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The Ubr2 Gene Is Expressed in Skeletal Muscle Atrophying As a Result of Hind Limb Suspension, but Not Merg1a Expression Alone.." Eur J Transl Myol 24, No

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The Ubr2 Gene Is Expressed in Skeletal Muscle Atrophying As a Result of Hind Limb Suspension, but Not Merg1a Expression Alone.. Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Publications Department of Anatomy 3-31-2014 The br2U gene is expressed in skeletal muscle atrophying as a result of hind limb suspension, but not Merg1a expression alone. Gregory H Hockerman Nicole M Dethrow Sohaib Hameed Maureen Doran Christine Jaeger See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/anat_pubs Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License 3.0 Recommended Citation Hockerman, Gregory H, Dethrow, Nicole M, Hameed, Sohaib, Doran, Maureen, Jaeger, Christine, Wang, Wen-Horng and Pond, Amber L. "The Ubr2 gene is expressed in skeletal muscle atrophying as a result of hind limb suspension, but not Merg1a expression alone.." Eur J Transl Myol 24, No. 3 (Mar 2014): 173-179. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Anatomy at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Gregory H Hockerman, Nicole M Dethrow, Sohaib Hameed, Maureen Doran, Christine Jaeger, Wen-Horng Wang, and Amber L Pond This article is available at OpenSIUC: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/anat_pubs/9 Hind Limb Suspension, but not Merg1a, Yields Ubr2 Expression Eur J Trans Myol - Basic Appl Myol 2014; 24 (3): 173-179 The Ubr2 gene is expressed in skeletal muscle atrophying as a result of hind limb suspension, but not Merg1a expression alone Gregory H. Hockerman (1), Nicole M. Dethrow (2), Sohaib Hameed (2), Maureen Doran (2), Christine Jaeger (3), Wen-Horng Wang (1), Amber L. Pond (1,2) (1) Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; (2) Anatomy Dept., Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA; (3) Basic Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Abstract Skeletal muscle (SKM) atrophy is a potentially debilitating condition induced by muscle disuse, denervation, many disease states, and aging. The ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP) contributes greatly to the protein loss suffered in muscle atrophy. The MERG1a K+ channel is known to induce UPP activity and atrophy in SKM. It has been further demonstrated that the mouse ether-a-gogo-related gene (Merg)1a channel modulates expression of MURF1, an E3 ligase component of the UPP, while it does not affect expression of the UPP E3 ligase Mafbx/ATROGIN1. Because the UBR2 E3 ligase is known to participate in SKM atrophy, we have investigated the effect of Merg1a expression and hind limb suspension on Ubr2 expression. Here, we report that hind limb suspension results in a significant 25.6% decrease in mouse gastrocnemius muscle fiber cross sectional area (CSA) and that electro-transfer of Merg1a alone into gastrocnemius muscles yields a 15.3% decrease in CSA after 7 days. More interestingly, we discovered that hind limb suspension caused a significant 8-fold increase in Merg1a expression and a significant 4.7-fold increase in Ubr2 transcript after 4 days, while electro-transfer of Merg1a into gastrocnemius muscles resulted in a significant 6.2-fold increase in Merg1a transcript after 4 days but had no effect on Ubr2 expression. In summary, the MERG1a K+ channel, known to induce atrophy and MURF1 E3 ligase expression, does not affect UBR2 E3 ligase transcript levels. Therefore, to date, the MERG1a channel’s contribution to UPP activity appears mainly to be through up-regulation of Murf1 gene expression. Key Words: Skeletal muscle atrophy; UBR2; E3-II; ERG1a potassium channel; hind limb suspension; E3 ligase; ubiquitin proteasome pathway Eur J Trans Myol - Basic Appl Myol 2014; 24 (3): 173-179 Skeletal muscle (SKM) can comprise 30-50% of body which activate ubiquitin; E2 ubiquitin-conjugating weight in humans and it functions in body movement, molecules which accept the activated ubiquitin and maintenance of posture and balance, soft tissue support, interact with specific E3 enzymes; and the E3 ligase bolster of body entry and exit points and in temperature which binds target protein molecules and catalyzes the transfer of the ubiquitin from E2 to the E3-bound regulation. The loss of SKM mass and strength is 7,8 referred to as atrophy and is known to result from protein. A minimum of four ubiquitin molecules are unweighting, injury, denervation, disuse, disease (e.g., required to be ligated to the target protein before it is 1-5 degraded by the 26S proteasome. To date, only a few diabetes, cancer, etc.) and aging. Atrophy occurs when there is an imbalance in the processes of protein members of the E1 family have been identified (only synthesis and protein degradation that favors protein two E1 enzymes have been detected within the human loss. Numerous cellular pathways can contribute to proteome) and over 50 E2 enzymes have been reported; SKM atrophy, including calpains, cathepsins and the however, several hundred potential E3 ligases have ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP).2,4 The UPP is been described within mammalian genomes. Two main reported to be responsible for as much as 75% of the types of E3 enzymes have been described: the protein degradation that occurs during SKM atrophy2,4,6 “homologous with E6-associated protein C6 terminus” It is composed of three basic enzymes: E1 proteins (HECT) domain enzymes and the larger family of - 173 - Hind Limb Suspension, but not Merg1a, Yields Ubr2 Expression Eur J Trans Myol - Basic Appl Myol 2014; 24 (3): 173-179 “really interesting new gene” (RING) finger scaffold regulates the expression of the E3 ligase Murf1, but not proteins. A newer described group of proteins with Mafbx/ATROGIN1.22 Because of its link to atrophy ubiquitin ligase activity, having atypical RING finger with both unweighting and cachexia, we asked if moieties,9 have been described and are often referred to Merg1a expression would also modulate expression of as E4 enzymes. These have been reported to work in the Ubr2 E3 ligase gene. Here, we have determined the concert with E3 proteins to enhance their activity.10 time course of Merg1a and Ubr2 expression in A number of E3 ligases have been identified as response to both hind limb suspension and electro- contributors to atrophy in SKM. Muscle ring finger-1 transfer of the Merg1a K+ channel and show that, (MURF1) and Muscle Atrophy F-box although Ubr2 is expressed in response to hindlimb (Mafbx)/ATROGIN1 are RING finger E3 ligases suspension, its expression is not modulated by Merg1a specific to striated muscle that have been detected in expressed alone. several models of SKM atrophy, including unweighting, and are considered markers of Materials and Methods atrophy.1,2,4 Ubiquitin ring-type (UBR, also referred to Animals. The Purdue Animal Care and Use Committee as E3) proteins are RING finger E3 ligases that are approved all procedures. ND4-Swiss Webster male also reported to function in atrophic SKM, specifically mice at 8 weeks age (Harlan-Sprague; Indianapolis, cachexia-induced atrophy.11 The UBR box family of IN) were used in all procedures. Animals were RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligases is composed of provided food and water ad libitum, housed in Purdue enzymes which recognize substrate proteins that have University animal facilities on a 12 hour light/dark an N-degron; that is, the protein to be degraded has: 1) cycle and monitored by lab animal veterinarians. At a destabilizing N-terminal residue; and 2) an internal completion of all studies, anesthetized animals were lysine residue for ubiquitination.7,12,13 These enzymes humanely killed according to the approved protocol are often referred to as N-recognins and this pattern of prior to harvest of the gastrocnemius muscles (GMs). protein degradation, referred to as the N-end rule Hind Limb Suspension. Custom suspension cages were 23 pathway, relates the identity of the N-terminal amino assembled as described earlier. Animals were acid of a protein to its half-life in vivo7,13,14 UBR1 (also positioned in these cages resting in an approximate 30 E3-I) was the first E3 ligase implicated in SKM head down tilt with their hind limbs raised off of the atrophy14,15 and is believed to bind proteins that floor so that they were unable to place any weight on commence with unblocked hydrophobic or basic them. Commercial mouse cages were used to house amino acids.7, 16-19 The UBR2 (also E3-II) member of control mice in a natural weight bearing state. the UBR family was described by Varshavsky and co- Tissue Sectioning, Staining and CSA Determination. workers.17 In 2004, Kwak et al. demonstrated that both GMs were embedded using OCT™ (Electron the Ubr1 and 2 homologues are up-regulated in the Microscopy Sciences; Hatfield, PA), cryo-sectioned atrophying SKM of rats bearing malignant tumors.11 (12 m) and stained for β–galactosidase (LACZ) 21 However, it was concluded that the UBR2 isoform is activity as described previously. Images of sections more critically involved in the process because it is were captured with a Leaf Micro–Lumina digital 2 more specifically expressed in SKM tissue and is camera (Scitex; Tel-Aviv, Israel). The CSA (m ) of detected at the early onset of atrophy while UBR1 is each muscle fiber was determined using a micrometer not. In fact, a recent study suggests that tumor cell- slide and Image J software (NIH; Bethesda, MD). 24 induced up-regulation of Ubr2 expression in skeletal Plasmids. The Merg1a clone in pBK/CMV was a muscle may be mediated by the p38-C/EBP generous gift from Dr. Barry London (Cardiovascular signaling pathway. 19 Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA). The CMV- The ether-a-gogo- related gene (ERG)1a K+ channel is lacZ in pNL vector was purchased from the Center known to be partially responsible for late phase Commercial de Gros (Toulouse, France).
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