J. Swellengrebel H. Hinzler In memoriam C. Hooykaas
In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 136 (1980), no: 2/3, Leiden, 191-214
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Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:51:51PM via free access Prof. Dr. C. HOOYKAAS f
Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:51:51PM via free access IN MEMORIAM C. HOOYKAAS 26th December, 1902 - 13th August, 1979
Christiaan Hooykaas was barn in Amersfoo~t,the son of Isaäc Hooykaas and Eva Maria Faber. As Hooykaas himself relates, the fdylived "m a hundred-metre deep country estaite on the River Eem . . . , in a 16-room house with an enmms attic. I !have wonderful memtories of @hk home"? His fathea; having Etrle faith in the ldclassicai high school, sent him to a non-classical high &ml, buit himself began to teach him Latin when still in ~the&th gade of primary school. He kept up these lessons untill the thid year of high school. "In fwth and fifth years he left me to my own devies, and I tried to master world literature! There was neirher time nor money for sport." After his final high school exams, he passed the rnab-iculation examination in dassical subjects wit& the space of a year. Hooykaas felt: attracted to arts subjects in general, bult sealed fol. a course in Indonesian languages and literatme, as he could qualify fol. a state scholarship for this as a candidate for 4the function of govern- ment linguist specialized in Indonesian languages. He enrolled as a student at Leiden in September 1921. He later reflected that his "student years were not a success", and that his professors "gave Lhim] stones for bread". Although he worked hard, as he was fascinated by .the subject, few of his professors had "any appreciation for him. One reason for this my have been that with a few of hem he did not get on. This was especially &e case with the lecturer in Malay and Indonesian Comparative Linguistics, whose leotures in the labter subject were little more ahan readings from lecture notes which remained virtually unchanged over the years. Hooykaas' bringing a copy of the famous notes - which he had typed out during the main vacation - with him to the first lecture he abtended of course &d Etde to imp~ovehe relaaionship! Another reason may have been that he tried to do too much at once and &d not work systematica.lly enough in his own subject. This tendency was l *
Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:51:51PM via free access 192 J. L. Swellengrebel not checked in time, as there was virtually no supervision of the students' private study activities in ~hosedays. He moreoves liked to dabble in other subjects, fm longer or shorter periods attending the lectures of ~thereligious historian W. B. Kristensen and the cultural historian J. Huizinga, among others, which may possibly have added to rhe fragmentation of his time and attention. This was fortunatel~offset by the positive factor of his relations wisth his fellow-students, especidlly the older ones, with some of whom - namely P. V. van Stein Callenfels, G. W. J. Drewes, W. F. Stutterheim and P. Voorhoeve - he lived together in Noordwijk aan Zee in the auiumn and winter of 192314. He als0 got on wel1 with younger fellow- students. He had a way of giving them advice in a somtimes rather lecturing tone larded with bons mots. A very valuable act of his at this time - which was especially vduable far these younger students - was his revival in around 1927 of the Leids Oriëntalistisch Dispuut, which, having been fmnded by and for students of South and Southeast Asian languages, had temporarily collapsed. He became its ohairman during the first year and captivated and sometimes amused his audiences with Es lively, &bty t&, inter alia on gthe subject of his thesis, fos which he was awarded his doctorate two years later, on 12th Ju'ly 1929 (see below) . Six days after having his Ph.D. conferred on him, he married J. H. van Leeuwen Boomkamp, an M.A. graduate in classical languages. This marked the beginning of a happy marriage, a large family and a mntually stimulating relationship of collaboration and co-activirty in the field of Javanese, and more especially Balinese, language, oulture and 'religion. The newly-weds arrived in Batavia, as the city of Jakarta was then called, in September 1929. It was Hooykaas' ideal to do researoh in Java or the outlying provinces. The Deparitment decided othewise, however, and appointed him to a pition with the Popular Literature Bueau (Balai Pusta.ka) in Batavia. As he had majored in Javanese fa- his M.A., he was charged with the responsibiliy for the publication of Javanese books and the bi-weekly joumal Kadjawèn. The idea of "playing a decisive role in the production of reading-mlatter withouit a sufficient knowledge of the people and language of Java" held liittle apped for him, b~the tried to make the best of the situation. In what spare time this "office job" lef(t him he devcrted himself ta the study of Modern and Old Javanese, and won proceeded to publish a numbel- of articles on &e subject, especially in Djawi, tijdschrift van het Java-Instituut (e.g.
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1 nos. 3, 4 and 9) He had made the acquaintance of the Java-Inshtuut, wkich had been founded for the purpose of &e study and lthe diffusion of knowledge of Javanese culture, in December 1929 dwing a congress held in celebration of itts tenth anniversay. This visit to the Prince- doms of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, the centre of Javanece cul'ture, strengthened his desire for an appointment somewhere away from Ba.tavia. His wish was fulfilled in 1932, when he received an appointment as teacher in section A of the Algemene Middelbare Schod (AMS) in 'Yogyakarta, an Oriental-style dassical high school in which a strong emphasis was placed on Indonesian languages and culture. He had hoped ito be aMe to teach Javanese language and literature here, but was instructed to teach Malay instead. He liked teaching and establ'ished good relztions wirh his pupils, whom he tied to stimulate to in- dependent work and whom he regularly entertained at his home. He fu~thermoreenjoyed his contacts with senior Western Javanists in Yogya, among them Dr. Th. Pigeaud, who was working on a greaiter Javanese dictiomy, and rhe able and gifted amateur scholar H. Over- beck, whose insight into Mday and Javanese affairs he gready admired. He moreover took part h ceremonies at the Kraton and Mangkune- garan, and attended dancing Iessons at the Taan Siswa School, where he struck up a friendship with Ki Ajar Dewantoro. He also continued his studies and publishing activities in Javanese subjects, and did a great deal of work for Djiwi, especially after his deave in 193617. All ltold, 'hese years were happy and productive ones for Hooykaas. He nevertheless continued hankering after a red research job. This he finally obtained in 1939, when he was appointed govement linguist for Miand omb bok. In Silngaraja, the 'residency capital, he was given a pied-à-terre in he smal1 building housing the Kirtya Liefrinck-Van der Tuuk, which occupied itself with the collection of Balinese and Old Javanese manuscripts ad towwds &is end bught up lontars (palm- leaf manuscripts) or had such manuscripts copied. Hooykaas soon po- ceeded W extend, intensify and systemtize sthis work, putting a stop to the practice of having he copies inscribed on palm-leaves, and having bhe texts typed out in multiple copies in Romfan itranscxiption instead. The Kirtya was quiclcly transformed int0 a hive of industry, with the staff of typists, correctors, and so on - financed to a large extent out of Hooykaas' own pocket - increasing so drasoidly rhat Pts present quarters soon became too smal1 (cf. no. 119). The Kirtya's Balinese secretary, I Wayan Bhadra, wnceived a growing appreciation
Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:51:51PM via free access 194 J. L. Swellengrebel of the new government linguist's capaci~t~for wmk, organizing ab+lity and drive. The partnership between t.he two men develo~edinto a relation of fnilitful cooperation, with Hooykaas learning ~mchaboutt Balinese language and culture from Bhadra, and in turn stimulating the labter to publish, while the two jointly edited and ltranslated a literary Balinese *kxt f~omLombok (no. 28). In Gitgit, lying at an altiitude of 500 metres 8 km to toe south of Singaraja, where ithe Hooykaas family settled down, he and his wife practised th&r Balinese by reading folk-stories Oogether with a few fellow-villagers. The Ki~tyaat thet hewas 'in the habit of publishing occasionai Mededeelingen on Balinese subjects, which had only a limited circulation, however. Hooykaas was able ito come .to an arrangement with Djawa, whereby the Mededeelingen, whose format was brought into conformity wirh that of Djawa, were published both separetely lor heir own sub- sciibers and as pact of DjSwS and hence fm a wider mdership. So Hooykaas was completely absorbed in his work in Bali in those yems of war in Eurq and peace (so far) in the Pacific. On one occasion, however, he was msed by his sense of jusûice and feelings of friendship to external action. For in May 1940 Overbeck, being Germa.n by bi&, was intemd, and Hooykaas, to whom Overbeck's political integnty was beyond al1 question, tried to pt the LinguBstics and Anthropology section of the Bataviaas Genootschap to do everything in its power to secure Overbeck's release - unsuccessfully so. But apart from this his choice of Bali as his sphere of work seemed dehiniite. He iatended completing his documentation in North Bali first and con- tinuing his study of the culture and religion by lookiing around, listening, reading and studying for a period of about eight years in Sonth Bali next. These plans were abniptly cancelled by the outbreak of the Pacific War in December 1941. Hooykaas had to repont with his militia com- pany, while jhis family was emcuated to Yogya, where they found refuge in Pigeaud's spacious Indies-style house, which Hooykaas set aboat adapting for this extra occupancy with his usual zest. After the capi- tulation of the Nethwlands Indies ,h March 1942, ithe hardships of Japanese prison-camp, fint in Java and later in Burma, began for him. "In Rangoon jail, where more than ten of us perished ddy, I managed to keep going by wrifting a Balinese grarmnar" on the basis of about thirty Balinese folk-stonies he had taken wirh him. With &e Ad of these sturies he later, in the camp near cthe ThPagodas Pass, hught his fellow-scholar and camp-mrute, Voorhoeve, the rudirnents of B&nese,
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while teaching other camp inmates Malay. He celebrated New Year's Eve as a free man agctin in Singapore, where he was joined not lmg aftenvards by his wjfe. Their children went back to The Netherlands under the guardianship of Mrs. Hooykaas' youngest sister. Some *time afiterwards the oouple moved to Jakarta, whe~he was appointed "temporary acting professor of Malay language and Indonesian Kterature in the Comb9ned Facdties of Law and of Ants and Philosophy" at what was later called *the University of Indone~ia.~ Save for a period of leave in he auturnn and winter of 194617, he continued working in Jakarta until resigning his chair and returnkg to The Netherlands at ithe beginning of 1950 in conneotion with the transfer of sovereignty by The Neltherlands to the Republic of Indonesia in December 1949. In the htervening yars he became secretary of the faculty in 1947 and diairman in August 1948. In this labter capacity he reported m the faculty's good and bad fortunes during the first eight years of iits existence (no. 32) on the occasion of the anniversary of its foundation on 4th December 1948. In addition he was dreotor, together with Dr. G. J. Held, of the Institute of Linguistic anti Cultural Research, and in 1949150 curator of manuscripts of the Bataviaas Genootschap. In 1947-'49 he regularly went to Bali in his vacations in oridel- to .try l and take up his work again where he had left off before. To his great joy he was able to retrieve the pater pmt of GS Iibrary, which had been kept underground here, including the palm-leaf manuscript copies. He also started a collection of >thebooklets on Balinese literature and religion which came rolling off the press or stenci~llingmachine in such large numbers in those years. His wife, who had returned. to the mother country in 1946, managed to come back for a year in 194819 to wm- plete her thesis on a Balinese subject and have her doctorate conferred on her by her husband. In 1951 Hooykaas was appointed in a new fun~tiondtogether, being made a lecturer of Old Javanese at the School of Orientad and AfIiican Studies (SOAS) in Lmdon on 1st Januq of &at year (and a Reader in 1953). Prof. D. G. E. Hail, Head of the Department of Sou& East Asia and the Islands, had pmticularly exerted himself to get rhis appoinitment thraugh, as he wanted to expand lbhe Department to in- clude the srtudy of Indonesian languages and considerd Old Javanese important in this oonnection. In his actual subject Hooykaas had only ene student in 1951, which number never increased later - a state of affairs that was not exactly
Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:51:51PM via free access 196 J. L. Swellengrebel stimulating. Initially he visited the Department fairly regularly, taking part in seminars and so on. In the bong run his visits became increasingly sporadical, however, espeually afiter he went to live in Roydon, halfway between Cambridge and London, at the end of the fifities. Conversely, Hooykaas' absenteeism was nat calculated ~toincrease the number of ibis students, esp.ecidly in the situation at a British university. Outside ithe subjeut he was actually appointed lto ,teach he gave lessons in Indonesian, Modern Javanese and Balinese to a few interested persons. On what few students he had he spent much of his time and energy, taking a strong, sometimes dmost paternal, interest in their work and heir personal circumstances. On his rebirement on 30th September, 1970, he wrote, reviewing the entire peI.iod, that in England he had had above al1 a lot of "time and leisure to write his books". In the 1950's he concentrated chiefly on the relationsihip between Old Javanese and Sanskrit texts. He published a great deal on the Old Javanese Ramayana (see klow), and together with Dr. Raghu Vira and aûhers worked on the ediltion of the Sära-samuccaya (no. 76). His fhst trip to India, which ltook him ,t0 Nagpur in 1953, was in connection with ~thisedition. He gradudly concentmted more and more on Bali, however, rto which island he made two study tips during sabbatical leaves fmm SOAS. On the first of these visits (October 1958-August 1959) he and Mrs. Hooykaas (who had come with him to do some research of her own) had a pied-à-terre in Ubud (Gianyar). From there Hooykaas visiited numemus villages to collect oral and written information on bhe ~tmlsof Brahmanic and other priests and in order to personally witness the performance of such riituals as much as passible. Tkis way he gained himself a reputation as someone who, though not a Balinese himself, was an expert on lontars and rituds, to the extent that it was even suggested &at he have himself trained as a Siwa priest (a suggestion he did not follow) and that people were sometimes prepared to let him consult secret manuscripts. He returned to London very pleased with what he had accomplished and wilt$ bqs full of material. Not long ,before '&is trip Hooykaas and lhis wife had sustained the severe blow of the sudden de& of their ody son. Thloss had affecited Mrs. Hooykaas' heal~h,which steadily declined over the following years. During her subsequent long and serious iilness her husband nursed her with exemplary demtion until the end, which came on 9th July, 1965. Hooykaas made his second trrip to Bali from December 1966 til1 &e
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autumn of 1967. That this was possibly even more produative for his research than the first was due primarily to he excellent help he received kom I Gucti Ngurah Ketut Sangka, whose acquaintance he had made in 1959 and who had repeatedly furnished hirn with material and infonndon sine. Hooykaas stayed in his puri in Krambitan (Tabanan) and travelled al1 over the island on the pillion seat of h%
, scooter to supplement and verify his material on priestly rituds, on which he became increasingly expert. In mid-1967 he wrote to a colleague: "I have mlade so much progress with the work rhat Ut is now possibie fol. me to ,tel1 with centainty [with referente to statements by priests] whether a particular piece of infonnadon is correct, whether it is in oontradiction with he practice of al1 ithe informant's oolleagues, or whether a given assertion is rong".^ Some irhree years after this trip he resigned his function at tihe SOAS. In his farewdl speech to his colleagues in the Department he talked at some lengrh about his youth and his work in Indonesia, whereas with respect to his English periad he confined himself 'to the laconical remark that it had provided him with "a readership and a decent house", in addition &o a word of thanks to his colleagues for their "cooperation in concluding my second career and initiabing my last stretch tof life". This last stretch of life, which he spent in The Hague, was to be a new period of great happiness for him. For on 161th December 1970 he married his late wife's youngest sister, C. M. C. van Leeuwen Boom- kamp, an M.A. in French lilterature, who was a devoted companion to lhim in his work as wel1 and helped hirn wherever she wuld. In these years he managed to publish anothe~six books and a number of artides. He moreover hald frequent contact with colleagues in Leiden and was a helpful and inspiring mentor .to al1 who wished to specialize in research on Bali. 1 In 1972 he visited Bali for the last time, together with Mrs. Hooykaas, again staying at Krambitan. In the wcnirse of this visùt he was able to take the necessary steps for the realization of a plan he had had in l mind for a long time. Aware of the marked decrease in imterest in old manuscripts in Bdi, md of the rapid ldecline even in ,the knowledge of the klinese script among &he ymnger generation, he had often before pointed ito &e necessity of having Balinese lontars transcribed and typed out in multiple copies while there were still Balinese able to do Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:51:51PM via free access 198 J. L. Swellengrebel He proceeded to buy typewrìte~sand sktionery - initially at his own expense - ad to appoint suitably qualified staff. Thus wbt is now known in Bali as the proyek tik was bom. Supervised by Gusti Ketut Sangka, it came int0 really full swing amund 1974, and by 1979 had produced some 2500 1text.s.' Hooykaas succeeded in gebg a number of libraries interested in &e project, among tthem the Leiden Univemity Library,' eaoh of whiclh receives one copy of every transcription made at a fixed pice, ~hichhas made the project almost sdf-supportnng (cf. nos. 102 and 119). After 1972 he continued his work with untiring zeal. Even still in 1979 &ere were &ree publications in preparation, one of hem on magic in Bali. A sudden stop was put 'to this restless activity, which seemed to know no bounids, by a fatal traffic accident on 13th August of &at year. Hooykaas has written a vast munt, of which the greater part wil1 have to be left unmentioned in ithe present context. The principal subjects of publicaitions are Mday literature, Old Javanese litsary texts, and Balinese manuscripts of a literary and religieus nature. In the first-mentioned subject he prepared in his Yogya period an anthalogy of prose non-fiction (no. 12) in ~hata.t &e time was officially still called Malay, but by many Indonesians was already refened to as Bahasa Indonesia, or Indonesian; accordingly the fourth hpression featured ithe name "Indonesian" In the 'tide and contained a great many more passages in Bahasa Indonesia. I-Ie further wmte Over Maleische Literatuur (no. 14), intendad as a textbook for his own AMS pupils and as general reading for a wider circle of interested persons. The book gives a survey of the different genres of folk- and coundy literature, such as folkides, proverbs and sayings, chronicles, and stories denved from Indian and Moslern literature. The final chapter (pp. 190-198) deals with "&e most recent Malay literature", which he regards as beginning with Abdulilah bin Abdul Kadir Muwhi (1796-1854), however. In this book Hooykaas was seldom able ~tobase himself on the results of his irwn research. 6ts gresct merit, ihowever, lies in its orderly and systematic aeatment of the resdts of research by orher scholars of Malay, both Dutch and English. Overbeck, who hsd been actively Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:51:51PM via free access In Memoriam C.Hooykaas 199 involved in this branch of research for rnany years himself, fdly ackno~ledgedtkis ment in his review of the hook.? Of course he a.lso made ithe necessary critical mments and suggested improvements on a number of points of detail - which Hooykaas gratefdiy incor;porated in ithe second irnpresion. But he expressed criticism of a more general nature as well, among ather ,things regretiting the fmt that Minang- kabau literature had been left enhly out of consideration. In connation with his post-war professorship Hooykaas wmte he Dutch ctexts for itwo boks of &e Same category which were subsequexntly translated int0 Indonesian, namely Penyedar Sastra, for junior high school pupds, and Perintis Sastra, for senior high .school pupils and prospective teachers (nos. 42 and 39), a combination of description and anthoilogy. These boks won i&eir author warm praise fram Dr. A. Teeuw, according to whom "the Penyedar . . . is far superior .to anything dse clairring ,to be a textbmk on literaturen. He nevertheless considers ithe part on stylistics one of the weaker points of &e book, whde judging "the ltreatment of modern literature" ato be "too summary and dry" and to create a rather "impersonal, perfunctory" impression. But he px't on classicd literature, with its "tasteful, varied and o~@~alyelwtions from ~themks concerned . . . and pleasant-to-read, useful summaries" of rnany literary produats is excellent, in his view. He conaludes his marks with the statement that &ter athe publication of )these boks "mulereis no longer any valid excuse for ignorante in the field of Malay lite~ature''.~ It was in view 'of these publications as welt1 as whst he had published so far on Balinese literature that Hooykaas was made a corresponding member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences in 1953. This function he continued to fulfil until his return to The Netherlands. Hooykaas' aotivities with regard ito the study of Old Javanese fa11 imto two diifferent categones, viz. transl la ti ons of (parts of) a number of texts and the investigation of the relation of Old Javanese itexts to Sanskfit literatutre. He began to concern himself with the latter problem already in his doctoral thesis, entitled Tantri, de Middel-Javaansche Pañcatantra-bewerking. Here he gives, among other things, a brief characterization of Ule Pañcatantra in India and Indonesia, discusses sevmal Old Javanese and Balinese versions, called Tantri, alocg with heir rdation to ~theSanskrilt Pañcatantra, and provides information on Laotian and Siamese (Thai) versions. The work is supplemented with lengthy appendices wntaining inter alia surnmanes and paralleds Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:51:51PM via free access 200 J. L. Swellengrebel of ithe frame-stonk in different redactions, as wel1 as summaries of the contents of 31 TantR stories? Two years lziter he published an edition of 'the oldest extant prose manuscript of 8thTantri, with 'he text and translation on facing pages (no. 8). His *translation is smoobh and pleasant, while he dso spends much care on lthe rendition of the corrupt Sansht Slokas (itwo-line stanzas), apologizing to his readem for come of the "dog-rel verses" with the remark '&'at the originals "were not al1 produced by the Muse at her best, ei.thern (p. 9). Reproductions of 64 Btilinese lontar-leaf illustrations, provided with lucid capions by the aubhor, form a welcome extra to this edition. (Hooykaas always tried to find suitable and representaitive illustrations for his books in later years, too; see, e.g., nos. 100 f. and 113.) Not long after this he was led in a book review (no. 10) to discuss a point whioh was henceforward fto draw his attention repeatedlly, namely (the tendency of some scholars of Old Javanese to reject certain passages as "unauithen~tic" and "interpdated" because they did not satisfy the aestheiic norms - as, for instance, that of lucidity of style - of 'these scholars, and/or because rhey were offensive to their Victorian sensibilijties in mbters of sex. When later he participated in the joint translation of the Bhäratayuddha (no. 13), the Same problemj reed its head. It was then decided lto itranslate also the passages which the principal translator, Dr. R.Ng. Poerbatjaraka, considered as having probably been "initerpolated", but to dishnguish them as such by printing rhem in smal~lertype. His ~doubtsabout lthe correctncss of the interpoletion theory grew when he began to concentrate on the most famous Old Javanese kakawin (literary epic), the Ramayana, ~thespecial relation of which to cthe Sanskrit RFtwa~wadha,alm known as Bhattikäwya (literary epic by Bhatti), had already been tentatively demonstrated. This latter work so abounds with the phonehc embellishments (e.g. assonances), figures of speech (such as metaphors and similes), elaborate descriptions of nature, love-scenes, etc., recommended by Indian handbooks on ?he art of wi;ilting poetry, htBhatti cannot 'bult have intended it as a running illustration of the prescripbions of poetics. Aftter a detailed examination and comparison of bhe huo texts, Hooykaas arrived at tthe conclusion that the Old Javanese Ramayana, which for sthe grearter part agreed closely with the Bhattikäwya, for the rest had been w~tten in rhe same spiiiiit, so that he was able to characterize ia as "an exempllary kakawin as to form and content". This examination showed more than Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:51:51PM via free access In Memoriam C.Hooykaas 20 1 clearly &at the wcalled artificial or offensive Ramlayana passages, which hence had been rejected as "unauthentic", fitted perfecdy into this "exemplary kakawin". To clinch the matter he was able to demon- sirate ithat one of &e disputed passages was taken almost straight from the Bhattikäwya, where inte~olationwas out of the question (no. 54). He repted on his labrious, time-consuming and in-depth in- vestigation as wdl as on the conclusions bhat could be drawn from it in two shorter publicaitions (nos. 44 and 58), containing a midtitude of wmparative tables, as wel1 as in a series of articles appearing in the years 1954-1960. In some of these (e.g. nos. 59 f.) he gave the trans- lations of a number of passages which had hithe~tobeen regarded as interpolabions and had hence never been translated. Thus he made an important contribution to 4the interpretation of the Old Javanese Rama- yana and to our understanding of Old Javanese liiterary poetry in general. From 1958 on Hooykaas concentrated more and more on Bali. In the following twenty years he was to devote a whole series of articles and ten, sometimes quite volumineus, books to aist. Iniltiaily he iecupied himself chiefly with secular literature, publishing translations of folkitales (e.g. no. 29);' some with and some without the miginal Balinese text, and memical texts. The reader of his trans- Iations shodd be aware that these are quite free, sometimes 'too free and in a few cases even slipshod, and that they conltain occasional mistakes in ithe translations from Balinese, as, for instance, in his smal1 volume of f~lkbles~~or in The Lay of Jaya Prana (nos. 31 and 62), though als0 in his publications of priesdy riltuals (e.g. no. 113). To the Jaya Prana translation there is yet another objection, however. As Hooy- kaas felt he might approximate the Balinese metre to some extent by rendering the Balinese verses with English ones of $he Same number of syllables, he was obliged to render the text so freely that he was necessarily less successful than he had wished in producing a translation that retains lthe flavour of he original to some satisfactory degree. The results of his free adaptabion of existing translations are much more satisfying. He published two such adaptations, of Old Javanese and of Balinese m~terialrespectively, in 1933 and 1979 (n=. 11 and 117). His first wife had an important share in sthe ultimate Dutch text of lthe one, and his second wife in rhat of the other book. In a repopt of his second trip lto Bali l2 he stated himsetf at lat ~to have a reasonably good idea of rhe rituals of the padanda Siwa and Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:51:51PM via free access 202 J. L. Swellengrebel ohe padanda Buda (Brahmanic Siwa and Buddha pnests), ~theamangku dalang (lthe shadow-play puppeteer acting as exorcist) and the sengguhu (exorcist pnest), and ,to be planning "to deal with #thesedifferent and related subjects in some eight monographs, 'Materials for the Study of Eaiinese Religion' . . .", adding &at "he reading and writing up wil1 take time". It ~took twenty years, in fact, but within that penod he Aso mariaged to finish a study on the pemangku (temple pniest), al4 in al1 an admirable achievement! After a book of mixed content - including among other things a brief but interesting descnption of the littie-known buit impressive and mysterieus Pura Batu Kau (no. 80, pp. 187-9) - he published rhe surya-sewana (sun-wo&$ riitual) of &e padanda ~iwa(no. 89) in 1966.13 Here he gives, on the basis of some thirty manuscrPpts, a very careful and discerning edition of ithe text of \&is daily ritual, in which Siwa is worshipped as a sun god and which results in lthe pnest's unificstion Goh this deity, along wil& an English translation and glosses. AJthough &is ritual had been known in broad ou&ne before, sit is ,here for !&e first time presenited in its totdity and in al1 i'ts details. Hooykaas &d some real pioneering work with his subsequent publi- cations of priestly ililtuals. The first of these deals wiith the daily worship and exorcistic ~riltualsof &e padanda Buda (no. 100).14 For this he visited nearly al4 of (&e less than itwenty priests of this category still found in Bali, in this way colleoting a large volume of writiten matenal and ord explanation. By one of these priests he was moreover @ven sketches of the over a hundred positions of rhe hands (mudra, patanganan) which priests' apprentices are supposed to copy for their own use, and which Hooykaas subsequentiy repraduced in his book. He funthermore gives a useful sumrnary of &e sacrifices to be made as wel1 as of heir ingredients. Sacrifices and everytbing cmnected with rhem constitute a special science in Bali, to which some acttention has only recently been given by one or two investigators, however?' In another study on the padanda Buda he points inter alia to the curious faot that the latter's hyrnns, "far from being purely Buddhist, have often largely adopted Saiwa [Siwaiitic] admixture, if not being Saiwa through and ohrough" (no. 87, p. 33), which is quite understandable when one reflects irhat a fusion between SiMrusm and Buddhism had taken place as far back as in ancient Java. Al1 of these texts contain, besides Balinese and Old Javanese, a large propontion of rnostly corrupt Sanskrit, some of which seems to have been mlade up in Bali. The assertion that the Balinese padanda under- Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:51:51PM via free access In Memoriam C. Hooykaas 203 stands nothing of his Sanskrit itexts is repeatedly denied by Hooykaas. He aghtly argues *&at the padandas are literati who are ~tradiltionally conversant &h tihe contents sthanks to the Balinese paraphrases of @he Sanskrit passages handed down from generation to generation, even though they have never systematicaI'ly studied Sanskrit. They have a .asonably good Smkrit vocabulary, but no understandìng of the grammar. So Athough &ey cannot properly be called Sanskritisits, Sanskrit is definitely no closed book to them. Af,ter several studies on #&e riitual texts of the amangku dalang and the sengguhu and an edtition of 953 padanda hymns (nos. 98, 103 and 95), Hoo~kaas'last publiation on priestl~rituals, namely that of the pemangku (no. 113), appeared in 1977. This bok again gives a good insight iino al1 of tthe pemangku's actions and utterances during temple services. Hooykaas is wel1 aware ithat it is anything but certain whether tihe pemangku indeed understands what he is saying. He relates how one of fthem, on being questioned about lthe meaning of what he was reciting, replied: "I do nat know and I would not dare to under- stand". What they are concerned with is not the meaning of @heir formulae, which have ofiten been handed down to them orally, buit "the correct pronunciahon of. . . formulas and liftaniesin praise, because that fmws Gods to abey" (p. 7, 17). Hence they probably wil1 not be very interested in a careful ediltion of heir rituals. The chances of uiis are higher in the case of (the padandas, who generally ~hemselveskeep a mlanuscnpt text to serve &hem as a memory aid during $theirceremonies. Some of them, in faat, have expressed an interest in using Hooykaas' witically revised land purified, complated texts. This 'latter was actudlly the principal airn of his publications. He hoped in addition &t his books might serve other researchers as a basis for studying lthe rituals at greater deptih and shedding more ligh't on heir maning, and moreover discovering any links with India or Indochina. In his bmk on tthe padanda Buda, for instance, he invites these researchers "to mmunicate where in the world of Buddhisrn they find the same itrend of ahaught and practice and (to which extent" (p. 8). Some interesting discovenes with respect to such links were aIso made by Hooykaas himself. So he found out that the South Indian ritual of the feeding, dressing and bathing of @hedivinity as though he were a king finds a parallel in the mmtuary nttual in Bali - an indication of the close conneetion that existed between the Balinese gods and the spirits of the dead fmm pre-Hinduistic times onward. He moreoveT found evidence far another link, this time intra-Indonesian, Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:51:51PM via free access 204 J. L. Swellengrebel in lthe fact that one of the Balinese terms for "~nortuaryritual", titiwa or tiwa-tiwa, has a cognate in the Ngaju-Dayak tiwah, possessing the Same meaning (nos. 88, pp. 388 ff.: and 86, p. 289). In 1973 he published a brief account of what seemed ~to(him the characterictic features of Balinese religion - viz. priests, sacrifices, inagic, rites of passage, etc. - on he basis of everything he had personally seen, heard and read in Bali. This illuminating booklet (no. 101) quite surprisingl~lacks a seation on the system of &e village- temples and the underlying bi- and tri-partition. This lack is made up by 75 interesting and carefdlly selected illustmtions at the back of the book, however. Occasiondly he expresses himself on the general impression created on hirn by Balinese religion. Reflecting on the question of ihs future, he writes: "A proper uriderstanding is sought by neither priest nor layman . . . Nevertheless temple festivals mainitain atheir social position and charm. This is the occasion to have dances and drama, orchestre and shadow theatre, to display rhe finest offenngs and to compete in dl ,these fields . . . For the mass tof the Balinese villagers. . . a priest is not so much a leader and a guide, nor even a teacher, but a kind of specialist whose technica1 help is invoked" (no. 113, pp. 104 f.). And, talking about &e ri'tual exorcism of Käla, the Evil One, by the amangku dalang (who is identified in rhe riltual with the god of love, Käma) he wistfully rernarks, ''HW fortunate bhe Balinese are lthat their culture enables them to get rid of him [Käla] by making tasty offerings, by organizing the performance of a shadow play and by prepaxing Hoiy Water" (no. 98, p. 314). Once Hooykaas had made his choice of subjeot he devoted 'himself to it ~4thindustry and enbhusiasm. He wanted "lto advance rhis branch of study" and to achieve something i'n it hirnseif. The Same was the case each time he tacklecl a special subject later. He would take care to see ~thathis documen~tationwas as accurate and complete as possible (m which the deita3led bibliographies of many of his bmks and ar#ticles testify) and concentrate on every aspeat of tlie matter in hand, not shunning the study of details or difficult research. Research itself fascinated him, rhough he constantly kept the gaal of publishing &e results of such l-esea~chin view. Occasiondly he wodd write somerhing in 'the course of his research either in order to inform interested persons Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:51:51PM via free access I12 Memoriam C. Hooykaas 205 of its progress, or because an interesting by-~roducthad come to light (e.g. no. 81). He was very eager ~topublish, and for a general ~ublic wrote in a flueat, readable, often pointed and Gtty style, which .tvas on wcasion marked by ratsher chdlenging formulations. In his specialist wriitings, however, he makes heavy sdernands on his readers. For he tends to show libtle consideration for the fact that ithey may n& be as familiar with the subjeut as he himself after pratracted, thormgh study, and that even his fellow-scholars may not have al1 of his ~revious publications, ~towhich he makes many references or allusions, at heir fingertips. He approached al1 of the subjects ever studied by him as a philologist. He was not, nor did he want to be, a linguist. And as he had his hands more ,than full wi,th the philological side of his publications, he feit disinclined to make excursions inlto neighbouring specialisms. This self- imposed restriction, basically wise though it was, was carried so far by hirn &at it was apt to lead to parochialism. Thus he practised what one might cd81 philological apartheid. On ithe persond level, too, he kept somewhat apart. He got on wel1 with p-le who were interested in what preocoupied him. With people not sharing shis interests he found it lless easy t0 establish contaclt. His life- and wol-k-style was aiso inclined to deviate from the normal now and then. So he was once seen in Bali in 1967 riding a bike from Gianyar to Denpassar in ~thehottest part of ~theday. Hooykaas had a great sense of hmour. He had a fondness for jokes and comical situíutions, which he loved to spin out himself. On one occasion, when, standing on rhe front-doorstep of a friend's house, he had a smal1 coin pressed int0 his hand by &&eyoungest daughter of the house, who mictook hirn for an organ-pinder, he went inside grinning with amusement. The next postcard his host received from him contained irhe P.S.: "Next time I need money 1'11 cal1 on you again". His criticisms were often larded with irony of a kind which even the object could probably appreciate (e.g. his essay on Indian editions of Oljd Javanese texts, no. 73). Where he had ito react to state- ments which he persondly considered scientifically unfmnded he could be bitingly sarcastic, however, as in his criticism of Clifford Geertz (no. 108). He was a generous, helpful man, who was quick to help people in need, also financially, whether they be AMS pupils, university students who needed money to publish their ,theses, or Vietnamese 'bat refugees. But above al1 he was scientifically generous %bal1 who came to hirn for Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:51:51PM via free access J. L. Swellengrebel help and advice in the subject ~thatwas so dear to him. This scientific generosity, and a sometimes almost boyish enthusimm, characterized his relations with his students. One of '&hemrecalls how he "always replied" to dl of her questions "by return mail, sending along articles, photo- copies, or anything that might be of the slightest use", and expresses the opinion that his "hurnour, warm&, energy and industry are an example to myself and al1 of my generation". Another one describes how, on her first meeting with him, whereas she had been expecting a ratiher forma1 interview, she found a man who immediately took a deep interest in all her plans, had al1 kinds of material with him in cigar-boxes, folders and big envelopes, and was not long in suggesting that they bath sit down on he floor, where he wodd have more room to spread it al1 out. It is this kind of image of him which many others, students and non-students alike, will continue to carry in their memories. Oegstgeest, April 1980 J. L. SWELLENGREBEL NOTES Quotations for which no reference is cited have been taken from unpublished wntings by Hooykaas and from an Album Amicomm kindly made available to me by Mrs. Hooykaas. I have further made grateful use of reminiscences of Hooykaas written for me by Dr. Th. Pigeaud and Dr. P. Voorhoeve. The figures in brackets refer to the numbers of the bibliography following below. Resolution of the Lieutenant Governor-General, no. 15, 13th Aug., 1946, confirmed by resolution of the Head of the Department of Education and the Arts and Sciences, no. 38364/CI, 27th December, 1948. Letter to P. Voorhoeve of 18th July, 1967. It now seems that this work will be able to be continued after Hooykaas' death, too, a few changes aside. A description of the collection at Leiden, at least as far as the texts written in Old Javanese or Javano-Balinese are concerned, is now to be found in Th. G. Th. Pigeaud, Literature of Java ZV, Supplement. Codices Ma- nuscripti - XX (Leiden 1980), 94-198, 212-241. TBC 78 (1938), 292-333. ? BK1 109 (1953), 91 f. e Reviewed along with the text edition to be mentioned below by Pigeaud in Djewa l1 (1931), 113-116. l0 In that Same penod he published Enige Sasakse volksvertclsels (no. 30). l1 Reviewed by Swellengrebel in TBC 83 (1919), 125-128. l2 Bali, 1958-9, undated stencilled report for SOAS, p. 6. l3 Reviewed by P. J. Zoetmulder in BKZ 124 (1968), 415-41 7. 1.i Reviewed by J. Ensink in BK1 131 (1975), 355-359. 1" See also no. 98, pp. 268-273, and the illustrations of nos. 101 and 113. Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:51:51PM via free access In Memoriam C. Hooykaas BIBLIOGRAPHY C. HOOYKAAS * Compiled by H. I. R. Hinzler 1927 1 Translations of mnous fdlktales in: J. de Vnes (ed.), Volksverhalen van Oost Indië, Vol. 2, nos. 99, 105, 116, 117, 133, 151, 152, 161, 175 (correction P. Voorhoeve), Zutphen: Thieme. 1929 2 Tantrì, de Middel-Javaansche Pañcatantra-bewerking, Thesis, Lei- den: Vros. 3 'Nogmaals Verboden Rijkdom, Volksgeloof in de Vorstenlanden', Djawi IX-415: i 75-1 78. 1931 4 'Sèh Djangkoeng, een Heilige van Java1, Djiwi XI-1: 57-66. 5 'Een Hypothese omhent den Oorsprong van het Oud-Javaade Venhaal van Kuñjarakqa', TBC LXXI-1 12: 107-132. 6 'Het Oud-Javaansche Woord p(h)dapa beteekent zowel "ProfijtJ1 als ''Respijt" ', TBC LXXI-3: 267-274. 7 Review with comments: 'Een nieuwe Redactie van den Roman van Raden Wijaya en Kidung Harsa-Wijaya, door C. C. Berg', TBC LXXI-4: 713-717. 8 Tantri Kamandaka, een Oud-Javaansche Pañcatantra-bewerking, Bibliatheca Javanica 2, Bandoeng: Nix. 1932 9 'Javaanxhe Uitgaven van Volksleutuur (Bdé Poestah)', Djiwi XII-213: 93-115. 10 Review with comments: 'Smaradahana' (text edition with trans- lation) by R. M. Ng. Dr. Poerbatjamka, Djdwa XII-213: 124-131. 1933 11 Proza en Poëzie van Oud-Java, GroningenJBatavia: Noordhoff. 12 Modern Maleisch Zakelijk Proza, GmningenlBatavia: Wdlters, repr. 1946, 1947; Zakelijk Proza in Bahasa Indonesia, Groningen/ Batavia: Wdliters, repr. 1949, 1951; Karangan Tersebar, (Dahulu: Zakelijk Proza in Bahasa Indonesia), Djakarta/Groningen: WoBters, repr. 1952. 13 'Bkarata-Yuddhal (itransl~ation),Djiwa XIV-l: 1-87, published in ~llaboraitionwith R. M. Ng. Dr. Poerbatjaraka. 1937 14 Over Maleische Literatuur, Leiden: Bdl, repr. 1947. The numerous reviews in, e.g., Archipel, BKZ, BSOAS, Djiwi and TBC are excluded here, as are the columns in, for instance, De Lokomotief. Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:51:51PM via free access 208 H. I. R. Hintler 1939 15 'Modern Maleisch, zijn verspreiding, bruikbaarheid en toekomst', Koloniale Studiën 5: 405-438, Weltevreden. 16 'De Kroon der Koningen', in: Het Triwindoe-Gedenkboek Mang- koe Nagoro VII, Vol. 1, pp. 149-152, Soerakarta: Kolff. 1940 17 'Voldoet de A.M.S. nog?', Koloniale Studiën 1: 21-31. 18 'De Lontarstichting Kirtya Liefnnck-Van der Tuuk te Singaradja, 1935-1940', MK 11 : 1-5 ( = Djdwd XX). 19 'Asklepius op Bali (en Lombok)', MK 11: 11-17 (= Djdwa XX). 20 'Heit Ganges-zwaard', TBG LXXX-l: 118-12 1. 21 'Mardi Kagoenan Djawi', Djdwd XX: 243-245. 1941 22 'Het verhaal van den Halve op Java, Bali en Lombok', MK 13: 1-15 (= Djdwd XXI). 23 'Lontar als schrijfmateriaal', MK 13: 23-28 (= Djdwd XXI), publishecl in collaboration wiith C. J. Grader. 24 'De Lontarstichting geheeten Kirtya Liefrinck-Van der Tuuk te Singaraja in 1940', MK 13: 30-31 ( = Djdwd XXI). 25 'Homo Ludens - een opwekking', MK 13 : 38-39 ( = D jawa XXI) . 26 'Een Pakon-ceremonie bij de waktoe-teloe Sasaks re Songa, op Oost Lombok, naar aanteekeningen van den gepensioneerd hoofd Goevernements Indisch arts Radèn Soedjono, gefomuleerd en ge- annoteerd', MK 16: 97-109 ( = Djdwd XXI). 27 'Aanvullende Bibliographie aangaande de Sasaks van Lombok', MK 16: 110-154 ( = Djawi XXI), published in collaboration wi$& Mrs. J. van Baal. 1942 28 'Dampati Lalangon, Balisch gedicht van West-Lombok, tekst en vertaling', TBG LXXXII-l : 1-61, published in collaboration wirh I Wayan Bhadra. 29 'A Balinese Folktale', in: F. D. K. Bosch et al. (ds.), India Aizti- qua, A Volume of Oriental Studies presented by his friends and pupils to J. Ph. Vogel on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of his doctorate, pp. 185-192, Leiden: Briltl. 1948 30 Enige Sasakse Volksvertelsels (Lombok), The Hague: Van Hoeve. 31 Balische Verhalen van den Hdve,The Hague:Van Hoeve, repr. 1948. 32 Verslag der lotgevallen van de Faculteit der Letteren en Wijsbe- geerte van de Universiteit van Indonesië gedurende haar bestaan 4 December 1940-48, uitgebracht door haar voorzitter op 4 Decem- ber 1948. Also publi&ed in: Universiteit van Indonesië, Gids Aca- demisch Jaar, 1949-50. Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:51:51PM via free access In Memoriam C.Hooykaas 209 1949 33 'Eenvoudige Bdische Zedeleer', TBG LXXXIII-4: 378-393. 34 'Het onderwijs in Indonesische talen aan Rechtshoogeschwl en Juridische F,aculteit in verleden, heden en toekomst', in: Gedenk- boek ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig Bestaan van het Rechtsweten- schappelijk Onderwijs in Indonesië, pp. 1-7, GroningenIDjakarta: Wolters. 1950 35 'Moord of "sle&~tsn verkrachlting?', Orientatie 31: 27-31, Bandoeng: Masa Baroe. 36 Indonesische Handschriften, Bandoeng: Nix, published in collabo- ration with P. Vocrnhoeve and R. M. Ng. Poerbatjaraka. 37 'Een voorstel in zake Pantun-vertaling', in: A. A. Cense et al. (eds.), Bingkisan Budi, opstellen aan Ph. S. van Ronkel, pp. 156-159, Leiden. 1951 38 'Çängkhya-leer van Bali', TBC LXXXIV-4: 434-484. 39 Perintis Sastera, Djakarta/Groningen: Walters, repr. 1953. Trans- lation by Raihoel Amar gelar Datoek Besar of Literatuur in Maleis en Indonesisch, Groningen IDjakarta: Wolters (no. 4 1) . Perintis Sastera, Edisi Baru, Kuaila Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1965. 40 'Zuid-Bali in vergelijking met Midden-Java', in: Sticusa-Jaarboek, pp. 12-23, Amsterdam. 1952 41 Literatuur i72 Maleis en Indonesisch, GroningenIDjakarta: Wolters. 42 Pen jedar Sastera, Djakarta/Groningen: Wol.ters, repr. 1953. Trans- lation by Railhoel Amar gelar Datoek Besar. Penyedar Sastera, Edisi Baru, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, repr. 1963, 1965. 1954 43 'Sanskr.i#tKävya and Old Javanese Kakawin', JOI IV-213: 143-148. l 1955 44 The Old-Javanese Rntmäyana Kakawin with Special Reference to the Problem of Interpolation in Kakawins, VKITLV XVI, The Hague: Nijhoff. 45 'The Buddhist Legend of Kuñjarakaqa and Püqavijaya', JOI V-l: 95-98. 46 'Bharata's Departure, A Passage on Aritha-&tra in the Old- Javanese Rämä~aKakawin', JOI V-2 : 187-192. 47 'Sitä's laments in the Aioka-grove, as found in the Old-Javanese Rämäyva Kakawin', JOI V-3 : 244-248. 48 'The Wailing of Vibhïsqa in &e Old-Javanese Rámayana Kaka- win', JOI V-4: 335-337. 49 'Vibhisaqa's succession In Lariba, a passage on Niti-Castra in &e Old-Javanese Rámayaqa Kakawin', JOI V-4: 338-344. Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:51:51PM via free access 210 H. Z. R. Hinzler 1956 50 'Kämndakip Nitisära, etc. in Old Javanese', Journal of the Greater India Society XV: 18-50, Cdcubta: Mukhopadhyay. 5 1 'Laks(,a)mana ait M'day Comts', JOZ VI-1: 1-2. 52 'The glorificahon of V~nuin &e Sanskrit Bhagavad-Gitä and in the Old Javanese Ramáy~aKakawin', JOI VI-213: 69-74. 1957 53 'Old Javanex Kakawin and &e Sabaras', BK1 113-1 : 102-103. 54 'Love in Lërikä, an episode of the Olld Javanese Rämäyaqa com- pared with ]he SansEt Bhatti-kävya', BK1 113-3: 274-289. 55 'On some arthdarikäras in .&e Bhatti-kävya', in: Studies in honour of Sir Ralph Turner, BSOAS XX, pp. 351-364. 56 'Stylistic Figures in the Old-Javanese Rämtiyaqa Kakawin', JOZ VII-3: 135-157. 57 History of the Wayang Purwa, London. Translation of: Hardjo- wirogo, Sejarah Wayang Purwa, Bdai Poesrtaka 1698, Djakarta, repr. 1952, published in mllabomtion with J. Francis Jones. 58 The Old-Javanese Rämqana Kakawin, an Exemplary Kakawin as to form and Content, VKNAW, Nieuwe Reeks LXV, No. 1, Amsterdam: North-Hdliand Publishing Company. 59 'The Paradise on E& in Enk (OJR XXIV, 87-127)', BK1 114-3: 265-291. 60 'From Lënkä to Aydhyä by Puspaka, being the Old Javanese Rämfiyaqa Kakawin Sarga XXV mainly', BK1 114-4: 359-383. 61 'Four-line Yarnaka in the Old Javanese Rämàyana', Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Zreland 112: 58-71, 122-138, London. 62 The Lay of Jaya Prana, the Balinese Uriah, London: Luzac. 63 'The Contents of )he Bhatti-kävya', J01 VIII-3: 132-147. 64 'The Old Jaminex Rarriayana, an introduction to some of its pmblms', Madjalah untuk Ilmu Bahasa, Zlmu Bumi dan Kebuda- jaan Indonesia, LXXXVI: 1-20. 1959 65 'The function-of ithe Ddmang', in: Akten des 24. Internationden Orientalisten-Kongreses der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesell- schaft, München 1957, pp. 683-686. 1960 66 'TM Exorcist Priests in B&', Man 60: =t. 231, London. 67 'Initerpo11ated or Genuine', BK1 116-2 : 278. 68 'Khili Suci, rhe rog nun', BK1 116-2: 279. 69 '01ld Javanese Rihäyaqa', The Journal of Oriental Research XXX-1: 1-12, Mylapore, Madras. 1961 70 Introduction to: De Kunst van Bali, verleden en heden, exhibition Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:51:51PM via free access In Memoriam C.Hooykaas 21 1 at '&e Haags Gemeente Museum, 23 March- l May 1961, The Hague. 71 'De auteur van de Harca-Wijaya', BK1 117-3: 387. 72 'A critical stage in &e study of Iindonesia's past', in: D. G. E. Hall, Historians of Southeast Asia, pp. 318-325, London: Oxford Uni- versiity Press, repr. 1963. 1962 73 'Saiva-siddlhänta in Java and Bali', BKI 118-3: 309-327. 74 'The Holy Water Sprinkler in Bali', Bulletin of the Institute of Traditional Culture I: 12-28, Madras: The University of Madras. 75 'Indisch-Indonesische Poëzie', Forum der Letteren 111-4: 217-230. 76 Contribuition in: Dr. Raghu Vira et d. (eds.), Sara-Samuccaya (a classical Indonesian com'pendiun of high ideals), Satapitaka 24, Dvipäntarapitaka 7, New Delhi. 77 'Books made in Bali', in: Jayantkrishna H. Dave et al. (e&.), Munshi Indological Felicitation Volume, BhbratZya Vidyä XX, XXI, 1960-1961: 377-391, Bombay: Bhäratiya Vidyä Bhavan. 1963 78 'Books made in Bali', BKI 119-4: 371-386. 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Roolvink (edk.), Malayan and Indonesian Studies, essays presented to Sir Richard Winstedt, pp. 267-282, Oxford: Clarendon Press. 84 'Preliminary Remmks on Vaisqavism in Bali', JOI XIV-314: 326-329. 1965 85 'A nate on the Mahä-'BhZrata in Malaysia and Indonesia: Sabhä- Parva fmnd in Bali', Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society XXXVIII-2: 125-128. 86 'Greater Indian Studies: Present Desiderata', Vishveshvaranand Indological Journa1 111-2: 287-298, Hdiarpur. 87 'Buddhism in Bali', in: Felicitation Volumes of Southeast-Asian Studies, presented to His Highness Prince Dhaninivat, Vol. I, pp. 25-36, The Siam Society, Bangkok. 88 'Sivaicm in Bali: Two Hypotheses', JOI XV-3 14: 381-390. Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:51:51PM via free access 1966 89 Surya-Sevana, the Way to God of a Balinese Siva Priest, VKNAW, Nieuwe Reeks LXXII, No. 3, Amsterdam: North-Holland Publish- ing Company. 1968 90 'Hinduism of Bali', in: N. Sri Ram et al. (eds.), Dr. V. 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An introduction to Balinese Magic (provisional ~title),Iconography of Religions, Lei,den: Brilll. Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 08:51:51PM via free access Magische Tekeningen van Bali (provisional .title), Amsterdam: Meulenhof f. 'Homa as found in Bdi', in: Felicitation Volume Stein, Cmnell Universilty. Dukuh Siladri (itranslation), Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, in coopera- tion with C. M. C. Hooykaas-Van Leeuwen Boomkamp. ABBREVIATIONS BKI Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, The Hague: Nijhoff. BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, London. 101 /ournal of the Oriental Institute, Bardi, Baroda Press. KITLV Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. MK Mededeelingen van de Kirtya Liefrinck-Van der Tuuk, Singaradja. TBC Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootscihap van Kunsten en Wsten- schappen, Bandoeng: Nix. 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