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Institutional Reform in Mental Healthcare in Ireland: the Establishment of the Ardee Mental Hospital, 1933, in Its Historical Context

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Institutional Reform in Mental Healthcare in Ireland: the Establishment of the Ardee Mental Hospital, 1933, in Its Historical Context Institutional reform in mental healthcare in Ireland: the establishment of the Ardee Mental Hospital, 1933, in its historical context. By Lisa Butterly, M.A. THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF PHD DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND MAYNOOTH HEAD OF DEPARTMENT Professor Marian Lyons SUPERVISOR OF RESEARCH Professor Terence Dooley 2014 Table of contents List of abbreviations i List of illustrations ii List of tables iv List of appendices v Acknowledgements vi Timeline viii Aerial photograph of Ardee Mental Hospital (St Brigid’s Complex, 2013) xv Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Institutional reform in mental healthcare in Ireland, 1700-1898 27 Chapter 2: Local Government (Ireland) Act (1898): county councils and mental healthcare 76 Chapter 3: Local government and mental healthcare in County Louth, 1905-19 94 Chapter 4: The Richmond district and Louth County Council, 1920-30 113 Chapter 5: Construction of the Ardee Mental Hospital, 1930-3 137 Chapter 6: The architecture of the Ardee Mental Hospital in historical context 161 Chapter 7: The economy of institutional mental healthcare: staffing, populating and opening the Ardee Mental Hospital 188 Chapter 8: Strike in the Ardee Mental Hospital, 1937: memory, meaning and mental healthcare 209 Chapter 9: Institutional reform in mental healthcare, 1940-2000 226 Conclusion 254 Appendices 269 Bibliography 295 List of abbreviations Archive abbreviations LCA Louth County Archives NAI National Archives of Ireland CSOP Chief Secretary’s Office Papers (NAI) FIN Department of Finance Records (NAI) LCC/ADM Louth County Council/Administration (LCA) LCC/HPA Louth County Council/Health and Public Assistance (LCA) LCC/FIN Louth County Council/Finance (LCA) TSCH Department of An Taoiseach Records (NAI) Employment positions/job titles AMO Assistant Medical Officer AMS Acting Medical Superintendent CPN Community Psychiatric Nurse RMS Resident Medical Superintendant PP Parish Priest Organisations/committees/government agencies GNC General Nursing Council HMC Hospital Management Committee HSE Health Service Executive NEHB North Eastern Health Board RDS Royal Dublin Society RIA Royal Irish Academy RMPA Royal Medico-Psychological Association WHO World Health Organisation Workers’ union titles APU Amalgamated Plumbers’ Union ATGWU Amalgamated Transport and General Workers’ Union IMHWU Irish Mental Hospital Workers’ Union ITGWU Irish Transport and General Workers’ Union IWWU Irish Women Workers’ Union MHWPA Mental Health Workers’ Protection Association WUI Workers’ Union of Ireland i List of illustrations Chapter 1 1.1 Richmond Lunatic Asylum (1830) 38 1.2 Wakefield Lunatic Asylum, Yorkshire (1818) 38 1.3 Artist’s impression of Portrane Asylum 72 Chapter 3 3.1 Poor Law Union map of Ireland (1842-9) 100 3.2 Administrative borders (1898) 101 Chapter 5 5.1 Survey map of Ardee Mental Hospital on Ruxton estate 145 5.2 Ruston-Bucyrus excavator on Ardee Mental Hospital site (1933) 146 5.3 Ruston-Bucyrus advertisement (1933) 147 5.4 Labourers photographed on site (1933) 148 5.5 Haden fitters photographed on site (1933) 154 5.6 Hadens (1933) 154 5.8 Ardee Chair Factory (1933) 155 5.9 McGee’ stores advertisement (1933) 155 5.10 Bradford, Ardee Mental Hospital 156 5.11 Bradford, Ardee Mental Hospital 157 Chapter 6 6.1 Clock tower and central block, Ardee Mental Hospital 167 6.2 Exit door on corridor, Ardee Mental Hospital 169 6.3 Staircase, Ardee Mental Hospital 171 6.4 Staircase, Ardee Mental Hospital 171 6.5 Laundry building, Ardee Mental Hospital 172 6.6 Richmond Lunatic Asylum (1830) 175 6.7 Wakefield Lunatic Asylum (1818) 175 6.8 Ardee Mental Hospital (1933) 176 6.9 St Luke’s exterior 180 6.10 St Luke’s exterior (apse) 180 6.11 Rectangular window (interior: 1/12 windows) 181 6.12 Chevron detail, St Luke’s exterior 182 6.13 Wheel window, St Luke’s (interior view) 183 6.14 St Luke’s interior view 184 6.15 St Luke’s interior view 185 ii Chapter 7 7.1 Aerial photograph, Ardee Mental Hospital, Dundalk Democrat 199 7.2 Ardee Mental Hospital Dundalk Democrat 201 7.3 Ardee Mental Hospital, Dundalk Democrat 201 Chapter 8 8.1 Dining hall of Ardee Mental Hospital (2012) 216 Chapter 9 9.1 Seminar series attendees, Ardee Mental Hospital (1942) 231 9.2 Dining hall, Ardee Mental Hospital (2012) 251 Conclusion Ardee local area plan (2010-6) 260 Disused beds in St Brigid’s Complex (2013) 264 iii List of tables Chapter 2 2.1 Mental health laws, Local Government (Ireland) Act (1898) 79 2.2 Richmond patient statistics, 1892-98 86 2.3 Cost of maintenance in the Richmond (1882-1902) 92 Chapter 4 4.1 Population statistics for County Louth (1881-1936) 118 4.1 Richmond patient statistics (1892-1922) 120 4.2 Richmond patient statistics with special categories (1892-1922) 121 4.4 Lunatic asylums to mental hospitals (1925) 127 4.3 Richmond patient statistics (1925-37) 128 Chapter 7 7.1 Probationary nurses in Ardee Mental Hospital (1934) 194 7.2 Qualifying examination results in the Ardee Mental Hospital (1935) 195 7.3 Transfer of patients from Dublin to Ardee (1933-4) 198 Chapter 8 8.1 Patients and staff in Grangegorman Mental Hospital 213 Chapter 9 9.1 Cost per head of the maintenance of patients in Irish mental hospitals (1945-7) 239 iv List of appendices 1 Matrons and head male nurses, Ardee Mental Hospital (1933-79) 2 Administrators, Ardee Mental Hospital (1933-91) 3 Resident Medical Superintendants, Ardee Mental Hospital (1933-2009) 4 Average weekly cost per head of the maintenance of patients in Irish mental hospitals (1945-7) 5 Irish mental hospital farm expenditure (1958) 6 James Moonan, the Ruxton estate, Ardee 7 Photographs and advertisements, Ardee Mental Hospital 8 Photographs, St Luke’s chapel, Ardee 9 Vincent Kelly design (1929) 10 Biographies 11 List of attendees at the opening of the Ardee Mental Hospital (9 Nov. 1933) v Acknowledgements I wish to thank the staff of the following archival repositories and institutions: the National Archives of Ireland, Louth County Archives, St Brigid’s Hospital in Ardee, Louth County Library, Trinity College Dublin, the National Library of Ireland and Irish Architectural Archive. I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis supervisor Professor Terence Dooley for his support and guidance during this research. My thanks go to Professor Marian Lyons, Ann O’Donoghue and Catherine Heslin in the History Department at NUI Maynooth for their support and encouragement throughout my undergraduate degree and postgraduate research. I also wish to thank the Research and Science Trust of the Central Remedial Clinic of Ireland for the Dr Ciaran Barry Scholarship in 2011 in support of my research which gave me the confidence and encouragement to continue my studies. Sincere gratitude goes to Professor Vincent Comerford for his counsel and uncompromising support over the last number of years. My thanks must also go to a number of university academics who offered their time and knowledge in the first year of this research: in particular, Professor Christine Casey for her advice on the architectural aspects of the topic and architectural history in general and Professor Gerard Fealy for guidance on the development of psychiatric nursing practice in twentieth-century Ireland. I am grateful to Professor Paul Fearon in St Patrick’s University Hospital, Dublin, for providing me with an opportunity to learn a variety of perspectives in mental health care in modern Ireland and to Peter Sirr for allowing me to quote lines from his poem From the Sunken Kingdom (2000). A special thank you goes to the staff of St Brigid’s Hospital in Ardee for their help and guidance. In particular, I want to thank Dr Geraldine Lyster, Margaret Keenan and Ger McCormack for arranging my access to the facility to take the photographs used in this research. vi My thanks go to Oliver Doyle in the Irish Railway Record Society Archive for sharing his extensive knowledge of railways in Ireland and Charles McCarthy in Dundalk for help with maritime history in County Louth in the twentieth century. Also I am very grateful to Martin Connolly in County Monaghan for providing photographic records from St Davnet’s in Monaghan and for taking the time to give a tour of the grounds and share his knowledge of the history of the facility. My thanks also to my uncle, Brendan McQuaid, for giving direction on railway and transport queries and my uncle, James McQuaid, for sharing his experience and advice on how to survive the PhD journey. My acknowledgements would not be complete without thanking my family for their support and encouragement: my parents Terry and Vera, my brother, Gerard and sisters, Anne and Sheena. My thanks also to Myles, Emma, John and Cara for their friendship and support. vii Timeline of institutional reform in mental healthcare in Ireland, 1699-2012 1699 Anonymous donation of £2,000 made to Dublin Corporation for providing services to the lunatic poor of the city 1708 Cells erected in the house of industry in Dublin 1735 Workhouse established in County Cork 1746 St Patrick’s Hospital opens in Dublin City with accommodation for 54 lunatics 1772 Accommodation provided as wards or departments attached to houses of industry in several counties 1774 Madhouses Act under King George sought to regulate provision of care of the insane in Britain and Ireland 1780 Ruxton residence built on an extensive estate in Ardee, County Louth (changed to St Joseph’s Hospital for sick, aged and infirm in twentieth century) 1787 Prison Act gave grand juries power to raise funds to establish wards or departments for destitute insane persons
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