C. Hoyt Bleakley, Jr
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Health, Education and Income in the United States, 1820-2000
HEALTH, EDUCATION AND INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES, 1820-2000 Hoyt Bleakley (University of Chicago and NBER) Dora Costa (UCLA and NBER) Adriana Lleras-Muney (UCLA and NBER) September 2013 ABSTRACT We document the correlations between early childhood health (as proxied by height) and educational attainment and investigate the labor market and wealth returns to height for United States cohorts born between 1820 and 1990. The nineteenth century was characterized by low investments in height and education, a small correlation between height and education, and positive but small returns for both height and education. The relationship between height and education was stronger in the twentieth century and stronger in the first part of the twentieth century than later on (when both investments in education and height stalled), but never as strong as in developing countries. The labor market and wealth returns to height and education also were higher in the twentieth compared to the nineteenth century. We relate our findings to the theory of human capital formation and speculate that the greater importance of physical labor in the nineteenth century economy, which raised the opportunity cost of schooling, may have depressed the height-education relationship relative to the twentieth century. Our findings are consistent with an increasing importance of cognitive abilities acquired in early childhood. 1 HEALTH, EDUCATION AND INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES, 1820-2000 Hoyt Bleakley (University of Chicago and NBER) Dora Costa (UCLA and NBER) Adriana Lleras-Muney (UCLA and NBER) September 2013 I. Introduction The United States experienced large increases in educational attainment starting in the late nineteenth century and well into the twentieth century. -
C. Hoyt Bleakley, Jr
C. Hoyt Bleakley, Jr. Mailing Address: Electronic Addresses: University of Michigan e-mail: hoytb [at] umich [dot] edu Department of Economics office: 734-763-9237 611 Tappan fax: 734-764-2769 218 Lorch Hall web page: www-personal.umich.edu/~hoytb Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1220 Current Positions University of Michigan 2014{present: Associate Professor, Department of Economics National Bureau of Economic Research 2011{present: Research Associate 2007{2011: Faculty Research Fellow Previous Positions Princeton University 2013{14: Visiting Associate Professor, Department of Economics 2013{14: Visiting Research Scholar, Research Program in Development Studies University of Chicago, Booth School of Business 2009{14: Associate Professor of Economics (on leave AY13-14) 2007{14: Senior Investigator, Center for Population Economics 2005{09: Assistant Professor of Economics University of California, San Diego 2003{2005: Assistant Professor of Economics and Hellman Faculty Fellow. 2004{2005: Visiting Fellow, Center for US/Mexican Studies. Education/Training University of Chicago, Population Research Center 2002{2003: NICHD Postdoctoral fellow. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ph.D., Economics, June 2002. Dissertation: \Three Empirical Essays on Investment in Physical and Human Capital." S.B., Economics, 1995. Fields of Interest Economic History, Development, Labor Economics, International Macroeconomics. 1 Publications \Amidst Poverty and Prejudice: Black and Irish Civil War Veterans," in Institutions, Innovation, and Industrialization: Essays in Economic History and Development, Avner Greif, Lynne Keisling, John V.C. Nye (eds.), 2014 (forthcoming), with Louis Cain and Joseph Ferrie. (Festschrift volume for Joel Mokyr.) \Child Health and Educational Outcomes." Chapter 4 of Education Policy in Developing Countries, Glewwe, Paul (ed.), 2013, University of Chicago Press, joint work with Harold Alderman. -
Malaria in the Americas: a Retrospective Analysis of Childhood Exposure*
DOCUMENTO CEDE 2006-35 ISSN 1657-5334 SEPTIEMBRE DE 2006 CEDE MALARIA IN THE AMERICAS: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF CHILDHOOD EXPOSURE* HOYT BLEAKLEY** Abstract This study considers the malaria-eradication campaigns in the United States (circa 1920), and in Brazil, Colombia and Mexico (circa 1955) in order to measure how much childhood exposure to malaria depresses labor productivity. The campaigns began because of advances in health technology, which mitigates concerns about reverse causality. Malarious areas saw large drops in the disease thereafter. Relative to non-malarious areas, cohorts born after eradication had higher income as adults than the preceding generation. These changes coincided with childhood exposure to the campaigns rather than with pre- existing trends. Keywords: Malaria, returns to health, eradication campaigns. JEL Classification: I12, J24, 010, H43. * This study subsumes two earlier draft papers, “Malaria and Human Capital: Evidence from the American South” and “Malaria Eradication in Colombia and Mexico: A Long-Term Follow-up.” The author gratefully acknowledges the contribution of many in preparing this study. Funding support came from the University of California Pacific Rim Research Program, the UCSD Faculty Senate’s Committee on Research, the UCSD Hellman Faculty Fellowship, and the Graduate School of Business of the University of Chicago. This paper was partially prepared while the author was visiting the Center for US/Mexican Studies at UCSD and the Universidad de los Andes. Imelda Flores, Dr. Mauricio Vera, and Dr. Victor Olano of Colombia's Instituto Nacional de Salud provided useful guidance in interpreting the Colombian malaria data. Glenn Hyman of the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical shared data on the Colombian municipio boundaries. -
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES PORTAGE: PATH DEPENDENCE and INCREASING RETURNS in U.S. HISTORY Hoyt Bleakley Jeffrey Lin Working Pape
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES PORTAGE: PATH DEPENDENCE AND INCREASING RETURNS IN U.S. HISTORY Hoyt Bleakley Jeffrey Lin Working Paper 16314 http://www.nber.org/papers/w16314 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 August 2010 The authors thank Nate Baum-Snow, Henry Binford, Lou Cain, Satyajit Chatterjee, Tim Conley, Bob Fogel, Gordon Hanson, Dave Haddock, Kris Mitchener, Kevin Murphy, Jordan Rappaport, Steve Redding, and Mark Wright for helpful discussions, Cristine McCollum at the FRBP library for finding several sources of data, Lauris Olsen for help with the Serial Set at Penn, Chris Winters for patient guidance through the U of C map collection, Evan Taylor and Allison Kahl for research assistance, and seminar participants at various institutions for helpful comments. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, the Federal Reserve System, or the National Bureau of Economic Research. Financial support from the Booth School of Business and the Center for Population Economics, both at the University of Chicago, is gratefully acknowledged. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer- reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2010 by Hoyt Bleakley and Jeffrey Lin. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Portage: Path Dependence and Increasing Returns in U.S. -
C. Hoyt Bleakley
PROMOTION RECOMMENDATION The University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts C. Hoyt Bleakley, Jr., associate professor of economics, with tenure, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, is recommended for promotion to professor of economics, with tenure, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts [also being promoted to research professor, Population Studies, Center, Institute for Social Research]. Academic Degrees: Ph.D. 2002 Massachusetts Institute of Technology S.B. 1995 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Professional Record: 2014 – present Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Michigan 2014 – present Research Associate Professor, Population Studies Center, University of Michigan 2011 – present Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research 2009 – 2014 Associate Professor of Economics, Booth School of Business, University of Chicago 2007 – 2014 Senior Investigator, Center for Population Economics, Booth School of Business, University of Chicago 2007 – 2011 Faculty Research Fellow, National Bureau of Economic Research 2005 – 2009 Assistant Professor of Economics, Booth School of Business, University of Chicago 2003 – 2005 Assistant Professor and Hellman Faculty Fellow, Department of Economics, University of California, San Diego 2002 – 2003 NICHD Post-doctoral Fellow, Population Research Center, University of Chicago Summary of Evaluation: Teaching – Professor Bleakley is a highly accomplished instructor. At the undergraduate level, he has taught an economic development course for majors (ECON 461), and his version of this class is rigorous and challenging. Student evaluations started off well, and as his experience has grown, they have become even better. At the graduate level, he has taught in the economic history and economic development sequences, and in some years, he has been anchoring instruction in both. -
A Retrospective Analysis of Childhood Exposure∗
Malaria Eradication in the Americas: A Retrospective Analysis of Childhood Exposure∗ Hoyt Bleakleyy February 28, 2008 Abstract This study uses the malaria-eradication campaigns in the United States (circa 1920), and in Brazil, Colombia and Mexico (circa 1955) to measure how much childhood exposure to malaria depresses labor productivity. The campaigns began because of advances in health technology, which mitigates concerns about reverse causality. Malarious areas saw large drops in the disease thereafter. Relative to non-malarious areas, cohorts born after eradication had higher income as adults than the preceding generation. These cross-cohort changes coincided with childhood exposure to the campaigns rather than to pre-existing trends. Estimates suggest a substantial, though not predominant, role for malaria in explaining cross-region differences in income. Keywords: Malaria, returns to health, eradication campaigns. JEL codes: I12, J24, 010, H43. ∗This study subsumes two earlier draft papers, \Malaria and Human Capital: Evidence from the American South" and \Malaria Eradication in Colombia and Mexico: A Long-Term Follow-up." The author gratefully acknowledges the contribution of many in preparing this study. Funding support came from the University of California Pacific Rim Research Program, the UCSD Faculty Senate's Committee on Research, the UCSD Hellman Faculty Fellowship, and the Graduate School of Business of the University of Chicago. This paper was partially prepared while the author was visiting the Center for US/Mexican Studies at UCSD and the Universidad de los Andes. Imelda Flores, Dr. Mauricio Vera, and Dr. Victor Olano of Colombia's Instituto Nacional de Salud provided useful guidance in interpreting the Colombian malaria data. -
No Child Left Behind? by Julian Betts, Professor of Economics, UCSD Wrong
No Child Left Behind? by Julian Betts, Professor of Economics, UCSD wrong. For schools with high rates of student turnover, average I n January 2002, President achievement can fluctuate wildly from year to year, often Bush signed the controversial No leading schools to be mislabeled as ‘failing’, merely because Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) they have newly enrolled a low-scoring cohort. Further, the into law. NCLB requires states number of targets a school must meet depends on the number to test public school students of “numerically significant” groups of students at the school, annually, and to define “Proficient” as defined by various demographic variables. A school that levels of achievement. NCLB enrolled only affluent white students would have only 4 hoops challenges states to raise all to jump through. A more diverse school might face up to 44 Julian Betts, Professor students to a Proficient or higher hoops. Economists Tom Kane (UCLA) and Doug Staiger UCSD Economics Department level of achievement by 2014. (Dartmouth) have argued that more diverse schools are therefore No Child Left Behind more likely to be labeled as failing for purely random reasons. provides a fascinating study of some of the central issues Similarly, due to larger sampling variation, small schools are we discuss in our economics classes – market theory and the particularly likely to be mislabeled as ‘failing’. economics of incentives. Anne Danenberg and I have also found that, in one The law displays both strengths and flaws in both of district, transfers of students from “failing” to “non-failing” these domains. NCLB provides money for school choice, so schools perversely threaten to throw the receiving schools into that students at “failing” schools can opt for other non-failing failing status. -
C. Hoyt Bleakley, Jr
C. Hoyt Bleakley, Jr. Mailing Address: Electronic Addresses: Booth School of Business e-mail: bleakley [at] chicagobooth [dot] edu University of Chicago office: 773-834-2192 5807 South Woodlawn Avenue fax: 773-753-0560 Chicago, IL 60637 web page: home.uchicago.edu/~bleakley Current Position University of Chicago, Booth School of Business 2009{present: Associate Professor of Economics 2005{2009: Assistant Professor of Economics Previous Positions University of California, San Diego 2003{2005: Assistant Professor of Economics and Hellman Faculty Fellow. 2004{2005: Visiting Fellow, Center for US/Mexican Studies. Education/Training University of Chicago, Population Research Center 2002{2003: NICHD Postdoctoral fellow. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ph.D., Economics, June 2002. Dissertation: \Three Empirical Essays on Investment in Physical and Human Capital." S.B., Economics, 1995. Fields of Interest Economic History, Development, International Macroeconomics, Labor Economics Publications \Health, Human Capital, and Development." Annual Review of Economics, forthcoming, 2010. \Malaria in the Americas: A Retrospective Analysis of Childhood Exposure." American Economic Journal: Applied, forthcoming, 2010. \Maturity Mismatch and Financial Crises: Evidence from Emerging Market Corporations." Jour- nal of Development Economics, forthcoming, 2010, with Kevin Cowan. \Age at Arrival, English Proficiency, and Social Assimilation Among U.S. Immigrants," American Economic Journal: Applied, forthcoming, with Aimee Chin. 1 \Economic Effects of Childhood Exposure to Tropical Disease", American Economic Review, Paper and Proceedings, May 2009. \When Does Improving Health Raise GDP? Comments on Ashraf, Lester, and Weil", NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 2009. \Chronic Disease Burden and the Interaction of Education, Fertility and Growth." Review of Economics and Statistics, February 2009, 91:1, with Fabian Lange. -
Jeh Volume 76 Issue 1 Cover
jeh_76n1_cover.q_Layout 1 2/11/16 10:54 PM Page C1 THE JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC HISTORY ISSN 0022-0507 Published for the Economic History Association in Cooperation with the University of Michigan by Cambridge University Press EDITORS PAUL W. RHODE ANN M. CARLOS EDITORIAL ASSOCIATES CAROL H. SHIUE JOHN MURRAY EDITORIAL STAFF LILY WELCH, ASSISTANT EDITOR SALLY SZTRECSKA, PRODUCTION EDITOR PRICE V. FISHBACK, EHA EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR EDITORIAL BOARD Guido Alfani, Bocconi University Petra Moser, New York University Ran Abramitzky, Stanford University Anne Murphy, University of Hertfordshire Hoyt Bleakley, University of Michigan John E. Murray, Rhodes College Leah Boustan, University of California, Los Angeles Aldo Musacchio, Brandeis University Benjamin Chabot, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Tom Nicholas, Harvard Business School Richard Hornbeck, University of Chicago Kim Oosterlinck, Université Libre de Bruxelles Morgan Kelly, University College Dublin Jonathan Rose, Federal Reserve Board Juliette Levy, University of California, Riverside Francesca Trivellato, Yale University Frank Lewis, Queens University, Canada Patrick Wallis, London School of Economics Carlos Marichal, El Colegio de México Kirsten Wandschneider, Occidental College Noel Maurer, George Washington University Nikolaus Wolf, Humboldt University, Berlin Chiaki Moriguchi, Hitotsubashi University Aims and Scope: The Journal of Economic History seeks to promote the scholarly study of economic aspects of the human past from a diversity of perspectives, notably those of economists and historians. By encouraging careful formulation of issues and clear exposition of methods, the JOURNAL hopes to stimulate discourse among scholars with varied interests and modes of inquiry. The JOURNAL is abstracted in EconLit, e-JEL, JEL on CD, Sociological Abstracts, Elsevier Geo Abstracts, and Scopus.