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A on Islam as a discursive Abbas, Sadia, 68, 70 tradition, 42–51 Abbasids, 47 on pain, 4, 56, 65, 67 Abu Zayd, Nasr, 15, 39, 45–50, on secularism, 4, 8–10, 13, 14, 16, 51n4, 71 22, 24–25, 29, 56 Afghanistan Mujahidin in, 16 on secularization, 57–60 Agency on violence, 4, 9, 22, 24 female, 70 Atharites, 48 liberal/alternative forms of, 67, Ashʿarites, 48 71, 73 Atheism, 16, 56 human, 25, 70 political, 73 Ahmad, Aijaz, 16, 44 B Ahmed, Shahab, 42, 44–45, 49 Balibar, Étienne, 28, 35n6, 73 Akyol, Mustafa, 13, 49 Bangstad, Sindre, 10, 15, 22, 25, 50, Al-Azhar, 14, 44 72, 73, 74, 92 Alexander, Jeffrey C, 86 Barry, Brian, 30 Alevis, 85 Berger, Peter, 56 Allen, Amy, 90, 91 Biopower/biopolitics, 65, 91 Anjum, Ovamir, 43, 44 BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party), 2, 60 An-Na‘im, Abdullahi, 1, 14, 49 Böckenförde, Ernst-Wolfgang, 23, 24 Arab Spring, 2, 97, 100 Body, 3–4, 25–26, Aristotelian, 68, 72 65–67, 71 Asad, Talal Bourdieu, Pierre, 31 on co-constitution of the religious Brown, Wendy, 14, 17n8, 40 and the secular, 8, 9 Byzantine iconoclast on freedom of speech, 22, 42 controversy, 68

© The Author(s) 2017 117 H. Enayat, Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-52611-9 118 INDEX

C as a secular state, 80–83 Caliphate, 14, 34, 51, 52n7 Eickelman, Dale, 43 Canovan, Margaret, 9 Eisenstadt, Shmuel, 11 Cantwell-Smith, William, 43 Enlightenment, 3, 4, 5n1, 8, 10, 25, Capitalism, 15, 28, 35n8, 58, 32, 39, 40, 66, 93 60, 91, 98 Equality before the law, 26, 28, 29, Cartesian reason, 9, 18n10, 39 77, 82 Casanova, Jose, 55, 57–59, 85 Essentialism, 34, 90, 92–93, 98 Catholicism/, 43 Europe, 2, 8, 10–11, 26, 27, 34, 57, Cavanaugh, William, 2, 22–23, 24, 58, 69, 83, 93, 95n2, 99 35n1, 78 EU Parliament Intergroup on Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 4 Freedom of Religion, 78 Chatterjee, Partha, 4, 93 European Court of Human Rights China, 12 (ECtHR), 26, 83, 86n1 Chirac, Jacques, 29 Christianity, 4, 7, 8, 16, 43, 89, 97 Citizenship, 25, 28, 30, 82, 85 F Civil society, 30, 42, 81, 86, 94, 99 Civil state, 99 Fatwa/Fetva, 33, 51n4 Cohen, Jean Louise, 2, 8, 23, 24, 95 Filali-Ansary, Abdou, 17n7, 98 Colonialism, 8, 10, 12, 14, 28, 33, 58, Foucault, Michel, 3, 5n1, 25, 31, 32, – – 60, 81, 89, 93 40, 42, 43, 60 61, 72, 93 94 colonial modernity, 11 France, 12, 28, 29, 83, 84 secularism vehicle of, 10–14 Freedom of speech, 22, 42 Communitarianism, 1 Freud, Sigmund, 5n1, 56 Copts, 79, 80, 82, 85, 86 Front National, 29 Crenshaw, Martha, 22 Fundamentalism, 15, 28, 59 Cuius regio eius religio, 23

G D Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 47 Danish cartoon controversy, 70 Gauchet, Marcel, 7 Dean, Mitchell, 94 Genealogy, 3, 31, 46, 66, 80, 82, 84 Deobandism, 59 Foucault on, 60, 61 Dilthey, Wilhelm, 47 Koopman on, 60, 90–93 Durkheim, Emile, 55 varieties of, 92 Globalization, 28, 99 Göle, Nilufer, 12, 66, 85 E Gourgouris, Stathis, 9, 17n2, 18n10 Egypt, 14, 16, 46, 47, 60, 70 Governmentality, 4, 25, 57, 69, 80, 94 Bahais in, 80, 83, 86 Gray, John, 7–8, 31 Copts in, 79, 80, 86 Guha, Ranajit, 3 INDEX 119

H Iraq Habermas, Jürgen, 10, 24, Baathists in, 98 35n2, 101n5 discourse of religious rights, 80 Hallaq, Wael Saddam’s faith campaign in, 98 on the nation-state and Islam, 2, 31, 2003 invasion of, 15, 35 32, 34, 92–93 ISIS (Islamic State in Iraq and Halverson, Jeffrey R., 48–49, 52n6 Syria), 2, 97 Hamid, Shadi, 97, 98 Islam Harm as a discursive tradition, 4, 39–52, different understanding of in Islamic 69 tradition, 68–69 as orthodoxy, 43, 44 See also Pain Islamic law, 14, 27, 31, 33, 34, 35n9, Al-Harrawi, ‘Abdullah al-Ansari, 48 44, 69, 98 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 10 See also Sharia Heidegger, Martin, 3, 40 Islamism/Political Islam, 33, 49, 71, Hirschkind, Charles, 45–47, 49, 98, 99, 100 66, 67 Hodgson, Marshall, 14 Holyoake, George, 56 J Human Rights, 7, 24, 25, 27, 31, 35n10, 61, 69, 73, 80, 81 Jakobsen, Jonas, 25, 29, 31, 35n2, 69 ‘ ‘ Declaration of the Rights of Man Jami yyat al- Ulama-Hind, 59 (1789), 24 Jansen, Yolande, 42, 46, 47, 48, Universal Declaration of 1948, 80, 71, 73 83 Jihadism, 22

I K Ibn Qudama, Muwaffaq al-Din, 48 Kant, Immanuel, 9, 41, 46, 66, 70, 72 Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din, 48 Khomeini, Ruhollah, 49 Ikhtilaf (pluralism in Islamic law), 44 Kierkegaard, Søren, 21 Illiberal democracy, 97 Koopman, Colin, 3, 60, 61, 90, 91 Imber, Colin, 33 Kuran, Timur, 33, 34 Imperialism, 2, 4, 15, 16, 18n10, 49, Kurds, 85 73, 93 Kuru, Ahmet, 84 India, 2, 4, 12, 17n9, 59, 60, 93 Indonesia, 16, 100 L Iran Laicité, 12–13, 17n5, 28–30 Islamic Republic of, 59 Lapidus, Ira. M., 14 legal secularization in, 61n2 Liberal democracy, 2, 4, 69, 94 Pahlavi reforms in, 11 as incompatible with Islam, 25–31 120 INDEX

Liberal democracy (cont.) Nasser, Gamal Abdul, 16 as a regulative idea, 29 Nationalism, 4, 11, 84–85, 92 Liberalism, 3, 4, 9, 25, 30, 34, 56–60, Nation-state, 4, 22–23, 25, 31, 32, 34, 70, 78, 91–94 46, 47, 49, 57, 71, 91–94, 97 difference-blind, 26, 29 Neoliberalism, 28, 35n8, 93 Linz, Juan, 99 New Christian Right, 2, 57 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 3, 40, 90 Nussbaum, Martha, 74, 84, 95, 95n4 M Macintyre, Alasdair, 4, 26, 31, 40, 42, 50 O Madjid, Nurcholish, 13 Orbán, Victor, 35n5 Mahmood, Saba Orthodoxy, 13, 43–45, 47, 49–50, 84 on Danish cartoon Ottomans, Şeyhülislam under the, controversy, 68–70 Sultans, 33 on pietist women, 70–74 genealogy of minority rights, 77–86 on imperialism and secularism, 16 P Mamdani, Mahmood, 78 Pahlavi, Reza Shah, 11, 59 March, Andrew, 35n10, 69, 82 Pain, 4, 65–71 Marx, Karl, 55, 81, 82 See also Harm Mawdudi, Ab’ul A‘la, 49 Peace of Westphalia, 23 Minha (rationalist inquisition), 47 Plant, Raymond, 4 Minority rights Pluralism, 73, 82, 85, 100 genealogy of, 77–86 Positivism, 32, 61n1 Mossadegh, Mohammad, 16 Possessive individualism, 25, 28, 35n3 Mubarak, Hosni, 16, 98 Post-colonialism, 1 Mufti, R. Amir, 11 Post-secular, 2, 56, 73, 85 Müller, Max, 56 Post-structuralism, 3, 61, 62n4, 94 Murjiites, 13 Private Muslims, 14, 15, 34, 40, 42–44, 48, advice, 40, 42 49–50, 52n7, 67, 68–70, 79, 83, property, 35n8, 44 85, 92, 97, 98, 101n1 sphere, 31, 81, 82 and liberal democracy, 25–31 Property rights, 34, 35n8 Muʿtazilites, 47, 48, 51n6 Public Myanmar religions, 58 Buddhist-Rohingya conflict in, 79 sphere, 8, 24, 30, 57, 84, 85

N Nandy, Ashish, 10, 60 Q Nasiha (private advice to rulers), Qurʾan, 42, 45–49, 52n6 40–42 Qutb, Sayyid, 45, 49 INDEX 121

R Secular Racism, 28, 86, 92, 93 co-constitution of the secular and Rahman, Fazlur, 48 the religious, 8, 89 Raziq, Ali ‘Abd-al, 14, 17n7, 51 civil state as alternative designation Reason to secular state, 99 Cartesian, 9, 18n10, 39 secular-religious relationship, 78 critical, 39, 41, 72 secular state, 2, 9, 14, 22–24, 41, human, 48 49, 71, 81–84, 94, 95, 97–99 Islamic, 40–51 Secularism Kantian, 46 assertive vs. passive, 84, 86, 92 moral, 41, 66 genealogy of, 2 religious, 4, 45 in India and China, 12 Reformation the need to detranscendentalize, 9, Islamic, 15 101 Protestant, 8, 23 political, 2, 10, 24, 81, 82 Regime of truth, 5n1, 10, 57 programmatic v procedural, 84 Religion transcendental nature of, 9, 22, 101 concept of, 8 Secularization expert/governed/lived Casanova’s theory, 58 distinction, 79 desecularization, 59 freedom, 27, 42, 78, 80, 82 as functional differentiation, 57–61 genealogy of, 4, 12 legal, 61n2 mutual toleration of religion and process, 57 state, 99 secularization thesis, 2, 55, 57 separation from state, 9, 12, 14, 23, Self 58, 65, 95, 99, 101n1 -discipline, 24 Wars of, 23, 24 -knowledge, 32 Renaissance, 8 -making, 73, 93 Rohingya, 79 -mastery, 32 Rule of law, 25, 32, 94 -ownership, 25 -understanding, 40, 55, 77, 97 Sen, Amartya, 12 S Senegal, 12, 13, 17n6, 84, 100 Said, Edward Orientalism, 3, 10, Sezgin, Yüksel, 17n6, 27, 82, 84 18n10 Shahin, Abd al-Sabur, 47, 51n5 Salafism, 1, 2, 33, 43, 66, 93 Shakman-Hurd, Elizabeth, 2, 78–80 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 29 Shariʿa Saudi Arabia, 16, 40–42 popularity of, 85 Saussure, Ferdinand de, 47 See also Islamic law Schklar, Judith, 23 Shi‘i/Shi‘ism, 47 Schmitt, Carl, 7, 8, 31 Silverstein, Brian, 51, 52n6 122 INDEX

Simmel, Georg, 55 Koopman on, 60 Soroush, Abdul-Karim, 13, 15, 47 universalization, 12, 61 State-phobia, 90, 93–95 Stepan, Alfred, 84, 99 Subaltern Studies Group, 3 V Subjectivity, 41, 65, 67, 69, 73, 94 Van der Veer, Peter, 11, 12, 72 fi Su sm, 13, 17n6, 45 Vico, Giambattista, 10 Sukarno, Ahmed, 16 Villasden, Kaspar, 94 Sunni/Sunnism, 67, 85 Violence Sunstein, Cass, 99, 101n3 ethno-religious, 100 Syria, 2, 34, 36n11 myth of religious, 22 religion as primary cause of, 21 religious, 23, 79–80 T See also Terrorism Tablighi-Jama‘at, 59 Taliban, 59, 70 Taylor, Charles, 7, 12, 13, 26, 56 W Terrorism Wahhabism, 42 cause of, 22 Walzer, Michael, 30, 101n5 religious vs. secular, 21 Wars of Religion suicide, 22 Cavanaugh on, 23 War on Terror, 14, 29 European, 8 Tylor, Edward Burnett, 56 as precursor to secular state, 23 Turkey, 51, 83, 84, 85 Watt, Montgomery, 43 Kemalist reforms in, 11, 59 Weber, Max, 16n1, 55, 57, 58, 90 Tunisia West ’ Bourguiba s reforms in, 59 Westernized, 10, 14, 40, 49, 92 post-Arab-Spring transition in, 100 West/non-West binary, 92, 93 Williams, Bernard, 90

U ʿUlama, 14, 33, 34, 40–42, 47, 58–59, Y 61n1, 97–98 Universalism Yazidis, 80 clash of abstract universalisms, 28 contingent universals, 61 Foucault’s concept of, 60 Z imperialist, 34 Zubaida, Sami, 14, 58–59, 98