclassestoimprove and education program (phase 4)–surveillance Melons Australia National bananabunchy topvirus Melon industrybiosecurityofficer WA avocado orchards –phase2 Management ofsixspotted mite in diseases innorthQLD Management ofbananapestsand fumigation ofplums Low-dose methyl bromide bugs inavocados Investigation into citrusblossom Torres Strait with aview toeradicationinthe Sigatoka, anddiseasesuppression enhanced management ofblack Investigating technicalfeasibility of Project title Horticulture –fruit(continued) University ofTasmania NT DITT Hort Innovation QDAF Hort Innovation Southern Cross University Southern Cross University Griffith University Development Committee Victorian Strawberry Industry Council Australian BananaGrowers' WAAA Council Australian BananaGrowers' QDAF Hort Innovation QDAF, University ofQueensland QDAF research Organisation undertakingthe Citrus Australia DAWE Hort Innovation Hort Innovation APBSF Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation DAWE Hort Innovation Funding source orbody pineapple andavocado diseases delivered dsRNA for management of Topical applicationofBioClay- diagnostic capacity Strengthening thebananaindustry program Strawberry industryminoruse banana industry biosecurity andsustainabilityinthe Strategic industry development, Hort Innovation Rubus industryminoruseprogram manual for cherry producers development ofabiosecurity plan for thecherryindustryand Review ofthenationalbiosecurity plan for thebananaindustry Review ofthenationalbiosecurity the berrysector Review ofthebiosecurityplanfor for avocados andmangoes Review ofnationalbiosecurityplans management arthropod pestsandtheir Review andextension ofavocado blood diseaseinIndonesia Reversing theimpactofbanana environments surveillance inurbanandperi-urban Remote sensingfor biosecurity material Protecting Australia’s citrusgenetic program Pineapple integrated crop protection for theappleindustry Pilot sterilecodling moth releases Project title Horticulture –fruit(continued) nvriyo uesadQDAF University ofQueensland Hort Innovation University ofQueensland Hort Innovation Council Australian BananaGrowers' PHA PHA PHA PHA IPM Technologies APBSF Hort Innovation (RRD4P) University ofQueensland(QAAFI) University ofNew England Incorporation Propagation Association NSW DPI,AustralianCitrus Global QDAF, Growcom, Agri Supply Agriculture) (Tasmanian Instituteof University ofTasmania research Organisation undertakingthe Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Innovation, NSWDPI Auscitrus, Hort Hort Innovation Growers Tasmania Hort Innovation, Fruit Hort Innovation Funding source orbody

239 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 240

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) epidemiology green mottle mosaicvirus role ofhoney beesincucumber Understanding andmanagingthe and pearindustry certification devices for theapple Variety evaluation andtree management ofcharcoal rot Use ofbiofumigant crops for Queensland fruitflyintablegrapes management supportfor Area wideintegrated pest emphasis ongrapevine virusA (PhD) physiology ofShirazdiseasewithan Molecular epidemiologyand Australian viticulture Managing fungicideresistance in established grapevine phylloxera Integrated management of in diverse climatesinAustralia management for vineyard longevity Grapevine trunkdisease efficiency andreduced costs technology for improved water combinations andevaluation ofnew Field trialswithnew scion-rootstock of unwanted fungalaromas rot tolerance inwineanddetection Determining thresholds for bunch Coonawarra rootstock trial information ofagrochemicals Collecting anddisseminating pathogens (PhD) agents ofgrapevine trunkdisease asbiologicalcontrol evaluation ofendophytic associated withgrapevines and Characterisation ofthemicrobiome Project title Horticulture –fruit(continued) NT DITT pl n erAsrlaLmtdHort Innovation Apple andPear AustraliaLimited Certification Authority Victorian Strawberry Industry Association Australian Table Grape Wine Research Institute University ofAdelaide, Australian SARDI DJPR SARDI CSIRO Charles Sturt University Vignerons Wine Estates,Coonawarra Vinehealth Australia,Treasury Institute Australian WineResearch Charles Sturt University research Organisation undertakingthe Horticulture –grapes Committee Industry Development Victorian Strawberry Hort Innovation Wine Research Institute of Adelaide, Australian Wine Austraia,University Wine Australia Wine Australia Wine Australia Wine Australia Wine Australia Coonawarra Vignerons Treasury WineEstates, Vinehealth Australia, Wine Australia Sturt University Wine Australia,Charles Hort Innovation Funding source orbody hsntidsr iscrt fie ChestnutsAustralia Chestnut industrybiosecurity officer coordinator Chestnut blight response industry program for theAustralianalmond An integrated pestmanagement industry program for theAustralianalmond An integrated diseasemanagement biotrophic grapevine pathogens agrochemical resistance in Understanding thebasisof in Australianagriculture (PhD) control ofgrapevine pinot grisvirus VinehealthAustralia The molecularepidemiologyand Surveillance ofSA for phylloxera testing Botrytis andpowdery mildew DNA Spore trappingtechnologiesfor resistant varieties ingrapevines development ofnew disease- Scion genetics andimprovement – phylloxera to root knot nematodesand rootstocks withdurableresistance improvement –new improved Rootstock genetics and manual for theviticulture industry Review ofthebiosecurityplanand germplasm –pathway toadoption Regional evaluation ofnew productivity (Ag Kelpie) control tomaximiseagricultural Novel autonomousrobotic weed canopy anddiseasemanagement New technologiesfor dynamic Project title Horticulture –grapes(continued) Chestnuts Australia DJPR DJPR Institute Australian WineResearch La Trobe University, DJPR Institute SARDI, AustralianWineResearch CSIRO CSIRO PHA CSIRO University ofNew England Agent Oriented Software, CSIRO research Organisation undertakingthe Horticulture – nuts Chestnuts Australia Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Wine Australia Wine Australia Adelaide University, DJPR, Wine Australia Wine Australia Wine Australia Innovation Wine Australia,Hort Wine Australia and Resources Industry, Science, Energy Australian Department of CRC Project Round 9, Chestnuts Australia Vinehealth Australia Wine Australia Funding source orbody Table 60. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research Horticulture – nuts (continued) Chestnut industry communications Chestnuts Australia Inc. Hort Innovation program

Establishing the walnut Emergency Australian Walnut Industry Australian Walnut Plant Pest Response levy Association Industry Association

Hazelnut growth through the implementation of the 2030 Hazelnut Growers of Australia AgriFutures Australia strategic blueprint

Integrated pest management in RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT NSW DPI Hort Innovation macadamia Investigating the infection process of Rhizopus stolonifer and symptom DJPR DJPR development in the almond disease, hull rot 8: CHAPTER Macadamia integrated disease University of Queensland Hort Innovation management

National almond breeding and Hort Innovation, University of Adelaide evaluation program Australian Almonds

National macadamia breeding and University of Queensland Hort Innovation evaluation program New technologies for improved insect management for the almond DJPR DJPR industry Pathogens and other factors contributing to dark staining on AgXtra Pty Ltd Hort Innovation pistachio shells

Understanding and managing insect Ag Dynamics Pty Ltd Hort Innovation pests of pistachios

Walnut owner reimbursement cost Australian Walnut Industry Australian Walnut template Association Industry Association Horticulture – vegetable

A genomic approach to understanding the diversity and DJPR DJPR biology of phytoplasmas threatening vegetable production in Australia

A strategic approach to weed management for the Australian University of New England Hort Innovation vegetable industry

Area wide management of QDAF (lead), University of Hort Innovation, QDAF, vegetable diseases – viruses and Tasmania, NSW DPI, NT DITT, DJPR, WA DPIRD, bacteria DJTR, WA DPIRD University of Tasmania Mark testing Abraxis kit for devitalisation test. Image courtesy of Mark Whattam, PIC@PEQ Image caption 241 242

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) Project title pilot project Peri-urban vegetable biosecurity nematode control Novel approaches for root knot nematology National diagnosticprotocols – industry Minor usepermitsfor theonion glasshouse hydroponic crops Microbial rhizosphere diversity in potato resistance topowdery scabin Mechanisms andmanipulationof in potato nutrition factorsinfluencingpinkrot Investigation thesoilpH and nematodes insweetpotatoes Integrated pestmanagement of Germinate toexterminate zucchini unusual Pseudomonasdiseaseof bacterial crown andfruitrot, an Elucidating theepidemiologyof New Guinea of sweetpotato production inPapua options insupportofintensification Developing improved crop protection Horticulture –vegetable (continued) research Organisation undertakingthe AUSVEG, PIRSA, DJPR, NSWDPI Australian Sweetpotato Growers QDAF, Henderson RDE, Central QueenslandUniversity, DJPR Hort Innovation Future Food Systems Ltd University ofNew England University ofTasmania University ofTasmania QDAF University ofTasmania DJPR Queensland University ofSouthern Charles Sturt University, DAWE Sweetpotato Growers QDAF, Australian SARDI (SPHD) Onions Australia Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Queensland University ofSouthern Queensland University, Growers, Central Australian Sweetpotato Hort Innovation, QDAF, Simplot PtyLtd DJPR Institute (PNG) Agricultural Research (PNG), National Development Agency Fresh Produce Queensland University, PNG-Unitech, Central Charles Sturt University, Southern Queensland, ACIAR, University of Funding source orbody Project title flies (PhD) sexual inhibitioninQueensland fruit Biochemistry ofejaculatemediated cuelure responsiveness alternative approach toreduced fruit fly, andselectionlinesasan ketone supplements for Queensland Benefits andrisksofraspberry officer program Vegetable andpotato biosecurity Liberibacter solanacearum Testing ofcarrot seedfor Candidatus Papua New Guineahighlands production andmarketing inthe Supporting commercial sweetpotato manual for potato producers development ofabiosecurity plan for thepotato industryand Review ofthenationalbiosecurity manual for onionproducers development ofabiosecurity plan for theonionindustryand Review ofthenationalbiosecurity the vegetable industry Review ofthebiosecurityplanfor the sweetpotato industry Review ofthebiosecurityplanfor disease potato industryinvestments Program approach for pestand potato production inIndonesia Potato virusresistance tosupport seeds Polymerase chainreaction testsfor Horticulture –vegetable (continued) Horticulture – multiple crops research Organisation undertakingthe Macquarie University Macquarie University AUSVEG DJPR Sweetpotato Growers Henderson RDE,Australian Research Institute(PNG), (PNG), NationalAgricultural Produce Development Agency University, Enterprises, Fresh QDAF, AustralianNational Central QueenslandUniversity, PHA PHA PHA PHA RMCG Consultancy DJPR DJPR Hort Innovation Program (Austria) Cooperative Research Energy Agency International Atomic AUSVEG DAWE, DJPR ACIAR Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Scholarship La Trobe University DAWE Funding source orbody Table 60. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research Horticulture – multiple crops (continued)

Biotic mortality factors of Australian fruit fly across different regions Western Sydney University ARC (PhD)

Chemical relationships between Queensland fruit flies and their Macquarie University ARC natural enemies (PhD)

Combining SIT in Queensland fruit RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT fly integrated pest management Macquarie University Hort Innovation programs (PhD)

International Atomic Comparisons of new sexing strains Energy Agency

Macquarie University 8: CHAPTER of Queensland fruit fly Cooperative Research Program (Austria)

Contribution RRD4P project – Hort Innovation AgriFutures Australia improving plant pest management

Crop hygiene – hort indexing DJPR Fee for Services

Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus and melon necrotic spot virus DJPR DAWE diagnostic project

Entomology – use of genomic tools to improve molecular diagnostics DJPR DJPR and surveillance of Queensland fruit fly

Essential market access data QDAF Hort Innovation packages

Factors influencing efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum and its interaction with Botrytis cinerea to University of Tasmania BioAust, Hort Innovation improve biological control in horticultural crops

Fruit fly lures from microbial odours Macquarie University ARC (PhD)

Fungal taxonomy – use of genomic tools to differentiate important La Trobe University DJPR fungal pathogens of VIC horticultural Scholarship produce destined for Asian markets

Macadamias. Image courtesy of Tamara Hepburn Image caption 243 Table 60. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research

Horticulture – multiple crops (continued)

Generation of data for pesticide Eurofins DAWE application in horticulture 1

Generation of data for pesticide Peracto Pty Ltd DAWE application in horticulture 2

Genetics of fruit fly thermal PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT Macquarie University Hort Innovation tolerance and pupal colour

Gut bacteria mediated physiology in Macquarie University Hort Innovation Queensland fruit fly (PhD) CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER

Heritability of stress tolerance in Macquarie University Hort Innovation Queensland fruit fly (PhD)

Improving preparedness of the Australian horticultural sector to the NSW DPI, DJPR, WA DPIRD, Hort Innovation threat potentially posed by Xylella QDAF, NZ MPI fastidiosa (a severe biosecurity risk)

Improving the biosecurity preparedness of Australian PHA Hort Innovation horticulture for the exotic spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii)

Industrial transformation training Macquarie University, Western centre – Centre for Fruit Fly Sydney University, Queensland ARC Biosecurity Innovation University of Technology

Interactions of entomopathogens Western Sydney University ARC and Australian fruit fly

Investigate the use of smart traps in Hort Innovation DAWE fruit fly surveillance

Mating frequency of Queensland fruit fly – a potential constraint on Macquarie University Hort Innovation SIT (PhD)

Molecular basis of sexual performance in Queensland fruit Macquarie University ARC fly (PhD) Cauliflowers. Image courtesy of Madeleine Quirk, AUSVEG

244 Image caption Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) production 2 Post-factory pilot of SITPlusfly production 1 Hort Innovation Post factory pilot ofSITplus fly DJPR, University ofQueensland Planthoppers inCixiidae Plant pestsurveillance project flies andassociatedbacteria(PhD) Olfactory relationship between fruit significance tools for insect pestsofbiosecurity New integrated pestmanagement program coordinator National tomatopotato psyllid zebra chipsurveillance National tomatopotato psyllid and NFFC, PHA National Fruit FlyCouncil –phaseIII Xylella vectors National diagnosticprotocols – Medfly R&DCentre) Mediterranean fruitfly(Australian disinfestation research on National centre for post-harvest summerfruit industry National biosecurityplanfor the phase II managing Australiantree crops – Multi-scale monitoringtoolsfor Project title Horticulture –multiplecrops (continued) SARDI, NSWDPI,PFRA Macquarie University, DJPR, Macquarie University NSW DPI Macquarie University DJPR AUSVEG SARDI WA DPIRD(led),NTDITT, DJPR, DJPR, WA DPIRD Murdoch University PHA NT DITT, QDAF Central QueenslandUniversity, University ofNew England, research Organisation undertakingthe NSW DPI,PFRA University, DJPR, SARDI, Hort Innovation, Maquarie Hort Innovation DEE ARC DJPR Hort Innovation SARDI Hort Innovation, DJPR, governments Hort Innovation, state PHA (SPHD) Ltd, QDAF, WA DPIRD Consultancy Services Pty Hort Innovation, Kalang AgriFutures Australia, Hort Innovation DPI Association, QDAF, NSW Medical Informatics NT DITT, American Queensland University, farming, Central New England,Tieup Imaging, University of DAWE RRD4P, Ceres Horticulture Innovation, Funding source orbody hmclmnruepri eerhQDAF Chemical minoruse permitresearch initiative leadership structuraldevelopment Australian teatree industry the olive industry management extension program for An integrated pestanddisease Drosophila strain dynamicsinAustralian Wolbachia endosymbionts –novel so many polyphagous fruitflies? The evolution ofgeneralism–why Process Strategic Agrichemical Review concept SITplus production facility–proof of SIT toworld standard SITplus –raisingQueenslandfruitfly factory pilot operation2 fruit flysterileinsecttechnique SITplus –Port AugustaQueensland Queensland fruitflystrain temperature-sensitive-lethal, production ofamale-only, SITplus –developing andoptimising species for useinSITplus Sex selectiongenesfrom fruitfly using nearinfrared spectroscopy Sex determination offruitflypupa solanacearum Sampling for Candidatus Liberibacter (PhD) Queensland fruitflymass-rearing Quality control procedures for incursions ofDrosophila suzukii Potential ofgenedrives toeliminate Project title Horticulture –multiplecrops (continued) PHA Hort Innovation Western Sydney University ARC University ofMelbourne Technology Queensland University of AGK Services Hort Innovation Western Sydney University Macquarie University University PIRSA, Western Sydney SARDI Macquarie University James Cook University SARDI ARC Macquarie University University ofMelbourne research Organisation undertakingthe Horticulture – other DAWE ARC Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Sydney University Hort Innovation, Western Hort Innovation Hort Innovation QDAF Hort Innovation Hort Innovation AgriFutures Australia Funding source orbody

245 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 246

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) Guinea andAustralia coffee berry borer inPapua New Protecting thecoffee industryfrom industry research services for themushroom Pest and diseasemanagement and phytophagous mitesonturfgrass Integrated pestmanagement of industry againstpestsanddiseases Improving gingertofuture proof the (Ustilago cynodontis) inturf disease management ofcouch smut Improved capacityfor integrated detection inseedgingerstock Ginger ninja–automatingdisease project Ginger extension coordination Australian teatree industry Enhanced market agilityfor the farmers inwest Africa Disease diagnosticsfor smallcocoa of poppy system for systemic downy mildew Development ofariskmanagement for theteatree industry Development ofabiosecurityplan for Australianmushrooms Development ofabiosecurityplan tolerance todrought (PhD) pepper for resistance todiebackand Developing toolstoscreen native Project title Horticulture –other(continued) QDAF University ofTasmania IPM Technologies AgriFutures Australia Hort Innovation University oftheSunshineCoast University ofQueensland Technology Queensland University of Association Australian GingerIndustry Southern Cross University University ofQueensland University ofTasmania PHA PHA University ofTasmania research Organisation undertakingthe ACIAR Hort Innovation Hort Innovation AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia Tree IndustryAssociation University, AustralianTea CRC, SouthernCross Vice-Chancellor) (Office oftheDeputy University ofQueensland USDA Tasmanian Alkaloids, SunPharm Aus, Growers Tasmania, ARC, DPIPWE,Poppy Industry Association Australia Tea Tree Hort Innovation Diemen Pepper Funding source orbody species mitigation planfor AustralianAcacia Developing anenvironmental risk communities grasslands, threatened ecological (Vachellia farnesiana) innatural Control options for Mimosa bush unique flora disease threatening Australia’s Combating myrtle rust,anew identifying key ecological processes Colonisation by alienmicrobiota – WA Boneseed invasion management in plants surveillance ofhighriskinvasive Application ofremote sensing for for invasive insectspecies flowers andtheirrole asapathway SouthernCross University mitigation ofimportedfresh cut The biosecurityriskand Tea tree breeding program 2 cropping systems. Site-specific weed control for ginger plantations management inteatree oil Scoping studyofsustainableweed plantations management inteatree oil Scoping studyofintegrated pest the Pacific Islands diversity for improving livelihoods in Safeguarding anddeploying coconut the gingerindustry Review ofthebiosecurityplanfor Project title Horticulture –other(continued) PHA University ofQueensland University ofSydney ARC Western Sydney University Catchments Council CSIRO, WAAA, SouthWest DJPR Murdoch University AgriFutures Australia University ofSydney University ofNew England ACIAR QDAF Pacific Community (SPC) PHA research Organisation undertakingthe Natural environment DAWE Services North West Local Land Heritage Office ofEnvironment and Foundation, NZIPFR,NSW Australian Flora Industry Association, ARC, AustralianTea Tree WA DPIRD DJPR Murdoch University AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia Industry Association Australian Tea Tree Agrifutures Australia, Funding source orbody Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) composition andecological function psidii) infection oncommunity Impact ofmyrtle rust(Austropuccinia Lake Mulwala Impact ofdraw-down on Egeria in ecosystems Myrtaceae andassociated on regeneration offire damaged Fire andrust–impactofmyrtle rust critically endangered Australiantaxa novel control for myrtle rustin Exploration ofRNAivaccines asa pests anddiseases country andtoprotect country from monitoring capacitytocare for biosecurity surveillance and Expanding Indigenouscommunities' Island) unique ecosystems onK’gari (Fraser biosecurity capacitytoprotect our Expanding environmental plants Evolution ofchemicalwarfare in Island priority weed incursiononKing Eradication ofinkweed, anew a culturalcontext Environmental biosecurity–adding Rainforest ecosystems with World Heritage Gondwana subtropical rainforests associated and culturallysignificant lowland rainforest Myrtaceae inecologically assess theimpactsofmyrtle ruston Enhancing community capacityto channels Egeria containment inirrigation associated communities mitigation planfor mangroves and Developing anenvironmental risk Project title Natural environment (continued) Technology Queensland University of University ofQueensland, DJPR QDAF APBSF University ofQueensland APBSF Charles DarwinUniversity QDAF Monash University Management Group King IslandNaturalResource APBSF Butchulla LandandSeaRangers NSW DPI DJPR PHA research Organisation undertakingthe APBSF Water Corporation, DJPR Goulburn Murray Rural APBSF APBSF ARC Program National Landcare APBSF Water Corporation, DJPR Goulburn Murray Rural DAWE Funding source orbody program WA bitoumanagement –eradication Myrtaceae resistance tomyrtle rustacross the the identification ofinnate Using metabolites asbiomarkers for attack onrainforest plant health The role ofdrought stress and insect impacted jarrahforest (PhD) Restoration ofPhytophthora against exotic strainsofmyrtle rust Proactive pre-border vigilance dry forest ecosystems tri-trophic community structures in Plant invasions asadriver of susceptibility tomyrtle rust Plant epidemiology –host field implementation parasitic plant, from laboratoryto for weed control usinganative Plant ecophysiology –prospecting Wollemi pine Phosphonate barkpainting of ecological restoration andresilience Optimising plant populationsfor and testingpreparedness Myrtle rustinWA –surveillance plan Project title Natural environment (continued) CSIRO APBSF Western Sydney University University James Cook University, Griffith Murdoch University QDAF Monash University Technology Queensland University of University ofAdelaide Environment andHeritage Trust, NSWOffice of Royal Botanic Gardens Domain ARC University ofNew SouthWales Murdoch University research Organisation undertakingthe Fremantle Port Authority ARC Shire ofMundaring APBSF Australia Ecological Society of APBSF Management Boards Basin NaturalResources Australian Murray Darling Lofty Ranges,South Fund, Adelaide andMount Lirabenda Endowment Nature Foundation SA, SA, DEWNRSA, PIRSA, ARC, SA Water, Forestry Botanic Garden Sydney Environment, Royal Planning and NSW Department of APBSF Funding source orbody

247 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 248

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) disease Control ofTeratosphaeria leaf biosecurity drivers andmitigation for industry's Biological invasions inforestry – (BiCEP) alliance Biological Control ofEucalypt Pests agents againstforest pests and development ofbiocontrol A modelsystem for thediscovery production assessing biosecurityinnursery Resourcing, supportingand program sustainability plant production National biosecurityand biosecurity planreview andupdate Production nurseryindustry biosecurity engagement measures Greenlife IndustryAustralia biosecurity program National nurseryindustry pyrethrum Integrated diseasemanagement in industry the biosecurityofnursery tospoviruses andthripstoenhance Improving surveillance strategiesfor nursery industry Improving pestmanagement for the industry Australian production nursery biosecurity capacityofthe Building theresilience andon-farm production industryproject capacity inAustralia’s nursery Building plant healthsurveillance Project title Research Consortium Forest Pest Management University ofthe SunshineCoast University ofthe SunshineCoast University oftheSunshineCoast QDAF GIA PHA GIA GIA University ofTasmania QDAF, Agribio Agriculture andFood Innovation, Queensland Alliance for GIA QDAF GIA research Organisation undertakingthe Plantation forests Nursery crops of theSunshineCoast FWPA, DAWE, University HQP USC, FWPA, PHA,NSCC, Advance Qld(DITID), DAF, Sunshine Coast, QDAF Portugal, University ofthe South Africa, CELPA IPEF Brazil,Forestry Tasmania NSW DPI,Forestry of theSunshineCoast, FWPA, DAWE, University Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation DAWE Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation DAWE Funding source orbody Project title venoms novel biopesticides from arachnid Be(e) friendly venomous spiders – pollinators important agriculturalinsect A world without bees–simulating research andextension management group –applied The industryplantation program field strainprompts urgent review of Sirex biocontrol –cryptic nematode network insouth-eastAsia Scoping for aforest biosecurity review Plantation forests biosecurityplan surveillance program National forestry biosecurity forest pestsurveillance Mobile applicationstosupportexotic Vietnam plantation diseasesinIndonesiaand Management strategiesfor Acacia HVPlantations Giant pine scalechemicalcontrol (PhD) Giant pine scalebiologyandecology for useinplantations alternative weed control strategies Development ofaportfolio of high-risk areas pest surveillance capacityin Developing exotic forest andtree Plantation forests (continued) research Organisation undertakingthe nvriyo uesadARC University ofQueensland Monash University WA Plantation Resources WA Plantation Resources FABI University oftheSunshineCoast, University ofTasmania University oftheSunshineCoast, PHA University oftheSunshineCoast, PHA DPJR, DPIPWE,NSWDPI,QDAF PHA, WA DPIRD, PIRSA, NTDPIR, Development Agency (Indonesia) (Indonesia), Forest Research and Gadjah MadaUniversity of Forest Sciences (Vietnam), NSW DPI,Vietnamese Academy University oftheSunshineCoast, University ofTasmania, La Trobe University University ofSouthAustralia QDAF DPIR, DPJR, DPIPWE,NSWDPI, University ofSouthAustralia,NT PHA, WA DPIRD, PIRSA, Pollinators ARC Coast University oftheSunshine Coordination Committee, FWPA, NationalSirex Sunshine Coast ACIAR, University ofthe FWPA Paper) Competitiveness White DAWE (Agricultural FWPA, DAWE ACIAR companies) Products Association(16 FWPA, AustralianForest Australia University ofSouth Collaborative Fund, FWPA, Grower FWPA, DAWE companies) Products Association(16 FWPA, AustralianForest Funding source orbody Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) products Chain ofcustodyfor honey bee Bee pollinationprojects surveillance Improving Asianhoney bee collapse detection ofmalnutritionandcolony Honey beenutrition–early University ofWestern Australia grant Honey beeindustrydevelopment Honey beediseasediagnostics horticultural pollinationservices Healthy beepopulationsfor production inAustralia pollination services for almond Enhancing andsafeguarding surveillance program Enhanced nationalbeepest in honey bees Diagnostics for Americanfoulbrood native bees risk mitigationplanfor Australian Development ofanenvironmental Australia improved honey beegenetics to of protocols toenableimportationof Development andimplementation bee pestsurveillance program of aportalsolutionfor thenational Development andimplementation program national beepestsurveillance surveillance network withinthe a honey beevirusdiagnostic Development andestablishment of honey bees Context dependent flower choice in Project title Pollinators (continued) etr ynyUiest Syngenta Australia University ofWestern Australia Western Sydney University of agriculture, PHA State andterritorydepartments University ofWestern Australia BQUAL Hort Innovation Western Sydney Olam International PtyLtd University Western Sydney University PHA University ofWestern Australia PHA CSIRO Soda Strategic CSIRO University ofSydney research Organisation undertakingthe PHA (DAWE) Products CRC for Honey Bee AgriFutures Australia Products CRC for Honey Bee DAWE Grain Producers Australia, Hort Innovation, AHBIC, for Honey BeeProducts) (managed through CRC Agrifutures Australia DAWE Hort Innovation PHA (DAWE) PHA ARC Products CRC for Honey Bee Funding source orbody bee pestsurveillance program as partoftheoverarching national deployment ofremote catchboxes Refinement, development and website Redevelopment ofthePortBees in aninvasive socialinsect Rapid evolution viagenetic novelty bees analysing gutbacteriainhealthy Probiotic development for bees– maintenance Portal website supportand Pollination harmony program enhancements PHA National beepestsurveillance National beebiosecurityprogram glasshouses andpolytunnels Multi-point honeybee monitoringin program implementation into abeebreeding disease resistance and Molecular marker identification for Managing fliesfor crop pollination chalkbrood outbreaks inAustralia Investigating factorsthatinfluence in pollination Improving thehealthofhives used Australia better understandingbeehealthin Improving biosecurityresources and technology long-range communication communication usinglow-power, Remote beehive health Project title Pollinators (continued) Queensland University ofSouthern MTP Services University ofSydney University ofCanberra MTP Services University ofWestern Australia PHA Monash University University ofWestern Australia England University, University ofNew WAAA, Western Sydney CSIRO University ofAdelaide PHA University ofWestern Australia research Organisation undertakingthe PHA (DAWE PHA (DAWE) ARC AgriFutures Australia DAWE Grain Producers Australia, Hort Innovation, AHBIC, Products CRC for Honey Bee DAWE AgriFutures Australia Products CRC for Honey Bee Hort Innovation AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia AHBIC Products CRC for Honey Bee Funding source orbody )

249 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research Pollinators (continued) Review and update standard operating procedures for bee PHA PHA (DAWE) surveillance

Review of the biosecurity plan for PHA PHA honey bee levy the honey bee industry

Hort Innovation, AHBIC, Review of the national bee pest Biosecurity Advisory Service Grain Producers Australia,

PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT surveillance program DAWE Hort Innovation, University of Sydney, University of Adelaide, University of New CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER England, Australian National University, WA DPIRD, SA Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, O’Connor NRM, Native Vegetation Council, Trees for Life, CSIRO, Lucerne Australia, South Australia Apiarist Association, Securing pollination for productive Apple and Pear Growers agriculture – guidelines for effective Association of South AgriFutures Australia pollinator management and Australia, Costa Group, stakeholder adoption Australian Melon Association, Australian Mango Industry Association, Terrestrial Ecosystems Research Network, Greening Australia, Almond Board of Australia, Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board, Natural Resource Northern and Yorke, Raspberries and Blackberries Australia

Stingless bees as effective managed Western Sydney University Hort Innovation pollinators for Australian horticulture

Strengthening and enabling effective PFRNZ Hort Innovation pollination for Australia The mechanisms underlying crop pollinator effectiveness in University of New England ARC agro-ecosystems Image courtesy of Madeleine Quirk, AUSVEG 250 Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) (PhD) and response toachangingclimate Tropical crop pollination,productivity sustainable agriculture? Can naturalgenedrives beparts of new diagnostictests capability todevelop andvalidate Building in-housemolecular and enhancement Biosecurity network coordination Science Innovations inPeptide andProtein ARC Centre ofExcellence for invertebrate speciesidentification Application ofDArT technologyfor compound discovery biosensors andomics-guided protection through plant immune- Advancing microbe assistedcrop Health event coordinator 2020 International Year ofPlant Health 2020 International Year ofPlant Varroa mitehostswitch Project title Pollinators (continued) James Cook University CSIRO QDAF, DAWE PHA University ofQueensland Murdoch University CSIRO Hort Innovation Hort Innovation ARC Australian NationalUniversity research Organisation undertakingthe Unknown crop CSIRO DAWE DAWE Ltd, Zealand Pharma Washington, Vapourtec of Tokyo, University of Southampton, University University of University ofOxford, Urbana-Champaign, University ofIllinoisat Nordisk, Questacon, Plants PtyLtd, Novo of Technology, Nexgen Massachusetts Institute Innovate Ag PtyLtd, CSIRO, Hexima Ltd, Bioplatforms Australia, Therapeutics PtyLtd, Group, AstraZeneca, Beta Australia PtyLtd, Almac Hospital, ABSciex ARC, BostonChildren’s Chevron (USA) CSIRO Australia, WineAustralia Innovation, AgriFutures CRDC, GRDC,Hort All plant RDCs,PBRI,PHA Mars Incorporated Funding source orbody caterpillar parasitoids (PhD) ), akey group of microgastrine wasps (: Systematics ofAustralian genes dynamics ofinsecticideresistance Sexual conflict andevolutionary Remote sensing approach toboostcrop immunity Profiling theprofiler –anovel activities diagnostics andsurveillance National plant biosecurity biosecurity risks to improve management of Investigating novel pesttreatments hunt biosecurity surveillance scavenger International Year ofPlant Health – engagement withAustralia implications for bilateralbiosecurity responses toCovid-19 – Indonesia’s decentralised andlocal against below-ground herbivory? communities affect plant defences How dodifferent mycorrhizal fungal competition 2020 schools ‘plant health’ science Hermitage Research Facility – MPI analysis practice riskanalysis approaches in improve uptake andimpactofbest Harnessing pastandnew work to peptides post-translationally modified Fungal ribosomallysynthesised and insect pests approaches for effective control of Developing host-delivered RNAi effective weed management Catalysing collective actionfor Project title Unknown crop (continued) University ofAdelaide ARC University ofMelbourne Hort Innovation CSIRO PHA Steritech, DAWE NSW DPI Foundation Indonesian Biosecurity Queensland University ofSouthern QDAF England CEBRA, University ofNew ARC University ofWestern Australia ARC CSIRO University ofWollongong research Organisation undertakingthe University ofAdelaide DAWE CSIRO DAWE DAWE APBSF APBSF Science Australian Academy of APBSF NZMPI, CEBRA CSIRO Funding source orbody

251 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 252

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) formulation the useofaTrichoderma The control offungalpathogensby peptide cyclisation Understanding themechanismsof nanopore sequencing diagnostic outcomes usingMinION Trialling more accurate border manage pestfruitfliesinAustralia A nationalbiocontrol program to gardens andarboreta surveillance inAustralianbotanic Establishing aprogram ofplant pest and spraying ofHarrisiacactus techniques for automaticdetection Applying new imagerecognition trial management AgVet minoruseaccess grants – AgVet access grants 2018 for control ofrangelandweeds Advancing splattergun technology industry resilient citiesandsafeguard rural understand emerging risks,support foundational approach to Urban plant biosecurity–usinga suppression peri-urban Mediterranean fruitfly Strengthening theweakest linkin biosecurity surveillance learning applicationsfor urbanforest Remote sensingandmachine Project title Unknown crop (continued) Western Sydney University nvriyo uesadARC University ofQueensland QDAF, DAWE DJPR PHA Cropping Land Services, Warrakirri University, North West Local Autoweed PtyLtd, JamesCook AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia AgAware Consulting PtyLtd AgAware Consulting PtyLtd QDAF, University ofQueensland Cesar Australia Biosecurity Group WA DPIRD, Peel Harvey University ofWestern Australia, NSW DPI research Organisation undertakingthe Urban andamenity Multiple DAWE Resources Science, Energy and Department ofIndustry, Neutrog AustraliaPtyLtd, DAWE DAWE DAWE APBSF APBSF APBSF DAWE Funding source orbody management –stage2 Biocontrol research for weed initiative –phase VI Australian herbicideresistance initiative –phaseV Australian herbicideresistance AUSPestCheck™ trial hyperspectral andthermalimagery early diseasedetection using Artificial intelligence methods for economic opportunity weed management, socialand systems weeds, investigating the Area widemanagement for cropping crop protection ARC research hubfor sustainable productivity anddiseaseprevention ARC research hubfor drivingfarming Project title CSIRO GRDC University ofWestern Australia GRDC University ofWestern Australia PHA University ofMelbourne University ofQueensland CSIRO, University ofAdelaide, University ofQueensland Monash University research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) Environmental Trust DAWE DAWE AgriFutures Australia GRDC (RRD4P), CRDC, California (Riverside) Tasmania, University of University, University of University, LaTrobe University, Curtin Institute, AUSVEG, Griffith Australian WineResearch DPI, WineAustralia, Innovation, QDAF, NSW CRDC, GRDC,Hort ARC, NufarmLimited, ARC Funding source orbody Table 60. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research Multiple (continued) AgriFutures Australia, GRDC, CSIRO, DJPR, NSW DPI, QDAF, PIRSA, Seqwater, Shire of Ravensthorpe, NSW Weed Biocontrol Taskforce, North West Local Land Services, NSW DPE, Bundaberg Regional Council, Gladstone Regional Council, RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT HQPlantations, Goulburn– Murray Water Corporation, Biocontrol solutions for sustainable Meridian Agriculture, CSIRO, Murrumbidgee Irrigation management of weed impacts to NSW DPI, QDAF, DJPR, Hot Tin

Ltd, Coleambally Irrigation 8: CHAPTER agriculture Roof Communications Cooperative, Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority, Murray Local Land Services, USDA Agricultural Research Service (USA), Australian Biological Control Laboratory, Wyong Shire Council, NSW National Parks Service, Central Murray County Council, Murrumbidgee Landcare Inc, NQ Dry Tropics CSIRO, Meat and Livestock Biological control of blackberry DJPR Australia, DJPR Biological control of crop pests using WA Department of Jobs, next-generation precision Murdoch University Tourism, Science and biopesticides for horticultural and Innovation broadacre agriculture FWPA, DJPR, ADK Softwoods, The Trust Company ANZOF Sub 1, Hancock Vic Plantations Pty Ltd, Forestry SA, Norske Skog, Forestry Corporation of NSW, ACT Biological control of giant pine scale DJPR, CABI, Hellenic Agricultural Parks Conservation and in Australia Organization (Demeter) , Green Triangle Forest Operating Sub Trust, HQ Plantations Pty Ltd, OneFortyOne Plantations, Hume Forests, Green Triangle Forest Products, Forest Products Commission Image courtesy of Madeleine Quirk, AUSVEG 253 254

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) Mediterranean fruitflydata Curate andprepare WA Indonesia cropping systems incoastal management ofshallot-chilli-rice Crop healthandnutrient Cotton bushweed management control options ofRutherglen bug and future chemicalandbiological Consultative review ofpast,current sensitivity analysis scheme –continuous samplingplan Compliance basedinspection and key management areas overseas datatoidentify difference Australia andcomparison with Mediterranean fruitflydataacross Collation andanalysis of crops for non-transgenic modificationof Clay nanoparticle-facilitated RNAi armyworm) Spodoptera frugiperda (fall Australia's ongoingmanagement of Boosting nationalinterest R&Dfor production industries Boosting diagnosticsfor plant plant production industries Boosting diagnosticcapacityfor industry action inthefreight andlogistics Boosting biosecurityawareness and nightshade Biological control ofsilverleaf grass withleafsmutfungi Biological control ofgiant ratstail Project title Murdoch University ACIAR University ofQueensland South West Catchments Council CSIRO, WA Agriculture Authority, Australia Network PtyLtd Independant Consultants England CEBRA, University ofNew Aghort Solutions ARC University ofQueensland PHA GRDC Western Sydney University AUSVEG, SRA, Lincoln University NT DITT, NZIPFR,PHA,SARDI, Cesar Australia,CSIRO, DPIPWE, BioProtection Research NZ, Regional NSW, QDAF, DJPR, WA DPIRD, Department of NSW DPI QDAF DJPR University ofQueensland research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) DAWE WA DPIRD GRDC DAWE, CEBRA DAWE DAWE NZIPFR, PHA,SARDI CSIRO, DPIPWE,NTDITT, Lincoln, Cesar Australia, DJPR, BioProtection DPIRD, NSWDPI,QDAF, GRDC (RRD4P), CRDC,WA APBSF PIRSA, GRDC AgriFutures Australia, DAWE (RRD4P), Funding source orbody exotic invasive ant species trapping solutionfor detection of Development ofaninnovative taxa of Ceratocystis fimbriataandrelated diagnostic protocol for identification Development ofanational the genusCoptotermes diagnostic protocol for termitesin Development ofanational herbicides and manageresistance tokey Developing strategiestomitigate technologies management toolsusinggene Developing self-sustaining weed maps for priorityplant pests Developing scientifically robust risk strategies inmonitoringandcontrol of myrtle rustdiseasetofacilitate Developing molecularfingerprinting weeds usingdisparatedatasources of establishedvertebrate pestsand distribution, abundance andimpact Developing methods toinfer the key Asianmarkets biosecurity requirements toaccess approach for meeting AM17001 Developing anationalsystems pearls inpasture dieback Determining therole ofground farming systems barley grassinthelow rainfallzone management strategiestocontrol implementation ofintegrated weed Demonstrating andvalidating the in thePilbara transformer weed (Passiflora foetida) benefits by controlling athreatening Delivering broad conservation Project title NT DITT PHA(DAWE) University ofQueensland NT DITT University ofAdelaide CSIRO APBSF University ofMelbourne (CEBRA) Western Sydney University CSIRO, ABARES, DAWE CSIRO University ofQueensland University ofAdelaide Wildlife CSIRO, Department ofParks and research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) DAWE PHA (DAWE) GRDC CSIRO DAWE ABARES, DAWR Hort Innovation Australia Meat andLivestock GRDC and Attractions Biodiversity, Conservation Department of Funding source orbody Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) tools Development ofsmartsurveillance AUSPestCheck Enhance thecapabilityofuse retention coating –from drop impactto Engineering better sprays for leaf rigidum Australian majorweed Lolium Elucidating trifluralinresistance in against plant pathogenicfungi Efficacy ofabiocontrol agent against fruitflies bromide disinfestation treatments Efficacy datatosupportmethyl WA grainbelt control –aworkshop seriesfor the Early andeffective summerweed integrity across value chains Driving food safety culture and broadacre graincrops for SA Disease management strategiesin for NationalPriorityPlant Pests Diagnostic surge capacitysimulators Project title Phytophthora inNSW Forging aneffective fight against Field surveillance capability Farm biosecurityprogram sensitivities andgenetic make-up Fall armyworm insecticide peptides Evaluation ofinsecticidalspider establishment marmorated stinkbugriskof Estimating worldwide brown surveillance data TM incollating DJPR nvriyo e ot ae ARC University ofNew SouthWales ARC,NuFarm Australia University ofWestern Australia Monash University QDAF AGRONOMO DJPR University ofAdelaide Group) SPHD (Surge CapacityWorking research Organisation undertakingthe Environment andHeritage Trust, NSW Office of Royal Botanic Gardens Domain DJPR PHA, AHA UniQuestPtyLtd CSIRO University ofQueensland University ofMelbourne (CEBRA) PHA Multiple (continued) Nutrifield PtyLtd DAWE GRDC DJPR GRDC PHA (DAWE) DJPR Heritage of Environment and Domain Trust, NSWOffice Royal Botanic Gardens DAWE PHA, AHA Agriscience FMC Australasia,Corteva GRDC (lead),ACIAR, CRDC, DAWE DAWE Funding source orbody amenity andenvironmental pests consequence assessment of Improving the methodology for high-throughput sequencing more accurate diagnosticsusing new genetics through fasterand Improving plant industryaccess to Pacific Islands Improving plant biosecurityinthe diseases incitrus biosecurity for graft-transmissible Improving diagnosticsand biosecurity planning Improving implementation of using next-generation sequencing Improving access tonew germplasm in theinternational mailpathway associated withseedinterceptions Improved profiling ofrisks surveillance system Implementation ofamulti-target for agriculture iMapPESTS –sentinel surveillance using endemicpathogens Giant rats tailgrassbiologicalcontrol General surveillance Project title University ofNew England University ofMelbourne (CEBRA), Technology, DAWE, DJPR, NZMPI Queensland University of Consultants Agrisystems Protection Fund, Biosecurityand Development Initiative, Crawford Pacific Agribusiness Research for Agricultural Market Access, Pacific Horticultural and Consultancy, Pacific NPPOs, Kalang Consulting, Magee Auscitrus Queensland (QAAFI), WA DPIRD, NSW DPI,University of PHA Technology DJPR, QueenslandUniversity of University ofMelbourne (CEBRA) Murdoch University UK), DJPR, CSIRO, WA DPIRD Rothamsted Research Limited, (Burkard Scientific Limited,UK), Queensland (via CRDC),SARDI AUSVEG, SRA, University of each subproject) –PHA, Eight service providers (one for CSIRO, QDAF CSIRO research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) DAWE Hort Innovation, DAWE ACIAR, DAWE Hort Innovation DAWE Technology Queensland University of Hort Innovation, DJPR, DAWE Chevron (USA) WA DPIRD (UK), GIA,DAWE (RRD4P), Manufacturing Company (UK), Burkard Rothamsted Research DJPR, CSIRO, NZPFR, FWPA, CRDC,SARDI, Australia, Wine SRA, GRDC,AgriFutures Hort Innovation, PHA, QDAF DAWE Funding source orbody

255 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 256

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) of regional focus paddocks and establishment andmonitoring coordination ofworkshop material northern grainsregion – Managing weeds intheGRDC Locally important weeds fastidiosa field deployable testtodetect Xylella Investigating arapid,accurate and certification assurance scheme Interstate tradereform –interstate Australian leafblotch minermoths Integrated taxonomic revision of for Parkinsonia development ofadditionalagents Integrated management and chemical sensitivities in red leggedearthmiteand Insecticide resistance management absence remote sensingfor presence or Innovative technologiesproject – spore trapcontents and next generationsequencingon surveillance usingmetabarcoding Innovative plant pathogen northern region cropping systems Innovative crop weed control for ant eradication Innovative BioClay platform for fire Biosecurity Innovation centre –Centre for Fruit Fly Industrial transformation training systems high break crop intensity farming Improving weed management in Project title Local Land Services WA DPIRD QDAF, DAWE PHA CSIRO Australia, DJPR GRDC CSIRO, Meat andLivestock University ofMelbourne CSIRO DJPR QDAF University ofSydney University ofQueensland Macquarie University CSIRO, Macquarie University SARDI research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) GRDC GRDC DAWE governments DAWE, stateandterritory DAWE Australia Meat andLivestock DAWE Scholarship La Trobe University GRDC GRDC Funding source orbody whiteflies protecting crops from aphids and New horizons withBioClay – applications National working partyonpesticide – genotype prediction toolbox National tree genomicsprogram microbiology National diagnosticprotocols – – entomology National diagnosticprotocols insecticide resistance risk management ofoutbreak and forecasting andadaptive Monitoring diamondbackmoth for national diseasesurveillance Molecular DiagnosticCentre – – powdery mildews (PhD) market access into Asianmarkets pathogen herbariumtosupport specimens intheVictorianplant Molecular characterisationof disease Melons Australia and immunitytoFusarium wilt Molecular basisfor susceptibility Melon biosecuritychampions for soil-bornediseasecontrol Manipulating plant root exudation Project title plan 1 weed biocontrol, implementation New South Wales Trust –stage3 University ofQueensland PHA Hort Innovation Western Sydney University DJPR DJPR SARDI SARDI DJPR DJPR, LaTrobe University ARC Australian NationalUniversity University ofTasmania research Organisation undertakingthe Trust CSIRO, NSW Environmental Multiple (continued) Innovation Technology and of Science Information Queensland Department Association ofAustralia SRA, Aerial Application Wine Australia,CRDC, CropLife Australia,GRDC, SARDI (SPHD) SARDI (SPHD) GRDC GRDC ARC DAWE Funding source orbody Trust NSW Environmental Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) viroids entry quarantine plant virusand Next-generation sequencing–post plan 2 weed biocontrol, implementation New SouthWales Trust –stage 3 surveillance community ofpractice for general biosecurity network –pilot Peri-urban environmental fruit fliesinAustralia Parasitoids for themanagement of and advisers management for western growers Paddock level herbicideresistance plants asentry pathways for viruses Ornamental andAsianvegetable training andawareness resources Online plant healthsurveillance virus protection Novel tropical vegetable andcotton marmorated stinkbug and sensitive detection ofbrown Novel technologiestoassistrapid crop diseases Novel technologiesfor control of biosecurity engagement plan Non-English speakinggrowers Project title Technology Queensland University of NSWEnvironmental Trust CSIRO, NSWEnvironmental Trust NSW DPI DJPR GRDC University ofWestern Australia APBSF University ofQueensland Hort Innovation PHA University ofQueensland PFRNZ Farmers' Federation, EnviroDNA, Cesar Australia,Victorian CSIRO NT Farmers' Association research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) DAWE Hort Innovation DAWE Wine Australia Hort Innovation, PFRNZ, CSIRO DAWE DAWE Funding source orbody weeds withsmartphasefarming maximising crops andminimising Post doctoral fellowship – Portable, in-field pathogen detection systems (Spodoptera frugiperda ) management innorthernfarming Podcasts for fallarmyworm agriculture inMyanmar achieving sustainable'green' Plant health–amajorchallengeto flora Plant breeding –Australiannative – phaseII Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative Projects ledby individualRDCs Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative them where they doandhow tocontrol Pilot workshops – why weeds grow fungi inAustralia Phylogenomic classificationofrust distribution ofAustralia's fruitflies Phenology, demography and PHA Pest andDiseaseImageLibrary Project title nvriyo etr utai GRDC University ofWestern Australia DJPR CRDC CABI (Malaysia) Kings Park andBotanic Garden Projects ledby individualRDCs Planfarm PtyLtd University ofQueensland DPIR, PIRSA DPI, VICDJPR, WA DPIRD, NT University ofTechnology, NSW QDAF (led),Queensland research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) DJPR GRDC ACIAR sources Various external funding SRA, WineAustralia RRDC, DAWE, GRDC,HLA, Australia, CRDC,Council of PHA, AgriFutures Hort Innovation, FWPA, GRDC DAWE DAWE Australia, FWPA SRA, AgriFutures GRDC, WineAustralia, Hort Innovation, CRDC, DAWE Funding source orbody

257 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 258

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) (pesticides) Regulatory support andcoordination biosecurity (Indonesia) Regional master classesinplant implementation Reference collections strategy using biocontrol agents European wasp (Vespula germanica ) established pestsincludingthe Re-evaluating management of food-borne outbreak surveillance Real-time phylogenetics for vegetable leafminer eradication andpreparedness for RD&E program for control, biosecurity threats Rapid diagnosticsfor major table Putting new herbicidetargets onthe shared responsibility for biosecurity Protecting Australia’s food future – – output2 armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) Prevention andpreparedness for fall – output1 armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) Prevention andpreparedness for fall Indian drywood termite Prevention andcontrol ofWest Project title AKC Consulting Lovett Associates DJPR University ofNew England University ofMelbourne (CEBRA), ARC University ofTechnology Sydney University ofMelbourne, PHA AUSVEG, Cesar Australia,NAQS, SARDI, Macquarie University ARC University ofWestern Australia University ofTasmania CSIRO Cesar Australia QDAF research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) Hort Innovation APBSF PHA DAWE, CEBRA Hort Innovation DAWE ARC GRDC GRDC QDAF Funding source orbody cropping districts Summer weed survey ofWA new modesofactionfor herbicides Structure based investigations into plans Streamlining plant pestcontingency environment awareness intheAustralian delicatula) biology, ecology and Spotted lanternfly (Lycorma Smart surveillance tools detection retrieval for rapidplant disease Single modelirregular region weeds DJPR Seed bankbiologyofemerging CSIRO Scoping studyfor VirusCurateAU RNAi technologyfor pestcontrol pathogens crop protection againstfungal RNA vaccines for next generation Plant Biosecurity Strategy implementation oftheNational strategies tosupport Review anddevelopment ofnational ants Response procedures for invasive Pacific Islands disease threats tohorticulture inthe Responding toemerging pestand populations ofmyrtle rust genotypic diversity inAustralian and detection ofgenetic and Resolution ofdiseaseepidemiology Project title AGRONOMO ARC University ofWestern Australia DJPR Cesar Australia DJPR Griffith University University ofAdelaide University ofQueensland PHA ACIAR BSASP PtyLtd University ofQueensland APBSF University ofQueensland(QAAFI) research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) GRDC DAWE PBRI, APBSF, DAWE Paper) Competitiveness White DAWE (Agricultural ARC GRDC Development Tourism Industry Department ofInnovation, Queensland Government Paper) Competitiveness White DAWE (Agricultural DAWE DAWE CSIRO Funding source orbody Table 60. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research

Multiple (continued)

SPHD (Surge Capacity Working Surge capacity simulation model PHA (SPHD) Group) Systematics of the chalcid wasp Psyllaephagus (Hymenoptera: University of Adelaide, University of Adelaide Encyrtidae), parasitoids of lerp DAWE insects

Tackling pests using theory to University of Queensland ARC RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT support cooperative management

Taxonomic study of Trissolcus mitsukurii and its efficacy in control CSIRO DAWE of Halyomorpha halys, the brown marmorated stink bug 8: CHAPTER

Technical support on pest and disease forecasts and early warning University of Southern for the agromet program in Asia and FAO of the United Nations Queensland the Pacific countries, with particular focus on Cambodia

Tools and knowledge to mitigate the potential spread of Xylella fastidiosa DJPR, Wine Australia, DJPR, DPI DAWE, Hort Innovation, in Australia and New Zealand by NSW, PFRNZ Wine Australia understanding its potential vectors

Towards herbicide cocktails with a new mode of action to avert La Trobe University ARC resistance

Tropical plant industries biosecurity PHA DAWE surveillance strategy

Uncovering how rust fungi cause Australian National University ARC devastating plant diseases

Underpinning agricultural GRDC, AgriFutures productivity and biosecurity by weed CSIRO, AgriFutures Australia Australia biological control

Understanding when biocontrol and CSIRO, University of New South University of New South enemy release affect plant Wales Wales populations

Upskilling TAS growers and advisors to manage annual ryegrass through Southern Farming Systems GRDC exposure to external knowledge and peer-to-peer learning Hives in an almond orchard, to be inspected by a Bee Biosecurity Officer. Image courtesy of James Sheehan 259 Table 60. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research

Multiple (continued) Urban plant health network – pilot community of practice for general DJPR DAWE surveillance Using pest establishment likelihood maps to inform University of Melbourne DAWE multi-pest early detection (CEBRA) surveillance designs

PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT Validation of procedures for confidence in exporting from Janren Consulting Pty Ltd DAWE Australia's fruit fly pest free areas Virtual fencing for better crop CSIRO GRDC

CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER integrated weed management Goulburn Murray Water, Murrumbidgee Irrigation, Coleambally Irrigation, Goulburn Broken CMA, Wyong Shire, NSW Office of Weed biocontrol DJPR Environment and Heritage, Central Murray Council, NQ Dry Tropics, Murray Local Land Services, Murrumbidgee Landcare, PIRSA, GRDC University of Southern Weed biological control QDAF Queensland WeedSmart University of Western Australia GRDC When are earwigs pests and CSIRO GRDC when are they beneficial? When is hybridisation helpful or Monash University ARC harmful to invaders? Wildfire impact on disease and pest populations and successional AgXtra Pty Ltd GRDC re-establishment in a grain crop fire scar Wine Australia, Hort Xylella coordinator Wine Australia Innovation, PBRI Other crops Developing a foundation for the Brussel sprouts. Image courtesy of Madeleine Quirk, AUSVEG long-term management of basal University of Queensland WA DPIRD stem rot of oil palm in Papua New 260 Image caption Guinea and Solomon Islands PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER

Greenhouse strawberries. Image courtesy of Tamara Hepburn 261

Appendices Organisation contact details

Organisation Website Phone Organisation Website Phone AgriFutures Australia agrifutures.com.au +61 2 6923 6900 Australian Macadamia Society australianmacadamias.org +61 2 6622 4933 Almond Board of Australia australianalmonds.com.au +61 8 8584 7053 Australian Mango Industry Association industry.mangoes.net.au +61 7 3278 3755 Apple and Pear Australia apal.org.au +61 3 9329 3511 Australian Melon Association melonsaustralia.org.au +61 413 101 646 Atlas of Living Australia ala.org.au +61 2 6218 3431 Australian National University anu.edu.au +61 2 6125 5111 Australasian Plant Pathology Society appsnet.org +61 7 4632 0467 Australian Olive Association australianolives.com.au +61 478 606 145 Australian Plant Biosecurity Science Australian Banana Growers’ Council abgc.org.au +61 7 3278 4786 apbsf.org.au +61 419 992 914 Foundation Australian Blueberry Growers’ Association abga.com.au +61 490 092 273 Australian Processing Tomato Research aptrc.asn.au Australian Entomological Society austentsoc.org.au +61 3 9895 4462 Council

ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS CONTACT ORGANISATION Australian Forest Products Association ausfpa.com.au +61 2 6285 3833 Australian Society for Microbiology theasm.org.au +61 1300 656 423 Australian Ginger Industry Association australianginger.org.au Australian Society of Agronomy agronomyaustralia.org Australian Government – Australian Centre aciar.gov.au +61 2 6217 0500 Australian Sweetpotato Growers aspg.com.au for International Agricultural Research

APPENDIX 1: 1: APPENDIX Australian Table Grape Association australiangrapes.com.au +61 3 5021 5718 Australian Government – Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines apvma.gov.au +61 2 6770 2300 Australian Tea Tree Industry Association teatree.org.au +61 2 4017 1336 Authority Australian Truffle Growers' Association trufflegrowers.com.au Australian Government – Australian arc.gov.au +61 2 6287 6600 Research Council Australian Walnut Industry Association walnut.net.au Australian Government – Department of AUSVEG ausveg.com.au +61 3 9882 0277 agriculture.gov.au +61 1800 900 090 Agriculture, Water and the Environment Avocados Australia avocado.org.au +61 7 3846 6566 Australian Government – Department of CANEGROWERS canegrowers.com.au +61 7 3864 6444 Agriculture, Australian Bureau of agriculture.gov.au/abares +61 1800 900 090 Agricultural and Resource Economics and Canned Fruits Industry Council of Australia fgv.com.au Sciences Central Queensland University cqu.edu.au +61 13 27 86 Australian Government – Department of agriculture.gov.au/ Centre for Crop and Disease Management ccdm.com.au +61 8 9266 4818 Agriculture, Northern Australia Quarantine +61 1800 900 090 biosecurity/australia/naqs Strategy Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation fruitflyittc.edu.au Australian Government – Department of Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk agriculture.gov.au/ cebra.unimelb.edu.au +61 3 8344 4405 Agriculture, Trade and Market Access +61 1800 900 090 Analysis market-access-trade Division Charles Darwin University cdu.edu.au +61 8 8946 6666 Australian Government – Department of environment.gov.au +61 1800 803 772 Environment and Energy Charles Sturt University csu.edu.au +61 1800 275 278 Australian Government – Department of dfat.gov.au +61 2 6261 1111 Foreign Affairs and Trade Cherry Growers Australia cherrygrowers.org.au +61 3 6231 1229 Chestnuts Australia chestnutsaustralia.com.au +61 3 5751 1466 Australian Grape and Wine (previously Australian Vignerons and Winemakers' wfa.org.au +61 8 8133 4300 Citrus Australia citrusaustralia.com.au +61 3 5023 6333 Federation of Australia) Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial csiro.au +61 1300 363 400 Australian Honey Bee Industry Council honeybee.org.au +61 402 467 780 Research Organisation Australian Lychee Growers' Association australianlychee.com.au +61 417 639 927 Cotton Australia cottonaustralia.com.au +61 2 9669 5222 264 Organisation Website Phone Organisation Website Phone Cotton Research and Development Monash University monash.edu +61 3 9902 6000 crdc.com.au +61 2 6792 4088 Corporation Murdoch University murdoch.edu.au +61 8 9360 6000 Council of Australasian Weed Societies caws.org.au +64 7 838 5275 CRC for Honey Bee Products crchoneybeeproducts.com +61 8 6488 8525 Onions Australia onionsaustralia.org.au +61 8 8725 8862 Deakin University deakin.edu.au +61 3 9244 6100 Passionfruit Australia passionfruitaustralia.org.au +61 427 833 281 Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, daf.qld.gov.au +61 7 3404 6999 Pistachio Growers' Association pgai.com.au +61 428 922 576 Queensland Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative pbri.com.au Department of Jobs, Precincts and djpr.vic.gov.au +61 3 9651 9999 Regions, Victoria sydney.edu.au/agriculture/ Plant Breeding Institute, University of our-research/research- +61 2 9351 8800

Department of Primary Industries and DETAILS CONTACT ORGANISATION dpird.wa.gov.au +61 1300 374 731 Sydney Regional Development, Western Australia facilities.html Department of Primary Industries and Plant Health Australia planthealthaustralia.com.au +61 2 6215 7700 pir.sa.gov.au +61 8 8226 0995 Regions, South Australia Plant Innovation Centre agriculture.gov.au +61 1800 900 090 Department of Primary Industries, New dpi.nsw.gov.au +61 1800 808 095 1: APPENDIX South Wales Queensland University of Technology qut.edu.au +61 7 3138 2000 Department of Primary Industries, Parks, dpipwe.tas.gov.au +61 1300 368 550 Raspberries and Blackberries Australia raba.com.au Water and Environment, Tasmania Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia rga.org.au +61 2 6953 0433 Department of Trade, Industry and industry.nt.gov.au +61 1800 084 881 Tourism, Northern Territory strawberriesaustralia.com. Strawberries Australia +61 428 375 711 au Dried Fruits Australia driedfruitsaustralia.org.au +61 3 5023 5174 Sugar Research Australia sugarresearch.com.au +61 7 3331 3333 Edith Cowan University ecu.edu.au +61 13 43 28 Summerfruit Australia summerfruit.com.au +61 2 6059 0816 Flinders University flinders.edu.au +61 8 8201 3911 Transport Canberra and City Services, Forest and Wood Products Australia fwpa.com.au +61 3 9927 3200 tccs.act.gov.au +61 13 22 81 Australian Capital Territory Forestry Corporation of NSW forestrycorporation.com.au +61 2 9872 0111 University of Adelaide adelaide.edu.au +61 8 8313 4455 Grain Producers Australia grainproducers.com.au +61 448 493 386 University of Canberra canberra.edu.au +61 2 6201 5111 Grains Research and Development grdc.com.au +61 2 6166 4500 Corporation University of Melbourne unimelb.edu.au +61 13 63 52 Greenlife Industry Australia greenlifeindustry.com.au +61 2 8861 5100 University of New England une.edu.au +61 2 6773 3333 Griffith University griffith.edu.au +61 7 3735 7111 University of New South Wales unsw.edu.au +61 2 9385 1000 Growcom growcom.com.au +61 7 3620 3844 University of Queensland uq.edu.au +61 7 3365 1111 Hazelnut Growers of Australia hazelnuts.org.au +61 2 6379 1616 University of Sydney sydney.edu.au +61 286 278 111 Hort Innovation horticulture.com.au +61 2 8295 2300 University of Tasmania utas.edu.au +61 362 262 999 International Plant Protection Convention ippc.int University of Western Australia uwa.edu.au +61 8 6488 6000 James Cook University jcu.edu.au +61 1800 246 446 University of Western Sydney westernsydney.edu.au +61 2 9852 5222 La Trobe University latrobe.edu.au +61 1300 528 762 University of Wollongong uow.edu.au +61 2 4221 3555 Macquarie University mq.edu.au +61 2 9850 7111 Wine Australia wineaustralia.com +61 8 8228 2000 265 Glossary

Term Definition Term Definition The level of protection deemed appropriate by a country establishing a Diagnostic protocols for the official taxonomic identification of a pest in Appropriate Level of sanitary or phytosanitary measure to protect human, animal and plant a manner consistent with ISPM No. 27 – Diagnostic protocols for Protection National Diagnostic life or health within its territory. regulated pests. National Diagnostic Protocols include diagnostic Protocols GLOSSARY procedures and data on the pest, its hosts, taxonomic information, Area freedom Absence of a specific pest in a specified location. detection and identification. The protection of the economy, environment and human health from Measures to address risks that are undertaken before goods arrive at Pre-border Biosecurity the negative impacts associated with entry, establishment or spread of the border. exotic pests.

APPENDIX 2: 2: APPENDIX Post-border Measures to address risks that are undertaken inside Australia's border. Biosecurity activities Activities undertaken to manage biosecurity risks. Any insects, mites, snails, nematodes, pathogens (diseases) and weeds Biosecurity The range of biosecurity activities and arrangements that are that have the potential to adversely affect food, fibre, ornamental continuum undertaken in pre-border, border and post-border locations. Pest crops, bees and stored products, as well as environmental flora and In relation to the biosecurity continuum: airports, seaports and land Border fauna. borders that represent the potential point of entry for a pest into Australia. An area in which a pest does not occur as demonstrated by scientific Commonwealth The Commonwealth of Australia, including its external territories. Pest Free Area evidence and in which, where appropriate, this condition is being officially maintained. Management plans that outline pest specific information for use in the Contingency plans event of an emergency response. Any legislation, regulation or official procedure having the purpose to Phytosanitary Protocols that describe the procedures and methods for the prevent the introduction and/or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit Diagnostic protocols measure identification of a pest to a defined level. the economic impact of regulated non-quarantine pests. Processes and standards associated with the accurate identification of The protection of plants or plant products from pests that may impact Diagnostics Plant biosecurity a pest. on production or market access. Post-harvest management measures focused on eliminating the The national contingency planning framework for the management of Disinfestation PLANTPLAN presence of pests on plants and plant products. plant pest emergencies in Australia.

Activities designed to prevent the movement and spread of pests Plant production Domestic quarantine All plant industries in the agricultural, horticultural and forestry sectors. within Australia. industries A pest that is included in Schedule 13 of the Emergency Plant Pest Emergency Plant Response Deed or which is determined by the Categorisation Group to The system of measures that are used to minimise risks associated Pest Quarantine meet one or more of the EPP criteria listed in Clause 1 of the EPPRD. with the entry or exit of pests. Emergency Plant Pest A pre-agreed cost sharing and response framework for dealing with an Research aimed at developing solutions for particular problems and RD&E Response Deed incursion of an Emergency Plant Pest. communication (extension) to users.

Emergency response The actions undertaken to eradicate an exotic pest after its detection. Pests contained within a geographic region due to specific quarantine Regionalised pests Established pests Non-endemic pests that have established in Australia. and/or management arrangements. An integrated plan for undertaking a response to an Emergency Plant Exotic pests Pests not currently present in Australia. Response Plan Pest incident. A pest that has been identified to have the greatest potential economic High Priority Pest impact to a particular plant industry and is listed in an industry The process of evaluating scientific and economic evidence to biosecurity plan or in Schedule 13 of the EPPRD. Risk analysis determine the risk posed by a pest to Australia's environment, plant production industries and economy. International Standard An international standard adopted by the Commission on Phytosanitary Processes which collect and record data on pest occurrence or absence for Phytosanitary Measures, established under the International Plant Protection Surveillance Measures Convention. by survey, monitoring or other procedures.

266 GLOSSARY APPENDIX 2: 2: APPENDIX

Macadamia. Image courtesy of Tamara Hepburn, Australian Macadamia Society 267 Acronyms

Acronym Full name Acronym Full name ABARES Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences CRC Cooperative Research Centre ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics CRDC Cotton Research and Development Corporation ABGC Australian Banana Growers' Council CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ACRONYMS ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research DAF Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland ACT Australian Capital Territory DAWE Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the AGMIN Agriculture Ministers' Forum Environment

APPENDIX 3: 3: APPENDIX AGSOC Agriculture Senior Officials' Committee DPIRD Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia AFPA Australian Forest Products Association AHA Animal Health Australia DJPR Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Victoria AHB Asian honey bee DEE Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy AHBIC Australian Honey Bee Industry Council DFAT Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ALA Atlas of Living Australia DPIPWE Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania ALOP Appropriate Level of Protection EHB European honey bee APBSF Australian Plant Biosecurity Science Foundation EIC Environment and Invasives Committee APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APPPC Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay APPD Australian Plant Pest Database EPP Emergency Plant Pest APVMA Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority EPPR Emergency Plant Pest Response ARC Australian Research Council EPPRD Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations EPSDD Environment Planning and Sustainable Development Directorate, BAS Biosecurity and Agriculture Services Australian Capital Territory BBO Bee Biosecurity Officers ERA Excellence in Research for Australia BICON Biosecurity Import Conditions EXDOC Export Documentation System BIMS Biosecurity Incident Management System FAO Food and Agriculture Organization BIPIM Biosecurity Incident Public Information Manual FPoE First Point of Entry BIRA Biosecurity Import Risk Analysis FWPA Forest and Wood Products Australia BMSB brown marmorated stink bug GIA Greenlife Industry Australia BOLT Biosecurity Online Training GPA Grain Producers Australia CCDM Centre for Crop and Disease Management GRDC Grains Research and Development Corporation CCEPP Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests HACCP Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point CEBRA Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis Hort Innovation Horticulture Innovation Australia CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ICA Interstate Certification Assurance CPDPC Citrus Pest and Disease Prevention Committee IGAB Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity 268 Acronym Full name Acronym Full name IPPC International Plant Protection Convention R&D research and development IRA Import Risk Analysis RD&E research, development and extension ISPM International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures RDC research and development corporation ACRONYMS LAMP loop mediated isothermal amplification SA South Australia LVP local value of production SARDI South Australian Research and Development Institute MICoR Manual of Importing Country Requirements SDQMA Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access NAQS Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy SIT Sterile Insect Technology 3: APPENDIX NBC National Biosecurity Committee SNPHS Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance NBCEN National Biosecurity Communication and Engagement Network SPHD Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics NBRT National Biosecurity Response Team SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary SRA Sugar Research Australia NDP National Diagnostic Protocol TAS Tasmania NEBRA National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement TCCS Transport Canberra and City Services NMDS National Minimum Dataset Specifications VIC Victoria NPBDN National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network WA Western Australia NPPO National Plant Protection Organisations NPPP National Priority Plant Pests NSW New South Wales NSW DPI Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales NSW DP&E Department of Planning and Environment, New South Wales NT Northern Territory NT DITT Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade, Northern Territory ORC Owner Reimbursement Costs PBCRC Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre PBRI Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative PFRNZ Plant and Food Research New Zealand PHA Plant Health Australia PHC Plant Health Committee PIRSA Department of Primary Industries and Regions, South Australia PPPO Pacific Plant Protection Organisation QLD Queensland QDAF Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland RABA Raspberries and Blackberries Australia 269

Index Index

A B Chief Environmental Biosecurity Officer, 44, 62–3 citrus, 30, 33, 34t, 41t, 42t, 45t, 46–55t, 57t, 80–1, 131t, ABARES, 21, 23, 26, 66, 206, 211 banana freckle, 53, 74, 170 138–42t, 154, 157, 159–64t, 167, 170–1t, 192t, 200, acronyms, 268t bananas, 34t, 45t, 74, 132t, 138t, 208t, 237t 208t, 237–9t, 255t AgriBio, 176t, 225 bees, see honey bees Citrus Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, 80, 207 Agriculture Senior Officials’ Committee, see committees BICON, 143, 147, 181, 211 citrus canker, 30, 33, 41t, 55t, 80–1, 159–65t, 169t, INDEX Agriculture Senior Officials’ Committee Research and biological control, 30, 41, 46, 132–3t, 204, 209, 213, 231t, 192t, 139–40t Innovation Committee, see committees 240–3t, 253–5t, 259–60t National Citrus Biosecurity Program, 206 AgriFutures Australia, 84, 217, 221, 234t, 236–7t, 241t, Biosecure HACCP, 106, 198 Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, see committees 242t, 245–6t, 249–59t biosecurity awards, 155, 206–7 committees, almonds, 34t, 45t, 68, 139t, 264t biosecurity emergency response agreements, 25 Agriculture Senior Officials’ Committee, 21, 22f, 217 see also nut industry see also Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed Agriculture Senior Officials’ Committee Research and Animal Health Committee, see committees see also National Environmental Biosecurity Innovation Committee, 22f Annual Diagnosticians’ Workshop, 167 Response Agreement Animal Health Committee, 22f apples, 34t, 45t, 47, 49–52t, 54t, 58t, 60t, 70, 77, 131–2t, biosecurity extension and engagement programs, 205 Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission 134t, 138t, 140–2, 162t, 208t biosecurity import risk analysis, 130 Standards Committee, 129 Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission, 129 Biosecurity Incident Management System, 184, 186–8 Biosecurity and Agricultural Emergency Network, 22f Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission Standards Biosecurity Incident Public Information Manual, 188 Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, 128 Committee, see committees biosecurity manuals, 25, 35, 45, 156, 205, 207, 208t Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests, Asian honey bee, 46t, 154, 157, 191–2t, 201t, 249t biosecurity obligations, 127, 204, 207 22f, 72, 79, 185 AUSPestCheck™, 137, 151, 180, 205, 252t, 255t Biosecurity Online Training, 189, 190, 207 Environment and Invasives Committee, 21, 22f, 23, 44, Australian Capital Territory biosecurity planning, 13, 45, 146, 190, 206, 221, 255t 211 biosecurity services, 28 biosecurity portal, 181 Grain and Plant Products Export Industry Consultative legislation, 24t blueberries, 34t, 43, 45t, 49–56t, 76, 139t, 163t, 237–8t Committee, 135 pest diagnostic services, 173t border biosecurity, 28, 56, 126, 142–6 Horticulture Export Industry Consultative Committee, post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t broadacre crops, 10, 36, 160–1t, 164t 135 Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 27, diagnostics, 173t IPPC Implementation and Capacity Development 217, 223, 233–4t, 236–8t, 242t, 246t, 248t, 254–5t, research, development and extension, 229–37t Committee, 128 258t surveillance, 158f, 159–65 IPPC Strategic Planning Group, 128 Australian Government brown marmorated stink bug, 15, 33, 41–2t, 51t, 58–9, IPPC Standards Committee, 128 diagnostic services, 172, 173–7t 110, 133t, 145, 153, 157, 159–64t, 255t, 257t, 259t National Biosecurity Committee, 21, 22f, 23, 43, 137 Inspector-General of Biosecurity, 27 building capacity in the Asia-Pacific region, 134 National Biosecurity Communication and Engagement legislation, 20, 21t, 130, 135, 136 Network, 22f, 187–8 research, development and extension, 37, 216–23, C National Fruit Fly Council, 23, 199, 200, 245t 230–60 Canberra Agreement, 129 National Management Group, 22f, 72, 79, 185 risk assessments, 62, 127, 129, 130, 144 canned fruits, 34t, 77, 110 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy role, 26–7 Centre for Crop and Disease Management, 225 Implementation Committee, 22f, 217 surveillance, 137, 151–9, 158–65t Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation, 225, 244t, 256t non-EPPRD consultative committees, 22f Australian interstate quarantine, 197–8 Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, 23, 226 Northern Australia Biosecurity Reference Group, 23 Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, chemical control, 209, 213 Pacific Plant Protection Organisation, 129 209 cherries, 34t, 43, 45t, 78, 131t, 138–42t, 159t, 162t, 208t, Plant Health Committee, 21, 22f, 23, 41, 44–5, 152, Australian Plant Biosecurity Science Foundation, 226 237t, 239t, 241t 166 Australian Plant Pest Database, 35, 181 chestnut blight, 49t, 79, 169t, 191t, 240t Plant Health Surveillance Consultative Committee, 23 Australian Research Council, 218, 230–60t chestnuts, 34t, 79, 191t, 240–1t Scientific Advisory Panel, 22f, 36, 185 avocados, 34t, 36, 45t, 46–56t, 72, 130, 132–3t, 140–2t, see also nut industry Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market 208t, 238–9t Access, 22f, 197 272 Note: f = figure, t = table Subcommittee on National Plant Health research, development and extension, 217, 220, national communication arrangements, 187 Surveillance, 22f, 152 226, 230–1t, 237t, 239t, 242–60t notifications and responses, 191–3t Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics, 22f, surveillance, 102, 151, 152, 158–65t reporting a plant pest or disease, 187, 189 166–7 weeds, 211 training in biosecurity emergency responses, communication in an emergency plant pest response, 186 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 27, 134 188–90 community, 10, 13, 18, 20, 21, 23, 28, 32, 33, 37, 41, 44, Asia-Pacific capacity, 134 environment, 10, 12–3, 15f, 18, 19f, 21, 22f, 23, 25–34, INDEX 146, 150, 156, 157, 163–4t, 180, 187, 190f, 196, research, development and extension, 217 40–4, 56–7, 130, 145, 150–2, 154, 158f, 158t, 164t, 204–5, 210, 212-3, 218, 221–3, 225–6, 237t, 246t, Department of Home Affairs, 27, 144–5 166, 173–7t, 186, 199, 204, 210–3, 218–9, 230, 247, 257, 260 Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, 217 251–2t, 260t Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests, see Department of the Environment and Energy, 217 Chief Environmental Biosecurity Officer, 44, 62–3 committees detector dogs, 26, 144, 224 environmental biosecurity preparedness, 62 Consultative Committee on Exotic Plant Incursions, see diagnostics, 150, 166–81 Environmental Risk Mitigation Plan for Australian committees Annual Diagnosticians’ Workshop, 167 Acacia Species, 63 contingency plans, 36, 45, 56, 57–60t, 179 Diagnostic Residential Program, 167 Environmental Risk Mitigation Plan for Australian Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of National Diagnostic Protocols, 166, 168, 168f, Mangrove Species, 63 Wild Fauna and Flora, 27 169–71t, 142t, 145t, 256t, 266t Environment and Invasives Committee, see cooperative research centres, 226 National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network, committees CRC for Honey Bee Products, 226 166–7, 188 legislation, 24t cotton, 10, 34t, 45t, 46t, 49–52t, 54–5t, 67f, 82, 126, 135, National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy, National Environmental Biosecurity Response 138–9t, 142t, 154, 156, 158f, 159–61t, 170–1t, 173t, 20, 151, 166 Agreement, 19f, 25, 186 208t, 221 services and laboratories, 166, 172, 173–7t research, development and extension, 246–8t research, development and extension, 221, 229f, 230t, 257t see also Subcommittee on Plant Health surveillance, 158t, 165t Cotton Research and Development Corporation, 34t, 217, Diagnostics webinars, 62 221, 230t, 236t, 251–2t, 254–7t domestic quarantine, 28, 196–7, 204, 266t Export Documentation System, 19f, 136 CSIRO, 23, 34t, 27, 35t, 152, 167, 172, 173–4t, 211, see also Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine exports, 19f, 28, 135–7, 138–42t 216–20, 230–4t, 237t, 240t, 246–7t, 249–60t and Market Access legislation, 136t cultural and mechanical control, 209 dried fruit, 34t, 43, 83 value, 68–123 see also viticulture D F Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, 21, E fall armyworm, 30, 33, 44, 119t, 159t, 161t, 193t, 254–5t, 23, 26–7, 37, 41, 180–1, 187, 206 Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed, 19f, 25, 28, 34–5, 257–8t Agricultural Competitiveness White Paper, 26, 80, 45, 66, 146, 184–6, 266t farm biosecurity manuals, 156, 205, 207–8, 208t 137, 151, 155, 248t, 258t categorisation of Emergency Plant Pests, 186 Farm Biosecurity Program, 206–7 biosecurity import risk analysis, 130–1, 131–4t, decision making under the EPPRD, 185 first point of entry, 143 135 definition of an Emergency Plant Pest, 185 Forest and Wood Products Australia, 102, 217, 221, 248t border activities, 19f, 142–6, 219, 224 Owner Reimbursement Costs, 186 forestry, 34t, 11f, 45t, 67f, 102–3, 158f, 159t, 208t exports, 28, 126, 135–6, 138–42t, 198 PLANTPLAN, 35, 186, 198, 266t crop production summary, 102–3 imports, 134, 184, 199, 212 transition to management, 186 forest pest surveillance, 103, 154, 160t legislation, 25, 24t, 136t Emergency Plant Pests, 25, 29, 35, 185 research, development and extension, 248t market access, 126–37 emergency responses, 184–90, 191–2t fruit, see horticulture Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 19f, 142, Biosecurity Incident Public Information Manual, fruit flies, 19f, 42t, 57t, 151, 179, 191t, 199 146, 153, 174–5t, 177t 188 Australian Handbook for the Identification of Fruit pest diagnostic services, 172, 173–7t National Biosecurity Response Team, 187 Flies, 179 post-border activities, 19f, 126, 197 National Biosecurity Communication and Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation, 225, pre-border activities, 19f, 126, 129–42t Engagement Network, see committees 244t, 256t 273 National Fruit Fly Council, 23, 199, 200, 245t surveillance, 158f, 158–64t J research, development and extension, 238t, horticulture, 31–3, 36, 66, 106, 123, 126, 137, 156, 185, 199, 242–3t, 245t, 252t, 255t, 257t 200, 217, 223, 225 research, development and extension, 229f, 237–46t, K G 250t, 258t surveillance, 158f, 160t, 158–65t L

INDEX general biosecurity obligation, 25, 30, 204 general surveillance programs, 156 Horticulture Export Industry Consultative Committee, see Landcare, 23, 213, 247t, 253t, 260t ginger, 34t, 45, 45t, 84, 206, 246t committees legislation, 20, 21t, 24t, 25–8, 30, 32–3, 90, 130, 135–6, grains, 34t, 45t, 86, 208t Hort Innovation, 34t, 57t, 59t, 80, 93, 101, 123, 137, 156, 136t, 197, 199, 209–10, 212 crop production summary, 67f 199, 200, 206, 217, 223, 237–46t, 248–52t, 254–60t local government, 21, 23, 37, 74, 204, 210, 212 National Grain Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, lychees, 34t, 45t, 46–55t, 92, 131–2t, 241t 155 I research, development and extension, 222, 225, import risk analysis, 131, 135 M 229f, 230–6t imports, 19f, 25–6, 88, 104, 126, 129–31, 143, 184, 198, macadamias, 34t, 93, 139–40t, 243–4 surveillance, 158f, 159–65t 211 see also nut industry Grains and Plant Products Export Industry Consultative domestic (interstate), 28, 198 managing pests on-farm, 156, 209 Committee, see committees import conditions database, 143, 211 mangoes, 34t, 45t, 46–55t, 94, 129, 131–3t, 138–42t, Grains Farm Biosecurity Program, 86, 153, 161t, 163–4t, live import list, 27 154, 160t, 207, 208t, 237–9t 205, 232t policy advice, 131–4t market access, 18, 19f, 20, 23, 26–33, 36, 43, 106, 126, Grains Research and Development Corporation, 34t, 44, weeds, 211 129, 131–4t, 135–7, 138–42t, 151, 153, 155, 159t, 213, 217, 222, 225, 230–6t, 251–60t industry consultative committee, see committees 163t, 178–9, 197, 199, 200, 205, 229f, 237–8t, 243t, grapes, see viticulture industry profiles, 66–123 256t growers, 34, 36, 44, 66–123, 137, 156, 186–7, 189, industry representative bodies, 34t, 36, 66–123, 190f see also Subcommittee in Domestic Quarantine 198–9, 205–6, 208–9, 221–3, 225, 232–4t, 238t, industry surveillance strategies and programs, 154–5 and Market Access 257t, 259t Inspector-General of Biosecurity, 27 MICoR, 19f, 136, 181 Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity, 20–1, 23, 28 H Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity Implementation N Taskforce, see committees Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies, 179 national action plans, 43 hazelnuts, 34t, 88 International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), 128–30, 168, 198 National Bee Biosecurity Program, 90, 207, 249t see also nut industry National Bee Pest Surveillance Program, 90, 153–4, High Priority Pests, 13, 45, 68–123, 134, 146, 156, international plant health system, 134 International Plant Sentinel Network, 157 158–64t, 249–50t 159–60t, 163t, 206, 208 National Biosecurity Committee, see committees honey bees, 34t, 45t, 90, 154, 167, 208t International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, 128–9, 137, 168 National Biosecurity Communication and Engagement Asian honey bee, 46t, 90, 154, 157, 191–2t, Network, see committees 201t, 249t international trade, 26–7, 126–9, 142, 209 international trade agreements, 127–9, 137 National Biosecurity Response Team, 22f, 187 beekeeper training, 189 National Border Surveillance Program, 145, 153, 158t CRC for Honey Bee Products, 226, 252t International Year of Plant Health, 13, 153, 223, 251t interstate certification, 30, 198, 256t National Citrus Biosecurity Program, 80, 206 legislation, 24t national committees, see committees National Bee Biosecurity Program, 90, 207, 249t IPPC Implementation and Capacity Development Committee, see committees National Diagnostic Protocols, 166, 168, 168f, 169–71t, National Bee Pest Surveillance Program, 90, 158t 242t, 245t, 256t research, development and extension, 228f, IPPC Standards Committee, see committees IPPC Strategic Planning Group, see committees National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement, 249–50t 19f, 25, 186

Note: f = figure, t = table 274 National Forest Biosecurity Program, 154 regionalised pests, 200t see also nut industry National Fruit Fly Council, see committees surveillance programs, 159–60t Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, 226 National Fruit Fly Strategy, 181, 199, 200 nursery industry, 34t, 67f, 106–7, 158f, 162t, 185, 198, plant biosecurity RD&E, 216–60 National Management Group, see committees 208t, 229f, 238t, 248t Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative, 13, 37, 44, 217, 223, National Minimum Dataset Specifications, 137 nut industry, 34t, 45t, 208t 257t National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network, 166–7, crop production summary, 67f plant biosecurity statutory levies, 25 INDEX 188 research, development and extension, 240–1t plant biosecurity system, 18–37 National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy, 20, 151, see also almonds, chestnuts, hazelnuts, Plant Health Australia 166 macadamias, pistachios, walnuts levy, 25 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy, 22f, 217 members, 34t National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy O role, 34–5 Implementation, see committees Office of the Gene Technology Regulator, 27 Plant Health Committee, see committees national plant biosecurity response arrangements, 185–7 olives, 34t, 45t, 97, 131t, 138t, 245t Plant Health Surveillance Consultative Committee, see National Plant Biosecurity Strategy, 20, 35, 45, 63, 151, on-farm biosecurity, 19f, 36, 196, 205, 210, 248t committees 166, 207, 258t biosecurity manuals, 208, 208t plant industry biosecurity preparedness, 45–56 National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, 151, Farm Biosecurity Program, 207 plant industry peak bodies, 25–6, 34, 34t, 36, 185 166, 207 farm biosecurity programs for horticultural plant industry profiles, 66–123 National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance System industries, 207 Plant Innovation Centre, 219 Framework, 151, 152f Grains Farm Biosecurity Program, 86, 153, 161t, plant pest definition, 10, 184 National Plant Health Surveillance Program, 153, 163–4t, 205, 232t see also Emergency Plant Pests 158–64t National Bee Biosecurity Program, 90, 207, 249t see also High Priority Pests National Priority List of Exotic Environmental Pests, National Citrus Biosecurity Program, 80, 206 see also National Priority Plant Pests Weeds and Diseases, 43 Vegetable and Potato Farm Biosecurity Program, plant pest surveillance, 137, 151–65 National Priority Plant Pests, 41, 41t, 42t, 43, 134, 153, 118, 206 plant pest surveillance and diagnostics, 150–81 178, 255t onions, 34t, 45t, 98, 139t, 159t, 208t, 242t PLANTPLAN, 35, 186 national reference collections, 178 online systems, 180 plant production, 67f, 68–123 national response plans, 25, 28, 190 online training in plant biosecurity, 189–90 Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Pacific National Tropical Weeds Eradication Program, 212 organisation contact details, 264 Region, 129 New South Wales owner reimbursement costs, 114, 186 Plant Quarantine Pest and Official Control National Policy, biosecurity services, 29 198 legislation, 24t P pollinators, 90 pest diagnostic services, 173t research, development and extension, 229f, Pacific Plant Protection Organisation, see committees post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t 248–51t Papua New Guinea, 70, 134t, 146, 242t, 246t, 260t regionalised pests, 200t see also honey bees passionfruit, 34t, 45t, 99, 185, 237t, 239t surveillance programs, 159–60t see also National Bee Biosecurity Program pears, 34t, 45t, 70, 77, 131t, 140t, 142t, 208t non-EPPRD consultative committees, see committees see also National Bee Pest Surveillance Program pesticide, 27, 36, 41, 129, 209, 236t, 238t, 244t, 248t, Northern Australia Biosecurity Reference Group, see post-border biosecurity, 150–213 253t, 256t, 258t committees controlling pests and weeds, 196–213 Pest Information Document Database, 35, 56, 181 Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 19f, 142, 146, plant pest surveillance and diagnostics, 150–81 pest management, 28, 74, 129, 150, 161t, 166, 186, 199, 153, 158t, 174–5t, 177t, 212 post-entry plant quarantine, 19f, 26, 147, 147t, 219 204, 209, 216, 221, 229f, 230–1t, 234t, 236t, northern coastline, 146, 213 potatoes, 45t, 118–20, 130, 132t, 134t, 138t, 141–2t, 238–43t, 245–6t, 248t Northern Territory 155, 159–65t, 175–6t, 200–1t, 208t, 242t pest risk analysis, 130, 133t biosecurity services, 30 National Potato Industry Biosecurity Surveillance phytosanitary measures and standards, 137, 168, 197 legislation, 24t Strategy, 155 pineapples, 45t, 101, 131–3t, 239t pest diagnostic services, 174t Vegetable and Potato Farm Biosecurity Program, pistachios, 34t, 101, 241t 206 275 pre-border and border biosecurity, 19f, 26–7, 126–47 rice, 34t, 45t, 108, 173t, 237t National Bee Pest Surveillance Program, 90, 153–4, private sector, 36, 220 risk assessments, 62, 127, 129–30, 131–4, 144 158–64t, 249–50t production nurseries, see nursery industry National Border Surveillance Program, 145, 153, 158t protecting Australia’s plant resources, 39–63 S National Citrus Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, 80, processing tomatoes, see tomatoes (processing) Scientific Advisory Panel, see committees 206–7 National Forest Biosecurity Program, 154

INDEX screening mail, 13, 19f, 142, 144–5, 224 Q screening passengers, 13, 144 National Forest Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, qualifications for biosecurity emergency responses, 188–9 simulation exercises, 188–9 102–3, 154 quarantine South Australia, National Grain Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, 86, domestic quarantine, 28, 197–9, 204, 236t biosecurity services, 31 155 post-entry quarantine facilities, 147t legislation, 24t National Minimum Dataset Specifications, 137 see also Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy pest diagnostic services, 175t National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, 20, see also post-entry quarantine post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t 151, 166 Queensland regionalised pests, 201t National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance System biosecurity services, 30 surveillance programs, 161–2t Framework, 151–2, 152f legislation, 24t, 25 spotted wing drosophila, 41–2t, 43, 50t, 157, 163t, 170t, National Plant Health Surveillance Program, 153 pest diagnostic services, 174–5t 238t, 244t National Potato Industry Biosecurity Surveillance post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t SPS Agreement, 127–8, 130 Strategy, 118, 155 regionalised pests, 200t stone fruit, see summerfruit National Tropical Plant Industries Biosecurity surveillance programs, 160–1t strawberries, 34t, 45, 45t, 111, 133t, 139t, 142t, 230t, Surveillance Strategy, 155 Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, 238–40t Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 19f, 142, 146, 226, 258t, 260t Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access, 153, 158t, 174–5t, 177t, 212 see committees Plant Health Surveillance Consultative Committee, 23, R Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance, see 152 Plant Surveillance Network Australasia–Pacific, 151–3 red witchweed, 212, 236t committees. Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics, see committees plant pest surveillance programs, 158f, 158–65t regionalised pests, 19f, 28, 197, 199, 200–2t Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance, regional plant protection organisation, 129 sugarcane, 34t, 45t, 57–60t, 67f, 112–3, 158f, 161t, 175t, 201t, 208t, 223 see committees reporting a plant pest or disease, 187 Urban Plant Health Network, 157 research, development and extension, 216–27, 228–9f, research, development and extension, 229f, 236t Sugar Research Australia, 34t, 58t, 60t, 167, 175t, 217, 223, weed surveillance, 210, 236–40t 230–60 sweetpotato, 34t, 45t, 46–55t, 114, 242t Australian Government agencies, 217–9 236t, 254–7t summerfruit, 34t, 43, 45t, 77, 110, 139t, 140–2t, 208t collaborative research arrangements, 225 T cooperative research centre, 226 surveillance, 26, 28, 19f, 149–80, 129, 150–65, 158f, National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy, 217 180–1, 190, 191–2t, 229f, 230–60t table grapes, 34t, 43, 115, 138–42t, 240t, see also viticulture Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative, 13, 37, 44, Annual Surveillance Workshop, 153 targeted surveillance programs, 74, 145, 158–65t 217, 223, 251t, 257–8t, 260t forest pest surveillance, 154, 160t, 248t Tasmania research and development corporations, 25, 37, fruit fly, 146, 243–9t biosecurity services, 32, 225 217, 220–3 general surveillance programs, 156 legislation, 24t, 25, 204 research, development and extension projects, government surveillance programs, 153 pest diagnostic services, 176t 228–9f, 230–60t iMapPESTS, 156 post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t state and territory governments, 224 industry surveillance strategies and programs, surveillance programs, 162–3t universities and private institutions, 225–6 154–6 weeds, 212 research funders and providers, 37, 217–60 International Plant Sentinel Network, 157 Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, 176, 225, 238–9t restrictions on interstate travellers carrying produce, 197 market access, 137 tea tree, 34t, 45t, 46–55t, 116, 245–6t

Note: f = figure, t = table 276 tomatoes (processing), 34t, 45t, 47–55t, 104, 131–2t, 134t National Tropical Weeds Eradication Program, 212 trade agreements, 127 preventing the entry of new weeds, 211 training, 187–90 research, development and extension, 228f, transition to management, 79, 186, 191t 230–7t, 240–1t, 246–8t, 251–60t truffles, 34t, 45t, 117 surveillance, 212 weed biocontrol, 253t, 256–7t, 260t INDEX U Western Australia universities, 150, 152, 167, 172, 189, 216, 220, 225 biosecurity services, 33 research, development and extension, 230–60t legislation, 24t urban, 118, 152f, 153, 157, 158f, 159t, 164–5t, 206 pest diagnostic services, 177t research, development and extension, 229f, 239t, post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t 242t, 252t, 257t, 260t regionalised pests, 202t surveillance programs, 164–5t V Wine Australia, 34t, 123, 217, 223, 240t, 251–2t, 255–7t, 259–60t vegetable leaf miner, 52t, 96t, 98t, 104t, 119t, 120t wine grapes, 34t, 43, 123, 206, 223 vegetables, 34t, 42t, 45t, 106, 118–20, 126, 130, 133t, see also viticulture 139t, 158f, 159–61t, 175t, 208t World Trade Organization, 127, 197 crop summary, 67f, 118–20 research, development and extension, 229f, 241–2t, X 257–8t vegetable and potato biosecurity program, 206 Xylella, 41–2t, 43, 51t, 53t, 55–6t, 60t, 134t, 153, Victoria, 159–64t, 169t, 171t, 244–5t, 256t, 259–60t biosecurity services, 33 Y legislation, 24t pest diagnostic services, 176–7t Z post-entry plant quarantine facilities, 147t regionalised pests, 201t surveillance programs, 163–4t weeds, 212 viticulture, 31, 45t, 83, 115, 123, 175t, 208t crop production summary, 67f, 83, 115, 123 research, development and extension, 240t surveillance, 158f W Waite Research Institute, 225 walnuts, 34t, 121, 241t, see also nut industry weeds Australia’s weed biosecurity system, 210–3 coordination of weed management, 213 eradication and containment, 212 hawkweed, 212 managing established weeds, 213 National Red Witchweed Eradication Program, 212

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