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UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Avian Wing Bones Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/53m7t7ts Author Kiang, James Huai Publication Date 2013 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Avian Wing Bones A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Engineering Sciences (Mechanical Engineering) by James Huai Kiang Committee in charge: Professor Joanna McKittrick, Chair Professor Marc Meyers Professor Vlado Lubarda 2013 Signature Page The Thesis of James Huai Kiang is approved and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2013 iii Table of Contents Signature Page ................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................ iv List of Figures .................................................................................................. vi List of Tables ................................................................................................... xi List of Equations .............................................................................................. xi Acknowledgements ......................................................................................... xii Vita ................................................................................................................. xiii ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS ........................................................................ xiv Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................... 1 Ch. 1.1: Introduction to Biomimetics .............................................................. 1 Chapter 2: Background .................................................................................... 6 Ch. 2.1: Structural and Mechanical Properties of Bone ................................. 6 Chapter 3: Methods and Experimental Procedures ........................................ 18 Ch. 3.1: Sample Preparation and Procedures ............................................. 18 Ch. 3.1.1: Cleaning the Samples ............................................................. 18 Ch. 3.1.2: Sectioning Samples ................................................................. 24 Ch. 3.1.3: Sample Preparation ................................................................. 29 Ch. 3.2: Facilities and Equipments .............................................................. 35 iv Chapter 4: Results and Discussions ............................................................... 40 Ch. 4.1: Structural Characterization and Optical Observation of the of the Bones in each Species ................................................................................ 40 Ch. 4.2: Mechanical Properties of the Bones from each Species ............... 77 Chapter 5: Summary and Conclusions ........................................................... 84 Chapter 6: Future Work .................................................................................. 89 References ..................................................................................................... 91 v List of Figures Figure 1: Schematic representation of characteristic constraints/components in the study of biological systems [4]. ................................................................... 3 Figure 2: General skeletal structure of a human body. All major bones in the body are labeled [6]. ......................................................................................... 7 Figure 3: Image of a typical long bone that shows both the cortical or compact bone and the trabecular or cancellous bone [9]. ............................................... 8 Figure 4: Image of a human long bone [11]. ..................................................... 9 Figure 5: Diagram of a long bone that illustrates an osteon [15]. ................... 11 Figure 6: Schematic diagram of the microstructure of cortical bone region [16]. ....................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 7: Hierarchical structural organization of bone. From left to right: Cortical and Trabecular bone; Osteons; Lamellae; Collagen fiber bundle that consists of many collagen fibrils; Bone minerals, collagen molecules, and non- collagenous protein [17]. ................................................................................ 13 Figure 8: General skeletal structure of a bird body. All major bones and the location of the fused bones in the body have been labeled [19]. .................... 14 Figure 9: Means and 95 percent confidence intervals for cranial, humeral, and femoral density in a) birds, b) bats, and c) rodents with the sample sizes in parentheses. The stars for each species indicate the weighted means of the bone density for each group [25]. ................................................................... 16 Figure 10: Left and right wing of the California Gull. ....................................... 19 Figure 11: Left wing of the Turkey Vulture. The flesh and feathers were not attached to the bones upon receiving the specimens. .................................... 22 Figure 12: Left wing of the raven. The wing was received without the flesh and feathers attached. ........................................................................................... 23 vi Figure 13: a) The humerus bone from the left wing of a California Gull. The length of this humerus bone is approximately 13cm. b) The humerus bone from the right wing of a Pekin Duck. The length of this humerus bone is approximately 9.5cm. c) The humerus bone from the right wing of the Turkey Vulture. The bone was already damaged when it was received. The length of the humerus bone is approximately 14cm. d) The humerus bone from the right wing of the Common Raven. The length of the humerus bone is approximately 7.5cm.............................................................................................................. 24 Figure 14: Length-wise cross section of the gull humerus bone. This section is located at the middle of the bone. .................................................................. 26 Figure 15: The duck humerus bone after being sectioned into 5mm portions. 27 Figure 16: A section of the duck humerus bone. ............................................ 28 Figure 17: The right humerus of the vulture after sectioning. Where the bone attaches to the body or other wing bones is labeled respectively. .................. 29 Figure 18: SamplKup® with a 5mm section of the vulture humerus prior to filling with epoxy solution. Once filled with epoxy solution, the setup is left alone for 24hrs to allow for the epoxy to dry and harden. ............................... 30 Figure 19: Exposed surface of the humerus bones from different species after grinding and polishing. a) Common Raven, b) California Gull, c) Pekin Duck, d) Turkey Vulture. ........................................................................................... 31 Figure 20: a) A portion of the length-wise cross section of the gull humerus bone. b) Zoomed image of the internal structures of the gull humerus bone. 42 Figure 21: Approximate location of the struts found within the gull humerus bone. .............................................................................................................. 42 Figure 22: a) and b) show two different struts found within the humerus bone of the gull using the Keyence 3-D optical microscope. ................................... 43 vii Figure 23: Strut (b) from Figure 22. a) Shows a high resolution image of the excised strut from the humerus bone of the gull using the Keyence 3-D optical microscope. b) Shows a top down view with dimensions. c) Shows a side view with dimensions. ............................................................................................. 44 Figure 24: Gull strut (a) from Figure 22 after the deproteination process under the SEM. ......................................................................................................... 45 Figure 25: a) Fractured surface of the deproteinized strut from the gull humerus. b) Shows the microstructures within the strut. c) Shows one of the many microstructures within the strut ............................................................. 46 Figure 26: Cross sectional image of a section of the gull right humerus cortical bone showing the microstructures such as osteons (O), vascular channels (Va), lacuna spaces (La), and Volkmann’s canals (VC). ................................ 47 Figure 27: Optical image of untreated bovine cortical bone. Some of the microstructures can be seen in the yellow oval. Osteons (O); Lacuna spaces (La); Vascular channels (Va); Volkmann's canals (VC)………………………..48 Figure 28: Fractured surface of a deproteinized section of the gull humerus bone. a) through d) shows increasing magnification of the microstructures that were seen in the bone……………………………………………………………..49 Figure 29: Cross sectional view of the duck humerus bone, taken from the most proximal end of the bone not including the proximal epiphysis, showing the trabecular bone with the marrow still inside. ............................................
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