GEOGRAPHY THE HUMAN AND PHYSICAL WORLD

Richard G. Boehm, Ph. D.

Bothell, WA • Chicago, •IL • Columbus, OH • New York, NY HOW DO I STUDY GEOGRAPHV? xxx SCAVENGER HUNT xxxii

REFERENCE ATLASTABLE OF CONTENTS RA1 Geographie Dietionary RA2 Europe Physieal RA14 WorldTimeZones RM Europe Politieal RA16 WorldGDPCartogram RA6 Africa Physical RA18 WorldPopulationCartogram RA8 Africa Political RA19 NorthAmerica Physieal RA10 Asia Physical RA20 North Ameriea Politieal RA 11 Asia Political RA22 South Ameriea Phys.ieal RA 12 Oeeania PhysicallPolitical RA24 South Ameriea Political RA 13 Polar Regions RA26

UNITONE The World 1 How Geographers Look at the World 11

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Distribution of How does geography help us Political Power 12 interpret the past, understand the present, and plan for the future? LESSON 1 Yhe Geographer's Yools 14

LESSON 2 Yhe Geographer's Craft 26

The Physical World 37

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Economics and Resources: How do physical processes shape Water Scarcity 38 Earth's surface? LESSON 1 Planet Earth 40

LESSON 2 Forces ofChange 44

LESSON 3 Earth's Water 51

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ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Change: Why isdimate important to life on The Impacts on Humans 58 Earth? LESSON 1 Earth-Sun Relationships 60

LESSON 2 Factors Affecting Climate 64

LESSON 3 World Climate Patterns 69

The Human World 75

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters The Human How do the characteristics and Development Index 76 distribution ofhuman populations affeet human and physical systems? LESSON 1 Global Cultures 78

LESSON 2 Population Geography 82

LESSON 3 Political Geography 87

CaseStudy How Has Globalization Changed Modern Culture? 92

LESSON 4 Economic Geography 94

Global Connections: Patterns of Resource Distribution 100

LESSON 5 Urban Geography 102 UNITTWO The United States and Canada 109 The United States 117

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Patterns of Immigration ... , 118 Haw da physica/systems and human systems shape a p/ace? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of the United States 120

LESSON 2 Human Geography of the United States 125

CaseStudy The Environment: How Can Drought Lead to Conflict in the United States? 132

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: The United States 134

Canada 141

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Energy Resources and Haw da physica/systems and human Indigenous Rights 142 systems shape a p/ace? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of Canada 144

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Canada 149

Global Connections: Two Decades of NAFTA 156

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Canada 158 UNITTHREE Latin America 165 Mexico 173

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Challenges of How do physical systems and human Urbanization 174 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 PhysicalGeography of Mexico 176

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Mexico 180

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Mexico ,.. 187

Central America and the Caribbean 193

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Spatial Diffusion: How do physical systems and human The Columbian Exchange 194 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 PhysicalGeography of Central America and the Caribbean 196

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Central America and the Caribbean 200

(ase Study What Kind of Development Is Best for Haiti? 206

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Central America and the Caribbean 208 South America 215

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Economic Geography: How do physical systems and human Uneven Development 216 systems shape a place? lESSON 1 Physical Geography of South America '" 218

lESSON 2 Human Geography of South America 223

Global Connections: Amazon in the Balance 230

lESSON 3 People and Their Environment: South America 232

UNITFOUR Europe 239

Northern Europe 247 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Volcanic Eruption How do physical systems and human in Iceland 248 systems shape a place? lESSON 1 Physical Geography of Northern Europe 250

lESSON 2 Human Geography of Northern Europe 255

lESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Northern Europe 261 Northwestern Europe 267

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Suburban Growth and How do physicaf systems and human Transportation 268 systems shape a pface? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of Northwestern Europe 270

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Northwestern Europe 275

(ase Study How Beneficialls the European Union? 282

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Northwestern Europe 284

Southern Europe 291

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Labor Migration trom How do physicaf systems and human North Africa 292 systems shape a pface? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of Southern Europe 294

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Southern Europe 299

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Southern Europe 305

Eastern Europe 311

ESSENTIAL QUESTION WhyGeographyMatters The Breakup otYugoslavia ... 312 How do physicaf systems and human LESSON 1 systems shape a place? Physical Geography of Eastern Europe 314

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Eastern Europe 319

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Eastern Europe 326 The Russian Core 333 ESSENTIAL QUESTION WhyGeography Matters Russia's Shrinking Haw da physica/systems and human Population 334 systems shape a p/ace? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of the Russian Core 336

LESSON 2 Human Geography of the Russian Core 341

Global Connections: Arctic Oil Frontiers 348

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: The Russian Core 350

UNIT FIVE North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia 357

North Africa 365

ESSENTIAL QUESTION WhyGeography Matters Choke Point: Suez Canal. ... 366 Haw da physica/systems and human systems shape a p/ace? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of North Africa 368

LESSON 2 Human Geography of North Africa 372

Global Connections: The Arab Spring 378

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: North Africa 380 The Eastern Mediterranean 387

ESENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters The Israeli-Palestinian Haw da physical systems and human Conflict 388 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of the Eastern Mediterranean 390

LESSON 2 Human Geography of the Eastern Mediterranean 395

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: The Eastern Mediterranean 402

The Northeast 409

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography MaUers A Stateless Nation: Haw da physical systems and human The Kurds 410 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of the Northeast. 412

LESSON 2 Human Geography of the Northeast. '" 416

(ase Study How Have Sunni and Shia Beliefs Led to Conflict? 422

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: The Northeast 424

The Arabian Peninsula 431

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Migrant Workers in Haw da physical systems and human the Arabian Peninsula 432 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of the Arabian Peninsula 434

LESSON 2 Human Geography of the Arabian Peninsula 438

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: The Arabian Peninsula 444 Central Asia 451

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Afghanistan's Troubled Haw da physical systems and human History 452 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of Central Asia 454

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Central Asia 459

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Central Asia 466

UNIT SIX Africa South of the Sahara 473 The Transition Zone 481

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Diffusion: Muslim and Haw da physical systems and human non-Muslim Cultures 482 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of the Transition Zone 484

LESSON 2 Human Geography of the Transition Zone 489

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: The Transition Zone 496

East Africa 503

ESSENTIAL QUESTION WhyGeography Matters Export Crops and East Africa .504 Haw da physical systems and human systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of East Africa 506

LESSON 2 Human Geography of East Africa 511

(ase Study Should the Blue Nile Dam Be Built? 518

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: East Africa 520 West Africa 527

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Empowering Women in Haw da physiwl systems and human West Africa 528 systems shape a place? lESSON 1 Physical Geography of West Africa 530

lESSON 2 Human Geography ofWest Africa 535

Global Connections: Conflict Diamonds 542

lESSON 3 People and Their Environment: West Africa 544

Equatorial Africa 551

ESSENTIAL QUESTION WhyGeography Matters South Sudan: Haw da physiwl systems and human Independence and Conflict 552 systems shape a place? lESSON 1 Physical Geography of Equatorial Africa 554

lESSON 2 Human Geography of Equatorial Africa 559

lESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Equatorial Africa 566

Southern Africa 573

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Southern Africa and Haw da physiwl systems and human HIV/AIDS 574 systems shape a place? lESSON 1 Physical Geography of Southern Africa 576

lESSON 2 Human Geography of Southern Africa 581

lESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Southern Africa 588 UNIT SEVEN 595 603 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters India's Population How do physical systems and human Structure 604 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 PhysicalGeography of India 606

LESSON 2 Human 611

CaseStudy What Is the Future of Kashmir? 618

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: India 620

Pakistan and 627 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Flood-Prone Pakistan and How do physical systems and human Bangladesh 628 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 PhysicalGeography of Pakistan and Bangladesh 630

LESSON 2 Human and Bangladesh 634

Global Connections: South Asia on the Brink 640

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Pakistan and Bangladesh 642 , Maldives, & Sri Lanka 649

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Nepal's Role as a How do physical systems and human Buffer State 650 systems shape a place? lESSON 1 Physical , Maldives, Nepal & Sri Lanka 652

lESSON 2 Human Geography of Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal & Sri Lanka 657

lESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal & Sri Lanka 663

UNIT EIGHT East Asia 669 China and Mongolia 677

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters China's Growing How do physical systems and human Energy Demands 678 systems shape a place? lESSON 1 Physical and Mongolia 680

lESSON 2 Human Geography of China and Mongolia 685

CaseStudy Are Limits on Growth Best for China? ... 692

lESSON 3 People and Their Environment: China and Mongolia 694

Japan 701

ESSENTIAL QUESTION WhyGeography Matters Japan's Aging Population .. 702 How do physical systems and human systems shape a place? lESSON 1 Physical ..... 704

Global Connections: The Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami ...... •.•...... •.•...... •.•.... 708

lESSON 2 Human Geography of Japan 710

lESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Japan 717 North Korea and South Korea 723 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Complementarity: Haw da physical systems and human Two Koreas 724 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical and South Korea 726

LESSON 2 Human Geography of North Korea and South Korea 730

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: North Korea and South Korea .... 737

UNIT NINE Southeast Asia and the Pacific World 743 Southeast Asia 751 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Emerging Markets in Haw da physical systems and human Southeast Asia 752 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 Physical Geography of Southeast Asia 754

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Southeast Asia 759

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Southeast Asia 766 Australia and New Zealand 773

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Australia and New Zealand: Haw da physical systems and human Indigenous Peoples 774 systems shape a place? LESSON 1 PhysicalGeography of Australia and New Zealand 776

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Australia and New Zealand 781

Global Connections: Non-Native Species: Rabbits in Australia 788

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Australia and New Zealand 790

Oceania 797

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why Geography Matters Samoa Hops the Haw da physical systems and human International Date Une 798 systems shape a place? LESSON1 PhysicalGeographyof Oceania 800

LESSON 2 Human Geography of Oceania 804

CaseStudy Who Owns the High Seas? 810

LESSON 3 People and Their Environment: Oceania 812

Special Feature: Antaretiea 819 World Religions Handbook 826 Gazetteer 846 English/Spanish Glossary 856 Index 883 Why Geography Matters

Distribution ofPolitical Power ..•.••..••.•...••. i..•...... •...... 12 Migrant Workers inthe Arabian Peninsula ...... •...... 432 Economics and Resources:Water $carcity 38 Afghanistan's Troubled History 452 Climate Change: The Impacts on Humans 58 Diffusion: Muslim and non-Muslim Cultures 482 The Human Development Index 76 Export Crops and EastAfrica 504 Patterns of Immigration 118 Empowering Women in West Africa 528 Energy Resourcesand Indigenous Rights 142 South Sudan: Independence and Conflict 552 Challenges of Urbanization 174 Southern Africa and HIV/AIDS 574 Spatial Diffusion: The Columbian Exchange 194 India's Population Structure 604 Economic Geography: Uneven Development 216 Flood-Prone Pakistan and Bangladesh 628 Volcanic Eruption in Iceland 248 Nepal's Role as a Buffer State 650 Suburban Growth and Transportation 268 China's Growing Energy Demands 678 Labor Migration from North Africa 292 Japan's Aging Population 702 The Breakup ofYugoslavia 312 Complementarity: Two Koreas 724 Russia'sShrinking Population 334 Emerging Markets in Southeast Asia 752 Choke Point: SuezCanal 366 Australia and New Zealand: Indigenous Peoples 774 Israeli-Palestinian Conflict 388 Samoa Hops the International Date Line 798 A Stateless Nation: The Kurds 410

(ase Study The United States and Canada 110 How HasGlobalization Changed Modern Culture? 92 Latin America 166 How Can Drought Leadto Conflict in the United States? 132 Europe 240 What Kind of Development Is Best for Haiti? 206 North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia 358 How Benefidalls the European Union? 282 Africa South ofthe Sahara 474 How Have Sunni and Shia Beliefs Led to Conflict? 422 South Asia 596 Should the Blue Nile Dam Be Built? 518 EastAsia 670 What Isthe Future ofKashmir? 618 Southeast Asia and the Padfic World 744 Are Limits on Growth Best for China? 692 Who Owns the High Seas? 810 Global Connections

Patterns of Resllurce Distribution...... , .1 ...... •...... •...... 542 Two Decades of NAFTA 156 South Asia on the Brink 640 Amazon in the Balance 230 The Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami 708 ArcticOil Frontiers 348 Non-Native Species: Rabbits in Australia 788 The Arab Spring 378

ConnectiJ1j ~eOjyafhJ to ....

Math: Mapmaking ...... •. 18 Science: SoiIErosioninlraq ...... ••....••.•...... •...... 427 Science:Astronomy 41 Science: Air-Conditioning 436 Science:C1imatology 66 Government: Water Management. 448 Government: Geopolitics 91 Government: Saving the Aral Sea 470 Science:Soil Science 124 Math: Geometry 487 Science: Biology 148 History: Naming Places 510 Science: Environmental Science 189 Sociology: Social Norms 540 Science:Climatology 199 History: Slave Forts 561 History: Before Columbus 202 Math: Output of the Kariba Hydroeleetric Dam 579 Science: Biology 221 Math: India's GDP 617 Science:Geology 254 History: Natural Disaster. 635 Science:Cap-and-Trade Systems 288 Science: Genetics 660 Science: Demography 301 Sociology: Hanami: Viewing of Flowers 706 Government: Environmental Politics 330 Science: The DMZ 729 Economics: Privatization 347 Science: Tsunamis 756 Government: Geopolitics 384 Sociology: The Outback 780 Economics: Development 400 Science: Carbon Dating 805