Electric Buses: Everything is Changing
Solaris Bus & Coach
1 1. Solaris Zero Emission bus philosophy
Solaris with the suppliers has a proper knowledge and experience, which allows to built the electric bus with specific Client’s requirements
1499 vehicles with electric drivetrain (including production in progress) 2 1. Solaris Zero Emission bus philosophy
Tampere Battery buses charged by Västerås pantograph or induction Battery buses charged by cable and plug Landskrona Gdynia Battery buses with Hamburg Eberswalde Ostrołęka fuel cell range extender Hannover Berlin Warszawa Braunschweig Inowrocław Lublin Zero-emission buses Oberhausen Jaworzno Dresden Düsseldorf Kraków with in-motion charging Plzep Ostrava Paris Esslingen am Neckar Includes long-term trials and orders. Klagenfurt
Roma Barcelona Solaris is a partner in Castellón de la Plana the European Union‘s Cagliari ZeEUS and ELIPTIC projects
3 1. Solaris Zero Emission bus philosophy
For Solaris electric buses are:
. Hybrid buses . Plug-in hybrid buses . Trolleybuses . Hybrid trolleybuses . Battery electric buses . Overnight charging . Conductive charging . Inductive charging . Range extension with fuel cells
4 2. Solaris Urbino Electric – general information
To drive electric we need:
electric bus
charging infrastructure
Solaris is ready to supply both
5 2. Solaris Urbino Electric – general information
Solaris Low-floor city bus with electric drive Zero-emission vehicles Urbino Modular drive technology electric Different ways of battery charge
6 CHARGING SYSTEMS:
. plug-in . pantograph . induction . fuel cell ERGONOMIC DISTRIBUTION OF ROOF EQUIPMENT: AIR-CONDITIONING AND BATTERIES
NEW CONSTRUCTION FOR ADDED STRENGHT AND REDUCED WEIGHT
SPACIOUS AND INVITING INTERIOR
BATTERIES:
. High Energy: 80, 160, 200, 240 kWh . High Power: 50, 75, 100, 125 kWh . Inductive charging: 60, 90, 120 kWh
LIGHTWEIGHT ELEMENTS OF SIDE PANELLING SCREWED ON PLACE
NEW EDGE DESIGN
• ELECTRIC PORTAL AXLE ERGONOMIC DRIVER’S • CENTRAL MOTOR CABIN WITH INNOVATIVE TOUCHSCREEN 7 2. Solaris Urbino Electric – general information
Urbino Electric is available in most popular bus lengths:
. Midibus (8.9 metres, low entry)
. Standard bus (12 metres, low floor)
. Articulated bus (18 metres, low floor)
8 2. Solaris Urbino Electric – general information
Pantograph nE12 Traction container
Resistor Traction batteries
9 3. Solaris Urbino Electric – battery solutions
Battery specification
Cell Module Pack 8 modules
Traction batteries 2–6 packs
10 3. Solaris Urbino Electric – battery solutions
Charging power possibilities
pantograph 450 kW 400 kW LTO
300 kW
2-6 batteries 200 kW 80–240 kWh Max charging power 240 kW DC 2-5 batteries
200 kW 50–125 kWh
160 kW LFP 120 kW 80 kW
Max charging power DC
11 3. Solaris Urbino Electric – battery solutions
Charging power possibilities plug-in AC DC
2-6 batteries SBC Standard 80–240 kWh
80 kW 40 kW 20 kW LTO LFP
Max charging power DC 2-5 batteries 50–125 kWh
12 3. Solaris Urbino Electric – battery solutions
Traction battery weight
1 kWh ~10 ÷ 20 kg
13 3. Solaris Urbino Electric – battery solutions
High Energy batteries
DepoCharger LowPower
large battery packs = less passengers High Power batteries
DepoCharger LowPower CityCharger small battery packs = more pasengers HighPower
14 4. Solaris Urbino Electric - avaiable charging solutions
Open charging infrastructure • Solaris in cooperation with group of European bus producers and charging PANTOGRAPH infrastructure suppliers have agreed to make universal charging systems • Main aim of the project is guarantee the open charging interface for the electric vehicles and create universal and reliable system for chargers and buses from different manufacturers. PLUG-IN
15 4. Solaris Urbino Electric - avaiable charging solutions
Plug-in Pantograf Induction
16 – 80 kW CCS up to 450 kW 200 kW Simple Automatic operation Automatic operation Low cost Resonable cost Contactless Requires handling Quite simple solution Most expensive Slow / fast charging Other opt. possible Other opt. possible
16 4. Solaris Urbino Electric - avaiable charging solutions
PLUG IN E BUS CHARGERS
DepoChargers CityChargers
AC AC DC DC DC/AC
Effective 20 kW 40 kW 80 kW 200 kW 300 kW 450 kW output power DC-S DC-M DC-F CC-M CC-F CC-UF.4
The average charging time :
6 h 3 h 1.5 h 40 min 25 min 16 min
*- The average charging time of 125 kWh LTO (battery efficiency not included)
17 4. Solaris Urbino Electric - avaiable charging solutions
E-BUS CHARGERS
10min
~20 km* ~30 km* ~45 km*
Effective output 20 kW 40 kW 80 kW 200 kW 300 kW 450 kW power DC-S DC-M DC-F CC-M CC-F CC-UF.4
The average charging time :
6 h 3 h 1.5 h 40 min 25 min 16 min
*- The average charging time of 125 kWh LTO (battery efficiency not included)
18 4. Solaris Urbino Electric - avaiable charging solutions
DepoCharger Power grid side Bus side DepoCharger-Slow 32 A* COMBO** 0-100% SOC Fuse AC 32 A DC 8,8 h DepoCharger-Medium 160 kWh 63 A* COMBO** 0-100% SOC Fuse AC 63 A DC 4,5 h 160 kWh DepoCharger-Fast 125 A* COMBO** 0-100% SOC Fuse AC 125 A DC 2,3 h 160 kWh *3P+N+PE, 3x400 V AC 50 Hz **CCS 125 A - IEC 61851-23, IEC 61851-24, IEC 62196-3
19 4. Solaris Urbino Electric - avaiable charging solutions
City Charger
Power grid side Bus side
CityCharger-UltraFast contact. hood** Fuse AC 630 A DC 47,15 km* 10 min plug-in optional
* 1,2 kWh/km 20 ** IEC 61851-23, IEC 61851-24, IEC 62196-3 4. Solaris Urbino Electric - avaiable charging solutions
City Charger
CONTACT HOOD
CHARGER
21 5. Electric Bus operation environment
Energy consumption of traction & accessories depending on the temperature - theoretical calculation data
traction accessories
Temp [°C]
Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, Low Voltage, High Voltage
22 5. Electric Bus operation environment
Weather conditions
23 6. Electric Bus – energy demand Energy demand - city Average power demand Annual energy demand 57 077 kW
100 000 population 500 GWh/year 60x
24x 5 400 kW (9,5% of 57 077 kW) <10 min (24 units x 450 kW x 0,5 (simultaneity 450 kW factor) 100 000 citizens
57 077 kW 0x 60x
8,4 GWh/year (1,68% of 500 GWh) 100 000 population 60x (70 000 km/year x 2 kWh/km x 60 units)
(5,3% of 57 077 kW) - power supply availability 60x 3 000 kW 1,5 ÷ 4 h (60 units x 50 kW) - local permanent power supply 50 kW possibilities
24 7. Frequently Asked Questions
What are the components of the route profile?
• line topography, • single route length, • average commercial speed, • average / median distance between the stops • Google Maps route.
25 7. Frequently Asked Questions
Why Google Maps route or GPS coordinates are useful?
While we have bus route in Google Maps or with GPS coordinates, we can analyze the line more accurately.
26 7. Frequently Asked Questions
What do we understand as charging possibilities?
As charging possibilities we understand: • preferred and possible charging methods (pantograph/plug-in/induction) • preferred and possible charging points (i.e. in the city – locations, in the depot only) • available power supply(-ies) and voltage
27 7. Frequently Asked Questions
What is single charge range?
Single charge range – it is a distance bus can cover on one charge when is fully charged
Single charge range depends on weather conditions (including ambient temperature), route profile and battery state of health
28 7. Frequently Asked Questions
Why single charge range is important even for opportunity charging? Single charge range determines a emergency drive possiblity without any significant impact on the schedule in case of charger fault for several number of courses
city
29 7. Frequently Asked Questions
What does Bus Operator has to consider?
Long single charge range requires a significant amount of the energy.
30 7. Frequently Asked Questions
Is there special training required for drivers and mechanics?
Driving electric vehicle is almost the same as in standard Diesel bus, however driving style has a great impact on vehicle’s range. It is necessary to learn how to drive efficiently (so called eco-driving) and how to use regenerative braking.
Maintenance training on electric buses is extremely important – they are not more complicated, they are slightly different, specially propulsion part.
31 7. Frequently Asked Questions
What are the benefits of operating electric buses?
• zero-emission in operation area for the • strongly reduced noise people and the environment • constant, high torque available from the • more ecomomical to operate start • electric buses are operating on domestic • high efficency components energy sources • LCC is very competitive to standard • significantly reduced strong vibrations Diesel bus for the proper dedicated configuration for the specific conditions
32 7. Frequently Asked Questions
What types of the batteries do we use in our buses?
We use following lithium-ion batteries in our buses: • LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate) – recommended for overnight charging or opportunity charging with long single charge range • LTO (Lithium Titanite Oxide) – recommended for fast-opportunity charging and high daily mileages
33 7. Frequently Asked Questions
What happens if bus runs out of energy before returning home?
Bus will not be able to continue its operation.
34 7. Frequently Asked Questions
What is configuration of the batteries?
Battery packs are connected in parallel – bus can still run if of battery packs fail (minimum 2 packs required). In standard solution we can offer up to 4 battery packs for E8.9 or up to 6 battery packs for E12 or E18.
35 7. Frequently Asked Questions
What is the quality of the batteries?
Solaris produces batteries in close cooperation with the same, experienced partners, which assures high quality at the cell and pack levels.
36 7. Frequently Asked Questions
What is the battery cycle?
As a cycle we define full charge and discharge. Unfortunately it is impossible to achieve full cycle in real-world conditions.
WARRANTY CYCLE REAL DRIVE CYCLE
BATTERY BATTERY
CURRENT
BATTERY BATTERY CURRENT
@25⁰C ambient TIME TIME @-20 - +30⁰C ambient
37 7. Frequently Asked Questions
How long do batteries last?
Lithium-ion batteries offered by Solaris have a significantly longer lifetime than acid or NiMH batteries. In standard, European conditions we expect: - 3 300 warranty cycles for LFP batteries - 5 years for LTO batteries, regardless no. of cycles
38 7. Frequently Asked Questions
Why do we recommend 5-pole pantograph?
• earth and control connection • high safety • high energy transfer possible • active vertical & horizontal movement of pantograph arm & head • fixed contact funnel
39 7. Frequently Asked Questions
How fast can an electric bus go?
In standard configuration our buses can go up to 80 km/h
40 7. Frequently Asked Questions
Do electric buses have a transmission?
Electric buses do not have a transmission, acceleration is very smooth. Maximum, constant torque is avaialble from the start.
41 7. Frequently Asked Questions
What is regenerative breaking?
Regenerative braking is one of the best and unique things in electric vehicles. While vehicle is slowing down, motor turns into generator, adding electricity to the battery. Sudden stopping reduces or eliminates energy generation, however slowing down gradually helps to retreive a noticeable amount of the energy and increase the brake life.
42 7. Frequently Asked Questions
Can electric buses operate up hills?
Yes, electric bus can operate up hills, however operation is limited by a steep grade (as well as in Diesel buses). It has to be considered the terrain has a significant impact on range of the vehicle as well as lifetime of the batteries.
43 8. Solaris Urbino Electric – selected projects
. üstra routes 100/200 inner-city circular services . Architectural integration of charging mast in cityscape . 125 kWh lithium-titanite batteries for rapid recharge with up to 450 kW charging power
Project partners üstra Hannoversche Verkehrsbetriebe ▪ Hannover, Germany Region Hannover ▪ Enercity Contracting Co-funded by German Federal Ministry of Environment as part of the Erneuerbar mobil programme 3 Urbino 12 electric with pantograph opportunity charging Medcom power electronics ▪ Schunk pantograph charging system 125 kWh batteries ▪ ZF electric drive axle
44 8. Solaris Urbino Electric – selected projects
. TMB core route as part of operator‘s high-frequency network . 125 kWh lithium-titanite batteries for rapid recharge with 400 kW charging power
Project partners Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona ▪ Endesa ▪ Enide Solutions ▪ Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya ▪ Idiada Automotive Technology ▪ Grupo Mecanica del Vuelo Sistemas Co-funded by European Commission, Barcelona, Spain Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport under the 7th Research & Innovation Framework Programme 2 Urbino 18 electric with pantograph opportunity charging as part of the ZeEUS project, led by UITP Medcom power electronics ▪ Schunk pantograph charging system 125 kWh batteries ▪ central motor
45 8. Solaris Urbino Electric – selected projects
. DVB route 79 Mickten – Übigau . Short, 5.2 km route with one opportunity charging point . Focus on proof of charging technology reliability
Project partners Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe ▪ Dresden University of Technology Dresden, Germany Co-funded by German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure as part of the Schaufenster Elektromobilität programme 1 Urbino 12 electric with pantograph opportunity charging Medcom power electronics ▪ Schunk pantograph charging system 200 kWh batteries ▪ ZF electric drive axle
46 8. Solaris Urbino Electric – selected projects
. STOAG routes 962 (Sterkrade – Kleekamp) & 966 (Sterkrade – central station) . Key focus on electricity supply to charging stations . Charging stations fed from substation (at Sterkrade Neumarkt) and directly from tram catenary (at Sterkrade station)
Project partners Stadtwerke Oberhausen ▪ Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr ▪ RWTH Aachen University Co-funded by Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr Supported by European Commission, Oberhausen, Germany Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport under Horizon 2020 as part of the ELIPTIC project, led by Free Hanseatic City of Bremen 2 Urbino 12 electric with pantograph opportunity charging Medcom power electronics ▪ Schunk pantograph charging system 200 kWh batteries ▪ ZF electric drive axle
47 8. Solaris Urbino Electric – selected projects
. PKM route 313 Osiedle Stałe – Bory Hetmaoska and other services . First electric bus purchased by a Polish operator . Operated on various services to test suitability for fleet conversion
Jaworzno, Poland
1 Urbino 12 electric with pantograph opportunity charging Medcom power electronics ▪ Schunk pantograph charging system Project partners Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacji Miejskiej w Jaworznie ▪ 160 kWh batteries ▪ central motor Urząd Miejski w Jaworznie
48 8. Solaris Urbino Electric – selected projects
. MZK route 4 (Osiedle Sienkiewicza – Centrum – Wojciechowice) and other local services . Midibuses for flexible operation on urban services in medium-sized town (population 53,000)
Project partner Ostrołęka, Poland Miejski Zakład Komunikacji w Ostrołęce Co-funded by European Union under the European 2 Urbino 8.9 LE electric Regional Development Fund as part of the Masovian Voivodeship regional operational programme Medcom power electronics 160 kWh batteries ▪ central motor
49 8. Solaris Urbino Electric – selected projects
. Västerås Lokaltrafik route 4 Brottberga – Centrum – Finnslätten . Traction batteries charged by cable and plug in depot . Auxiliary heating fuelled with compressed biogas to maintain operational range in cold winter conditions . Combination of renewable electricity and second-generation biogas makes bus effectively carbon-neutral
Project partners Västerås, Sweden Västerås Lokaltrafik ▪ Sweco Environment ▪ Biogas Öst Co-funded by European Union under the European Regional Development Fund as part of the 1 Urbino 12 electric with biogas auxiliary heating More Baltic Biogas Bus project Medcom power electronics 160 kWh batteries ▪ central motor
50 8. Solaris Urbino Electric – selected projects
. ZTM/MZA routes 168 (Mokotów – Witolin) & 222 (Mokotów – Old Town via Royal Route) . Largest fleet of electric buses in Central Europe . Initially charged by plug and cable, with provision for retrofit of pantograph charging system
Project partners Miejskie Zakłady Autobusowe w Warszawie ▪ Warsaw Public Transport Authority ▪ Warsaw University of Technology ▪ Automotive Industry Institute ▪ RWE Stoen Operator Co-funded by European Commission, Warsaw, Poland Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport under the 7th Research & Innovation Framework Programme 10 Urbino 12 electric as part of the ZeEUS project, led by UITP Medcom power electronics ▪ prepared for pantograph charging system ▪ over 200 kWh batteries ▪ central motor
51 8. Solaris Urbino Electric – selected projects
. Hochbahn Innovation Line 109 Central station – Rathausmarkt – Alsterdorf . Fuel cells augment batteries for all-day zero-emission operation . Recharging and refuelling only in depot
Project partner Hamburger Hochbahn Co-funded by German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure as part of the National Innovation Programme Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Hamburg, Germany Technology, administered by NOW Supported by Clean Energy Partnership 2 Urbino 18.75 electric with fuel cell range extender Vossloh Kiepe power electronics ▪ Ballard fuel cells 120 kWh batteries ▪ central motor
52 8. Solaris Urbino Electric – selected projects
. BVG route 204 Zoologischer Garten station – Südkreuz station . First inductively-charged bus route in a European capital . Dedicated website at www.e-bus.berlin with live map tracking and live environmental balance
Project partners Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe ▪ Technical University of Berlin ▪ Bombardier Transportation ▪ Vossloh Kiepe Co-funded by German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure as part of the Schaufenster Berlin, Germany Elektromobilität programme Supported by Berlin Agency for Electromobility 4 Urbino 12 electric with inductive opportunity charging Vossloh Kiepe power electronics ▪ Bombardier Primove charging system ▪ 90 kWh batteries ▪ central motor
53 8. Solaris Urbino Electric – selected projects
. Braunschweiger Verkehrs-GmbH routes M19/M29 circular services from Braunschweig central station . 12 km route length ▪ 26 stops ▪ 18 km/h average speed . Charging stations also used by passenger cars
Project partners Braunschweiger Verkehrs-GmbH ▪ BS|ENERGY ▪ Technical University of Braunschweig ▪ Braunschweig, Germany Bombardier Transportation Co-funded by German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure as an associated project 1 Urbino 12 electric & 4 Urbino 18 electric of the Schaufenster Elektromobilität programme with inductive opportunity charging Vossloh Kiepe ▪ Bombardier ▪ 60/90 kWh batteries ▪ central motor
54 8. Solaris Urbino Electric – selected projects
International projects ZeEUS • ZeEUS project focus on the today's challenge in the electrification of bus system, the extension of the fully-electric solution to a wider part of the urban network.
• This goes through the development of electric vehicles of large capacity, and the creation of an infrastructure capable of providing the required charging energy, operated according to non-disruptive and grid-balancing principles.
• The ZeEUS project will cover innovative electric bus solutions with different types of electrical power-train systems.
55 8. Solaris Urbino Electric – selected projects
International projects
Emerald Project purpose: EMERALD focuses on energy use optimisation and on the seamless integration of the FEV into the transport and energy infrastructure, by delivering clear advances over the state-of-the-art.
EMERALD will introduce Integrated in-vehicle energy management, comprising: Dynamic energy-driven management of FEV auxiliaries, Energy-efficient long-range route planning and optimisation, Performance-centric machine learning for consumption prediction, User-centric charge and discharge management, Solaris contribution to the Project concerns primarily participation in testing EMERALD functional system
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