Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X Vol. 2 No. 2 | Desember 2019 E ISSN 2621-735X ______Tobacco Control Politics in Indonesia: Regional and Global Perspective Arie Kusuma Paksi, Nanik Prasetyoningsih, Dianita Sugiyo

International Relations Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta – Indonesia Email: [email protected] Submitted: 18 November 2019 |Accepted: 31 Desember 2019 Abstract The study examines control policies of Indonesia, national and international players, the role of political elite and social demography of . The analysis explains the relation of national and international players associated with the , interest of local community, structural and political powers that limit the legislation on . The current situation of smoking and tobacco use in the social system of Indonesia is alarming. Indonesia is the working ground of different multinational brands that have industries and production units of . The economic perspectives of the tobacco industry involvement of government and political powers in this industry make it more complex. The study is based on qualitative sources that are evaluated for the tobacco industry and its implications on Indonesian society. The results provide a comprehensive overview of the tobacco industry and the role of different actors that can be regularized by imposing strict legislation. The study also provides recommendations to manage the tobacco industry that will guide the corrective path of reducing tobacco culture in the society. Keywords: Tobacco, Control, Economics, International, Players. Abstrak Studi ini mengkaji kebijakan pengendalian tembakau di Indonesia, yang melibatkan aktor nasional dan internasional, serta peran elit politik dan bagaimana demografi sosial merokok. Analisis ini menjelaskan hubungan pemain nasional dan internasional yang terkait dengan industri tembakau, minat masyarakat lokal, kekuatan struktural dan politik yang berdampak pada undang-undang tentang pengendalian tembakau. Apalagi pada saat ini perilaku merokok dan penggunaan tembakau dalam sistem sosial Indonesia sedang berada pada level mengkhawatirkan. Indonesia menjadi tempat dimana berbagai perusahaan multinasional mengelola industri dan produksi rokok. Perspektif ekonomi dari keterlibatan industri tembakau, pemerintah dan kekuatan politik dalam industri ini membuatnya lebih kompleks. Studi ini didasarkan pada sumber kualitatif yang dievaluasi untuk industri tembakau dan implikasinya pada masyarakat Indonesia. Hasilnya memberikan gambaran komprehensif tentang industri tembakau dan peran berbagai pelaku yang dapat diatur dengan memberlakukan undang-undang yang ketat. Studi ini juga memberikan rekomendasi untuk mengelola industri tembakau yang akan memandu jalan korektif untuk mengurangi budaya tembakau di masyarakat Indonesia. Kata kunci: Pengendalian, Tembakau, Economi, Aktor, Internasional.

INTRODUCTION Indonesia has one of the highest age of 15 hooked on tobacco, smoking rates in the world, with 73.3 according to data from the 2014 World percent of Indonesian men over the Health Organization (Ariani &

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Mulyono, 2019). The figure causes cigarettes a day. Shortly thereafter, more concern, however, because another video from the local Antara addiction starts from young people: agency showed the desperate parents 36.2 percent of boys between 13 and of little eight-year-old Ilham, who 15 years old and 4.3 percent of girls are became violent and broke windows habitual smokers (Ariani & Mulyono, and furniture if he couldn't smoke the 2019)."Indonesia has a very weak set two daily packages he was used of policies regarding tobacco," to(Ariani & Mulyono, 2019). explains Mark Hurley, director in The popularity of this industry is Indonesia of the Tobacco-Free no accident. At the end of the 19th Kids Campaign (Ariani & Mulyono, century, the Indonesians began 2019). Thus, the archipelago is one of putting small amounts of clove, a the few countries in the world, and the species native to the archipelago, in only one in Southeast Asia, which has their cigarettes to flavour the tobacco not signed the Framework that the Dutch had brought and that Convention on Tobacco Control, had been imposed on Bethel, the soft explains Hurley, which sets minimum drug par excellence in the Southeast standards to reduce the health Asian for centuries and still common consequences of tobacco use. The in countries like Myanmar (Ariani, Agreement includes measures to Mulyono & Widyatuti, prohibit smoking in public enclosed 2019). The were born spaces to the restriction of the sale to this way, today the most popular minors, among others. "Indonesian in the country. In the 70s and companies have aggressive campaigns 80s, then-dictator Suharto saw the aimed at young people (Ariani & opportunity to use the Kreteks as a Mulyono, 2019). There are ads symbol in his nationalist campaigns, everywhere. Most adults smoke. So, while rewarding his friends and allies children look around and are with juicy concessions. Then began a constantly exposed to tobacco. honeymoon with the tobacco industry, Ardi Rizal became a good which today still enjoys few example of this. In 2010, a video in restrictions on its advertising which the two-year-old baby was campaigns or low consumption seen smoking with the safety of an taxes.Cigarettes are thus ubiquitous in adult went viral on the social networks Indonesian society and can be of the country and half the world obtained at reduced prices. According (Ariani & Mulyono, 2019). His parents to WHO data, packages of 20 claimed that the boy smoked about 40 cigarettes can be purchased for less

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than Rs 7,000, around half a euro tobacco (Ariani, Mulyono & (Ariani, Mulyono & Widyatuti, Widyatuti, 2019). 2019). However, for older addicts, Successful companies with great tobacco can be an important expense influence in the country did not in a country where the minimum wage respond to HRW's request for varies from 80 to 218 euros per month, information about their suppliers or depending on the region. Not showed interest in proving that they surprisingly, it was 3 and a half euros a do not use child labor. One of them day that cost Ardi's addiction that led was Djartum, owned by the Hartono his parents to ban cigarettes. brothers, the richest businessmen in Tobacco is not only harmful the country for the past eight years, when smoking and simple continued according to Forbes magazine, thanks contact with the leaves can cause to its popular brand of cigarettes that dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and has allowed them to expand their headaches, as well as permanent long- businesses to other sectors such as term damage to the brain (Ariani, banking (Assunta & Dorotheo, Mulyono & Widyatuti, 2019). It is what 2016). International companies, which thousands of children in Indonesia bought approximately a quarter of the suffer every year, some as young as tobacco produced in Indonesia, were eight years old, during the tobacco more transparent, but their production harvesting season, according to recent chains cannot be certified as free from research published by the Human child labor either. "These Rights Watch (HRW). "Children who multinationals continue to buy are tobacco workers are exposed to tobacco in the free market and have no nicotine, handle toxic chemicals, use way of tracing its origin. It has no way sharp tools, lift heavy loads and work of knowing if the tobacco they buy has under intense heat that could have been produced with child labor or not long-term consequences for their (Assunta & Dorotheo, 2016). health and development," he says. The The controversy is served in the report calling for the prohibition of fourth most populous country in the child labor in this sector, as already world. The honeymoon is gradually happens in many other industries shutting down and in 2014 the considered dangerous by the government forced manufacturers government. "We have asked that any to add graphic images that warn of the type of work involving direct contact impact on tobacco health, such as with tobacco be banned, which those that have expanded over the past includes collecting or working near dry few years throughout the world. Now,

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they are considering banning tobacco 1977, by decision of the American advertising on television and radio, Cancer Society. According to statistics, while they have just raised taxes one in ten women in Indonesia (Assunta & Dorotheo, 2016). But smokes, and 50-60% of men are heavy many sectors are still reluctant smokers. Despite the efforts of health to abandon the symbol for organizations, not many people quit Indonesian culture. Thus, in 2015, a smoking, and even the risk of death draft law on national cultural heritage from the disease that caused smoking included a section for Indonesian does not help (Astuti, Assunta & cigarettes that would have forced Freeman, 2018). Smoking is one of the public administrations to respect and most common causes of death that can protect the Kretek (Assunta & be prevented. According to the WHO, Dorotheo, 2016). The voices against in the world, 1.1 billion people smoke, led to withdraw the scented cigarettes of which 300 million in developed from the proposal, but there has been countries and 800 million in little progress in policies to prevent the developing countries (Astuti, Assunta start of consumption or its & Freeman, 2018). Each year, smoking abandonment. "It is almost impossible kills about a million Indonesians. This for Indonesians to quit smoking. They is much more than AIDS, road can try, but they have incentives accidents. By 2020, smoking will cause everywhere to relapse," says Mark 1/3 of adult deaths (Astuti, Assunta & Hurley (Assunta & Dorotheo, Freeman, 2018). 2016). "If the law were stricter, maybe Nicotine is the main component I would leave it, but right now it's very of tobacco smoke (Cooper, Borland, complicated. I have no willpower McKee, Yong & Dugué, 2016). In its (Assunta & Dorotheo, 2016). pure form, it is a colorless oily liquid On Earth, there are two with an unpleasant odor, bitter in taste. international days devoted to the fight This is one of the most powerful plant against smoking, World No Tobacco poisons. The lethal dose for humans is Day (May 31) and International Day 50-75 mg of nicotine. Nicotine, which for Quitting Smoking, which is is ingested with tobacco smoke, makes celebrated annually on the third up about 1/25 of its total content in Thursday of November (Astuti, tobacco, i.e. when smoking 20-25 Assunta & Freeman, 2018). The first cigarettes per day, a person absorbs a of these dates was established by the lethal dose of nicotine. Despite lethal World Health Organization in 1988, doses, death does not occur, because: the second appeared even earlier, in part of the nicotine is neutralized by

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the very special substance that is in it – around him - children, pregnant formaldehyde (Cooper et al., 2016). women, the elderly World Smoking Secondly, it matters that nicotine Day - another attempt by the world enters the body in small doses, i.e. community to prove to smokers that gradually. Nicotine enters the life without tobacco is much more bloodstream and spreads throughout promising in all aspects (Berg et al., the body, after a few minutes it reaches 2018). It is also a way for non-smokers the brain, penetrates the nerve cells, to convince that smoking has dramatically disrupting the activity of absolutely no benefits, and can only the Central nervous system. The first aggravate problems and cause new, signs of poisoning appear dizziness, much more serious ones (Berg et al., anxiety, trembling hands, spasms of 2018). The present study is aimed to the muscles of the pharynx, explore the tobacco control policy of esophagus, stomach (Cooper et al., the Indonesian government, stance of 2016). public and private sectors, the role of has become a media and political elite and its problem not only for smokers consequences. themselves but also for those around them. In families where one of the DISCUSSION spouse’s smokes, the risk of lung Tobacco Control Agenda cancer in non-smokers "half" is 30% higher than in non-smoking families; In Indonesia, the situation of In 80-90% of cases, smoking is the tobacco control is very alarming. cause of chronic heart disease; in 85% According to the research conducted of cases it causes lung cancer (Berget by Riskesdas, it is observed that the al.,2018). Indonesia is one of the prevalence of greenhorn smokers in leaders in the spread of nicotine 2018 reached 9.1 percent and the age addiction among children, adolescents of smokers is between 10-18 years and women. Doctors, scientists, (Berg et al., 2018). The use of tobacco sociologists, demographers, politicians is an issue of global concern. Health are seriously concerned about the concerns related to tobacco and spread of one of the varieties of drug smoking are the highest in the world. addiction, smoking, or in modern World Health Organization estimates terms, addictive behavior, addiction that the deaths caused by tobacco in (Berg et al., 2018). Moreover, smoking the world exceed by 6 million per year harms not only the smoker himself, it (Berg et al., 2018). The number of is much more dangerous for those nonsmokers who get affected by

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and lead to death are international nongovernmental 600,000 individuals per year (Berg et organizations (INGO) conclude to al., 2018). According to the World formulate, implement and strengthen Health Organization, during the the WHO Framework Convention on present century, the number of people Tobacco Control (FCTC) (Cooper et who died because of smoking will be 1 al., 2016). The purpose of this billion (Berg et al., 2018). framework is to limit the usage of During the past few decades, tobacco, encourage the countries to tobacco use not only increase among campaign and make policies to support the countries with industry but the tobacco reduction, limit the low- and middle-income countries production of cigarettes form local and affected greatly with the increased use international companies (Cooper et al., of tobacco. Tobacco consumption 2016). increase every year, it is interesting to Before discussing the current know that tobacco consumption is tobacco control agenda in Indonesia, it reduced in many high-income is important to know about the history countries (Cooper et al., 2016). This of conventions related to tobacco reduction in tobacco consumption is control and the framework that trying because of the fact that old smokers to control tobacco usage. One of the are not replaced by new smokers. initiatives by the World Health Tobacco industries are more focused Organization was to develop an on low countries as they are the best international legal foundation named marketplace to sell tobacco products the Framework Convention on (Cooper et al., 2016). The smoke of Tobacco Control (FCTC) to fight cigarettes contains more than 7000 against tobacco (Lee, Eckhardt & chemical compounds and 69 of them Holden, 2016). World Health are causing cancer while hundreds of Organization is aimed to campaign chemical compounds are harmful to more aggressively to fight for the human health (Cooper et al., 2016). global war of tobacco. A global Smoking worsens the health agreement to control the production, conditions for patients suffering from sales, regulating, advertising and diabetes, it enhances the risk of distribution of tobacco were miscarriage and adverse pregnancy. formulated in 2003 and implemented Smoking also causes eye diseases in 2005 (Lee, Eckhardt & Holden, including complete blindness. Due to 2016). the bad effects of smoking on human Indonesia was involved in health, many countries and drafting the Framework Convention

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on Tobacco Control with 172 other MPOWER that is based on six points countries (Lee, Eckhardt & Holden, including; monitor the use of tobacco 2016). But Indonesia is the only one in and implement prevention policies, Asia who did not sign the FCTC. The protect citizens from smoke of framework provides instructions to cigarettes, offer help to stop smoking, control tobacco usage among the warn about the bad effects of tobacco, population of the signed countries. enforce bans on promotion, There was no legal meaning of the advertisement and sponsorship of term framework convention, but it is tobacco and rise duties on the sale of used to explain the international tobacco (Lee, Eckhardt & Holden, treaties to empower a government to 2016). develop a system around particular Indonesia is a country with a problems (Lee, Eckhardt & Holden, huge burden of tobacco use and 2016). While considering the several MPOWER measures are international aspects of FCTC, it has implemented to reduce tobacco use, very limited applications. No but all the initiatives are still struggling agreement about the price regulation to get the result but none of all yet at among different countries, no binding higher achievement (Makhabah, Ride, obligation for the multinational Raharjo, Sutanto & Suradi, 2017). advertisement of tobacco products, no World Health Organization is helping obligation for price control and tax- the Indonesian government to free cigarettes continue to be legal implement best policies and practices (Lee, Eckhardt & Holden, 2016). through the current legislation about There is a little debate regarding price tobacco control to reduce tobacco use. harmonization, almost all of the Actual problem is that the framework countries accept that the prizing is FCTC is just focused on agreements. associated with the sovereign right of It is important to consider the political individual government and every economy of the country. For example, country has its own fiscal policy in the case of Thailand, the (Makhabah et al., 2017). An government and anti-tobacco forces international legal term between succeeded to suppress the American countries need to establish and foreign policy that supports cigarette develop a general law for the manufacturers (Makhabah et al., 2017). prevention and control of diseases caused by tobacco. Guidelines of World Health Organization (WHO) for tobacco control are defined as

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Tobacco Politics in Indonesia number three in the whole world for The tobacco policy of Indonesia the consumption of tobacco after is applied since 1970 when there was a China and India (Prabandari & Dewi, huge increase observed in the demand 2016). The rapid increase in the for tobacco. Per capita, tobacco smoking habit among the young consumption was increased by 9.2 generation is alarming in Indonesia as percent between 2001 to 2004 most of the cigarette companies focus (Makhabah et al., 2017). At present, on the young generation. World almost 63 percent of Indonesian men Health Organization calculated that smoke and thirty-four percent 225,720 individuals are died every year smoking prevalence (Makhabah et al., in Indonesia because of smoking 2017). Due to the exposure to the (Prabandari & Dewi, 2016). The smoke of cigarettes, nonsmokers get number of deaths due to the use of addicted to passive smoke that is more tobacco in Indonesia accounts for 14.7 dangerous and harmful to human percent of the total deaths (Prabandari being. The Indonesian government & Dewi, 2016). Smoking is not only and the partner elite of the country are harmful to young smokers, but it is beneficiaries of the tobacco industries also harmful to every age and the and the economic benefits are huge smoke of cigarettes affects children that restrict the government actions and adults. (Makhabah et al., 2017). Indonesian According to the studies, it is government managed a suitable revealed that tobacco consumption condition for the multinational and spending cost 378.75 trillion companies to set their plants of rupiah to Indonesia during 2013 cigarette manufacturing. People are (Prabandari & Dewi, 2016). The not restricted, even a huge population addictive nature of tobacco and other of children used to smoke regularly. health issues are the primary points of The multinational companies are also concern for the authorities. Indonesia posing pressure on the Indonesian ranked third in smoking prevalence government to ease the smoking rules and it is estimated that more than 75% for the public and manufacturers of the population is used to smoke (Makhabah et al., 2017). regularly (Prabandari & Dewi, 2016). Currently, smoking is the basic Data shows that the smoking trend of problem that need to solve by the beginners at the age of 10-18 increased Indonesian nation, most of the at an alarming 9.1% in recent years population is addictive to the use of (Prabandari & Dewi, 2016). Cigarette tobacco. Indonesia is ranked at industries are involved in the

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widespread prevalence of smoking in medical expenses in recent years that Indonesian society. It is accounted that alarmed the government authorities to more than 225,720 people died control tobacco consumption. There because of smoking and it is more than are many environmental consequences 14% of total deaths in the country of cigarette consumption; the butts of (Prabandari & Dewi, 2016). Smoking cigarettes are decomposed in not less causes societal damage that altered the than 10 years (Puig, 2017). Indonesia social health demography. The has a huge cigarette industry increased rate of morbidity and manufacturing more than 5.5 trillion mortality alarmed the social and cigarettes per minute. The cigarettes communal authorities to consider the are also exported across different effect of increased smoking trends in countries and the multinational the country (Prabandari & Dewi, companies have their production hub 2016). in Indonesia. Indonesia is the only The Indonesian authorities are country in Asia that did not ratify the lean toward the cigarette industry “Framework Convention on Tobacco because of the political and personal Control” (FCTC). The loss of gain of elite class. Political class of legislations to control the Indonesia have their interest in consumption of tobacco is based on cigarette industry that are of economic the economic benefits of certain basis; poor legislation and lack of political elite groups (Puig, 2017). awareness campaigns are also part Indonesia should strengthen the road playing factors managed by political map of legislations and social control elite to hide the issues (Puig, 2017). of tobacco consumption to help Significant increase in hypertension support their civilian population (Puig, and cancer cases in recent years are 2017). The disease incidents in the also evident; cancer cases are increased country are elevated posing severe from 7% to 15% and hypertension health risks to the youth. Smoking cases are elevated from 17% to 54% education should be given to all classes (Puig, 2017). Diseases linked with of society especially the middle and smoking and poor air quality are poor class of society (Puig, 2017). increasing with time and most of the Indonesia is the largest cigarette diseases are linked with intensive producing country in the world and it smoking habits of the people (Puig, also produces tobacco. The increased 2017). death rate in youth because of smoking The economic gains from the is the point of concern for the social tobacco industry are surpassed by the activists. Social groups and activists

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always urge the government to support the children get used to smoke because them by the laws that can control of easy access to cigarettes (Rosser, public smoking and limit the 2015). campaigning of the multinational companies in the social system Tobacco Control: Role of Media (Rosser, 2015). In Indonesia, more Television combines the than 600,000 premature deaths are capabilities of radio, cinema, accounted for because of smoking and photography, painting, theatre. By there are also issues of youth age synthesizing the image and sound, it deaths because of tobacco can achieve almost complete consumption in which 72% are resemblance to the transmitted women (Rosser, 2015). pictures, to ensure the coincidence in Indonesia produces more than time of events and spectator 360,000 tons of tobacco that produces observation of them (Rosser, more than 360 billion sticks of 2015). The following reasons stand out cigarettes in 2014 (Rosser, 2015). The for such a rapid and massive spread of data shows that the cigarette industry television: (1) Information is is powerful in the country and it is figurative, holistic in nature and directly linked with the economics of therefore highly accessible; (2) the country. The limitation of Telecasts are easy to understand (do legislations and legal actions to control not even require basic literacy); (3) The smoking consumption is limited to effect of personal presence, make the tobacco industry flourish participation; and (4) A significant part (Rosser, 2015). It is estimated that of the information a person receives tobacco control will not harm the through vision (this is the main farmers of tobacco crops, as Indonesia channel for obtaining information is the exporter of cigarettes and most about the world). of the multinational companies have In order to identify what role plants that export their products mass media should play in across the globe (Rosser, 2015). disseminating health information, it is Cigarette manufacturing facilities are necessary to determine the purpose also filled with children that are and functions of the media in involved in the manufacturing process. Indonesian society(Rosser, The involvement of children’s in 2015).American theorists and cigarette manufacturing is one of the historians of the press identify four key factors impact the social behavior theories that characterize the media, of children toward smoking. Most of each of which has its own specific goal

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(Rosser, 2015). Firstly, it is an of television, radio, the press and the authoritarian theory, the purpose of Internet (Schröderset al., 2017). which is to maintain and implement This is particularly relevant the policies of the current government, against the background of a general as well as to serve the state. Secondly, deterioration in the health of libertarian theory. Its purpose is to Indonesians. Every year, medical inform, entertain and sell, but mainly statistics record an increase in the to help find the truth and control the incidence rate and an increase in the government. Thirdly, this is the theory number of people with disabilities, of social responsibility, the purpose of which in turn adversely affects the which is to inform, entertain and sell, demographic situation (Sebayang, but basically to transfer the conflict to Dewi, Lailiyah& Ahsan, 2019). The the level of discussion (Schröderset al., mortality rate in 2005 reached 16.1 2017). And the fourth theory is ppm. Of concern is the increase in socialist. Its purpose is to contribute to mortality in young age cohorts the success and maintenance of the (Sebayanget al., 2019). In 2005, life socialist system, the party dictatorship expectancy at birth in Indonesia was (Schröderset al., 2017). 65.3 years: for men - 58.9 years, for Health acts as one of the women - 72.3 years. Such a significant necessary and most important difference (13.4 years) between the conditions for an active, creative and expected life expectancy of men and fulfilling human life in society women is not found in any country in (Schröderset al., 2017). This is exactly the world (Sebayanget al., 2019). This what K. Marx paid attention to at one gap significantly exceeds the time, presenting the disease as life performance of most countries, where constrained in its freedom. Inadequate this value averages from 5 to 7 years level of health has a negative impact on (Sebayanget al., 2019). the social, labor and economic activity To maintain health, the urgent of people, on the productivity and task is to create a new health culture intensity of their labor; adversely among the entire population, which affects a number of indicators of the not only reduces the likelihood of natural movement of the population, diseases but also allows you to as well as the health and physical gradually strengthen the vitality of a development of offspring (Schröderset person using traditional and non- al., 2017). In this regard, health traditional methods of preventing and information should occupy a leading treating diseases (Sebayanget al., 2019). place in the information space system It is impossible to change people's

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attitudes to their health without the street billboards (Septiono & Kunst, help of the most powerful tool for 2018). In general, it can be noted that forming public opinion - the in Indonesia there are not enough media. The role of the media in specialized publications and programs shaping the worldview, values, norms, devoted to the formation of a value ideals, and behaviors of both an attitude to health. Modern individual and society is invaluable publications and programs promote (Sebayang et al., 2019). Television, those patterns of behavior that do not radio, and the press, performing contribute to improving health, but educational, educational, rather lead to a weakening of the informational, cultural and spiritual body's viability (Septiono & Kunst, functions, can increase the interest of 2018). A policy to regulate the the population in the problems of activities of the media can and should maintaining a high level of their health protect the population from the (Sebayang et al., 2019). harmful effects of materials related to Currently, the urgent research violence, risky behavior, and problem is the study of the media substandard advertising (Septiono & information field what kind of social Kunst, 2018). color has disseminated health It must be remembered that the information. It should be noted that main role of the media in a democratic modern media can have both positive state is to provide positive information and negative effects of disseminating that will be in demand by the health information (Septiono & Kunst, population. For the formation of value 2018). A positive role can be played by orientations and motivations to social advertising. Advertising of maintain and strengthen their own toothpastes, shampoos, hygiene health, it is necessary that positive products, etc. helps to strengthen the medical information is broadcast need for personal hygiene in the minds regularly, as well as considering the of people (Septiono & Kunst, 2018). characteristics of the audience Advertising on hard liquor products is (interests, age, gender) (Tandilittin, currently prohibited on television. It is 2016). The information on the obvious that such measures must also possibilities and methods of be taken in relation to tobacco maintaining health depends on how addiction. In addition, to effectively competently, professionally, and combat bad habits, the prohibition of readily available the effectiveness of such advertising is required not only the media. The formation of a healthy on television but also on radio and on- lifestyle should be the focus of social

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health policy. Comprehensive health public places, restaurants, and pubs in promotion and prevention programs most Western European countries was should not be reduced to separate introduced more than ten years ago measures for organizing medical care, (Tandilittin, 2016). Fines for smoking it is necessary that they include in the wrong places reach several measures of hygienic education, to hundred euros.The Australian combat alcoholism, drug addiction, authorities went further and in 2012 smoking, and other risk factors, introduced an anonymous design for activation of physical education, cigarette packs with warnings about measures to create a healthy image life the dangers of smoking and unpleasant (Tandilittin, 2016). photographs of infected organs. Their example was followed Tobacco Control: Global by France, Great Britain, Perspective New Zealand, and other countries (Tandilittin, 2016). More and more countries have introduced various legislative In the United States, in addition measures to ensure that people do not to standard measures, smokers start smoking, and those who have increased the cost of health insurance, already become a victim of a bad habit thus making a bad habit very - at last from her refused (Tandilittin, burdensome from a financial point of 2016). According to the World Health view. However, unfortunately, strict Organization, today anti-smoking laws prohibitions do not always turn out to work in countries where a total of be effective - the level of smoking even about 63% of the world's population in many developed countries decreases (4.7 billion people) live. The main slowly and remains at a relatively high control tool is raising excise taxes on level. Therefore, a trend has recently cigarettes and banning or restricting been gaining momentum to reduce tobacco advertising and marketing. In health risks by switching smokers from some countries, prohibitive measures cigarettes to less harmful innovative prevail, in others, the focus is on products. Some states even include the prevention and education about the use of such alternative products in dangers of smoking (Van den Brand, their list of cigarette control tools. For Nagelhout, Hummel, Willemsen, example, electronic cigarettes and McNeill & Van Schayck, 2019). other smokeless nicotine delivery Some EU states, in their strategy, are systems are already recognized by still turning to more conservative British experts as an effective way to methods. Thus, the ban on smoking in

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refuse cigarettes (van den Brand et al., twice as high - 34%. In addition, a new 2019). ambitious “Smoking Control Plan” for In our country, an active anti- 2017–2022 has recently been smoking campaign began about Five introduced in the UK (Christiani et al., years ago, when the American 2017). Since he is already showing Bloomberg Initiative Fund started good results, we will consider it in issuing grants to Indonesian NGOs in comparison with the Indonesian anti- the fight against smoking (van den tobacco concept, planned for the same Brand et al., 2019). The state joined in time period (Christiani et al., full force in 2013, when the law “On 2017).Both Indonesia and the UK, in protecting the health of citizens from general, resort to similar generally the effects of surrounding tobacco recognized measures to combat smoke and the consequences of tobacco smoking, however, on several tobacco consumption” was adopted issues, the approaches of countries (Christiani, Dugdale, Tavener & Byles, vary significantly (Christiani et al., 2017). He imposed a complete ban on 2017). smoking in all closed public places in Take tobacco control among accordance with the WHO young people, for example. In Framework Convention on Tobacco Indonesia, it is believed that electronic Control. New comprehensive anti- nicotine delivery systems can be very smoking measures are bearing fruit, attractive for minors. Indonesian but Indonesians still smoke much experts are particularly concerned that more than in the United States and the using vapes is not the first step to EU. According to the Ministry of regular smoking (van den Brand et al., Health of the Indonesian Federation, 2019). In this regard, the authors of the in the first two years of the active anti- anti-tobacco concept call for a ban on tobacco campaign, the number of the sale of such products to persons smokers in our country decreased by under the age of 18 (van den Brand et about 5% (Christiani et al., 2017). al., 2019). In the UK, the age limit for The United Kingdom boasts one the sale of electronic cigarettes was of the most successful anti-smoking introduced two years ago, and now strategies - in 2015, less than 17% of they look at the problem much more the adult population smoked there, widely. Studies say that children are which is the smallest amount in the beginning to become interested in history of statistics (Christiani et al., cigarettes, first, the adopted behavior 2017). For comparison, in Indonesia, model of adult smokers. In a 2014 the indicator of the same year was study, 82% of British smokers

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reported having smokers in their norms of the Constitution, as well as families (van den Brand et al., civil and labour laws) (Veruswati et al., 2019). Therefore, the UK Ministry of 2018). The concept also includes a ban Health seeks to aid adult smokers, on smoking in communal apartments, realizing that this directly affects the even if all owners have nothing against number of minors who smoke (van it, openly discriminating against room den Brand et al., 2019). owners against owners of entire When assessing the potential apartments (Veruswati et al., 2018). harm and possible benefits of In addition, the authors urge the electronic cigarettes, the British restriction of tobacco companies in authorities refer to their own research, the implementation of their corporate medical statistics, as well as to the social responsibility (CSR), believing, results of various independent probably, that social activity at the research institutes and centers expense of "vicious" business has no (Veruswati, Asyary, Nadjib & Achadi, right to exist. Some also believe that 2018). In turn, our Ministry of Health the CSR of such companies is just a adheres to an extremely conservative tool for earning PR points (Veruswati approach, bypassing existing scientific et al., 2018). However, given the severe data, confining itself to general phrases bans on marketing and advertising in and calls for additional study of this the tobacco industry, these restrictions new category of products. But our raise questions - companies allocating anti-smoking concept is quite money for social purposes cannot inventive in the sense of regulating legally use this to promote their traditional cigarettes. Several products (Veruswati et al., 2018). particularly exotic norms have already The most important difference caused widespread discussion in the between the anti-tobacco campaigns media and received mixed reviews of the two countries is in relation to from other departments and the expert innovative nicotine-containing community (Veruswati et al., products that can reduce the health 2018). For example, the document risks of smokers. After all, alternatives proposes to close access to tobacco to traditional cigarettes have long been products for all citizens born after not only vapes (Veruswati et al., 2015 and to increase the working 2018). The development has gone far hours for those workers who go on a ahead: innovation is mainly aimed at smoke break during the working day eliminating the burning of tobacco and (both measures, according to thereby reduce the level of toxic the Ministry of Justice, contrary to the substances entering the smoker's

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body. New products are gradually English experts admit that the appearing all over the world and are no best thing for a smoker is, of course, to longer considered something rare and completely stop smoking and consume “overseas” (Veruswati et al., 2018). A nicotine in all forms, but they put the few years ago, the production of second place in the transition to less electronic cigarettes was concentrated harmful electronic cigarettes (Wipfli & mainly in China, and not all of these Samet, 2016). In this regard, the products could be called quality agency notes the importance of (Veruswati et al., 2018). Today, the "increasing the availability of safer development, production, and study alternatives to smoking." At the same of such devices is carried out by large time, however, the UK Department of international companies that invest a Health aims to inform and disclose all lot in implementing the concept of information regarding research on harm reduction and put product electronic cigarettes, regardless of the quality at the forefront. results (Wipfli & Samet, 2016). The In view of the possible harm Indonesian Ministry of Health, on the reduction from such products, it is not contrary, proposes to restrain their the best anti-smoking move to distribution, repeatedly noting that completely ban and deny innovation in cigarettes, vapes, and other innovative the tobacco industry. To effectively products are equally harmful. It is only regulate alternative products, it would surprising that this statement is not be more reasonable to introduce not supported by any real scientific prohibitive, but control measures in justification (Wipfli & Samet, 2016). the context of which electronic Despite the growing popularity nicotine delivery systems would be of electronic cigarettes in the world, considered as a separate category the anti-smoking concept of Indonesia (Wipfli & Samet, 2016). Specialists does not provide for separate from the British Ministry of Health legislative regulation of these products rely on research and statistics, (Wipfli & Samet, 2016). Proponents of according to which only in 2016 electronic nicotine delivery systems England 2 million consumers used note that preparing the legal electronic cigarettes, as a result of framework for these products is completely giving up smoking (Wipfli crucial for controlling the quality of & Samet, 2016). Moreover, 470 devices, as well as for separating thousand people continued to use products from traditional cigarettes. It electronic cigarettes during attempts to is fair to say that there is currently no quit smoking. separate regulation of these devices in

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any country, however, several states Kingdom, the following is obvious; are actively considering the possibility prohibitive measures in anti-tobacco of a corresponding change in their legislation are not enough to achieve a legislation (Wipfli & Samet, 2016). significant reduction in the number of Indonesian parliamentarians also smokers (World Health Organization, did not stand aside and have already 2017). This thesis is supported by submitted several bills that would leading Indonesian experts in the field equate electronic cigarettes with of public health. “Doctors should traditional tobacco products. The strongly recommend stopping authors of the Indonesian anti- smoking for their patients. It is smoking concept, in turn, insist on the necessary to fight with smoking, but introduction of a special tax on the sale not with smokers. According to our of ENDS in 2018, in addition, data, every third smoker wants to quit proposing to prohibit any official smoking. We need to help them. There reporting that this product is less are different ways of anti-nicotine harmful, knowingly noting that such therapy. In England, in the first 5 years statements will be false. Legislative of the implementation of the anti- requirements in the UK dictate exactly tobacco program, launched in 2011, the opposite: the restrictions adopted the proportion of smokers decreased for conventional cigarettes do not from 20 to 15% (World Health apply to electronic cigarettes because Organization, 2017). There was a experts consider vaping products to be deliberate work of doctors and of lower risk. The fact is that in psychologists with smokers, including electronic cigarettes and tobacco support for those who used alternative heating systems, the combustion nicotine products to quit process does not occur, while most of smoking. Today, about 2 million the harmful substances in tobacco people use electronic cigarettes and smoke are combustion products have completely abandoned smoking (World Health Organization, 2017). (World Health Organization, 2017). According to the UK Ministry of Strict prohibitions are advisable Health, steam from electronic nicotine with competent preparation of the delivery systems contains 95% less society: “There are experience in harmful substances than cigarette banning the sale of cigarettes to people smoke (World Health Organization, born after a certain year in a number 2017).After a comparative analysis of of countries.” In Singapore, these the two concepts and in view of the measures require serious preparatory successful experience of the United work, because you can create laws, the

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question is how it will be implemented proven methods from the English (Yunus, Ariawan & Nurwidya, 2019). concept look much more humane, and “Vapes are a more sophisticated most importantly, they really help to recruitment of the younger generation achieve the main goal in the fight by creating a certain subculture that we against smoking - to save lives (Yunus, are indifferent to today. Here, too, it is Ariawan & Nurwidya, 2019). necessary to regulate, or simply put, to ban smoking of vapes.” As an Tobacco Control; National important element of public health Context policy, smoking control should include The tobacco control program the most effective mechanisms and and its success is dependent on the tools. This is obvious, as well as the cooperation of all of the involved fact that history has a lot of examples parties including the regional and when ill-conceived and national government, and the non- uncompromising prohibitions led to profit organizations and non- the opposite of the desired results governmental organizations (NGOs). (Yunus, Ariawan & Nurwidya, 2019). Ministry of Health Informant has Undoubtedly, the expansion of mentioned that the collaboration of the preventive base and the provision the NGOs in tobacco control is a of real medical assistance to smokers positive force for the sector (Zulfikar, can become significant elements of a 2017). Furthermore, the direct program to reduce smoking in the involvement of the Ministry of Health country (Yunus, Ariawan & Nurwidya, in the control program has also had a 2019). In addition, it is important to positive influence. Directorate of PTM inform smokers who are addicted to and Promkes is also supporting the nicotine and do not want to give up tobacco control program. Tobacco their habit that alternative products control programs and activities related exist that can reduce the harm to their to reducingits use are proved to be a health - many smokers today simply do joint between the central government not know about such an and regional governments. Ministry of opportunity. Despite all the Health is further divided into prohibitions, few people manage to directorates and divisions. Harmony quit smoking overnight, and for among different divisions is a way of those who are not able to do this here success to achieve the goals (Zulfikar, and now, we have so far only one 2017). alternative is available - “drop it or The joint collaboration of the die”. In this sense, the time-tested and regional and central government in

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tobacco control is also playing a main protected by the regional and central role in tobacco control. According to authorities to secure the future of the the Ministry of Health, the success of country; children and young people are the tobacco control program is due to the most impacting population groups the joint collaboration of NGOs, that are not sufficiently aware of the academics and local people (Zulfikar, danger posed by tobacco consumption 2017). It is considered to be a mutual (Herawati, Budiman, Haryono & success of all the regional and central Mulyani, 2017). The conditions of parties involved in the program. collaboration and protection of Achievement of goals in a country children from smoking are important where there are no restrictions is a stepsfor the development of smoking hard job to do. Successful free zones in public places to help implementation of no-smoking policy protect people that are not smoking for youth need hard steps that should but inhaling the smoke produced all be taken right now, NGO’s are around. "There are nine areas that are working for awareness and free of cigarette smoke (Herawati et al., government should engage the public 2017). The city (the city government of sector in a cooperative manner to gain Yogyakarta) has a Regional Regulation the momentum (Zulfikar, 2017). on KTR, there is no house listing. That Tobacco control activities can be is great, to the private homes, so that implied through the help of regional house cannot (smoking) must be and central government and such outside "(Respondent of the Local activities are limited to the Government of Bantul Regency) development of awareness and no (Herawati et al., 2017). strict rules are defined for any agency Gunung Kidul Health Office of population set (Zulfikar, 2017). playing a key role in the awareness A cross-sectoral collaboration is campaigns across Indonesia to help needed to apply the successful people struggling with tobacco techniques to prevent the tobacco consumption (Herawati et al., 2017). consumption."but it is related to There are also obstacles that prevent various sectors, therefore, it is the the use of preventive measures most concerned about cigarettes, yes, including the different approaches of the Health Service is supported by the federal and local governments to attain relevant P3AP2KP Office that carries the success in tobacco control about child-friendly regional program. The priorities of regional and policies"(Respondent Sleman District central governments also differ, the Government). Children should be pressure of political elite and

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multinational groups related to positive results in upcoming years tobacco industries on the central (Yunus, Ariawan & Nurwidya, 2019). government restrict strong steps to Social education and awareness counter tobacco consumption in the campaign to minimize the smoking country (Herawati et al., 2017). issues in youth are the main focus of Regional governments are more the NGO’s and other socially activated struggling to help people struggling institutes across the country (Yunus, with smoking, but the central Ariawan & Nurwidya, 2019). By government hasits own priorities that decreasing smoking habits, Indonesian limit them to small initiatives like people can save their lives from non- smoking free corners all across the communicable diseases. busy city areas. The central There is a need for social government is working slowly but the activation of people and the social steps are taken to counter the development of norms that restrict widespread epidemic of tobacco people. Tobacco control is not a consumption that led to the serious simple movement in Indonesia, it is a issues of health (Herawati et al., 2017). complex movement that can never be succeeded without any help from Opportunities and Challenges authorities and legislating bodies Coordinator of the Indonesian (Yunus, Ariawan & Nurwidya, 2019). National Program Institute for Social Regional issues of tobacco Development addressed the public consumption also relate to the norms that the current president of Indonesia of society that can be changed through is keen to make a comprehensive campaigning and social awareness. At tobacco control policy for the future the national level, the marketing of development of a healthy society. The tobacco-based products should be step addressed by the coordinator banned completely, and the shows the intention of state authorities government should impose taxes and to protect the vulnerable groups of the duties to restrict the local sales of such society that includes young students products (Yunus, Ariawan & and women. Smoking is the key to Nurwidya, 2019). The government deteriorating health conditions and an should bound the companies to increased incidence of evitable mention the warning of health issues diseases. The devised policy for on cigarette backs to make sure every tobacco control in 2013 that addresses consumer will be made aware. The the commitment of the government to pictures on cigarette packs should be reduce smoking up to 10% also fruit changed and enlarged with time to

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make public ware and risk factors estimated deaths because of smoking (Yunus, Ariawan & Nurwidya, 2019). are more than 5 million annually. The development of social Indonesia has poor legislative networks and policy statements to restrictions and the country has a huge control cigarette consumption in the industry of tobacco and related country can step forward. products. The economic benefits Coordination between regional and gained by the tobacco industries are central government with the the biggest concern for the political community also play its role to avoid elite that favors tobacco industries in the danger of smoking (Zulfikar, the country because of their economic 2017). The government should start an benefits. Indonesia isthe largest awareness campaign for the youth to manufacturer of cigarettes export make them secure from the dangerous most of its products across the globe, consequences of smoking. Smoking is but more than 72% of Indonesian not dangerous for the consumer, but people are consuming tobacco the environment is also impacted by regularly. Indonesian community and aggressive smoking. Indirect inhaling vulnerable groups largely comprise of of smoke can cause serious issues; children and women that have no idea children working in the industry what they are doing with their health. should be restricted to work in tobacco The government authorities are industries (Zulfikar, 2017). Major reluctant to adhere to the WHO challenges faced by the government devised rules to be implemented to include economic consequences of control tobacco because of their restriction on tobacco industries, economic and political benefits. political and social influence of Multinational companies also have beneficiariesand lack of interest of stronghold of the industry that leads government. The political elite is the them to make corrupt all authorizing major contributor to smoking policy in bodies in the country for the sake of the society that follows their interest, their business. Social activists and but it has serious consequences for the social bodies are working progressively common man (Zulfikar, 2017). with the aid of regional authorities to control tobacco consumption. The legislation made in 2013 by the CONCLUSION Indonesian government still not Tobacco causes serious health implemented which resulted in the risks and it is the most damaging legal increased rate of young cigarette drug in the world except alcohol. The consumers in the market. To help

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control the cigarette consumption, it is but predicts relapse: differential important to make a unified pathway findings for gender from the International Tobacco Control for awareness and concrete steps to Study”, Addiction, 111(8), pp. 1438- control cigarette consumption. 1447. Herawati, L., Budiman, J. A., Haryono, W., REFERENCES & Mulyani, W. (2017) “Jayapura Teenagers Smoking Behavior”, Journal Ariani, D. R., & Mulyono, S. (2019) of community health, 42(1), 78-82. “Relationship Follows Trends and Lee, K., Eckhardt, J., & Holden, C. (2016) Smoker’s Families with Perceptions of “Tobacco industry globalization and Smoking in Primary School Age global health governance: Towards an Children in Karawang, Indonesia”, KnE interdisciplinary research Life Sciences, pp. 185-193. agenda”, Palgrave communications, 2(1), Ariani, D. R., Mulyono, S., & Widyatuti. 16037. (2019) “Risk Factors for the Initiation Makhabah, D., Ride, Y. O. S., Raharjo, F., of Smoking Behavior in Primary School Sutanto, Y. S., & Suradi, S. (2017) “The Age Children in Karawang”, Impact of Tobacco-Related Indonesia. Comprehensive child and Advertisement on Tenagers’ Smoking adolescent nursing, 42 (sup1), pp. 154-165. Behaviour in Surakarta, Indonesia. Assunta, M., & Dorotheo, E. U. (2016) Prabandari, Y. S., & Dewi, A. (2016) “How “SEATCA tobacco industry do Indonesian youth perceive cigarette interference index: a tool for measuring advertising? A cross-sectional study implementation of WHO Framework among Indonesian high school Convention on Tobacco Control students”, Global health action, 9(1), Article 5.3”, Tobacco control, 25(3), pp. 30914. 313-318. Puig, S. (2017) “Internationalization of Astuti, P. A. S., Assunta, M., & Freeman, B. Tobacco Tactics”, Duke J. Comp. & Int'l (2018) “Raising generation ‘A’: a case L., 28, 495. study of millennial tobacco company marketing in Indonesia”, Tobacco Rosser, A. (2015) “Contesting Tobacco- control, 27(e1), e41-e49. Control Policy in Indonesia”, Critical Asian Studies, 47(1), 69-93. Berg, C. J., Fong, G. T., Thrasher, J. F., Cohen, J. E., Maziak, W., Lando, H., & Schröders, J., Wall, S., Hakimi, M., Dewi, F. Salloum, R. G. (2018) “The impact and S. T., Weinehall, L., Nichter, M., & Ng, relevance of tobacco control research in N. (2017) “How is Indonesia Coping low-and middle-income countries with its Epidemic of Chronic globally and to the US” Addictive Noncommunicable Diseases? A behaviors, 87, pp. 162-168. Systematic Review with Meta- analysis”, PloS one, 12(6), e0179186. Christiani, Y., Dugdale, P., Tavener, M., & Byles, J. E. (2017) “The Dynamic of Sebayang, S. K., Dewi, D. M. S. K., Lailiyah, Non-communicable Disease Control S. U., & Ahsan, A. (2019) “Mixed- Policy in Indonesia”, Australian Health methods Evaluation of a Ban on Review, 41(2), pp. 207-213. Tobacco Advertising and Promotion in Banyuwangi District, Cooper, J., Borland, R., McKee, S. A., Yong, Indonesia”, Tobacco control, 28(6), 651- H. H., & Dugué, P. A. (2016) 656. “Depression motivates quit attempts

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