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Zoogeographical Analysis of the Egyptian Scorpion Fauna

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Zoogeographical Analysis of the Egyptian Scorpion Fauna Al Azhar Bulletin of Science Vol. 28, No. 1 (June), 2017, pp. 1- 14 ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EGYPTIAN SCORPION FAUNA Mostafa Saleh1, Mahmoud Younes1, Ahmed Badry1 and Moustafa Sarhan2 Departments of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo1 and Assuit2, Egypt ABSTRACT The geographical distribution and diversity of the scorpion fauna of Egypt was examined based on a large collection covering most of the country and in view of recent revisionary systematics. Six ecologically distinct zoogeographical regions are targeted in a collection scheme. The ecological and historical biogeography of the present-day distribution of the scorpion fauna of Egypt is discussed. Key Word. Zoogeography, Scorpion Fauna, Buthidae, Euscorpiidae, Hemiscorpiidae, Scorpionidae, Egypt INTRODUCTION collection from most parts of the country and in view of recent revisionary systematics. The Scorpions comprise a highly successful and validity of listed records was assessed in light diverse order of Arachnida. Except Antarctica, scorpions distributed over all continents of new taxonomic findings and geographic (Lamoral, 1980; Sissom, 1990). It inhabits a distribution data and present a new list great range of the world of tropical and provided with an identification key to the temperate regions including; forests, savannas scorpion fauna of Egypt consisting of 31 and deserts (Anderson, 1983). species and four dubious species (Badry et al., 2017). In addition, the precise patterns of The scorpion fauna of Egypt is represented geographical and ecological distribution of by four families; Buthidae, Euscorpiidae, most scorpion species in Egypt are yet to be Hemiscorpiidae and Scorpionidae. During the determined. past century, considerable information about scorpion fauna of Egypt and the region, have Egypt occupies one of the most arid areas been complied, reviewed and synthesized by on the globe. It’s an important part of North several authors (e.g. Simon, 1910; Gough and Africa, which are home to a unique fauna and Stanley, 1927; Pallary, 1937; Vachon, 1952; flora that has been shaped by the combination 1966; Levy and Amitai, 1980; Vachon and of several factors including the harsh climatic Kinzelbach, 1987). Numerous publications conditions of the Sahara the episodic have contributed significantly to our growing appearance of humid cycles, and by the knowledge of the composition, ecology and complex geological evolution of this area. The biogeography of scorpions of Egypt at large aim of this paper is to explain current (Kinzelbach, 1985; Moustafa, 1988; EL- geographical distribution of different scorpion Hennawy, 1992; Lourenço et al., 2009a, b; species from Egypt. Teruel et al., 2013). These authors refer to a MATERIALS AND METHODS total of 35 scorpion species from Egypt. All of Study area these species were listed in a compiled lists El- Hennawy (1992, 2014). Some of these species The study covers the entire country of records are unclear and dubious (Kovarik, Egypt (Figure, 1 and Table, 1), which is 2007; Kaltsas et al., 2008) and should be traditionally divided into a number of eco- further reviewed and verified. Moreover, the geographical regions, each encompassing a taxonomy and diversity of the scorpion fauna number of basic habitat types (Kassas, 1993; of Egypt was examined based on a large 2 MOSTAFA SALEH, et al. Saleh, 1993). These eco-geographical regions water is available forming individual oases that can be summarized as following; are often separated from each other by barren desert. The Mediterranean Coastal Desert: This narrow coastal strip of 30 to 50 kms extends The Nile Valley and Delta (NVD): The along the Egyptian coast of the Mediterranean. River Nile, which cuts its course across the It receives more rainfall than any other area in entire length of the country, carries an Egypt. With the exception of the extreme abundance of water from the remote African eastern part, which is considered semi-arid, the highlands into this extremely arid part of the rest of the coastal belt is climatically arid. The Sahara, creating in its narrow valley and delta hyper-arid barren desert to the south forms a the largest riverine oasis in the world. The river major ecological barrier separating this belt flows mostly close to the north-south aligned from the patchy inland habitats of the Western hills of sandstone and limestone of the Eastern Desert to the south (Saleh, 1993). The Desert. South of the large and intensively Mediterranean coastal belt is interrupted by the cultivated Nile Delta, the present-day flood Nile Delta which divides it into the Western plain of the Nile becomes very narrow, Mediterranean Coastal Desert (WMCD) to the particularly on the eastern side, where the river west, and the Eastern or Sinai Mediterranean washes the feet of the sedimentary hills of the Coastal Desert (SMCD) to the east. These two Eastern Desert in some places. Adjoining the sectors, differ geomorphologically, river’s western flood plain just south of the climatologically and ecologically from each latitude of Cairo is the Faiyum Depression. The other (Saleh, 1997) and are, therefore, treated in depression receives its water from the Nile via this study as two separate eco-geographical the Bahr Yusuf canal, which is possibly a regions. natural branch of the Nile. South of Aswan, the river cuts a deep, gorge-like course through the The Western Inland Desert (WID): South Nubian Plateau. This fast running sector of the of the Mediterranean coastal desert, the river is interrupted by a series of rapids forming Western Desert is almost rainless. The flat what is known as the river Cataracts. From the topography of that desert allows very little, if First Cataract just south of Aswan, the river any, significant collection of the rare local rain virtually lacks any flood plain, except for few to support even the most rudimentary life. In patches scattered along the river course. the topographic depressions scattered Following the damming of the river near throughout that desert, however, ground water Aswan, this sector of the river has been may reach the surface creating oases and other inundated. The resulting Lake Nasser forms isolated patches of life in this otherwise barren one of the major topographic features of the desert. These patchy habitats are surrounded by entire river basin. vast tracks of barren desert which represent a formidable ecological barrier to animals, The Eastern Inland Desert (EID): Unlike particularly those with limited dispersal the Western Desert, the Eastern Desert exhibits abilities. Patchy inland habitats of the Western a very diverse and complex topography. A Desert include the inhabited oasis groups of backbone of igneous mountains running along Siwa, Bahariya, Farafra, Dakhla, and Kharga, the longitudinal axis of this desert, but closer to as well as numerous uninhabited oases, acacia the Red Sea coast is the predominant groves and vegetation patches scattered topographic feature. This mountain chain is throughout that desert, the largest of which is skirted to the north and west by sedimentary the Qattara Depression and its satellite oases. plateaus of limestone and sandstone. Both the Within most of the large oasis depression life is igneous mountains and the sedimentary distributed in smaller secondary patches where plateaus are dissected by networks of drainage ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EGYPTIAN SCORPION FAUNA 3 channels, which collect water from larger of domes (Abu Al-Izz, 1971), located relatively watersheds into the much smaller areas of the close to the Mediterranean. These hills receive wadis or their deltas to eventually discharge higher precipitation and support an interesting into the Red Sea or the Nile River. Wadi variety of relict fauna and flora. South of this channels and deltas thus receive runoff water region, the central Sinai plateau begins called many times higher than the average local Sinai Inland Desert (SID). This region precipitation, which ranges from 25 to 50 mm encompasses the rugged sedimentary country annually. The drainage networks also serve as of El Tih and Al-Ugma Plateaus, which are corridors for movement of fauna across this located on the northern flanks of the great otherwise inhospitable desert. The dramatically igneous core. These plateaus form two ridges, different riverine habitat of the Nile Valley and which have the form of straight walls with no Delta forms a major ecological barrier gaps (Shata, 1959). Numerous wadis drain the preventing Eastern Desert fauna from venturing central Sinai plateaus into the lower areas to the west. To the northeast the Isthmus of Suez, north and often support rich and diverse flora with its wetland presents another ecological (Saleh, 1993). barrier between the Eastern Desert and Sinai Each of the above eco-geographical regions (Basuony and Saleh, 2005). is surveyed at a number of collection localities The Sinai Peninsula: The Sinai Peninsula that represent its different habitat types. is a triangular plateau with its head in the south Material Examined at Ras Mohammad and its base along the Mediterranean Sea. The peninsula is The materials examined during this study geologically and geomorphologically an consist of a total of 962 scorpion specimens currently deposited at Al Azhar University extension of the Eastern Desert, regardless of Zoological Collection (AUZC), Department of the Gulf of Suez that separates the two regions. Zoology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. The core of the peninsula; situated near its The majority of these specimens were collected southern end; consists of an intricate complex during the course of this study. These of high and very rugged igneous and specimens were collected from 46 collection metamorphic mountains. These mountains are localities representing six major eco- dissected by a large number of wadis flowing geographical regions of Egypt (Figure, 1 and either to the Gulf of Aqaba or the plain of Sahel Table, 1). Scorpions were collected by actively El Qaa and the Gulf of Suez. Most of these searching their potential hiding places, mostly wadis are relatively rich in plant and animal under rocks during daytime (Williams, 1968) life.
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