Central African Republic: Information and Communication with Communities

Central African Republic: Information and Communication with Communities. What are the needs?

National Access to Media and Information Needs Survey of the Central African Republic carried out at the end of 2014 A Nationally Representative Assessment of Urban and Semi-Urban Populations

August 2015

Internews is an international non-profit media development organization whose mission is to empower local media worldwide to give people the news and information they need, the ability to connect and the means to make their voices heard. Formed in 1982, Internews has worked in more than 75 countries, and currently has offices in Africa, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, Latin America and North America.

This study was made possible with the support of the following organization:

Freedom House is an independent watchdog organization dedicated to the expansion of freedom around the world. Freedom House speaks out against the main threats to democracy and empowers citizens to exercise their fundamental rights. Freedom House analyzes the challenges to freedom; advocates for greater political and civil liberties; and supports frontline activists to defend human rights and promote democratic change. Founded in 1941, Freedom House was the first American organization to champion the advancement of freedom globally.

This study was funded by:

This report is not a legally binding document. It is a collaborative informational and assessment document and does not necessarily reflect the views of any of the contributing partners in all of its contents. Any errors are the sole responsibility of the authors. Copyright © 2015 Internews. All rights reserved. Acknowledgements

The cooperation and assistance of several organizations and individuals were crucial in the implementation of this assessment, and thus the research team would like to extend their sincere gratitude to the Internews research team who facilitated survey design and data collection.

The following individuals at Internews contributed to the research:

Mahrukh Hasan Freddy Touckia Hughes Edgard Zanga-Goumet

Authors:

Mahrukh Hasan Karim Benard-Dende

Finally, Internews would like to extend its appreciation to the countless journalists, radio stations, humanitarian organizations, and citizens who volunteered their time to support or participate in this important assessment.

Research, Monitoring & Evaluation, and Outreach Internews August 2015

Table of Contents

Acronyms and Abbreviations ...... i Executive Summary ...... ii Introduction ...... 1 Context ...... 1 Media Landscape in the Central African Republic ...... 2 Internews in CAR ...... 4 CDAC Network Common Needs Assessment ...... 5 Key Findings ...... 6 Access to information ...... 6 Communicating with Communities: Language ...... 7 Sharing Information with or within the community: Media consumption trends ...... 8 Sharing Information with or within the community: Sources of information in the communities ...... 10 Sharing Information with or within the community: non media communication ...... 10 Sharing Information with or within the community: Information needs...... 10 Key Recommendations ...... 11 Support the creation and the development of local radio stations in remote rural and semi-urban areas ...... 11 Improve the quality of media content produced by Central African media outlets in line with information needs ...... 12 Improve information exchange processes with humanitarians and government/local authorities ...... 12 Survey Snapshot - Access to Media and Information, Information needs ...... 14 Survey Snapshot – At a National Level ...... 16 Demographic data ...... 16 Basic Demographic Data - Respondents ...... 16 Gender Inequalities in Information Access and Media Consumption ...... 18 Language and Literacy ...... 21 Access to information: access to media and media consumption trends ...... 24 Access to information: access to internet and mobile networks (online media, social media and interpersonal communication) ...... 33 Sources of Information in communities (before and after the crisis) ...... 37 Information needs and information provision gaps ...... 39 Survey Snapshot – by Areas ...... 41 Area 1: Bangui and suburbs ...... 41 Basic Demographic Data – Respondents ...... 41 Access to media – Radio listeners ...... 42 Access to information and interpersonal communication –mobile phones ...... 38 Communication channels ...... 39 Information needs ...... 40 Area 2: North West (Bossangoa, Bouar, Bozoum and Paoua) ...... 42 Basic Demographic Data – Respondents ...... 42 Access to media – Radio listeners ...... 43 Access to information and interpersonal communication –mobile phones ...... 44 Communication channels ...... 45 Information needs ...... 46 Area 3: South West (Berberati, Nola, Mbaiki) ...... 48 Basic Demographic Data – Respondents ...... 48 Access to media – Radio listeners ...... 49 Access to information and interpersonal communication –mobile phones ...... 50 Communication channels ...... 51 Information needs ...... 52 Area 4: Central (Bambari, Bria, Ndele, Kaga Bandoro) ...... 54 Basic Demographic Data – Respondents ...... 54 Access to media – Radio listeners ...... 55 Access to information and interpersonal communication –mobile phones ...... 56 Communication channels ...... 57 Information needs ...... 58 Area 5: South East (Obo, Bangassou, Alindao) ...... 60 Basic Demographic Data – Respondents ...... 60 Access to media – Radio listeners ...... 61 Access to information and interpersonal communication –mobile phones ...... 62 Communication channels ...... 63 Information needs ...... 64 Annexes ...... 66 Acronyms and Abbreviations

ARC Association des Radios Communautaires (Association of Community Radios) ASF Aviation Sans Frontières (Aviation without Borders) CAR Central African Republic CDAC Communicating with Disaster Affected Communities CHF Common Humanitarian Fund CRCN Community Radio Correspondents Network CwC Communicating with Communities EA Enumerator Area HCCT Haut Conseil de la Communication de la Transition (CAR Transitional High Council for Communication) ICDI Integrated Community Development International LRA Lord’s Resistance Army MINUSCA United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic OMCA Observatoire des Medias en Centrafrique (CAR Media Self Regulatory Body) RJDH Réseau des Journalistes pour les Droits de l’Homme (Association of Journalists for Human Rights) RND Radio Notre Dame UN United Nations UN OCHA United Nations Office of Coordination for Humanitarian Affairs UNHAS United Nations Humanitarian Air Service USAID United States Agency for International Development

i Executive Summary

Purpose and methodology

1. Internews commissioned a nationally representative media and information survey including the first audience survey of its kind to be conducted in the Central African Republic. 2. The survey measured access to media, listening habits, and information needs of the Central African population in 14 of 16 préfectures. 3. The specific objectives of the study include the following: • To determine the information gaps of different communities in CAR • To determine the most effective way that humanitarians and government/local authorities can communicate with communities affected by different crises across CAR • To determine the most efficient manner to address communication needs within the communities throughout the country 4. In a total of 23 enumeration areas located in 14 out of 16 préfectures, 1,576 interviews (1,492 for the national sample) were realized to collect data and information. 5. The survey used a two-stage probability sampling process with stratified samples within cluster samples to represent data derived at the national level across préfectures by location (arrondisement or localité), sex, and age. The sample size was thus stratified with respect to the demographic structure of CAR using data provided by the UN OCHA Protection Cluster. 6. Obo, Bozoum and Ndele were selected as “booster areas”: Obo as the most remote prefecture and its localization in an LRA affected area, Bozoum for being the site of a new FM relay station to be established by Internews in 2015 and Ndele as the only préfecture that never had nor formerly had an operational radio station. 7. Enumerators used a CDAC questionnaire translated from English to Sango, the national language in the Central African Republic.

Context and media landscape

8. Current violence followed the seizure of the capital Bangui by the Séléka, an alliance of mostly northern and Muslim rebel groups in March 2013. The anti-Balaka group, a mostly Christian militia attacked Bangui in December 2013. The conflict between anti-Balaka and Séléka militia rapidly turned into a sectarian conflict as anti-Balaka targeted Muslim communities considered as accomplices of previous Séléka fighters’ exactions. A UN-lead process of stabilization brought a decrease in the intensity and number of clashes and exactions. 9. The main armed groups signed an agreement after the peace conference held in May 2015, the Forum de Bangui. General Elections were scheduled for October 2015, but will now take place at a later date. 10. The media and communications infrastructure in CAR is very limited in capacity. Many localities have very limited access to media, in some places only to shortwave radio. 11. The communications infrastructure and capacity have been severely damaged during the conflict: nearly half of the radio stations closed due to lootings. Some of them have reopened thanks to international support.

ii Key findings

Access to Media

12. Radio is by far the number one media and source of information in CAR: 71% of men and women listen to radio. In December 2014, 71% consider that radio is the main source of information. 13. Newspapers and magazines are not distributed outside of the central districts in Bangui. Only second hand magazines or some copies of newspapers are periodically sent to the biggest towns. 14. Outside Bangui, access to TV can be considered a luxury, as only paid satellite TV is available. TVCA, the public broadcaster, is the only Central African TV channel. Only TVCA and TV5 (owned by the main Francophone countries) are available free of charge on terrestrial broadcasts in the Bangui area.

Access to internet

15. Cybercafés – when they exist – are still the main means of access to internet in CAR. Using internet on mobile phones for sharing information is still a marginal habit as mobile networks barely support data transmission outside Bangui. 16. The lack of IT skills of the population is another limit to the development of the use of internet as a source of information (online media, blogs, and social media).

Use of mobile phones

17. The use of mobile networks is focused on interpersonal communication (voice: 92%). 18. Mobile phones are also used for listening to the radio (19%). 44% of mobile phones have FM receivers. 19. Less than a third of respondents use mobile phones for exchanging SMS. Only 0.3% consider SMS as their main source of information. Only two thirds of SMS users think that SMS are an adequate solution for providing information.

Language

20. Sango is the most commonly spoken language in CAR. French is proficient in urban and semi- urban areas of the country. 21. Communities find it is easier to express themselves in Sango or other local languages than French: community events, on air debates should be produced in Sango and local languages to ensure inclusiveness.

Media consumption trends

22. Radio is the most popular media. In Bangui, Radio Ndeke Luka, Radio Centrafrique, Radio Notre Dame (catholic) and Radio Nehemie (protestant) are the most popular Central African radio stations. RFI and BBC Afrique are the only popular international media outlets. 23. Community radios are the most popular media in most semi-urban areas. Radio Ndeke Luka is however popular in semi-urban areas where it is broadcast on FM. 24. More than 50% of the respondents consider the morning hours to be their preferred time to listen to the radio. Access to TV is limited but where people have it they tend to watch in the evening between 5pm and 8 pm (magazines and entertainment). Radio and TV are then competing for attention in the evening hours

iii 25. The following table summarizes radio news consumption preferences.

Local news Community radios National news Radio Ndeke Luka, Radio Centrafrique

International news and national news in RFI, BBC Afrique times of crisis

Sources of information

26. Radio is the main source of information: 57.1% of respondents consider radio as their main source of information and 71.4% of respondents considered radio as their main source of information before the crisis. 27. Friends, neighbors and family are the second source of information in the communities in CAR. However, during the crisis, the importance of this source of information increases significantly: from 15.9 % before the crisis to respectively 26.5% in December 2014. 28. Interpersonal communication (friends, family and neighbors) is only considered by 4.9% of respondents as the most relevant (best adapted to their needs) source of information though 26.5% of them use their relatives, friends and neighbors as their main sources of information. 29. Respondents consider radio and TV as the best adapted source of information (72% and 5.9%).

Information Needs

30. The demand for information is centered on communication about peace, reconciliation and social cohesion (main issues on which they need information for 67.8% of respondents), i.e. all the processes that could lead to more security, which is the second topic of interest for respondents (5.9%). Due to the emergency, social issues (health, education) seem less important for the moment. 31. 65% of respondents feel that they need information from humanitarian organizations. Answers show disparities between Bangui and remote areas (between 55% in Bangui area and 88% in the South East LRA affected area - area 5: Alindoa, Bangassou, Obo).The information needs are centered on peace, reconciliation and social cohesion (24.4% and 15.3% as main and second issues for respondents), modalities of humanitarian aid (17.7% and 11.9%), development (16.3% and 17.7%) and access to media (9.6% and 6.5%). The last need stems from the fact that many localities do not benefit from the existence of local media outlets as many radio stations have been closed due to looting and damage to their equipment since 2013. 32. Between 60% and 89% of respondents consider that they need information from government and local authorities. The information needs are centered on the question of peace, reconciliation and social cohesion (38.1% and 17.7% as main and second issues for respondents). Communities seem to demand more accountability on what they consider the main duties of the government in a peace consolidation process: development (12.3% and 16.5%), good governance (10.7 and 6.4%) and security (7.1% and 16%).

Key recommendations

The following recommendations aim to reduce gaps in the access to media (i.e. access to radio for communities in CAR), improve the quality of news and information content in line with information

iv needs and enhance the information exchange processes between citizen and government and between citizen and humanitarian actors.

Support the creation and the development of local radio stations in remote rural and semi-urban areas

33. Key recommendation 1: Support the creation of local radio stations in remote rural and semi- urban areas 34. Key recommendation 2: Continue to support community radios that were closed during the conflict for them to relaunch operations as quickly as possible 35. Key recommendation 3: Work to support the sustainability of community radios, by improving management, internal governance and accountability towards the community and supporting common initiatives, notably those lead by the Association of Community Radios in CAR (ARC) as the advertising market is very small.

Improve the quality of media content produced by Central African media outlets in line with information needs

The present report highlights the citizens’ demand for information related to peace, reconciliation and social cohesion. A previous Internews report on media content produced by Central African media outlets during the crisis 1 showed that the lack of professionalism and conflict sensitivity in the treatment of information gave an impression of bias in media content. Journalists were unconsciously contributing to the establishment and reinforcement of anti-Muslim stereotypes.

36. Key recommendation 4: Support training institutions on basic journalism, as capacities are weak. 37. Key recommendation 5: Organize trainings on conflict sensitive journalism 38. Key recommendation 6: Organize trainings on peace journalism 39. Key recommendation 7: Organize trainings for journalists on every step of the peace-building process (peace conference, establishment of judicial processes, elections, establishment of new institutions) 40. Key recommendation 8: Support the introduction of ICT tools for journalists to improve the collection of information and reduce costs

Improve information exchange processes with humanitarians and government/local authorities

41. Key recommendation 9: Assess communication needs of public institutions, local authorities and international and national humanitarian actors 42. Key recommendation 10: Improve information exchange processes among citizens, media and the government/local authorities, in improving communication in public institutions, organizing training on specific topics to enable journalists to report on institutions and public management and strengthening capacities in the production of participatory programs (talk shows, debates etc.) 43. Key recommendation 11: Improve information exchange processes among citizens, media and the humanitarian actors in supporting information sharing processes with the media (periodic

1 Media Content in the Central African crisis : an overview and solutions for further peace-building and governance interventions, Karim Benard-Dende, Internews, July 2014

v press conferences, for example) and media associations, sharing information with humanitarian actors on the Central African media sector and developing media campaign design skills in media associations and community radios.

vi Introduction

Context The Central African Republic (CAR) is an extremely impoverished country that has seen little development and has been politically unstable since its independence from France in 1960. The country has experienced close to two decades of conflict since 1996, including the Central African Bush Wars from 2001. In 2014, following an upsurge in violence from the previous year, CAR was ranked 185th out of 187 countries on the U.N. Human Development Index and ranked 3rd out of 178 countries on the Fund for Peace’s Failed States Index2, placing better than only South Sudan and Somalia.

The most recent upsurge of violence followed the seizure of the capital Bangui by the Séléka3, an alliance of mostly northern and mostly Muslim rebel groups representing a population that has long felt neglected by the central government, in March 2013. They were responsible for mass killings, sexual violence, and looting. Left largely without national or international protection, local civilians rose against the Séléka and formed self-defense groups, some of which coalesced into the mostly Christian and animist anti-Balaka4 militias. Similar groups had formed during the 1990s to protect the population from armed robbers and rebels. Soldiers from the Central African Armed Forces (FACA), which had been dissolved when the Séléka captured power, quickly joined the anti-Balaka fighters. The anti-Balaka group acquired powerful arms, and attacked Bangui in December 2013, weakening the Séléka, who largely left the capital in January 2014.

The conflict between anti-Balaka and Séléka militias rapidly turned into a sectarian conflict as anti- Balaka targeted Muslim communities, who were considered accomplices to the previous attacks by Séléka fighters. This tit-for-tat conflict evolved into a large-scale humanitarian crisis. Attacks against Muslims spread all over the country. However, observers5 also consider the sectarian conflict a result of decades of unscrupulous public management and conflicts. By the end of 2014, the UN and France warned about a potential genocide. In December 2013, France launched a UN-backed peacekeeping military intervention, named operation Sangaris. A regional force (Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Rwanda, Burundi and Cameroon) was deployed in the first weeks of 2014. In September 2014, the deployment of an 11,800 member, UN peacekeeping force (MINUSCA, UN Mission for Stabilization of the Central African Republic) began.

By mid-2014, as the number of skirmishes and exactions started to decrease, the conflict had resulted in the death of thousands of people, with over 550,000 internally displaced, over 134,000 refugees across the region, and almost half of the population (2.5 million out of 4.6 million) in need of assistance. The ongoing crisis has also emptied the country of Muslims. In particular, Bangui has seen its Muslim population reduced from 130,000 to under 10,000. Those Muslims who still remain survive in a few guarded enclaves around town.

2 FFP 3 Seleka means alliance in Sango, the national language. 4 Balaka means machete in Sango. 5 For example, Conflict in the Central African Republic : it is not just about religion, Liesl Louw-Vaudran, February, 26th, 2014, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria (South Africa)

1 Despite the perception that the general security situation has somewhat improved, armed groups remain in control of or still exert influence over almost all inhabited areas of CAR. The UN estimates that some 2,000 former Séléka fighters, excluding the elements remaining in Bangui, and some 1,500 militiamen associated with the anti-Balaka movement continue to pose a permanent threat to the peace, security and stability of the country, which remains de facto partitioned.

In May 2015, an agreement was signed by all armed groups during the “Forum de Bangui”, a peace conference that brought together stakeholders (armed groups, political parties, government) and civil society organizations. The electoral process is currently ongoing. Presidential elections were scheduled for October 2015 despite significant delays registered in the process and will now mostly likely take place at a later date.

Media Landscape in the Central African Republic The media and communications infrastructure in CAR is very limited in capacity and faces many challenges on both the supply and demand sides. On the supply side, the media landscape is characterized by a lack of security, distribution networks, qualified human resources, financial capability and equipment. The lack of power supply and the size of the market in rural and semi-urban areas are major constraints to the development of sustainable information and communication infrastructure6. On the demand side, the audience is generally inaccessible due to low literacy rates, lack of reliable telephone networks, and high poverty rates (lack of financial means). As a result, outside of the capital Bangui, very few households own televisions or computers, and Internet access is extremely limited. The production and distribution of print media also occurs exclusively in Bangui. On a national scale, though Central Africans employ a moderate use of mobile phones as a means of accessing traditional channels such as radio and voice/SMS services, telephone networks are unreliable at best. As is the case elsewhere in Sub-Saharan Africa, FM radio is the dominant medium in CAR.

The capacities of media outlets have been severely damaged during the crisis. Before the conflict (December 2014), there were 29 functioning radio stations in CAR. In July 2014, only 13 were operational and only three of them produced news (Radio Centrafrique, Radio Ndeke Luka and Radio Notre Dame7). Many stations were looted and stopped broadcasting as a direct result of the conflict. The situation is slowly improving because of international support: nearly half of the damaged radio stations are broadcasting again and new local radios have been created in some remote areas. However, human capacities are still insufficient to produce high quality news content. In the capital city Bangui, only three (Radio Centrafrique, Radio Ndeke Luka, Radio Notre Dame8) were producing news and information at the end of 2014.

The Central African media landscape is thus characterized by a concentration of media in the capital. Even though FM stations exist, many people live in rural areas inaccessible to FM coverage and are limited to shortwave broadcasts, which is also fairly limited (only Radio ICDI in Boali has a short wave

6 Etat des Lieux: services financiers et communication en milieu rural en République Centrafricaine, Karim Benard-Dende, World Bank, 2011 7 Media Content in the Central African crisis : an overview and solutions for further peace-building and governance interventions, Karim Benard-Dende, Internews, July 2014 8 Radio Centrafrique is the public broadcaster, Radio Ndeke Luka is supported by Fondation Hirondelle, a Swiss NGO, and Radio Notre Dame is owned by the Catholic Church.

2 transmitter and rebroadcasts Radio Ndeke Luka and RJDH programs). The state-run Radio Centrafrique only broadcasts via FM in the capital Bangui since its shortwave transmitter with country-wide reach was destroyed during the conflict9. While French broadcaster Radio France Internationale (RFI) is very popular across French-speaking Africa, it does not provide local news affecting communities across the country. Most community radio stations are affiliated with the Catholic Church or Protestant religious communities. Community radios are organized for collaborative production and capacity building activities by an effective the Community Radios Association ARC (Association des Radios Communautaires, Centrafrique10), which was established in 2009.

Internews conducted research on news and information content broadcast by local media outlets in Bangui in April 2014. The study acknowledged a “quasi absence of hate speech in radio content” but identified a strong element of bias in the treatment of information related to the conflict demonstrating a lack of sensitivity to the conflict”11 . The lack of professionalism (use of unchecked, second hand sources and sensationalism) and the lack of conflict sensitive treatment of news gave the impression of bias in favor of Christian communities. This impression was reinforced by the fact that most Central Africans journalists had limited access to Muslims community leaders and no access to Muslims victims.

CAR lacks a functional framework for the regulation of the media sector. Although, in 1998, the law established the High Council for Communication (Haut Conseil de la Communication - HCC) as the public media regulator to be run by media professionals, the HCC currently lacks the organizational capacity and professional credibility to be fully operational and effective. Further, although the transitional HCC was re-established in May 2014 following the looting of its office in 2013, no resources have thus far been committed to restore its operations. The self-regulatory body (Observatoire des Médias Centrafricains –OMCA) has suffered from a lack of resources since before the crisis. The organization is an association of journalists, who do not have sufficient income themselves to give financial support to such an organization. Most media professionals’ organizations in CAR – except ARC – lack financial resources and institutional capacities12.

Although the media legal framework is designed to protect journalists and guarantees a relative freedom of expression, journalists have faced a high threat level (harassment, intimidation, and physical violence) since the beginning of the crisis13. It is in this context that CAR’s freedom of the press ranking steadily declined in 201414.

99 Radio Centrafrique: Institutional and Technical Assessment – May 2014, Karim Benard-Dende, Internews, 2014: https://www.internews.org/sites/default/files/resources/Internews_Radio_Centrafrique_assessment_ENG_20 14-07.PDF 10 http://arc-radios-communautaires.net 11 Page 39, Media Content in the Central African crisis : an overview and solutions for further peace-building and governance interventions, Karim Benard-Dende, Internews, July 2014 https://www.internews.org/sites/default/files/resources/Internews_Final_report_CAR_media_ENG_2014- 07.PDF 12 For more information on MPOs : see RCA, Etats des Lieux des Médias Centrafricains, Marie-Soleil Frère, Pascal Chirhalwirwa, Pierre Martinot and Johanna Rey, Institut Panos Europe, April 2015 13 Histoires de courage: des journalistes centrafricains témoignent, IMS and Institut Panos Europe, April 2015 14 Freedom House Freedom of the Press ranking: from 62 on 2013 to 72 in 2014.Reporters without Borders Press Index: 65th in 2013 to 109th in 2014

The lack of an organized advertising market keeps media outlets in a very precarious situation. The wages of Central African journalists are very low. Moreover, most of them have never signed a formal contract with their employers. Most journalists accept bribes or “brown envelopes”15 to cover stories, as many are not paid regularly. Brown envelopes are however less common in rural areas. Most journalists have never been formally trained, although a journalism department was established at the University of Bangui in 2009. International media development organizations provide the only capacity building support for journalists and Central African media outlets.

Internews in CAR In February 2014, Internews began its most recent project in CAR to ease the humanitarian situation by providing affected populations with information that can protect their lives and livelihoods; as well as providing citizens with information and civic education to prepare for a return to constitutional order, effective government, and civil peace. Internews’ work in CAR is funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the US State Department Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (DRL) and the U.N. Common Humanitarian Fund (CHF). Previously, Internews has run several media assistance projects in CAR funded by USAID, the United States Institute of Peace (USIP), the U.K. Department for International Development’s (DFID) Humanitarian Innovation Fund (HIF), and the U.S. Department of State.

Building Capacity of Local Partners Internews is working with the local Association of Journalists for Human Rights (RJDH by its French acronym) and its network of community correspondents to produce daily news bulletins that are distributed to radio stations and to a list of over 1,300 recipients. RJDH also shares its content on Twitter and Facebook16. Internews is providing training and mentoring to journalists of the RJDH and local correspondents with a special focus on conflict-sensitive journalism, election coverage and gender issues. Internews and RJDH are also producing and broadcasting though their network of Community Radio Stations and on shortwave daily radio shows in French and Sango as part of a strategy to strengthen a multi-media national news service with news and information from across the country.

Building Radio Stations Internews has worked with the diverse communities in Bambari, a flashpoint in the CAR crisis, to build a new multi-confessional radio station called Lego ti la Ouaka (Voice of Ouaka) which began broadcasting at the end of February 2015 . Beginning in December 2014, Internews revived contacts with the local community and obtained guarantees of community support for the multi-confessional radio station, negotiated with a private operator to use the technical equipment, and obtained legal authorization to broadcast on an FM frequency in Bambari. Internews is also assessing in coordination with other media development organizations needs and possibilities for building or rehabilitating other radio stations across the country.

Mapping Radio Coverage

15 Named ‘frais de transport’ (transport fees) or gombo, a very popular meal in the Central African Republic 16 http://rjdh.org

4 In collaboration with UNOCHA, iMMAP, and local partners, Internews produced and continues to update a map showing the status and coverage of all the community, confessional, commercial, and state-owned radios that currently exist in CAR. The latest map was published in March 2015. It was developed with the goal of mapping the local radio landscape and visualizing their footprints as an information and coordination tool not just for organizations like Internews that support local media, but also for humanitarian organizations, to better plan and focus response efforts, including the dissemination of information, also known as Communications with Affected Communities (CwC).

Monitoring the Media The preliminary assessment by the Internews start-up team in CAR identified an acute need for reliable data on media output, notably in the capital, Bangui. There were recurrent allegations of biased content against one community or another, of incitements to violence, and other forms of ‘hate speech’ on local media. As a result, in partnership with the Central African Media Observatory (OMCA by its French acronym) and other media development organizations, Internew implemented a rapid monitoring program in Bangui to provide actual data on media content. This initiative not only helped to identify and advocate against possible ‘hate speech,’ but also developed a baseline for future conflict sensitive journalism programs. This intervention was based on a well-tested Internews monitoring methodology developed for local language radio stations in potential high conflict regions in Kenya.

CDAC Network Common Needs Assessment

In 2014, three Media Development agencies (MDAs) of the Communication with Disaster Affected Communities (CDAC) Network –Internews, BBC Media Action, and International Media Support (IMS) –came together to develop a suite of common tools for conducting information needs access to communication channels assessments and assess the status of the damage to the local media infrastructure following a disaster. These are based on questionnaires used by Internews in its information needs assessments.

In order to implement the National Assessment on Access to Media in the Central African Republic context, Internews customized and translated into French the CDAC Affected Population Questionnaire17, using it to conduct face-to-face interviews with Central Africans across the country

17 Assessing Information and Communication Needs: A Quick and Easy Guide for Those Working in Humanitarian Response (July 2014): www.cdacnetwork.org/tools-and-resources/i/20140721173332-ihw5g

5 Key Findings

Data and information collected show the importance of radio in semi-urban/rural areas as well as in urban areas. In the Central African Republic, television has not taken an important market share of the news and information market yet because of the quasi-absence of power supply facilities outside the Boali-Bangui area. In December 2014, after two years of conflict, the demand for information in the communities is centered on news on peace, reconciliation processes and security.

Access to information

Key findings 1

Radio is by far the number one media and source of information in the Central African Republic: 71% of men and women listen to radio. In December 2014, 71% consider that radio is the main source of information.

Newspapers and magazines are not distributed outside the central region. Only second hand magazines or some copies of newspapers are irregularly sent to the biggest towns.

Terrestrial TV broadcasts are available only in Bangui from the state run TVCA and TV 5 (TV channel owned by the main francophone countries). TVCA not broadcast outside Bangui since the transmitter was damaged in 2013 during looting in Bangui. Other channels are available through the subscription satellite-delivered pay-TV platforms that are not affordable for most Central Africans.

Key findings 2

The lack of access to media is widespread. Nearly 75% of respondents answered that the lack of access to radio is the main reason for not listening to radio and 78.7% of respondents declared that the absence of access to TV and the fact that they do not possess a TV were the main reason. The illiteracy rate (39%) and the lack of reliable distribution system (27.7%) are the main reason explaining the low consumption of print press.

Key findings 3

Outside Bangui, access to TV can be considered a luxury as only satellite pay TV is available. France 24, which is only available on satellite, is the most popular of these TV channels. TVCA and TV5, which are available in Bangui on free terrestrial broadcasts, are respectively the second and the third most popular channels.

Key findings 4

Despite the development of mobile networks, access to internet is rare and not affordable for most Central Africans. Mobile networks barely support data transmission outside Bangui. Other solutions are too expensive for most people.

In Bangui, the quality of the connection through USB modems makes internet access affordable to more people. Men and women are able to use their personal computers to connect (38.6% of internet

6 users). Others use cybercafés (36.5%) and their mobile phones (25%). However, at a national level, cybercafés – when they exist - are the main means of accessing internet.

The lack of IT skills in the population is another limitation to the development of the use of internet and associated cheap sources of information (online media, blogs, and social media).

Key findings 5

The use of mobile networks is focused on interpersonal communication (voice: 92%). Mobile phone are also used for listening to the radio (19% of second type of use). Using internet on mobile phones for sharing information is still a marginal habit. SMS is the second type of use of a mobile phone for less than a third of the respondents, who mostly consider them as interpersonal communication tools rather than as a broader source of information, although their use for this very purpose increased during times of crisis. Only 0.3% considered SMS as their main source of information and 2.7% as their secondary source of information. Even amongst SMS users, only two thirds think that SMS are a suitable tools for providing information.

Communicating with Communities: Language

Key findings 6

Communicating in the national common language Sango and in French is efficient in urban and semi- urban areas. Only respondents living in the less accessible area (Obo) stressed the necessity for the media to communicate in their local language (Zande – 22%). Due to logistics, Birao was not included in Enumeration Areas (EAs), but there is a high probability this region would produce similar results. The readiness to receive information and to write in Sango seems a strong indicator of integration in the Central African nation: only communities feeling neglected by the central government show a significant desire to see their local language spoken in the public space. In Bangui, with a generally more educated population, respondents show a higher preference for communication in Sango than in outlying areas. This is true even for modern means of communication like SMS. However, this may be explained by the fact that the use of SMS is more wide-spread in the population in Bangui than in semi-urbans areas.

Key findings 7

Members of the communities find it is easier to express themselves in Sango or any other local language than in French: community events, on air debates should preferably be in Sango and local languages to ensure inclusiveness.

Very few members of communities consider French as their most fluently spoken language but a significant part of the middle class urban population use French as their first language (4.4% of respondents consider that French is their most fluently spoken language while 10.9% consider French as the language they use first and foremost). French is a second or third language after Sango and competes in daily life with local languages, notably Gbaya at the national level.

7 Sharing Information with or within the community: Media consumption trends

Most Popular radio stations

20 Preference 1 15 Preference 2 Preference 3 10

* Other: Voice of America, Deutsche Welle, Africa n°1, RTS, Radio Vatican, China Radio International, Radio Linga, Radio Nehemie, Hit radio, Radio ESCA, Radio Maigaro, Radio Linga Bambari, Radio Jericho, Radio Mbari, Voix de la Paix, Tropiques FM

26 Television

Television 25% of the total population (min 15 years old) have access to television

The only Central African television is the state-run TVCA, which is only accessible in Bangui, free of charge, via terrestrial broadcasts. The only way to access other channels is by paying for satellite TV reception, which is beyond the financial means of most Central Africans. People who have access to television are therefore concentrated in Bangui.

Main reason for not watching TV

1.7 No access/do not 3.4 1.7 possess (78.7%) 4.3 No signal (9.5%) 9.5

No power source (4.3%)

Dislike TV or programming (3.4%)

Don't have time (1.7%)

78.7 TV out of service (1.7%)

27 Main TV watching location

3.81.4 At home (58.7%)

At a friend or relative's house (35.9%) 35.9

58.7 Public place (3.8%)

Other (1.4%)

Preferred TV watching language

1.6 Sango (13.7%) 0.6 13.7

French (84.1%)

English (1.6%)

Other: Banda, 84.1 Souma (<1%)

28 TV watching time preferences during the day 60

0 Early morning Morning (8AM - Midday (11AM Afternoon Evening (5PM - Late Evening Night (11PM - (5AM - 8AM) 11AM) - 2PM) (2PM - 5PM) 8PM) (8PM - 11PM) 5AM)

Preference 1 Preference 2

Frequency of TV watching

Everyday or almost 1.6 everyday (67.8%) 1.9 At least once a week 28.6 (28.6%)

At least once a month (1.6%) 67.8 Less than once a month (1.9%)

29 Most Popular TV Channels 30

0 France TVCA TV5 Canal+ Africa Afrique Novela STV 1 CRTV TF1 Canal 2 Vox Other * 24 24 Media and 2 Africa

Preference 1 Preference 2 Preference 3

* Other: Start Series, TF6, Action, Télé Tchad, LC2, AB3, RTL, SYFY, LCI

30 Print Press

Print press readers 29% of the total population (min 15 years old) read newspapers and magazines

Daily newspapers are not distributed outside Bangui. Outside Bangui, only second-hand newspapers and magazines are available.

Reason for not reading print media

2.3

Illiterate (39.3%) 8.7

Not available in my language (2.9%) 19.1 39.3 Not available(27.7%)

Unaffordable (19.1%)

Unneccessary (8.7%) 2.9 27.7 DK/NA (2.3%)

Reason for not reading print media

7.8 2 French (90.2%)

Sango (7.8%)

Other: English Kaba, Pana, 90.2 Nzakara, Langbassi, etc. (2%)

31 Most popular print media

180

160

140

120 Preference 100 3 Preference 2 80

32 Access to information: access to internet and mobile networks (online media, social media and interpersonal communication)

Access to Internet

Internet users 10% of the total population (min 15 years old) use internet

Reason for not using internet 1200

1000

800 Reason 3 Reason 2 600 Reason 1

400

200

33 Frequency of internet use

2 Everyday (26.2%) 8.7 26.2 6.7 At least once a week (56.4%)

At least once every two weeks (6.7%)

At least once a month (8.7%)

Less than once a month 56.4 (2%)

Means to access internet

Mean 3 40 Mean 2 Mean 1 30

0 Cyber café Mobile Personal Work Personal Other DK/NA phone computer computer computer (laptop) (desktop)

34 Mobile phones

Mobile phones users 55% of the total population (min 15 years old) use mobile phones

Main reason for not using a mobile phone

2.1 No phone (72.9%) 3.7 3.7 5.3 Phone not working (12.2%) 12.2 No money/no credit (5.3%) No batteries (3.7%)

No network (3.7%) 72.9 Other (2.1%)

Type of mobile use 700

600

500

400

Type of use 3 300

200 Type of use 2

100 Type of use 1 0

35 Mobile phone capabilities 600

500

400 Capability 3 300 Capability 2 Capability 1 200

100

0 FM radio Internet Bluetooth No DK/NA Other receiver access advanced capabilities Preferred language for receiving SMS

3.4 French (78.5%)

17 Sango (17%)

English (1%)

78.5 Other: Gbaya, Zandé, Arabic (percentage<1%, 3,4%)

36 Sources of Information in communities (before and after the crisis)

Sources of information since the beginning of the crisis

Radio Friends/neighbors/family Phone call Television Loud speakers Religious leaders Newspaper/magazine Community events Primary Text message/SMS Secondary Community leaders Internet Tertiary Pamphlet/poster/advertisements Government or administration officials International forces Meetings or gatherings Other Humanitarians

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Sources of information before the crisis

Radio Friends/neighbors/family Television Government or administration officials Phone call Religious leaders Loud speakers Newspaper/magazine Primary Text message/SMS Secondary Internet Tertiary Community leaders Pamphlet/Poster/Advertisement Community events Humanitarians National forces Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

37 Sources of information respondents considered best adapted to their needs

Radio DK/NA Television Friends/neighbors/family Phone call Internet Community leaders Religious leaders Newspapers/Magazines Primary Meetings or gatherings Secondary Text message/SMS Tertiary Loud speakers Pamphlet/poster/advertisement Humanitarians Community events National forces International forces Other

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

38 Information needs and information provision gaps

Top three subjects where information is needed in the communities

Peace, reconciliation, social cohesion Security General information Development Good governance Disarmament Civic education Acces to media Education Health Main issue Elections Second issue DK/NA Third issue Rule of Law Sport Humanitarian aid Jobs Religion Food security Humanitarian principles Return of IDPs

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

39 Top three subjects where information is expected to be delivered by humanitarians

Peace, reconciliation, social cohesion Humanitarian aid Development Access to media Jobs Disarmament Good governance Health Security Main issue Civic education Second issue Humanitarian priniciples Third issue Food security Education General news Rule of Law Return of IDPs DK/NA Elections

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Top three subjects where information is expected to be delivered by government

Peace, reconciliation, social cohesion Development Good governance Access to media Security Disarmament Elections Rule of law Civic education Education Main issue Humanitarian aid Second issue Health Third issue Jobs General news Return of IDPs Food security DK/NA Religion Sport Humanitarian principles 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

40 Survey Snapshot – by Areas

Area 1: Bangui and suburbs

Basic Demographic Data – Respondents Gender Men 55% Women 45%

Employment Status Active 49,9% Student 29,5% Inactive/Unemployed 15,3% Retired 5,1%

Education level No school 7% At least some primary school 19% At least some secondary school 59% At least some university 16%

Ability to read First Language: Ability to read 86% Sango: 39% French : 60% Other: 1%

Ability to write First Language: Ability to write 83% Sango: 37% French : 63% Other: 0%

Language spoken the most fluently

Others

Yakoma

Banda

Gbaya

French

Sango

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Residence status

IDP living in a camp

Displaced at a relative or a friend

Displaced living in the bush

At a relative or friend's house

At my house

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

41 Access to media – Radio listeners

Media Consumption habits Radio: 81% TV: 41% Internet: 42% Print Press: 20%

Language listening radio Frequency of Radio listening Sango 40% Everyday or almost French 40% everyday 86% Arabic 0% At least once a week 14% Other 0% Less than once a NA 20% week 0%

Main radio listening location At home 82% At a friend or relative's place 11% On my mobile phone 4% Other 2% At work 1%

Reason for not listening to radio No access to radio 69% Radio is damaged 6% I don't have time 13% Dislike radio/distrust programming 8% No power source 3% DK/NA 1% Programming not in my language 0% Other 0%

Radio listening time preferences during the day 50%

45%

40%

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

0% Early morning Morning (8AM - Midday (11AM Afternoon Evening (5PM - Late Evening Night (11PM - (5AM - 8AM) 11AM) - 2PM) (2PM - 5PM) 8PM) (8PM - 11PM) 5AM)

Preference 1 Preference 2

42 Most popular radios

Other Deutsche Welle Voice of America BBC Afrique RFI Radio ESCA Radio Nehemie Radio Notre Dame Radio Centrafrique Radio Ndeke Luka 0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0% 120.0%

Preference 1 Preference 2 Preference 3

Access to information and interpersonal communication –mobile phones

Mobile users Mobile phones capabilities Yes with FM radio receiver 85,1% Yes 68% difficulties 5% No 27% Internet access 0,5% Bluetooth 2,0% Reason for not using mobile phones No advanced capabilities 12,4% No phone 69% Phone not working 20% Preferred Language for SMS No money/no credit 2% Sango 89% No batteries 3% French 10% No network 2% Other (Arabic, Zande) 1% No SIM card 3% Other 1%

Use of mobile phones

Money transfer

Taking/sending/receiving photos

Recording/sending/receiving videos

Internet access to email/social media

Listening to the radio

Sending/receiving SMS/MMS

Recording and save songs/sounds

Running errands

Receiving news

Calling/receiving calls

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Type of use 1 Type of use 2 Type of use 3

38 Communication channels

Sources of information before the crisis

Radio Friends/neighbors/family Phone call Television Loud speakers Religious leaders Newspaper/magazine Community events Text message/SMS Humanitarians Community leaders Internet Pamphlet/poster/advertisements Government or administration officials International forces Meetings or gatherings Other

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Sources of information after the crisis

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Primary Secondary Tertiary

39 Best adapted source of information

Radio Television Friends/neighbors/family Phone call Internet Community leaders Religious leaders Newspapers/Magazines Meetings or gatherings Text message/SMS Loud speakers Pamphlet/poster/advertisement Humanitarians Community events National forces/ public servants International forces Other

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Information needs

Information needs - general

Peace, reconciliation, social cohesion Security General information Development Good governance Disarmament Civic education Acces to media Education Health Elections Rule of Law Sport Humanitarian aid Jobs Religion Food security Humanitarian principles Return of IDPs 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Main issue Second issue Third issue

40 Information needs – from humanitarians

Peace, reconciliation, social cohesion Humanitarian aid Development Access to media Jobs Disarmament Good governance Health Security Civic education Humanitarian priniciples Food security Education General news Rule of Law Return of IDPs Elections

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Main issue Second issue Third issue

55% of respondents think that they need information from humanitarian organizations.

Information needs – from government and local authorities

Peace, reconcilitation, social cohesion Development Good governance Access to media Security Disarmament Elections Rule of Law Civic education Education Humanitarian aid Health Jobs General news Return of IDPs Food security Religion Sport Humanitarian principles 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Main issue Second issue Third issue

68% of respondents think that they need information from government and local authorities.

41 Area 2: North West (Bossangoa, Bouar, Bozoum and Paoua)

Basic Demographic Data – Respondents Gender Men 49% Women 51%

Employment Status Active 78,9% Student 9,0% Inactive/Unemployed 8,7% Retired 1,7%

Education level No school 35% At least some primary school 37% At least some secondary school 25% At least some university 3%

Ability to read First Language: Ability to read 48% Sango: 57% French : 43% Other: 0%

Ability to write First Language: Ability to write 45% Sango: 41% French : 59% Other: 0%

Language spoken the most fluently

Other

Yakoma

Banda

Gbaya

French

Sango

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Residence status

IDP living in a camp

Displaced at a relative or a friend

Displaced living in the bush

At a relative or friend's house

At my house

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

42 Access to media – Radio listeners

Media Consumption habits Radio: 70% TV: 10% Internet: 3% Print Press 19%

Language listening radio Frequency of Radio listening Sango 45% Everyday or almost French 37% everyday 90% Arabic 0% At least once a week 8% Other 0% Less than once a NA 17% week 2%

Main radio listening location At home 87% At a friend or relative's place 13% On my mobile phone 0% Other 0% At work 0%

Reason for not listening to radio No access to radio 85% Radio is damaged 4% I don't have time 2% Dislike radio/distrust programming 0% No power source 1% DK/NA 8% Programming not in my language 1% Other 0%

Radio listening time preferences during the day 45%

40%

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

0% Early morning Morning (8AM - Midday (11AM Afternoon Evening (5PM - Late Evening Night (11PM - (5AM - 8AM) 11AM) - 2PM) (2PM - 5PM) 8PM) (8PM - 11PM) 5AM)

Preference 1 Preference 2

43 Most popular radios

Radio Siriri La Voix de I'Ouham BBC Afrique RFI Radio ICDI (short wave) Radio Maigaro Radio Centrafrique Radio Ndeke Luka

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0%

Preference 1 Preference 2 Preference 3

Access to information and interpersonal communication –mobile phones

Mobile users Mobile phones capabilities Yes with FM radio receiver 78,5% Yes 31% difficulties 5% No 64% Internet access 2,8% Bluetooth 1,9% Reason for not using mobile phones No advanced capabilities 16,8% No phone 71% Phone not working 11% Preferred Language for SMS No money/no credit 4% Sango 25% No batteries 3% French 74% No network 11% Other (Arabic, Gbaya) 1% No SIM card 0% Other 1%

Use of mobile phones

Money transfer

Taking/sending/receiving photos

Recording/sending/receiving videos

Internet access to email/social media

Listening to the radio

Sending/receiving SMS/MMS

Recording and save songs/sounds

Running errands

Receiving news

Calling/receiving calls

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Type of use 1 Type of use 2 Type of use 3

44 Communication channels

Sources of information before the crisis

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Sources of information after the crisis

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

Primary Secondary Tertiary

45 Best adapted source of information

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Information needs

Information needs - general

Main issue Second issue Third issue

46 Information needs – from humanitarians

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Main issue Second issue Third issue

86% of respondents think that they need information from humanitarian organizations.

Information needs – from government and local authorities

Main issue Second issue Third issue

90% of respondents think that they need information from government and local authorities.

Area 3: South West (Berberati, Nola, Mbaiki)

Basic Demographic Data – Respondents Gender Men 53% Women 47%

Employment Status Active 75,6% Student 13,4% Inactive/Unemployed 9,8% Retired 1,2%

Education level No school 12% At least some primary school 41% At least some secondary school 44% At least some university 3%

Ability to read First Language: Ability to read 59% Sango: 25% French : 75% Other: 0%

Ability to write First Language: Ability to write 59% Sango: 19% French : 81% Other: 0%

Language spoken the most fluently

Others

Yakoma

Banda

Gbaya

French

Sango

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Residence status

IDP living in a camp

Displaced at a relative or a friend

Displaced living in the bush

At a relative or friend's house

At my house

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

48 Access to media – Radio listeners

Media Consumption habits Radio: 55% TV: 25% Internet: 2% Print Press: 14%

Language listening radio Frequency of Radio listening Sango 44% Everyday or almost French 32% everyday 70% Arabic 0% At least once a week 29% Other 0% Less than once a NA 18% week 1%

Main radio listening location At home 80% At a friend or relative's place 18% On my mobile phone 0% Other 1% At work 1%

Reason for not listening to radio No access to radio 72% Radio is damaged 20% I don't have time 3% Dislike radio/distrust programming 1% No power source 2% DK/NA 1% Programming not in my language 0% Other 0%

Radio listening time preferences during the day 45%

40%

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

0% Early morning Morning (8AM - Midday (11AM Afternoon Evening (5PM - Late Evening Night (11PM - (5AM - 8AM) 11AM) - 2PM) (2PM - 5PM) 8PM) (8PM - 11PM) 5AM)

Preference 1 Preference 2

49 Most popular radios

Other Radio Zoukpana Radio Kuli Ndunga BBC Afrique RFI Radio Nehemie Radio Notre Dame Radio Centrafrique Radio Ndeke Luka 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0%

Preference 1 Preference 2 Preference 3

Radio Ndeke Luka news and information are accessible Radio ICDI short wave service (1 hour per day), Radio Notre Dame and Radio Nehemie are not available in these areas.

Access to information and interpersonal communication –mobile phones

Mobile users Mobile phones capabilities Yes with FM radio receiver 61,5% Yes 42% difficulties 2% No 56% Internet access 2,9% Bluetooth 7,7% Reason for not using mobile phones No advanced capabilities 2,9% No phone 79% Phone not working 8% Preferred Language for SMS No money/no credit 6% Sango 27% No batteries 5% French 72% No network 1% Other (Arabic, Gbaya) 1% No SIM card 0% Other 1%

Use of mobile phones

Money transfer

Taking/sending/receiving photos

Recording/sending/receiving videos

Internet access to email/social media

Listening to the radio

Sending/receiving SMS/MMS

Recording and save songs/sounds

Running errands

Receiving news

Calling/receiving calls

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

Type of use 1 Type of use 2 Type of use 3

50 Communication channels

Sources of information before the crisis

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Sources of information after the crisis

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

Primary Secondary Tertiary

51 Best adapted source of information

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% 180%

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Information needs

Information needs - general

Peace, reconciliation, social cohesion Security General information Development Good governance Disarmament Civic education Acces to radio/TV Education Health Elections DK/NA Rule of Law Sport Humanitarian aid Jobs Religion Food security Humanitarian principles Return of IDPs 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

Main issue Second issue Third issue

52 Information needs – from humanitarians

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Main issue Second issue Third issue

81% of respondents think that they need information from humanitarian organizations.

Information needs – from government and local authorities

Main issue Second issue Third issue

43% of respondents think that they need information from government and local authorities.

Area 4: Central (Bambari, Bria, Ndele, Kaga Bandoro)

Basic Demographic Data – Respondents Gender Men 49% Women 51%

Employment Status Active 78,1% Student 10,8% Inactive/Unemployed 13,3% Retired 0,8%

Education level No school 20% At least some primary school 34% At least some secondary school 40% At least some university 6%

Ability to read First Language: Ability to read 65% Sango: 32% French : 50% Other: 18%

Ability to write First Language: Ability to write 62% Sango: 46% French : 54% Other: 0%

Language spoken the most fluently

Others (Banda, Yakoma, Zande, …)

French

Sango

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Residence status

IDP living in a camp

Displaced at a relative or a friend

Displaced living in the bush

At a relative or friend's house

At my house

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

54 Access to media – Radio listeners

Media Consumption habits Radio: 66% TV: 12% Internet: 5% Print Press : 26%

Language listening radio Frequency of Radio listening Sango 52% Everyday or almost French 46% everyday 81% Arabic 1% At least once a week 18% Other 1% Less than once a NA 0% week 1%

Main radio listening location At home 84% At a friend or relative's place 15% On my mobile phone 0% Other 0% At work 1%

Reason for not listening to radio No access to radio 89% Radio is damaged 1% I don't have time 13% Dislike radio/distrust programming 2% No power source 3% DK/NA 0% Programming not in my language 1% Other 0%

Radio listening time preferences during the day 70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0% Early morning Morning (8AM - Midday (11AM Afternoon Evening (5PM - Late Evening Night (11PM - (5AM - 8AM) 11AM) - 2PM) (2PM - 5PM) 8PM) (8PM - 11PM) 5AM)

Preference 1 Preference 2

55 Most popular radios

Other Radio ICDI (short wave) Radio Be Oko BBC Afrique RFI Radio Baragbake Radio Centrafrique Radio Ndeke Luka

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0% 100.0%

Preference 1 Preference 2 Preference 3

Access to information and interpersonal communication –mobile phones

Mobile users Mobile phones capabilities Yes with FM radio receiver 70,3% Yes 47% difficulties 5% No 48% Internet access 5,1% Bluetooth 5,1% Reason for not using mobile phones No advanced capabilities 18,6% No phone 74% Phone not working 8% Preferred Language for SMS No money/no credit 0% Sango 29% No batteries 5% French 71% No network 8% Other (Arabic, Zande) 0% No SIM card 5% Other 1%

Use of mobile phones

Money transfer

Taking/sending/receiving photos

Recording/sending/receiving videos

Internet access to email/social media

Listening to the radio

Sending/receiving SMS/MMS

Recording and save songs/sounds

Running errands

Receiving news

Calling/receiving calls

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

Type of use 1 Type of use 2 Type of use 3

56 Communication channels

Sources of information before the crisis

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Sources of information after the crisis

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Primary Secondary Tertiary

57 Best adapted source of information

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Information needs

Information needs - general

Main issue Second issue Third issue

58 Information needs – from humanitarians

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Main issue Second issue Third issue

76% of respondents think that they need information from humanitarian organizations.

Information needs – from government and local authorities

Peace, reconciliation, social cohesion Development Good governance Access to media Security Disarmament Elections Rule of Law Civic education Education Humanitarian aid Health Jobs General news Return of IDPs Food security Religion Sport Humanitarian principles 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

Main issue Second issue Third issue

68% of respondents think that they need information from government and local authorities.

Area 5: South East (Obo, Bangassou, Alindao) Basic Demographic Data – Respondents Gender Men 53% Women 47%

Employment Status Active 79,0% Student 15,9% Inactive/Unemployed 4,3% Retired 0,7%

Education level No school 17% At least some primary school 42% At least some secondary school 37% At least some university 4%

Ability to read First Language: Ability to read 59% Sango: 45% French : 55% Other: 0%

Ability to write First Language: Ability to write 57% Sango: 32% French : 46% Zande*: 22% *Zande: exclusively in Obo Language spoken the most fluently

Autres (Ngbougou, Pana)

Yakoma

Nzakara

Anglais

Francais

Zande*

Sango

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0%

*Zande: exclusively in Obo

Residence status

IDP living in a camp

Displaced at a relative or a friend

Displaced living in the bush

At a relative or friend's house

At my house

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

60 Access to media – Radio listeners

Media Consumption habits Radio: 57% TV: 8% Internet: 4% Print Press: 20%

Language listening radio Frequency of Radio listening Sango 40% Everyday or almost French 40% everyday 82% Zande* 0% At least once a week 18% Other 0% Less than once a NA 20% week 0% *Zande : exclusively in Obo (Radio Zereda) Main radio listening location At home 81% At a friend or relative's place 19% On my mobile phone 0% Other 0% At work 0%

Reason for not listening to radio No access to radio 79% Radio is damaged 9% I don't have time 2% Dislike radio/distrust programming 0% No power source 7% DK/NA 0% Programming not in my language 4% Other 0%

Radio listening time preferences during the day 80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0% Early morning Morning (8AM - Midday (11AM Afternoon Evening (5PM - Late Evening Night (11PM - (5AM - 8AM) 11AM) - 2PM) (2PM - 5PM) 8PM) (8PM - 11PM) 5AM)

Preference 1 Preference 2

61 Most popular radios

Autres (Radio Vatican…) Voice of America Deutsche Welle Radio Zereda Radio ICDI (short wave) BBC Afrique RFI Radio Beoko Radio Centrafrique Radio Ndeke Luka 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Preference 1 Preference 2 Preference 3

Radio Zereda (community radio) only broadcast from Obo (and +/- 100 km around the city) Radio Centrafrique did not broadcast in short wave in 2014. Its SW transmitter was damaged during 2013 lootings in Bangui.

Access to information and interpersonal communication –mobile phones

Mobile users Mobile phones capabilities Yes with FM radio receiver 68,6% Yes 68% difficulties 5% No 27% Internet access 2,0% Bluetooth 11,8% Reason for not using mobile phones No advanced capabilities 17,6% No phone 80% Phone not working 10% Preferred Language for SMS No money/no credit 1% Sango 28% No batteries 5% French 65% No network 1% Zande* 7% No SIM card 4% *Zande : exclusively in Obo Other 0%

Use of mobile phones

Money transfer

Taking/sending/receiving photos

Recording/sending/receiving videos

Internet access to email/social media

Listening to the radio

Sending/receiving SMS/MMS

Recording and save songs/sounds

Running errands

Receiving news

Calling/receiving calls

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

Type of use 1 Type of use 2 Type of use 3

62 Communication channels

Sources of information before the crisis

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Sources of information after the crisis

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Primary Secondary Tertiary

63 Best adapted source of information

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Information needs

Information needs - general

Peace, reconciliation, social cohesion Security General information Development Good governance Disarmament Civic education Acces to radio/TV Education Health Elections DK/NA Restoration of state authority Sport Humanitarian aid Jobs Religion Food stuffs Humanitarian principles Return of IDPs 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

Main issue Second issue Third issue

64 Information needs – from humanitarians

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%

Main issue Second issue Third issue

88% of respondents think that they need information from humanitarian organizations.

Information needs – from government and local authorities

Main issue Second issue Third issue

83% of respondents think that they need information from government and local authorities.

65 Annexes

66 Annex I: Methodology

General Internews commissioned a nationally representative media and information survey including the first audience survey of its kind conducted in CAR. The survey measured access to media, listening habits, and information needs of the Central African population in 14 of 16 préfectures. Internews was clearly identified as the organization conducting the survey. Each of the locations currently has or formerly had an operational radio station, except Ndele and Bozoum. This study provides a baseline to measure progress of the population’s access to media, understand information needs of affected populations, and identify both humanitarian response gaps in terms of Communicating with Communities (CwC).

The specific objectives of the study include the following: 1. To determine the information gaps of different communities in CAR 2. To determine the most effective way that humanitarians and government/local authorities can communicate with communities affected by different crises across CAR 3. To determine the most efficient manner to address communication needs within the communities throughout the country

This section highlights the methods and sampling of the study, as well as the fieldwork and questionnaire design. This is followed by a brief discussion of the data analysis and limitations of the study.

Sampling The study included a national sample supported by three locations in markets of interest. This was done to provide maximum understanding of the media environment at the national level while maintaining an intensive focus on the local media markets of particular interest to Internews. In addition, three boosted samples were collected to ensure sufficient data representative of target areas in: Bozoum, Ndele, and Obo.

The survey used a two-stage probability sampling process with stratified samples within cluster samples to represent data derived at the national level across préfectures by location (arrondisement or localité), sex, and age. The sample size was thus stratified with respect to the demographic structure of CAR using data provided by the UN OCHA Protection Cluster. 14 of the 16 préfectures in CAR are represented in proportion to national population distributions.

Internews selected a confidence interval or margin of error (c) of ± 2.54%. Internews selected this confidence interval because it could reach the corresponding sample size with its level of funding and personnel. The confidence interval tells the project how well the sample estimate predicts the population. Internews selected a confidence level (z) of 95% following the development industry standard. The confidence interval tells the project how certain it can be of the survey results.

The 5% confidence interval or margin of error and 95% confidence level established 1488 respondents as the minimum representative sample size (n) for the survey. RLS-Formal originally sets its target sample size at 1500 respondents to ensure it met the representative sample size.

67 The target of 1,500 interviews was allocated by prefecture in proportion to national population distribution, specifically accessible urban and semi-urban areas in and around préfecture capitals and markets of interest. Due to the study’s limitations, the actual sample size (n) of the survey was 1,492 interviews conducted in a total of in 23 urban or semi-urban areas in 14 préfectures across the Central African Republic.

Sizes for the nationally representative portion of the sample were calculated using the following formula: n = [z 2 * (p) * (1-p)] / [c 2]

Where: z = z value (e.g. 1.96 for 95% confidence level) p = percentage picking a choice, expressed as decimal (.5 used for sample size needed) c = confidence interval, expressed as decimal (e.g., .0254 = ±2.54)

Table 1: Nationally Representative Survey Statistical Details Value for 95% confidence 1.96 interval (z) Population parameter (p) 0.5 Confidence interval or 0.0254 margin of error (c) Sample Size (n) 1,488 N for nationally 2,695,91721 representative Actual n 1,492

Enumeration Areas (EAs) were selected for sampling based on representativeness of population by diversity of demographic, sociological, and anthropological characteristics as pertinent to the local context and as advised by local NGO staff and guides; as well as accessibility by plane22 due to security, time, and logistical constraints (see Limitations). A particular effort was made to visit at least one IDP camp per EA affected by the crisis and to interview households from a variety of socio-economic and education levels based on local expertise.

Household selection was conducted using a systematic random sampling in which every urban household after 25 steps and every non-urban household after 50 steps was targeted for enumeration. Within a selected household, individual respondents were selected in accordance with prepared quota sheets using the stratified criteria of sex and age with proportion to the préfecture population distribution.

Questionnaire

21 This is the estimated national population of urban and semi-urban areas as provided by the UN Protection Cluster. 22 UNHAS or ASF

68 The questionnaire was designed to gather the most relevant data while remaining cognizant of the political and cultural context of CAR. An initial pre-test of the questionnaire led to some changes, most notably a reduction in the size of the questionnaire and the rewording of certain questions to improve respondent comprehension. A second pre-test was conducted to ensure that all problems were adequately addressed.

The final version of the questionnaire was translated into French and then into Sango. Team leaders worked with locally recruited enumerators during the survey methods training phase to fine-tune all interpretations to local languages and dialects for those respondents that did not speak either French or Sango.

Fieldwork Internews employed 14 team leaders to train and lead local teams of enumerators in 14 of the 16 préfectures of CAR. Team leaders attended a comprehensive two-day training course to familiarize themselves with the questionnaire, sample methodology, and administration and data collection techniques. All team leaders served as enumerators for surveys conducted in Bangui and Bimbo. In all other locations, a total of 31 enumerators were then recruited and employed locally, put through a rigorous one-day training course, tested for competency, and then mentored for an additional day in the field while administering the questionnaire.

To assist in data collection, enumerators were provided with maps of EAs sourced from the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA) or the local field offices of international NGOs. Maps served to guide enumeration teams and ensure that all survey activities were carried out within the boundaries of the assigned EA. Enumerators were also provided with security and logistical orientations on their first days in the field. For quality assurance purposes, team leaders accompanied and mentored enumerators during 100% of interviews on the first day of administration and at least 10% of interviews on remaining days. Team leaders also collected and visually inspected survey data each evening to verify the veracity of data points. In addition, Internews research assistants back-checked at least 25% of completed interviews after questionnaires were returned to the office.

One EA was removed after the first stage of sampling for security reasons (see Limitations).

Analysis Internews downloaded all data to the IBM statistical software package SPSS, verified all data points, and conducted the statistical data analysis.

The total number of verified field observations used in the analysis phase are presented in the following table.

Table 3: National and Booster Field Observation Numbers National Sample 1,492 Booster Areas Bozoum +36

69 Ndele +25 Obo +23 Total 1576

Limitations Various limitations and logistical challenges were encountered during the course of the study. The most commonly reported issue was respondents who expected compensation. In many instances, enumerators had to encourage individuals to participate or further clarify the purpose of the survey following its conclusion to temper expectations.

Newspapers and magazines are not distributed outside downtown Bangui. Most respondents only have access to old copies brought by travelers. Télé Centrafrique (TVCA) broadcasts are not able to reach more than 100 km outside of Bangui and this fell to 10 km after the crisis. Beyond that people can only have access to satellite TVs, but this is only affordable to a small socio-economic elite. However, some “cinemas” – little houses or kiosks powered by generators - give access to entertainment (movies and football matches) for those who are able to pay for it.

Field teams faced other challenges, including: accessibility of enumeration areas and security.

Many of the enumeration areas are located in remote areas. Most roads are poor. The préfecture capitals of Sibut in Kemo préfecture and Mobaye in Basse-Kotto préfecture were inaccessible due to the lack of proper airstrips. Neither UNHAS nor Aviation sans Frontières (ASF) were able to fly to these locations, therefore these two préfectures were not included in the survey design. In Kaga Bandoro and Nola, enumerators had to cross a large number of rivers with long waiting times for boats to access population centers.

Field teams were not able to visit Birao in the Vakaga préfecture due to heightened insecurity and the unavailability of UNHAS flights without a security clearance. Birao and surrounding areas were therefore removed from the survey design and the actual sample size was recalculated to reflect these changes. In Bambari, an enumerator was stopped by an anti-Balaka militiaman and forced to hand over all his cash and valuables in order to be freed.

After researchers tempered expectations of respondents and overcame initial logistical challenges, respondents were largely cooperative discussing their relationship to radio. Researchers reported that the topic often generated much excitement among respondents.

70 Annex 2: Population Questionnaire

71 e/

QUESTIONNAIRE D’EVALUATION EN COMMUNICATION POUR LA POPULATION AFFECTEE

INSTRUCTIONS : En gras = Question à poser à l’enquêté(e) [EN MAJISCULE, GRAS, ITALIQUE, ET ENTRE CROCHETS] = Instructions pour l’enquêteur/enquêtrice. A ne pas lire à l’enquêté(e)  = Cochez une seule case (question fermée) ☐ = Cochez autant de cases que nécessaire (question choix multiple ou classée) ABBREVIATIONS : QCM = Question choix multiple ; NSP = Ne sais pas NOTE IMPORTANTE : Si jamais, la réponse de l’enquêté(e) n’est pas clair, il faut poser des questions de clarification.

SECTION A – EQUIPE DE COLLECTE – [S'il vous plaît remplissez avant l'entretien]

A01 Numéro de questionnaire ______|_____|____|____|____|

A02 Ville/Arrondissement ______|____|____|

A03 Quartier/Site______|____|____|

A04 Date de l’entretien: ______Jour |____|____| Mois|____|____| Année |__2_|__0__|__1__|__4__|

A05 Heure de début:______|_____|____|____|____|

A06 Enquêteur/Enquêtrice: ______|____|

A07 Superviseur: ______|____|

A08 Agent de saisie: ______|____|

A09 Superviseur de saisie: ______|____|

**********************************************DEBUT DE L’ENTRETIEN************************************************

TEXTE D’INTRODUCTION – [S'il vous plaît lisez le texte suivant] « Bonjour / Bon après-midi, Madame/Monsieur. Je m’appelle ______. Je travaille pour l’ONG Internews. Nous menons une étude pour mieux comprendre l’accès des Centrafricains aux media et à l’information de même que vos besoins en termes d’information depuis le début de la crise. Plus précisément, nous essayons de connaître les sources d’informations, l’accès à la radio et le niveau de communications de la population avec les humanitaires et le gouvernement. Nous aimerions prendre entre 15 et 30 minutes de votre temps pour vous poser quelques questions. Vos réponses resteront confidentielles. Dans quelle langue vous sentez-vous à l’aise pour cette interview ? »

SECTION B – IDENTIFICATION Sexe - [A NE PAS POSER. OBSERVEZ] B01 Homme(1) Femme(2) |____| Quel âge avez-vous ? [S’IL N’Y PAS DE REPONSE, OBSERVEZ] B02 15-19(1) 20-24(2) 25-29(3) 30-34(4) 35-39(5) 40-44(6) 45-49(7) 50-54(8) 55-59(9) 60-64(10) 65+(11) |____ |____| Où habitez-vous en ce moment?  Chez moi  Chez un ami/parent  Déplacé: Dans la brousse  Déplacé : Chez un ami/parent B03 (1) (2) (3) (4)  Déplacé : Site à préciser (5) ______|____| Quel est votre niveau d’instruction ? B04 Sans Niveau(1) Primaire(2) Secondaire(3) Supérieur(4) ______|____| Quel est votre statut d’emploi ? B05 Actif(1) Inactif(2)  Au chômage (3)  Ménagère (4)  Retraité (5)  Elève/Etudiant (6) Autre à préciser ______|____| Etes-vous né(e) dans la localité? SI OUI, PASSEZ A C01 B06  Oui(1)  Non(2) ______|____|

78 Vous avez dit que vous n’êtes pas né(e) ici. Pouvez-vous nous dire approximativement depuis combien de temps vous êtes arrivé ici ? (Alternativement, quelle a été votre date d’arrivé ici?)

B07 Durée (combien de mois) : ______|_____|_____|

Date d’arrivée:______Jour |____|____| Mois|____|____| Année |___|____|____|____|

SECTION C – LANGUE «Je voudrais vous poser quelques questions sur les langues que vous parlez» Quelles sont les langues ou dialectes que vous parlez? [NE SUGGEREZ PAS DE REPONSES. ENCOURAGEZ SI NECESSAIRE. PLUSIEURS RÉPONSES POSSIBLES - QCM]

☐Sango (1) ☐Français (2) ☐Arabe (3) ☐Anglais (4) Langue 1______|____|____| C01 ☐Autre à préciser ______Langue 2______|____|____| ☐Autre à préciser ______Langue 3______|____|____| Quelle est la langue/ dialecte que vous parlez le plus couramment? [COCHEZ UNE SEULE CASE] C02 Sango (1) Français (2) Arabe (3) Anglais (4) Autre à préciser ______|____| Savez-vous lire? C03  Oui(1)  Non(2) SI NON, PASSEZ A C05 |____| En quelle(s) langues/dialectes? [N’ENCOURAGEZ PAS - QCM] Langue 1______|____|____|

C04 ☐Sango (1) ☐Français (2) ☐Arabe (3) ☐Anglais (4) Langue 2______|____|____| ☐Autre à préciser ______Langue 3 ______|____|____| Savez-vous écrire? C05  Oui(1)  Non(2) SI NON, PASSEZ A D01 |____| En quelle(s) langues/dialectes? [N’ENCOURAGEZ PAS - QCM] Langue 1______|____|____|

C06 ☐Sango (1) ☐Français (2) ☐Arabe (3) ☐Anglais (4) Langue 2______|____|____| ☐Autre à préciser ______Langue 3 ______|____|____| SECTION D – CANAUX DE COMMUNICATION & SOURCES D’INFORMATION « Je voudrais vous poser quelques questions sur vos sources d’information » DEPUIS LA CRISE, quelles sont vos trois principales sources d’informations ? [NE LISEZ PAS LES REPONSES. ENCOURAGEZ SI NECESSAIRE. CLASSEZ LES REPONSES PAR ORDRE DE PREFERENCE. Principale source – 1, Source secondaire – 2, Source tertiaire - 3]

☐ Télévision(1) ☐ Radio(2) ☐ Journaux/Magazines(3) ☐Affiches(4) ☐Dépliants/annonces (5) |____|____|

☐ Appel téléphonique portable(6) ☐ Téléphone portable SMS (7) ☐ Chefs religieux (8) ☐ Humanitaires(9) |____|____|

D01 ☐ Internet/Email/Facebook/Twitter à préciser ______(10) ☐ Amis / famille/voisins(11) |____|____|

☐ Haut-parleurs / porte-à-porte/crieur(12) ☐ Evénements communautaires (13) ☐ Leaders de la communauté(14)

☐ Fonctionnaires et agents de l’Etat(15) ☐ Forces internationales(16) ☐ Forces nationales(17)

☐ NSP(98) ☐ N´a pas répondu(99) ☐ Autre à préciser ______|____| AVANT LA CRISE, quelles étaient vos trois principales sources d’informations ? [NE LISEZ PAS LES REPONSES. ENCOURAGEZ SI NECESSAIRE. CLASSEZ LES REPONSES PAR ORDRE DE PREFERENCE. Principale source – 1, Source secondaire – 2, Source tertiaire - 3]

☐ Télévision(1) ☐ Radio(2) ☐ Journaux/Magazines(3) ☐Affiches(4) ☐Dépliants/annonces (5) |____|____|

☐ Appel téléphonique portable(6) ☐ Téléphone portable SMS (7) ☐ Chefs religieux (8) ☐ Humanitaires(9) |____|____| D02

☐ Internet/Email/Facebook/Twitter à préciser ______(10) ☐ Amis / famille/voisins(11) |____|____|

☐ Haut-parleurs / porte-à-porte/crieur(12) ☐ Evénements communautaires (13) ☐ Leaders de la communauté(14)

☐ Fonctionnaires et agents de l’Etat(15) ☐ Forces internationales(16) ☐ Forces nationales(17) 79 ☐ NSP(98) ☐ N´a pas répondu(99) ☐ Autre à préciser ______|____| Quelles sont les sources d’informations qui seraient LES MIEUX ADAPTEES A VOS BESOINS ET LES BESOINS DE VOTRE LOCALITE selon vous? [NE LISEZ PAS LES REPONSES.ENCOURAGEZ SI NECESSAIRE. CLASSEZ LES REPONSES PAR ORDRE DE PREFERENCE. Principale source – 1, Source secondaire – 2, Source tertiaire - 3]

☐ Télévision(1) ☐ Radio(2) ☐ Journaux/Magazines(3) ☐Affiches(4) ☐Dépliants/annonces (5) |____|____|

☐ Appel téléphonique portable(6) ☐ Téléphone portable SMS (7) ☐ Chefs religieux (8) ☐ Humanitaires(9) |____|____|

D03 ☐ Internet/Email/Facebook/Twitter à préciser ______(10) ☐ Amis / famille/voisins(11) |____|____|

☐ Haut-parleurs / porte-à-porte/crieur(12) ☐ Evénements communautaires (13) ☐ Leaders de la communauté(14)

☐ Fonctionnaires et agents de l’Etat(15) ☐ Forces internationales(16) ☐ Forces nationales(17)

☐ NSP(98) ☐ N´a pas répondu(99) ☐ Autre à préciser ______|____| SECTION E – ACCES A LA RADIO ET HABITUDES DE CONSOMMATION «Je vais vous poser quelques questions sur vos préférences d’écoute des radios » Avez-vous l’habitude de suivre la radio ? E01 Oui(1)  Non(2) SI OUI, PASSEZ À E03 |____| Quelles sont les principales raisons pour lesquelles vous ne suivez pas la radio ?

[NE LISEZ PAS LES REPONSES. ENCOURAGEZ SI NECESSAIRE. COCHEZ DE UN JUSQU’A TROIS CASES] |____|____|

☐ Pas d’accès (ne possède pas de poste radio)(1) ☐ Pas d’accès (quelqu’un monopolise le poste radio)(2)

E02 ☐Pas de confiance dans les canaux disponibles(3) ☐ Pas d’accès à l’électricité(4) ☐ Je n’aime pas la radio(5) |____|____|

☐ Je n’ai pas le temps(6) ☐ Le contenu n’est pas pertinent(7) ☐ Pas de programmation dans ma langue(8)

☐ Pas de piles(9) ☐ Appareil radio endommagé(10) ☐ NSP(98) ☐ N´a pas répondu(99) |____|____|

☐ Autre à préciser ______PASSEZ À F01 Où écoutez-vous généralement la radio? [NE LISEZ PAS LES REPONSES. ENCOURAGEZ SI NECESSAIRE - QCM]

☐ Chez moi(1) ☐ Au travail(2) ☐ Chez un ami/un parent(3) ☐ Lieu collectif (par exemple, point de collecte de la nourriture/de l’eau) (4)

E03 ☐ Sur mon téléphone portable(5) ☐ En tout lieu (6) ☐ A l’extérieur, en ville(7) ☐ A l’extérieur, dans les champs(8) |____|____|

☐Au restaurant/bar/café/boutique(09) ☐ NSP(98) ☐ N´a pas répondu(99) |____|____| ☐ Autre à préciser ______|____|____| Quelle est la langue dans laquelle vous préférez écouter la radio ? [COCHEZ UNE CASE]     E04 Sango (1) Français (2) Arabe (3) Anglais (4) |____|____| Autre à préciser ______A quelle(s) heure(s) de la journée écoutez-vous généralement la radio [NE LISEZ PAS LES REPONSES - QCM]

☐ Petit matin (5h00 à 8h00) (1) ☐Matin (8h00à 11h00)(2) ☐ Midi (11h00 à 14h00)(3) ☐ Après-midi (14h00 à 17h00)(4) |____|____| E05 ☐ Soir (17h00 à 20h00) (5) ☐ Tard le soir (20h00à23h00)(6) ☐ Dans la nuit (23h00à 5h00)(7) ☐ A tout moment (8) |____|____|

☐ NSP(98) ☐N´a pas répondu(99) |____|____| Ecoutez-vous généralement la radio………….. ? [LISEZ LES REPONSES]

E06 Tous les jours ou presque (1) Au moins une fois par semaine (2) Au moins une fois par mois (3) |____|

Moins d’une fois par mois (4) Jamais ou presque (5) S’il-vous-plait, citez les noms des stations radio que vous suivez LE PLUS, ainsi que la raison pour laquelle vous préférez la station radio. [ECRIVEZ LES NOMS DE STATIONS RADIO. EPELEZ. ENCOURAGEZ MAIS NE FORCEZ PAS LES REPONSES.] 1) ______|____|____| Pourquoi préférez-vous cette station radio? ______|_____|____| E07 2) ______|____|____| Pourquoi préférez-vous cette station radio? ______|_____|____|

3) ______|____|____| Pourquoi préférez-vous cette station radio? ______|_____|____|

SECTION F – ACCES A LA TELEVISION ET HABITUDES DE CONSOMMATION

80 « Je voudrais vous poser quelques questions sur la télé et vos habitudes de consommation. » Regardez-vous la télévision en ce moment? F01  Oui(1) SI OUI, PASSEZ A F03 |_____|

 Non(2) Vous avez dit que vous ne regardez pas la télévision, SVP dites-nous pourquoi? [QCM]

☐N’en possède pas (1) ☐Pas d’accès aux chaines(2) ☐Pas d’électricité (3) ☐ Pas de programme intéressant (4) |_____|____| F02 ☐N’aime pas la télévision (5) ☐Pas le temps (6) ☐Pas de signal (7) ☐ Aucun programme dans ma langue (8) |_____|____|

☐Télévision hors service (9) ☐NSP(98) ☐Refus(99) ☐O Autre à préciser (10) PASSEZ A G01 |_____|____| Où suivez-vous généralement la télévision? [INCITEZ SI NECESSAIRE - QCM]

☐Chez moi(1) ☐Au travail(2) ☐Chez un ami/ voisin/parent(3) ☐Place publique(4) |_____|____| F03 ☐Bureau des ONG(5) ☐A l’école(6) ☐Sur mon téléphone portable(7) ☐Au restaurant/café/bar(8) |_____|____|

☐Autre à préciser ______☐NSP(98) ☐Refus(99) |_____|____| Quelle est la langue dans laquelle vous préférez suivre la télévision ? [COCHEZ UNE CASE]

F04 Sango (1) Français (2) Arabe (3) Anglais (4) |____|____| Autre à préciser ______A quelle(s) heure(s) de la journée regardez-vous généralement la télévision [NE LISEZ PAS LES REPONSES - QCM] |_____|____|

☐ Petit matin (5h00 à 8h00) (1) ☐Matin (8h00à 11h00) (2) ☐ Midi (11h00 à 14h00) (3) ☐ Après-midi (14h00 à 17h00)(4) _____ F05 | |____|

☐ Soir (17h00 à 20h00) (5) ☐ Tard le soir (20h00à23h00) (6) ☐ Dans la nuit (23h00à 5h00) (7) ☐ A tout moment (8) |_____|____|

☐ Ne sais pas(98) ☐N´a pas répondu(99) Regardez-vous généralement la télévision………….. ? [LISEZ LES REPONSES – COCHEZ UNE CASE]

F06 Tous les jours ou presque (1) Au moins une fois par semaine (2) Au moins une fois par mois (3) |____|

Moins d’une fois par mois (4) Jamais ou presque (5) SI JAMAIS OU PRESQUE, PASSEZ A G01 S’il-vous-plait, citez les noms des chaînes de télévision que vous suivez LE PLUS, ainsi que la raison pour laquelle vous préférez la chaîne de télé. [ECRIVEZ LES NOMS DE CHAINES TELEVISION. EPELEZ. ENCOURAGEZ MAIS NE FORCEZ PAS LES REPONSES.]

1) ______|____|____| Pourquoi préférez-vous cette chaîne de télé? ______|_____|____| F07 2) ______|____|____| Pourquoi préférez-vous cette chaîne de télé? ______|_____|____|

3) ______|____|____| Pourquoi préférez-vous cette chaîne de télé? ______|_____|____|

SECTION G –ACCES AU TELEPHONE PORTABLE ET HABITUDES DE CONSOMMATION «Je vais vous poser quelques questions sur votre utilisation du téléphone portable. » Possédez-vous au moins un téléphone portable en ce moment? G01  Oui (1) SI OUI, PASSEZ A G03  Oui mais il est défectueux (2) |____|

 Non(3)  NSP(8)  Refus(9) Vous avez dit que vous ne disposez pas ou, n’utilisez pas de téléphone portable. Pouvez-vous nous dire pourquoi ? [QCM] G02 ☐Pas de batterie (1) ☐Pas de réseau (2) ☐Pas de carte SIM(3) ☐ Pas d’électricité pour le charger(4) |_____|____| ☐ Téléphone en panne(5) ☐ Pas de téléphone (6) ☐Pas de crédit(7) PASSEZ A H01 |_____|____|

☐Autre à préciser ______|_____|____| Parmi les outils suivants lesquels dont votre téléphone dispose ? [LISTEZ. SI LE REPONDANT NE DONNE PAS UNE REPONSE G03 DEMANDEZ, « SVP puis-je voir votre téléphone? » [REGARDEZ ET REMPLISSEZ LES CASES – QCM]

☐Récepteur Radio FM(1) ☐ Accès Internet (2) ☐Bluetooth(3) ☐Rien de tout cela(4) ☐NSP(98) ☐Refus(99) |____| Si vous n’avez pas de réseau comment faites-vous pour appeler ou envoyer des messages? [ENCOURAGEZ SI NECESSAIRE - QCM]

☐Pas de signal partout(1) ☐Je me déplace à moins 1km(2) ☐1km-5km(3) ☐Plus de 5km(4) ☐Monte sur la colline(5)|_____|____| G04 ☐Grimpe sur les arbres(6) ☐Seulement à un moment de la journée (TRANCHE D’HEURE) ______(7) |_____|____|

☐Autre à préciser ______☐NSP98) ☐Refus(99) |_____|____| Quel usage faites-vous de votre téléphone portable? [LISTEZ - QCM]

G05 ☐Appeler/Recevoir les appels des parents/amis(1) ☐Faire des affaires(2)

☐Pour recevoir des nouvelles(3) ☐Transferts d’argent(4) ☐Envoyer/Recevoir des (SMS)(5) |_____|____|

81 ☐Envoyer/Recevoir les MMS(6) ☐Prendre/Envoyer des photos(7) ☐Filmer(8) |_____|____|

☐Télécharger/Envoyer des vidéos(9) ☐Enregistrer des sons(10) ☐Accéder aux réseaux sociaux(11)

☐Accéder à internet(12) ☐Envoyer/Recevoir des emails (13) ☐Ecoutez la radio(14) |_____|____|

☐Utiliser des applications pour téléphone portable (15) ☐Rien(16)

☐NSP(98) ☐Refus(99) ☐Autre à préciser ______Quelle est la langue dans laquelle vous préférez pour lire les messages SMS ? [COCHEZ UNE CASE] G06 Sango (1) Français (2) Arabe (3) Anglais (4) |____|____| Autre à préciser ______

SECTION H– PRESSE ECRITE « Je vais vous poser quelques questions sur la lecture des journaux et magazines » Lisez-vous les journaux ou les magazines ? H01  Oui(1) SI OUI, PASSEZ A H03 |____|

 Non(2)  NSP(98)  Refus(99) Pourquoi ne lisez-vous pas les journaux? PASSEZ A I01

H02 ☐Ne sais pas lire (1) ☐Pas disponible dans ma langue (2) ☐Pas disponible du tout(3) ☐Pas d’argent pour en acheter(4) |____|

☐Pas nécessaire pour moi (5) ☐Le contenu n’est pas pertinent (5) ☐NSP(98) ☐Refus (99) Quelle est la langue dans laquelle vous préférez pour lire les journaux/magazines ? [COCHEZ UNE CASE]

H03 Sango (1) Français (2) Arabe (3) Anglais (4) |____|____| Autre à préciser ______SVP listez les journaux/magazines que vous lisez le plus? [ECRIVEZ LES NOMS DE JOURNAUX/MAGAZINES. EPELEZ. ENCOURAGEZ MAIS NE FORCEZ PAS LES REPONSES.] H04 1iere réponse______|_____|____| 2iem réponse (optionnelle) ______|_____|____| 3iem réponse (optionnelle) ______|_____|____| SECTION I – INTERNET « Je vais vous poser quelques questions sur votre utilisation d’internet. » Utilisez-vous internet?

I01  Oui(1) SI OUI, PASSEZ A I03 |____|

 Non, jamais(2)  NSP(98)  Refus(99) |____| Vous dites que vous n’utilisez pas internet. SVP pouvez-vous nous dire pourquoi? PASSEZ A J01 |____| I02 ☐Pas d’ordinateur (1) ☐Pas d’électricité (2) ☐Ne connais pas l’informatique (3) ☐Pas de connections (4) ☐Pas nécessaire (5) |____|

☐Faible débit (6) ☐Trop cher/pas d’argent (6) ☐NSP(98) ☐ Refus(99) |____| Utilisez-vous généralement l’internet………….. ? [LISEZ LES REPONSES – COCHEZ UNE CASE]

I03 Tous les jours ou presque (1) Au moins une fois par semaine (2) Au moins une fois chaque deux semaines (3) |____|

Au moins une fois par mois (4)  Moins d’une fois par mois (5) Rarement ou jamais (6) Comment faites-vous pour accéder à internet? [LISEZ LES REPONSES – QCM]

☐ Ordinateur portable (1) ☐Ordinateur fixe personnel (2) ☐Ordinateur de travail(3) ☐Cyber café (4) ☐Téléphone mobile (5) |____| I04 ☐Autre à préciser______☐NSP (8) ☐Refus(9) |____| |____|

SECTION J – BESOINS EN INFORMATION « Avoir des informations fiables est important pour vous auditeurs. Je voudrais vous poser quelques questions sur vos besoins en termes d'informations. » Il y a beaucoup de nouvelles au sujet desquelles les auditeurs sont confus et estiment qu'ils ont besoin de plus de détails. Alors J01 quelle est la principale information dont vous avez besoin en ce moment? [MARQUEZ PUIS DEMANDEZ-Y at-il autre chose?] INFORMATION/QUESTION PRINCIPALE

Lettre______Code______|______|_____| INFORMATION/QUESTION SECONDAIRE « Y a-t-il autre chose? » ENCOURAGEZ MAIS NE FORCEZ PAS LES REPONSES.

Lettre______Code______|______|_____| 82 INFORMATION/QUESTION TERTIAIRE « Y a-t-il autre chose? » ENCOURAGEZ MAIS NE FORCEZ PAS LES REPONSES.

Lettre______Code______|______|_____|

SECTION K – COMMUNICATION AVEC LES HUMANITAIRES ET LES ONG « J’aimerais vous poser quelques petites questions sur votre communication avec les humanitaires et les ONG» Avez-vous des attentes de la part des humanitaires et des ONG en termes de communications ?

K01  Oui(1) |____|

 Non(2)  NSP(98)  Refus(99) SI NON, PASSEZ A L03 |____| Qu’attendez-vous des humanitaires et des ONG en termes de communications ? Quelles sont vos attentes ? K02

INFORMATION/QUESTION PRINCIPALE

Lettre______Code______|______|_____| INFORMATION/QUESTION SECONDAIRE « Y a-t-il autre chose? » ENCOURAGEZ MAIS NE FORCEZ PAS LES REPONSES.

Lettre______Code______|______|_____| INFORMATION/QUESTION TERTIAIRE « Y a-t-il autre chose? » ENCOURAGEZ MAIS NE FORCEZ PAS LES REPONSES.

Lettre______Code______|______|_____|

83 SECTION L – COMMUNICATION AVEC LE GOUVERNMENT « J’aimerais vous poser quelques petites questions sur votre communication avec le gouvernement» Avez-vous des attentes de la part du gouvernement en termes de communications ?

L01  Oui(1) |____|

 Non(2)  NSP(98)  Refus(99) SI NON, PASSEZ A M01 |____| Qu’attendez-vous du gouvernement en termes de communications ? Quelles sont vos attentes ? L02

INFORMATION/QUESTION PRINCIPALE

Lettre______Code______|______|_____| INFORMATION/QUESTION SECONDAIRE « Y a-t-il autre chose? » ENCOURAGEZ MAIS NE FORCEZ PAS LES REPONSES.

Lettre______Code______|______|_____| INFORMATION/QUESTION TERTIAIRE « Y a-t-il autre chose? » ENCOURAGEZ MAIS NE FORCEZ PAS LES REPONSES.

Lettre______Code______|______|_____|

SECTION M – INTENTION « Enfin, je voudrais vous questionner quant à vos projets à venir » NOTE: CETTE SECTION NE CONCERNE QUE LES PERSONNES DEPLACEES. Voudriez-vous rester ici?

M01  Oui(1)

 Non(2)  NSP(8)  Refus(9) SI NON, NSP, ou REFUS, PASSEZ A M03 Quelles sont les principales raisons qui vous poussent à vouloir rester ici? Y-a-t-il d’autres raisons? [QCM]

RAISON 1: ______|_____|____| M02 RAISON 2 (optionnelle): ______|_____|____|

RAISON 3 (optionnelle): ______|_____|____| Si vous partez d’ici, où voudriez-vous aller? [NE LISTEZ PAS – COCHEZ UNE CASE]

 NSP(1)  Dans un autre camp (2)  Dans la brousse(3)  Chez moi(4)  Dans la rue(5) M03  Chez des amis/parents(6)  Allez continuellement ailleurs (à préciser) ______(7)

 Autre à préciser______(9)  NSP(98)  Refus(99) : ______|_____|____|

TEXTE DE CONCLUSION - [S'il vous plaît lisez le texte suivant] «C'était la dernière question. Merci beaucoup pour votre disponibilité et votre participation. Vos réponses nous aideront à comprendre vos besoins en informations afin d’améliorer l’accès humanitaire et gouvernemental aux populations affectées. Vos réponses seront traitées en toute confidentialité. » **********************************************FIN DE L’ENTRETIEN************************************************

SECTION A (CONTINUE) – EQUIPE DE COLLECTE - [Ne demandez pas au répondant! S'il vous plaît remplissez dès que l’entrevue est fini. ]

A10 L’heure de fin d’entretien:______Durée (minutes) : ______|_____|_____| L’entretien a été :

 Remplis(1) |____| A11  Partiellement remplis(2) |____|

 Refus (3) |____| S'il vous plaît fournir des commentaires généraux sur l'entrevue si nécessaire (des questions qui étaient difficiles à répondre, comment l'enquêté réagissait aux questions, et cetera.).

A12

84 Back Cover