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Biographical Dictionaries

Dictionary of National Biography 1910 (abbr. DNB). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004 (abbr. Oxford DNB). Larousse Dictionary of Scientists (editor Hazel Muir). Edinburgh and New York: Larousse 1994. Dictionary of Nineteenth Century British Scientists (editor Bernard Lightman). London: Thoemmes 2003. The Encyclopaedia of Ireland (General editor Brian Lalor). Dublin: Gill and Macmillan 2003. Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (Editor-in-chief Thomas Hockey). New York: Springer 2007. Afterword

by Peter Brand

Mary Br¨uck, eldest of a large and talented family, was born 1925 in Ireland. She gained her BSc in Physics at University College Dublin and her Ph.D in astronomy at Edinburgh. She married Hermann Br¨uck, then Director of Observatory, before moving in 1957 with him to Edinburgh where he became Regius Professor and Astronomer Royal for , running the Royal Observatory Edinburgh. After raising their children, she returned to science as a lecturer in astronomy at Edinburgh University. She formed an important part of a small core of teachers in a subject that was to expand rapidly, and set her particular stamp of intellectual rigour and warm humanity on the methods and style of the teaching. One of the major new teaching tasks that she undertook was to run the undergraduate laboratory. This work gave rise to two texts, both much used in developing astronomy teaching. Her research at Edinburgh was into the nature of stars in clusters, and she focussed her efforts on those in the Small Magellanic Cloud, a nearby caught in our own gravitational field. She was able to use her data to infer the forma- tion history and dynamics in this intriguing astronomical neighbour. In her research career she supervised many research students, notably many female, some of whom now occupy important positions in astronomy. Her full retirement in 1987 led to a new career: astronomical history, which she started in collaboration with her husband. The major work from this time is The Peri- patetic Astronomer: the life of Charles Piazzi Smyth (1988). She quickly achieved a reputation in her own right for her work, concentrating on the lives of women in astronomy. Her outstanding work was her book Agnes Clerke and the Rise of Astro- physics (2002). She contributed to several journals on the history of science, and to the Dictionary of National Biography, and was on the editorial board of the journal of the Society for the History of Astronomy. However, her publications were not all in learned journals. She was a charming public speaker, had broadcast children’s programmes on RTE in Ireland, and wrote an influential Ladybird book The Night Sky (1965). In 2001 the Edinburgh Astro- nomical Society awarded her the Lorimer Medal for her public outreach. One of her last public acts was to deliver a very successful public lecture in May 2008 at the

265 266 Afterword

Royal Astronomical Society in London on the subject of women in astronomy in the last two centuries, the basis for this book. Without any feminist flag flying she did a tremendous amount, by her scholarship and by her example for the place of . It is intriguing that the subject of this book finds an echo in the life she lived with her husband: whilst he was the major figure and she saw her role as one of support, she was a significant contributor to our human understanding in her own right. She died in December 2008 at the age of 83, lively and intent - and organis- ing! - until the very end. She was sustained through her life and at her death by a strong religious faith, which she was not frightened to lay alongside her scientific understanding. Index

Adams, John Couch, 214 fellow, Royal Astronomical Society, 249 Admiral’s Circle Lunar Formations, catalogue, 253, 254 Llewelyn, John Dillwyn, 116 Neilson, Edmund’s studies, 251 Llewelyn, Thereza Mary, 115 papers, variable stars, 253 Smyth, William Henry, 107 photographic Lunar Atlas, 251 Airy, Sir George, 156, xv photographic survey, 253 Anderson, Elizabeth Garrett, 207 physical features, 250, 251 , xvi Schmidt’s topographical map, 250 Astronomical time signal, 45–46 Bogdan, Tom, 226 Atlas Coelestis, 4 Boyle, Robert, 1 Aubert, Alexander, 29 Brashear, John, 169 Ayrton, Hertha, 179 Bredechin, Feodor, 155 Brett, John, 158 BAA See British Astronomical Association Brewster, Sir David, 12, 60, 167 Babbage, Charles, 74–75 British amateur system, xv Baird, John Logie, 212 British Astronomical Association, 194 Baker, Edwin, 217 Brown, Elizabeth, 151, 159, 160 Ball, Sir Robert, 155, 189, 207, 214 1987 and 1989 eclipses, 155 Banks, Sir Joseph, 30, 32 biography, 151–152 Barnard, Edward Emerson, 193, 223 British Astronomical Association, 158 Baxendell, Joseph, 253 death, 159 Beale, Dorothea, 204 Father Perry’s illness and death, 156 Becker, Barbara, 170, 178 fellowship, 157, 158 Bedford Catalogue, Smyth, 107, 123 first foreign trip, 154–155 Beer, Wilhelm, 250 paper presentation, 153 Bellamy, Ethel Royal Astronomical Society, 151, 156–157 career, 215, 216 Royal Meteorological Society, 153 Vatican Observatory, Rome, 216 Royal Observatory studies, 154 working life, 216, 217 Bellamy, Frank Arthur, 215 sidereal chromatics, 153 Bell, Julia, mathematician, 218 sunspots, 154 Bigg, Charlotte, 215 Vulcan, hypothetical planet, 154 Birmingham, John, 165 Bryan, Margaret, 15 Birt, William, 251 Compendious System of Astronomy, 15 Blagden, Charles, 29 family history and second publication, “Blagg” crater, 253 15–16 Blagg, Mary Adela first edition, 16 crater Somerville, 251 Hutton, Charles, mathematics professor, education, 249 16–17

267 268 Index

schooling, 15 Conversations on Natural Philosophy, Marcet, subscribers, 15–16 63–65 Buckland, William (geologist), 78, 130 Copeland, Ralph, 155, 210 Bunsen, Robert, 161 , Herschel, William, 29 Burney, Charles and Fanny, 18 Creese, Mary, 152, 197 Butterfly diagram, 226, 227 Croarken, Mary, 48 Crosthwait, Joseph, 5 Cycle Celestial Objects, Smyth, W.H., 107 Cambridge University Observatory, 213, 214 Dallmeyer, T.R., 223 , Annie, 200 Dante and the Early Astronomers, 240, 243 Capell, Edward, 13 Deasy, Catherine Mary, 185 Caroline, Herschel, 17 Deasy, Rickard, 185 Carte du Ciel project, 215 , James, 196 Celestial pole, 45 Dick, Thomas, 167 Chambers, Robert, 133 , G. B., 162 Chapman, Allan, 20, 91, 151, 166, xv Donati’s , Ward, Mary’s, 96–97 Chapman, Sydney, 231 , Anna Palmer, 199 Charles II, 1 Draper, Henry, 170 Christie, Sir William, 156, 203, 208 Dreyer, J.L.E., 243 Clerke, Agnes, 158, 172, 201, 202, Dry-plate photography, 214 237, 258, xvi D¨urer, Albrecht, 173 Agnes’ and Ellen’s interests, 187 , Sir Frank, 216, 229, 230, 258 Aubrey (brother), 186, 187 biographies, 188 Eclipses, 155 British association meeting, 194 , Sir Arthur, 258 character summary, 197 Eddy, John, 231 education, 185, 186 Edgeworth, Maria, 15 family history, 185, 186 Babbage, Charles, 59 father’s death, 193 Brewster, David, 60–62 gender prejudice, 195, 196 Harry and Lucy, 61 Gill’s personal side, 192 Scott, Sir Walter meeting, 60 Gregory’s criticism, 195 Coleridge, Samuel, 60 illness and death, 196 death, 65 professional appointment, United States, Edgeworth, Richard Lovell (father), 57 194 Practical Education, 58 publications social background, 57–59 Dictionary of National Biography, 187 family history, 57–58 Edinburgh Review, first work, 187, 188 father’s old colleagues, 58–59 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 188 Hamilton, William Rowan (friend), 57, 60 The System of the Stars, 190, 193 Herschel, William, visit and telescope Royal Institution lecture, 191 display, 59 South Africa trip, 191 Letters for Literary Ladies, 58 Clerke, John William, 185 Practical Education, 58 Comet Halley, xvi , founder member, 57 Common, Andrew Ainslie, 190 Scott, Sir Walter, 57 Connexion of the Physical Sciences, 91 social background, 57–58 civil list pension, 80 sunspots drawings, 60 earth’s rotation and spheroids, 81 Wordsworth, William, 60 laws of nature and acoustics, 79 Edwards, Mary, 213 second edition, 79–80 Almanac work unexplained discrepancies, calculations and tabulations, 48 positions, 80 limitations, 49 Index 269

Edwards, John expedition, 237 experiments and results, 47 historical section, British Astronomical Mary and Herschels’ furnaces, 47–48 Association, 244 mathematics and astronomy, 47 joined California-based Astronomical Fallows, Fearon Society, 236 Cape Observatory, 50, 51 married life, 238 death and memorial stone, 51 Mount Wilson, 239 “dismal swamp,” Henderson, Thomas, Ptolemy’s earth-centred model, Dante’s 50 day, 242 Fallows, Mary Anne’s commet spectroheliograms, 241 discovery, 51 Whittaker, mathematician, 238 family, 49–50 observatory building and instruments, 49 transit instrument, 50 Fairfax, Sir William, Admiral, 67–68 Warner, Brian, biographer, 51 Falconer sisters, 217 Maskelyne’s death and consequences, 48 Fallows, Fearon, 49–50 Moon’s co-ordinates, predictions, 48 Cape Observatory, 50 Pond, John, 49 “dismal swamp,” Henderson, Thomas, 50 Eliot, T.S., 245 Fallows, Mary Anne’s comet discovery, 51 Elizabeth, Sabine’s eclipsed satellite, 104 family, 49–50 Elkin, Susan, 197 mourning wife, 51 Emlyn, Anne (daughter), 13, 15 observatory building and instruments, 49 Emlyn, Henry (father), 13 transit instrument, 50 , John, 41 Fallows, Mary Anne, 51, 157 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 133 Familiar Studies in Homer, 190 Epitome of Navigation and Nautical Fara, Patricia, xvi Astronomy, Taylor, J53–54 Ferguson, James, 17, 167 Equatorial telescope, Smyth, W.H., 108–109 book and public lectures, 12 Eros’ work, 218 brother-sister relation, 12–13 Eudosia, poem, 13–14 Emlyn, Anne, (pupil), 13 Everett, Alice gravitational law, 14–15 assistant post, 209 life history, 11–12 Astrophysical journal, 211 moral sentiments, 14–15 Astrophysical Observatory, 210 orrery apparatus, 10 education, 206 Young Gentleman’s and Lady’s Astronomy, fascinating period, 212 12–13 joined Greenwich, 206 Ferguson’s model, Eudosia, 13 junior assistant, National Physical Flamsteed House, 1, 2 Laboratory, 212 life history, 205 Flamsteed, John monograph, Jena optical glass, 211 Anna (niece), 4 optics, principal scientific interest, 211 celestial body position, 1 Television Society, 213 Flamsteed House, 1, 2 Everett, Joseph David, 205, 211 Hodgson, James (niece’s husband), 5 “Evershed Effect,” 240 Margaret (wife) Evershed, John, 235 British Catalogue of stars, 5 Evershed, Mary, 257 constellation Cassiopeia, 4–5 An Easy Guide to the Southern Stars, 235, Cooke, Ralph (grandfather), 2 236 impressive , 3 astronomy in India, 240 “solus cum sponsa,” 3 brief life history, 235 star catalogue, 2 British Astronomical Association, 237 , Williamina, 201, 202 death, 245 biography, 198 270 Index

Curator of Astronomical Photographs, Greig, Sir Samuel, 70 200 Henry Draper memorial, Grubb, Howard and Thomas, 168 199 women team, 200, 201 , Julius, 251 Hale, George Ellery, 194, 238 Halley, Edmund, 1, 4, 5, 10–11 Halley’s Comet, 240 Garnett, Richard, 189 Harald, King, 169 Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 102 Hardcastle, J.A., 249 General Astronomy, 241 Harry and Lucy, Edgeworth Giant mirror telescopes female accomplishmentsand women 40-ft long reflector, Herschel, William, 91 education, 61 Lassell, William and Lord Rosse, fictitious educational tour, 61–62 91–92 vs. Ferguson, James, “Eudosia,” 62 leviathan, 6-ft diameter, 103 Hearst, Phebe, 211 Lord Rosse (William Parsons), Earl of Heliostat mirror, 138 Rosse Henderson, Thomas, 50 fourth Earl of Rosse’s observatory, Herschel, Caroline, 67, 166, 170, 192, xv Birr, 97 affectionate Maskelyne, Astronomer Royal, life history, 92 40, 42 metal mirror telescope, 92 Alexander, musical affairs, 29 Rosse, Mary (wife), 92–94 assistant-astronomer training, last years, Whirlpool , spiral structure 30–31 discovery, 92 astronomy and music, 29 Somerville, Mary, 91 birth and death, 43 Ward, Mary (cousin) Blagden, Charles, 29, 31, 32 death, 97 Burney,Fanny,32 Irish Times newspaper, observations, 97 Cape observations, 42 Teachings, 95 casting mirrors, William’s, 28 The Telescope, 95–97 comet discovery women translators, 101 Burney, Fanny and Burney, Charles Giant’s Causeway, geological formation, 129 (father), 38 Gill, David, 190 celebrations and celebrity meet, 36–37 Ascension expedition, Mars obsevation, Maskelyne, Margaret, 35 142–143 Maskelyne, Neil, the Astronomer Black, Bella (wife) Royal, 35, 36 Cape Province, 146 Messier’s catalogue and competitors, education, 139–140 35–36 marriage, 139, 140 Wollaston, Francis and Flamsteed’s Mars Bay camp, 143–144 observations, 35 Six months on Ascension, 144 early days and memories, 26–28 Cave, telemetry tracking, 145 Encke’s comet, 35 education, 140 family history, 25 expedition, Mauritius island, 141 first comet, discovery, 31–32 Gold Medal award, Royal Astronomical Flamsteed, John, Astronomer Royal, 34, Society, 145 35, 41 Halley’s Mount, 144–145 20-ft telescopes, 32 illness and death, 146 Gauss, brilliant mathematician, 41 Johnson’s Mars transit, 145 Gold Medal award, 40, 42 Juno’s position measurement, 141 Hamilton’s accompanying letter, 42 Lindsay, James Ludovic, 140–141 Herschel, William Gloag, 167 anthems, St. Margaret’s Chapel, 29 Graham, Andrew, 214 family history, 25–27 Gregory, Richard, 195 foreign astronomers, 38 Index 271

40 ft mirror polishing, 39 Iliffe, Rob, 3 giant telescope construction, 33 International Astronomical Union, 252 illness and death, 39 Italian Studies, 245 independent life, 30 influential admirers, 30 instrument display and fellowship, Journal of the British Astronomical Royal Society, 29 Association, 211, 221 mirror castings, 28 Jupiter tables, 3 nephew John, 39 prestigious monarch pension, 30 Kearsley, 18 royal party, Archbishop of Canterbury, Keeler, James, 211 38–39 Kelvin, Lord, 177 telescope, Royal observatory, 30 King George III, 13, 17, 18, 30 married life, 33–34 Kirchhoff, Gustav, 161 Messier, Charles, 31, 33 Kodaikanal Observatory, scientific institution, nebulae and clusters catalogue, 33–34 245 observation and drawing, 31–32 retirement and laurells, 41–42 Royal Irish Academy member, 42 “Lady computer” scheme Schumacher, Heinrich Christian, 41 candidates selection, 203, 204 transit of Venus, 30 end of, 211, 212 Vice President’s praises, 41 work details, 204 Zone Catalogue, 40 Laplace’s M´ecanique Celeste, 72, 74, 76 Herschel, Sir John, 40–42, 91, 164 Lassell, William, 151, 193 Herschel, Sir William, 10, 12, 17, 19, 20, 59, Lee, John, 157, 251 64, 91, 156, 164 Leverrier, Urban, 154 anthems, St. Margaret’s Chapel, 29 Lick Observatory, California, 189, 211 family history, 25–27 Lindsay, Helen, 166 giant telescope construction, 33 Liverpool Astronomical Society, 151 illness and death, 39 Lives of the Engineers, 145 Llewelyn, John Dillwyn, 116 independent life, 30 Llewelyn, Thereza Mary influential admirers, 30 archives The Moon and sunspots instrument display and fellowship, Royal observations, 118 Society, 29 childhood memories and German language, mirror castings, 28 117–118 prestigious monarch pension, 30 death, 123 telescope, Royal observatory, 30 family background, 115–116 Hevelius, Johannes Llewelyn, John Dillwyn (father), 116 Elizabeth (wife), 5–6 Memoirs, 117–119, 123–125 Machina Coelestis, 6 social and astronomical background, 117 Hicks, Arthur, 218 Story-Maskelyne, Nevil (husband) Hill, W.E., 173 death, 123 Historia Coelestis Britannica, 4 family background, 120–121 History of Astronomy, 189 local affairs, 122–123 Holden, Edward, 189, 193, 236 photographic techniques comparison, Hooke, Robert, 1 121 Hornsby, Thomas, 29 scientists circle, 122 Hoskin, Michael, 31, 42, 197 tour, scientific and mineral Huggins, Margaret, 189, 258 collection, 121–122 Huggins, Sir William, 238 sunspot activity and auroral displays, 122 Humboldt, Baron Alexander von (naturalist), Lockyer, Norman, discovered spectrum, 172, 82 190 Humboldt’s Cosmos translation, 101 Lockyer’s, Sir Norman, 238 272 Index

Lofft, Capell scientific knowledge and courses, 63 Eudosia, poem, 13–14 Young, Thomas, 62–63 family history, 13 Martin, Benjamin, 11, 12 “Longest Coronal Ray,” 231 Martineau, Harriet (journalist), 62, 64 Lord Rosse (William Parsons) Mary, Ellen, 201, 202 Lassell, William Flowers of Fire, 198 astronomical talents, 98 illness and death, 198 Lassell, Maria (wife) and daughters, 99, professional journalist, 197 100 Maskelyne, Margaret, 37 mirror construction (24 in. and 48 in. Maskelyne, Nevil, Astronomer Royal, 16, 18, diameter), 98 28–29, 35–37, 46–48 Schellen, Heinrich, 100–101 Mason, Joan, 179 Smyth, Charles Piazzi visit, 99–100 Maunder, Annie, 235, 257 telescope, Ray lodge house, 100 Maunder, Edward Walter, 156, 208, 237 Triton moon and Saturn’s satellite Maxwell, James Clerk, 167, 169 discovery, 98 McMillan, Dorothy, 85, 86 von Humboldt, Alexander life history M´echain, Andr´e, comet observer, 35 translation, 101 Mechanism of the Heavens, Somerville, M., life history, 92 71, 188 metal mirror telescope, 92 Memoir of the BAA, 244 Rosse, Mary (wife) Memoirs, Llewelyn, Thereza Mary, 117–119, fourth Earl of Rosse’s observatory, Birr, 123–125 97 Miller, William Allen, 164 leading astronomers, Birr Castle, 93–94 Mitchell, Maria, first comet discoverer, 108, oldest extant darkroom, 98 133, 194, 211 Sheepshanks, Richard and Anne, 92 academic life, 114–115 young cousin Mary King, 93, 95–97 Airy, George, Astronomer Royal and Mrs. Whirlpool Nebula, spiral structure Airy, 112–113 discovery, 92, 94–95 Cambridge visit and journey, 112 Lunar distance, navigational astronomy, 53 European tour and scholars’ visit, 114 Lyell, Charles, 91 Lady Herschel’s meeting, Collingwood, 113 planet Venus, ephemeris, 111 Machina Coelestis, 6 Smyth web, 113–114 Maclagen, Charles, 133 telescopic comet-seekers and competent MacLeod, Norman, 167 paid assistants, 111 M¨adler, Johann, 250 Moon mapping, 254, 255 See also Blagg, Maggini, Gio Paulo, 173 Mary Adela Mappa Selenographica, 250 More, Sir Thomas, 177 Marcet, Jane Mouchez, Amad´ee,214 Conversations on , 62, 63 Mount Wilson Observatory, California, 194 Faraday, Michael and Martineau, M¨uller, Karl, 252 Harriet, 64 Mundy, Peter, 230 Somerville, Mary, 63 Murdin, Lesley, 5 Conversations on Natural Philosophy, Murray, John, 166 63–65 Brewster, David (physicist), 64 teacher and pupils conversation, 63–64 Nasmyth, Alexander, 68–69 courses and scientific knowledge, 63 National Maritime Museum, 1, 2 Davy, Humphry, 62–63 Nautical Almanac, 46–47 family history and education, 62–63 Navigational astronomy Marcet, Alexander (husband) and death, astronomical time signal, 45–46 62, 65 British Mariners Guide, 46 Newton’s theory contradiction, 63 Edwards, Mary Index 273

Almanac work, 48–49 education, 167 Edwards, John, 47–48 final tribute, 180, 181 Fallows, Fearon, 49–50 home life, Tulse Hill, 169 Cape Observatory, 50 husband’s presidency, 175 “dismal swamp,” Henderson, Thomas, illness and death, 176, 177 50 last years, 177 Fallows’s comet discovery, 51 life-style, 170 family, 49–50 married life, 168 observatory building and instruments, music studies, 173 49 observatory dome, Tulse Hill, 169 transit instrument, 50 , 172 geographical co-ordinates derivation, 52 photographic astronomy, 170, 171 geographical latitude and longitude, 45 Queen Victoria diamond jubilee, 174 Moon’s precise position, 46 scientific experiments, 167, 168 Nautical Almanac, 46–47 scientific pilgrimage, 175, 176 ship’s position determination, 45 Wellesley college, Massachusetts, 177, Taylor, Janet 178 computations, 53 William’s partnership, 170 death, 53 women education, 178, 179 Dent, Edward John (watch maker), Rayleigh, Lord, women supporter, 179 54–55 Sir William Huggins scholarship, 180 Dent’s chronometers, 54 Society’s Davy medal, 174 family and academy establishment, 52 Society’s Hughes medal, 179 Griffin, James (head teacher), 49–50 Tebbutt’s comet, 171 instrument repairs, 53–55 William’s and Margaret’s retirement, 176 Lunar Tables, 53 Newbegin, George James, 225 published treatises, navigation, 52–53 Newcomb, Simon, 176 Taylor, George (husband), 52 New era astronomy, 260 Neilson, Edmund, 251 Eddington’s lecture, 259 Newall, H.F., 176 ’s revolutionary theory, 258 New astronomy, 137, 181–183 Payne, Cecilia, Ayrton, remarkable physicist, 179 autobiography, 259, 260 , Pierre and Marie, 174, 175 career, 259 Huggins, William women non-existent prospect, 258 Actonian prize, 172 women astronomers biography, 162, 163 new generation, 260 Birmingham, nova discoverer, 166 USA, 257 death, 176, 177 women graduates, Great Britain, 258 shift, 165, 166 Newton, Isaac, 1, 4, 10, 47, 131 first observations, 163 Newton’s method of fluxions, 3 “Grand Amateurs,” 166 Noble, Captain William, 157 last Presidential Address, 179 nebulae, 164 refractor telescope, 172 Ogilvie, Marilyn, 229 Royal Society Fellowship and medal, Orr, Andrew, 235 165 Orrery, mechanical apparatus, 9 stellar spectroscopy, 164, 165 Orr, Mary Acworth See Evershed, Mary Stradivarius violin, 173 Ott´e, Elise, women translator, 101 Kirchhoff and Bunsen’s experiment, 161 Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid, 134 Lady Huggins scholarship, 180 Murray, Margaret Lindsay Actonian prize, 172 Paris Congress, 214 astronomical spectroscopy, 172, 173 Paris Observatory, 1 biography, 166 Payfair, John, mathematician, 71–73 274 Index

Pearson, Karl, 218 assistant post, 209 Pentland, Joseph, 82 Greenwich photoheliographic programme, Pepys, Samuel, 4 208 Perry, Stephen, 154, 155 joined Astronomer Royal’s, 208 Photographic machinery, 132 life history, 207 photographic work, 208 solar work, 209 Physical Geography Humboldt’s and Herschel, John’s contribution, 82, 85 Sabine, Elizabeth Juliana, 101–104 new editions and commercial success, 83 Sabine, Sir Edward Physical universe, xv death, 104 Piazzi, Charles, 93 Sabine, Elizabeth Juliana, 101–102 Pickering, Edward, C., 177, 189 sunspot cycle discovery and compass Pipe, Hannah, 178 needle, 102 Planetary satellites, xvi terrestrial , 104 Pogson, Elizabeth Isis, 157 translation work, Mrs. Sabine Pogson, Norman, 157 The Aspects of Nature and Poisson, Simeon, mathematical physicist, 81 Meteorological Essays, 103 Pond, John, 49 Cosmos, 101–103 Princess Charlotte, 18 Taylor’s Memoirs, translation, 103 Principles of Navigation, Taylor, J., 53 Saunderl, Samuel, A., 249 Pritchard, Charles, 167 Sayers, Dorothy, L., 245 Schellen, Heinrich Lassell sisters, 100–101 Quarterly Review, Murray, John publisher, 81 Spectrum Analysis, 100 stellar spectroscopy, 100 Schiaparelli, G.V., 243 Rainband spectroscope, 138 Schiehallion, 17 Rayleigh, Lord, 179 Schmidt, Julius, 250 Recollections, Somerville, M., 69, 71, 77, 84, Secchi, Angelo, 162, 191 85 Shakespeare, William, 13 Reeve, Henry, 187 Sheepshanks, Anne, 174 Reynolds, Barbara, 245 Shelley, Samuel, 15 Rix, Edith Short, Maria great effort, Astronomer Royal, 204 award, 21 resignation, 205 Calton Hill observatory, 22 Roberts, Isaac, 190, 193, 215 camera obscura, 21–22 Rosse, Lord, 168 City Observatory, Edinburgh, 21 Rosse, Mary (wife) family history, 20 Hamilton, William Rowan, 93, 95 popular observatory, 21 leading astronomers and friends, Birr Short, James (brother), 20 Castle, 93–95 Short, Thomas (father) Robinson and South, reflector, 93 Jacobina (second wife), 21 Sheepshanks, Richard and Anne, 92 life history, 20 Talbot, William , 93 Sir William Huggins scholarship, 180 The Telescope, Ward’s, Mary, 97 Smith, Robert, 28 young cousin Mary King, 93, 95 Smyth, Annarella Ross, Janet, 187 Aedes Hartwelliana, 110 Royal Astronomical Society, 151, 156–157, family, 107–108 xvii observations and co-astronomers, 110 Royal Observatory, 1, 127 Smyth, Charles Piazzi Rue, Warren de la, astronomical photographer astronomical site, 130–131 pioneer, 208 Bunsen, dark lines discoverer, 137 Russell, Annie Scott Dill, 157 hazardous photographic excursion, 132 Index 275

Herschel, conservative view, 133 Gold medal, Royal Astronomical Society, Kirchoff, dark lines discoverer, 137 107 Lee, friend, 129 Mitchell, Maria, comet discoverer Maclear, Thomas (father’s friend), 127 academic life, 114–115 Madeira, foreign expedition, 138–139 Airy, George, Astronomer Royal “Optiks,” 131 and Mrs. Airy, 112–113 own design, stereoscopic camera, 133 Cambridge visit and journey, 112 peripatetic astronomer, 131 European tour and scholars’ visit, 114 Powell, Baden (sister’s husband), 131 Lady Herschel’s meeting, Collingwood, Powell, Henrietta (sister), 131 113 Powell, Robert Stephenson (sister’s son), planet Venus, ephemeris, 111 131 Smyth web, 113–114 privately-funded trip, Russia, 133 telescopic comet-seekers and competent Pyramid expedition, 134–135 paid assistants, 111 rainband spectroscope, 138 Somerville, Mary, 110 reports, 132–133 Society’s Davy medal, 174 Royal Society of Edinburgh, 134 Society’s Hughes medal, 179 sheepshanks, 131 Solar system, xvi Smyth, Annarella (mother), 127 Solar system, labyrinths Smyth, William Henry (father), 127 Astronomy Explained upon Sir Isaac solar spectroscopy, 137–138 Newton’s Principles, 11 spectrum observation, Sun, 137 Bryan, Margaret Compendious System of Astronomy, 15, Teneriffe, an Astronomer’s experiment, 132 19 Smyth, Jessie Piazzi curriculum and models, 17–18 astronomical observations, 135 family history and second publication, continental tour, 130 15–16 education, geology, 128–129 first edition of her book, 16–17 excursion, 129–130 Herschel, Caroline, 19 family history, 127 Hutton, Charles, mathematic’s geological meeting, British Association, professor, 16–18 129 lectures and demonstrations, 19–20 heliostat mirror, 138 natural philosophy, 18 illness and death, 139 Natural Theology, 18–19 Lady of East Tombs, 135, 136 Paley, William (Anglican theologian), Madeira, foreign expedition, 138–139 18 McLagen, David (friend), 129 school and subscribers, 15–16 meteorological journals, 138–139 celestial and terrestrial globe, 9 museum, Ripon, 139 Ferguson, James, 11–12 Rose’s course, strata and rocks Halley’s comet, 10–11 classification, 129 Introduction to the Newtonian Philosophy, Smyth, Charles Paizzi (husband), 127 11 Somerville’s home village, 129 Lofft’s Poem, Eudosia specimens collection, Santa Cruz, 132 charming verses, 13–14 Smyth, Piazzi, 169 Ferguson’s method, 15 Smyth, Warrington, 113–114 gravitational law and moral sentiments, Smyth, William Henry 14–15 Cycle Celestial Objects, 107 married life and Emlyn, Anne, 13 Smyth, William Henry (Admiral), 153 Newton’s physics, 10–11 Bedford Catalogue and 6-in. refractor, 107 orray, mechanical apparatus, 9–10 equatorial telescope, 108–109 planet and telescope, discovery, 10 family history planetarium, 9 Piazzi, Charles (son), 108 Transit of Venus, 11 Smyth, Annarella, 107–108 two near-total eclipses, 10 276 Index

Young Gentleman and Lady’s Astronomy, sonnet, Whewell, William, 68–69 12–13 sunspot maximum, 84–85 Young Gentleman’s and Lady’s Philosophy, Turner, Joseph Mallord William, 75–76 11 volcanic eruption, Vesuvius, 84–85 Somerville, Mary, queen of science, 21, 42, 63, Whewell’s invitation, Cambridge visit, 64, 91, 102, 161, 187, 251, xv 77 acquaintance, Wallace, W., 71 Wollaston, William Hyde, 73 Adams’ kind remarks, 80 Young’s published lectures, 73–74 ambitions, 69–70 Somerville, William, 72–73 Babbage, Charles, 74–75 Spectroheliograph, 238, 239 Buckland, William (geologist), 78 Spencer-Jones, Sir Harold, 241 childhood, 67–68 Sp¨orer, Gustav, 226, 231 Christison, Sir Robert (father-in-law), 75 Stephenson, Robert, 131, 133 eduaction, 69 Stevens, Robert, 198 Fairfax family, 67–68 Stevens, Williamina Paton, 197 family history, 67 Story-Maskelyne, Thereza, 153 Greig, Sir Samuel (husband), 70 Struve, Otto, 155 Herschel, Caroline, 67 Sunspots and corona, 232, 233 honesty and brilliant talents, 85–86 Annie’s honours, institutions, 78 Chapman’s Presidential address, Laplace’s M’ecanique Celeste, 72, 74 231 death, 232 last years, 82, 84, 85 Dyson’s proposal, 229, 230 literary connection, 74 eclipse observations, 228 low-resolution spectra, unknown early explanation, 227 work, 83 High Altitude Observatory, Colorado, marriage life, 70–72 231 mathematics and mathematicians, 72 photography plan, 224 McMillan, Dorothy, 85, 86 The Astronomy of the Bible, 230 Melloni’s lecture, infra-red radiation, 81 Butterfly Diagram, 226, 227 Mill, John Stuart’s petition, women’s The Heavens and their Story, 228 suffrage, 86 Journal of the British Astronomical ’s orbit calculation, 67 Association, 221 painting, Nasmyth, Alexander, 68–69 “Longest Coronal Ray,” 231 Payfair, John, mathematician, 71–73 Maunder, Walter Poisson, Simeon, mathematical physicist, Annie (wife), Milky Way photography, 81 223 publications cameras, 223 Connexion of the Physical Sciences, 79 death, 231 Mechanism of the Heavens, 71, 76–77 eclipse expeditions, 224, 225 Molecular and Microscopic Science, 84 eclipse observer, 221–223 Physical Geography, earth sciences, 82 Greenwich data, 226 Preliminary Dissertation, 78 life history, 221 Recollections, 69, 71 retirement, 229 Subjection of Women, 86 solar physics, 225, 226 Royal Society fellowship, 74 Victoria Institute, London, 230 scientific celebrities, 74 Swanwick, Anna, 178 solar radiation experiment and conclusion, 75 Somerville, William (second husband), Tait, Peter Guthrie, 167, 178 72–73 Talbot, William Fox, 93 astronomical approach, 73 Taylor, Janet last days, 83–84 computations, 53 retirement, 81 death, 53 Index 277

Dent, Edward John (watch maker), 54–55 Vestiges of Creation, 133 Dent’s chronometers, 54 Victorian Amateur Astronomer, 20 family and academy establishment, 52 Vogel, Hermann, C., 210 Griffin, James (head teacher), 49–50 instrument repairs, 53–55 Lunar Tables, 53 Walker, Anne, 214 published treatises, navigation, 52–53 Ward, Mary, 95–98 Taylor, George (husband), 52 Warner, Brian, 51 Tebbutt, John, 171, 236 Watson, William, 28 Whewell, William, 68–69 Thackeray, David, 245 Whitney, Mary, 211 The Astronomy of the Bible, 230 Whittaker, Edmund, T., 238 The Heavens and their Story, 228 Willmott, Frances, 3 Thompson, Sir William, 155 Wollaston, William Hyde, 73, 161 Thornhill, James, 5 Wordsworth, William, 13, 20 Three Cities in Russia, 133 Wren, Sir Christopher, 1 Transit of Venus, 11, 12 Travels in Equatorial regions, Ross, Thomasina, 101 Young Gentleman’s and Lady’s Astronomy, 12 Turner, Herbert Hall, 157, 208, 230, 252, 253 Turner, Joseph Mallord William, 75–76 Turner, Oxford professor, 157 Zodiacal light, 137–138