A Fatal Case of Toxic Shock Associated with Group A
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A Fatal Case Of Toxic Shock Associated With J Am Board Fam Pract: first published as 10.3122/jabfm.5.5.523 on 1 September 1992. Downloaded from Group A Streptococcal Cellulitis David M. Whittiker, M.D. The patient in septic shock presents an imposing Case Report challenge to the physician's clinical skills; therapy The patient was a 38-year-old woman, a re must be initiated often before important data are formed intravenous amphetamine user and obtained to assure optimal outcome for these very former prostitute, who came to the office one ill patients. For the past several decades the term morning complaining of an abrupt onset of septic shock has been virtually synonymous with weakness, diarrhea, left-sided abdominal pain, gram-negative sepsis, as this syndrome is most and difficulty breathing that began 48 hours frequently caused by the endotoxin sometimes earlier. Her history included bilateral breast im expressed by gram-negative organisms. In suscep plants S years previously, laser ablation of a tible individuals this endotoxin can cause hypo rectal carcinoma 2 years before, a total ab tension, mental obtundity, decreased left ven dominal hysterectomy and bilateral oophorec tricular function, acute renal impairment, tomy for persistently positive Papanicolaou vascular instability, severe hematological de smears 18 months before, and amphetamine rangements, and, in 2 S percent of cases, death.! abuse. Medications included regular injections The early 1980s introduced us to a relatively new of estrogens and a benzodiazepine for anxiety. player in sepsis: Staphylococcus ourem and the toxic During a brief examination in the office the shock syndrome. A series of cases was defined in pa tient was exceedingly weak but awake and alert, relation to vaginal tampon use, but since then unable to speak because of her weakness. Her toxic shock has occurred also in the presence of blood pressure was 80/50 mmHg, pulse 110 beats other staphylococcal infections.2 Recently an per minute, respirations were 28/min, and her other gram-positive bacterium has reportedly temperature was 35.SoC (96°F). Her throat was been associated with sepsis and shock. This or clear as were her lungs, and she had no heart ganism is well known to office-based family phy murmur. Her abdomen was slightly tender in the sicians as the cause of many soft tissue infections left lower quadrant, but the bowel sounds were thought until recently to be "routine": acute normal. There were bullous lesions on the dor pharyngitis, otitis media, acute sinusitis, cellu sum of the right hand. She denied recent use of http://www.jabfm.org/ litis, and erysipelas. The organism is group A ~ illicit drugs. hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS), and there is She was sent immediately to the intensive care an increasing number of reports of sepsis and unit in the local hospital for further evaluation death occurring as complications of one of these and treatment. There her blood pressure was so-called routine infections.3-6 These findings are 80/S0 mmHg, pulse 120 beats per minute, respi of great importance to office-based family physi rations 40/min and rectal temperature 35°C on 1 October 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. cians, because many affected patients have (9S°F). There were no abnormal findings on a been young, otherwise healthy individuals with pelvic examination, but a rectal examination out predisposing immune deficiency or debilitat showed a stool grossly positive for occult blood. ing illnesses. The following is a report of septic Though she continued to be weak, there were no shock that recently occurred in my patient. lateralizing neurological signs. Her skin was mot tled, and there was peripheral cyanosis. Her right Submitted, revised,10 December 1991. hand was pale, cold, and painful. From the Wichita Falls Family Practice Residency Program, Laboratory studies disclosed the following val Department of Family Practice and Community Medicine, Uni ues: her white cell count was IS.9 X 1091L versity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, and The 3 Southwest Medical Clinic, Wichita Falls, TX. Address reprint (1S,900/mm ) with 0.32 segmented neutrophils requests to David M. Whittiker. M.D., Six Eureka Circle, and O.SO band forms. The hemoglobin was 10.7 Wichita Falls, TX 76308. mmollL (17.2 gIL) and the hematocrit was O.SO; Toxic Shock 523 J Am Board Fam Pract: first published as 10.3122/jabfm.5.5.523 on 1 September 1992. Downloaded from platelets were 245 X 1091L (245,000/mm3). The amounts. The body was sent for an autopsy, where prothrombin time was 18 seconds with a control an "intense inflammatory infiltrate" and "large of 11 seconds. The sodium was 128 mmollL (128 numbers of gram-positive cocci" in microscopic mEqlL), potassium 6.6 mmollL (6.6 mEqlL), sections of the right-hand wound were found. The chloride 90 mmollL (90 mEqlL), bicarbonate 8 final autopsy diagnosis was death from complica mmollL (8 mEqlL), blood urea nitrogen 14.6 tions of cellulitis caused by GABHS. mmollL (41 mglL), and creatinine 398 IJ.mollL The culture specimen was sent to the labora (4.5 mglL). The blood glucose was initially meas tory of Dennis L. Stevens, M.D., at the Veterans ured at 0.6 mmollL (10 mglL), but this value was Administration Medical Center in Boise, ID, for judged clinically to be an artifact and a recheck identification and assay for presence of exotoxin. had normal blood glucose readings. The urinaly The Streptococcus organism that was responsible sis showed a specific gravity of 1.010, a large for this patient's death was of M Type 22 and T amount of blood, a pH of 5.5, protein 1 gIL (100 Type 12, and it produced streptococcal pyrogenic mglL), and red cells and white cells too numerous exotoxin B. to count, with frequent bacteriuria. Arterial blood gases on admission showed a pH of 6.94, pC02 Discussion 4.4 kPa (33 mmHg), p02 14.3 kPa (107 mmHg), Gram-positive organisms were the most com and base excess - 1.37 mmollL (- 27 mEqlL). mon cause of sepsis and shock at the beginning The aspartate aminotransferase was 3.22 IJ.katIL of this century. Mter the introduction of effec (3217 nmollLlsec) (193 UIL), lactic dehydro tive antibiotics in the 1930s and 1940s, the rate genase 11.55 IJ.katIL (11,550 nmoVsecJL) (693 of serious suppurative and nonsuppurative com UIL), urate 547 IJ.mollL (9.2 mglL), and creatine plications of gram-positive infections declined kinase was 174.03 IJ.katIL (174,044 nmoVsecJL) to where such cases became the exception.7 In (10,440 UIL). The fibrinogen was 3.14 gIL (314 the early 1980s the toxic shock syndrome was mglL), and fibrin split products were greater than defmed as a predictable "new" complication of 40 IJ.g/mL. A Gram stain of the fluid in the staphylococcal infections in susceptible individ right-hand bullae showed moderate gram uals.2 There have been reports during the past positive cocci in chains. Blood alcohol was not few years of resurgent virulence displayed by measurable, and the serum drug test showed certain group A streptococci,3-s In 1987 Cone, only the benzodiazepine, but the urine drug test et a1.4 reported two cases of streptococcal cellu contradicted the earlier history of no recent litis that were complicated by sepsis and shock. s drug use: there were amphetamines in the One patient died. In 1988 Bartter, et al. re http://www.jabfm.org/ urine. When confronted with this evidence, the ported three similar cases marked by the pres patient confirmed that she had been injected ence of streptococcal soft tissue infection, hypo by others with intravenous amphetamine into tension, and renal failure, and they coined her right hand. Other studies included an echo the term toxic strep syndrome, postulating an cardiogram with normal findings, an electro exotoxin-mediated process that can go un cardiogram that showed only sinus tachycardia, derdiagnosed and be confused with staphylo on 1 October 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. a normal chest radiograph, and an analysis of coccal toxic shock. Stevens, et al,3 reported in her cerebrospinal fluid that showed her protein 1989 a series of 20 patients in the Rocky Moun level was 0.31 gIL (3.1 gIL), but no other ab tain area who had streptococcal infections. normality. Samples of the cerebrospinal fluid, Nineteen developed sepsis and shock, and blood, urine, and fluid obtained from the bullae 6 died. The patients in all these cases were on the dorsum of the right hand were sent for young (aged 29 to 66 years) and otherwise culture. healthy, and most complained of soft tissue in Despite early institution of intravenous fluids, fections, such as cellulitis, pharyngitis, myositis, pressor agents, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and or fasciitis. Such cases have now been described bicarbonate, the patient's course deteriorated, and in Great Britain and in various regions of the she died 6 hours after admission. Cultures of all United States, suggesting not only an increased fluids were negative except that from the bullae rate but also a widespread occurrence of this on the right hand, which grew GABHS in great dangerous organism. 524 JABFP Sept.-Oct. 1992 Vol. 5 No.5 The toxic strep syndrome is probably medi infected area is required, because only a small J Am Board Fam Pract: first published as 10.3122/jabfm.5.5.523 on 1 September 1992. Downloaded from ated by exotoxins produced by certain serotypes number of organisms can produce sufficient toxin ofGABHS.7-9 These toxins, streptococcal pyro to be clinically important. The toxins are not genic exotoxin-A (SPE-A), SPE-B and SPE-C, dialyzable, nor is there an antitoxin available.