Crime and Punishment in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age

http://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9783110294583/9783110294583.299/9783110294583.299.xml?format=EBOK Fundamentals of Medieval and Early Modern Culture

Edited by Albrecht Classen and Marilyn Sandidge

11

De Gruyter

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS Crime and Punishment in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age

Mental-Historical Investigations of Basic Human Problems and Social Responses

Edited by Albrecht Classen and Connie Scarborough

De Gruyter

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS ISBN 978-3-11-029451-4 e-ISBN 978-3-11-029458-3 ISSN 1864-3396

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Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS TableȱofȱContents

Introduction AlbrechtȱClassenȱandȱConnieȱScarborough Crime,ȱTransgression,ȱandȱDeviancy:ȱBehaviorsȱthatȱDefinesȱUsȱAll ...... 1

Chapterȱ1 BernardȱRibémont Leȱ‘crimeȱépique’ȱetȱsaȱpunition:ȱquelquesȱ exemplesȱ(XIIe–XIIIeȱsiècles) ...... 29

Chapterȱ2 SusannaȱNiiranen “Iȱknowȱhowȱtoȱbeȱaȱwhoreȱandȱthief” Theȱpoet’sȱreputation:ȱtroubadours— ancestorsȱofȱpoètesȱmaudits?...... 43

Chapterȱ3 ChristopherȱR.ȱClason TheȱLaw—LetterȱandȱSpirit:ȱLanguage,ȱTransgressionȱ andȱJusticeȱInȱThreeȱMedievalȱGermanȱEpicȱPoems...... 65

Chapterȱ4 StaceyȱHahn Crime,ȱPunishmentȱandȱtheȱHybridȱinȱMedievalȱFrenchȱRomance:ȱ RobertȱtheȱDevilȱandȱGeoffreyȱBigȱTooth...... 87

Chapterȱ5 ScottȱL.ȱTaylor JudiciumȱDei,ȱvulgarisȱpopularisqueȱsensus:ȱSurvivalȱofȱCustomaryȱ JusticeȱandȱResistanceȱtoȱitsȱDisplacementȱbyȱtheȱ“New”ȱ OrdinesȱiudiciorumȱȱasȱEvidencedȱbyȱFrancophonicȱLiteratureȱ ofȱtheȱHighȱMiddleȱAges ...... 109

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Chapterȱ6 AlbrechtȱClassen CrimeȱandȱViolenceȱinȱtheȱMiddleȱAges: TheȱCasesȱofȱHeinrichȱderȱGlichezare’sȱReinhardȱFuchsȱ andȱWernherȱderȱGartenære’sȱHelmbrecht...... 131

Chapterȱ7ȱ JohnȱGough TheȱFunctionȱofȱProjectedȱPain:ȱTheȱPoetryȱofȱFrançoisȱVillonȱ andȱtheȱGiftȱofȱSelf...... 159

Chapterȱ8 JeanȱE.ȱJostȱ RetributionȱinȱGamelyn:ȱAȱCaseȱinȱtheȱCourts...... 175

Chapterȱ9 JolantaȱN.ȱKomornicka ContraȱSignumȱNostrum:ȱTheȱSymbolismȱofȱLèseȬmajestéȱ underȱPhilipȱVIȱValois...... 189

Chapterȱ10 ConnieȱL.ȱScarborough WomenȱasȱVictimsȱandȱCriminalsȱinȱtheȱSieteȱPartidas ...... 225

Chapterȱ11 MariaȱCeciliaȱRuiz TheftȱinȱJuanȱManuel’sȱElȱCondeȱLucanor ...... 247

Chapterȱ12 PatriciaȱTurning CompetitionȱforȱtheȱPrisoner’sȱBody:ȱ WardensȱandȱJailersȱinȱFourteenthȬCenturyȱSouthernȱFrance...... 281

Chapterȱ13 BirgitȱWiedl TheȱHostȱonȱtheȱDoorstep:ȱPerpetrators,ȱVictims,ȱ andȱBystandersȱinȱanȱAllegedȱHostȱDesecrationȱ inȱFourteenthȬCenturyȱAustria ...... 299

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Chapterȱ14 DanielȱF.ȱPiggȱ DoesȱtheȱPunishmentȱFitȱtheȱCrime?:ȱChaucer’sȱPhysician’sȱTaleȱ andȱtheȱWorldsȱofȱJudgment ...... 347

Chapterȱ15 LiaȱB.ȱRoss DeviancyȱinȱtheȱLateȱMiddleȱAges:ȱTheȱCrimesȱandȱPunishmentȱ ofȱGillesȱdeȱRais...... 359

Chapterȱ16 JohnȱBeusterien TheȱCelebratoryȱConicalȱHatȱinȱLaȱCelestina ...... 403

Chapterȱ17 KathleenȱM.ȱLlewellyn EqualȱOpportunityȱVengeanceȱinȱtheȱHeptaméronȱofȱ MargueriteȱdeȱNavarre...... 415

Chapterȱ18 NicolasȱLombart CrimesȱetȱChâtimentsȱd’ExceptionȱenȱFranceȱ auȱTempsȱdesȱGuerresȱdeȱReligion: l’UtopieȱJudiciaireȱdesȱCommentairesȱdeȱMonlucȱ(livresȱVȱàȱVII) ...... 437

Chapterȱ19 MarthaȱMoffittȱPeacock TheȱAmsterdamȱSpinhuisȱandȱtheȱ“Art”ȱofȱCorrection ...... 459

Chapterȱ20 ThomasȱWillard PimpingȱforȱtheȱFairyȱQueen:ȱSomeȱCozenersȱinȱ Shakespeare’sȱEngland...... 491

Chapterȱ21 DenisȱBjaï RéflexionsȱdeȱMontaigneȱsurȱleȱchâtimentȱdesȱcriminels...... 509

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Chapterȱ22 AllisonȱP.ȱCoudert TheȱUltimateȱCrime:ȱCannibalismȱinȱEarlyȱModernȱ MindsȱandȱImaginations...... 521

Chapterȱ23 EvelyneȱLuef PunishmentȱPostȱMortemȱ–ȱTheȱCrimeȱofȱSuicideȱ inȱEarlyȱModernȱAustriaȱandȱSweden ...... 555

ListȱofȱIllustrations ...... 577

Contributors...... 581

Index...... 591

AcknowledgmentȱandȱGratitude ...... 601

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS Chapterȱ13ȱ

BirgitȱWiedl (InstituteȱforȱJewishȱHistoryȱinȱAustria,ȱSt.ȱPölten)

TheȱHostȱonȱtheȱDoorstep:ȱPerpetrators,ȱVictims,ȱand BystandersȱinȱanȱAllegedȱHostȱDesecrationȱin FourteenthȬCenturyȱAustria

“TheȱbodyȱofȱChrist,ȱtormentedȱbyȱtheȱJews,ȱwasȱfoundȱatȱKorneuburgȱonȱthe FridayȱofȱtheȱquarterȱbeforeȱMichaelmasȱandȱtherefore,ȱallȱtheȱJewsȱthereȱwere burnt.”1ȱ Inȱ thisȱ briefȱ sumȬupȱ inȱ aȱ chronicleȱ ofȱ theȱ Lowerȱ Austrianȱ monasteryȱ of Klosterneuburgȱofȱwhatȱhad,ȱallegedlyȱandȱforȱreal,2ȱhappenedȱinȱtheȱtownȱacross theȱriverȱDanube,ȱtheȱrolesȱareȱclearlyȱdefined:ȱtheȱJewsȱwhoȱhadȱlivedȱthereȱhad committedȱaȱcrime,ȱandȱhadȱthereforeȱbeenȱpunished. “Thisȱbookȱisȱnotȱaȱwhodunnit,”ȱJeremyȱCohenȱstatesȱatȱtheȱbeginningȱofȱthe introductionȱtoȱhisȱbookȱChristȱKillers.3ȱTheȱquestion,ȱifȱapplicableȱatȱallȱtoȱaȱhistoric

1 Österreichischeȱ Nationalbibliothekȱ(AustrianȱNationalȱLibrary),ȱCodexȱ364,ȱfol.ȱ135vȱ(aȱlater additionȱtoȱaȱSalzburgȱchronicleȱinȱaȱmanuscriptȱfromȱtheȱmonasteryȱofȱKlosterneuburg,ȱnowȱkept atȱtheȱAustrianȱNationalȱLibrary);ȱEvelineȱBruggerȱandȱBirgitȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱzurȱGeschichteȱder JudenȱinȱÖsterreichȱimȱMittelalter,ȱvol.ȱ1:ȱVonȱdenȱAnfängenȱbisȱ1338ȱ(Innsbruck,ȱVienna,ȱandȱBolzano: StudienVerlag,ȱ2005),ȱ123–24,ȱno.ȱ131ȱ(forȱtheȱinternetȱversion,ȱsee http://www.injoest.ac.at/upload/Regesten_Text.pdfȱ(lastȱaccessedȱonȱMarchȱ10,ȱ2012).ȱTheȱresearch wasȱfundedȱbyȱtheȱAustrianȱScienceȱFundȱ(FWF):ȱPȱ21237–G18.ȱIȱwouldȱlikeȱtoȱthankȱConnie Scarboroughȱforȱherȱvaluableȱcommentsȱandȱcorrections. 2 Onȱtheȱtruthfulnessȱofȱhistoriographyȱandȱliteratureȱandȱitsȱrelationȱtoȱhistoricalȱtexts,ȱseeȱthe discussionȱbyȱPeterȱJohanek,ȱ“DieȱWahrheitȱderȱmittelalterlichenȱHistoriographen,”ȱHistorisches undȱfiktionalesȱErzählenȱimȱMittelalter,ȱed.ȱFritzȱPeterȱKnappȱandȱManuelaȱNiesner.ȱSchriftenȱzur Literaturwissenschaft,ȱ19ȱ(Berlin:ȱDunckerȱ&ȱHumblot,ȱ2002),ȱ9–26. 3 JeremyȱCohen,ȱChristȱKillers:ȱTheȱJewsȱandȱtheȱPassionȱfromȱtheȱBibleȱtoȱtheȱBigȱScreenȱ(NewȱYorkȱand Oxford:ȱOxfordȱUniversityȱPress,ȱ2007).ȱInȱtheȱintroductionȱtoȱherȱbookȱGentileȱTales,ȱMiriȱRubin discussesȱtheȱ‘tediousȱtypeȱofȱprose’ȱthatȱisȱaȱresultȱofȱallȱtheȱ‘disclaimersȱsuchȱasȱ‘itȱwasȱalleged’’,

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS 300 BirgitȱWiedl scenario,ȱhasȱbeenȱsufficientlyȱanswered.ȱAlthoughȱmotives,ȱtriggers,ȱandȱcourses ofȱactionȱremainȱopenȱtoȱdiscussion,ȱthereȱisȱnoȱdoubtȱasȱtoȱtheȱfatalȱroleȱ(mostȱof) theȱ Christianȱ authoritiesȱ and/orȱ neighboursȱ playedȱ inȱ theȱ persecutionȱ and murderingȱofȱmedievalȱJews;ȱwhileȱfromȱaȱmedievalȱChristianȱperspective,ȱthe ideasȱofȱJewishȱcrime,4ȱJewishȱguilt,ȱandȱtheȱexistenceȱofȱcrimesȱthatȱJewsȱwere particularlyȱpartialȱto,ȱwereȱhardlyȱquestioned.5ȱFromȱtheȱseducerȱofȱChristians whoȱluresȱtheseȱbackȱtoȱtheȱold,ȱfalseȱfaith,ȱtheȱfakeȱconvertȱwhoȱsecretlyȱindulges inȱ theirȱ oldȱ suspiciousȱ rites,ȱ andȱ theȱ mercilessȱ usurer6ȱ toȱ theȱ general questionabilityȱofȱJewishȱexistenceȱinȱgeneral,ȱJewishȱcrimesȱwereȱmanifold.7ȱJews

MiriȱRubin,ȱGentileȱTales:ȱTheȱNarrativeȱAssaultȱonȱLateȱMedievalȱJewsȱ(NewȱHaven,ȱCT,ȱandȱLondon: YaleȱUniversityȱPress,ȱ1999;ȱsec.ȱed.ȱPhiladelphia:ȱUniversityȱofȱPennsylvaniaȱPress,ȱ2004,ȱthe quotesȱhereinȱreferȱtoȱtheȱfirstȱedition),ȱ3. 4 Forȱaȱquiteȱexceptionalȱcaseȱstudyȱonȱ‘real’ȱJewishȱcrime,ȱtheȱstoryȱofȱaȱ‘gang’ȱofȱJewishȱthieves, seeȱJörgȱMüller,ȱ“EineȱjüdischeȱDiebesbandeȱimȱSüdwestenȱdesȱReichesȱinȱderȱerstenȱHälfteȱdes 14.ȱJahrhunderts,”ȱBeziehungsnetzeȱaschkenasischerȱJudenȱwährendȱdesȱMittelaltersȱundȱderȱfrühen Neuzeit,ȱ ed.ȱ idem.ȱ Forschungenȱ zurȱ Geschichteȱ derȱ Juden,ȱ Abteilungȱ A:ȱ Abhandlungen,ȱ 20 (Hanover:ȱVerlagȱHahnscheȱBuchhandlung,ȱ2008),ȱ71–116. 5 ForȱaȱsummaryȱofȱscholarlyȱChristianȱopinionsȱonȱJewsȱandȱJudaism,ȱseeȱGavinȱI.ȱLangmuir, “FaithȱofȱChristiansȱandȱHostilityȱtoȱJews,”ȱChristianityȱandȱJudaism,ȱed.ȱDianaȱWood.ȱStudiesȱin ChurchȱHistory,ȱ29ȱ(OxfordȱandȱCambridge,ȱMA:ȱBlackwellȱPublishers,ȱ1992),ȱ77–92. 6 See,ȱforȱexample,ȱPopeȱInnocentȱIIIȱtoȱtheȱFrenchȱkingȱPhilippȱIIȱAugustȱinȱ1205:ȱ...quodȱinȱregno FrancorumȱJudeiȱadeoȱinsolescunt,ȱut,ȱsubȱspecieȱusurarieȱpravitatis,ȱperȱquamȱnonȱsolumȱusuras,ȱsed usurasȱusurarumȱextorquent,ȱecclesiarumȱbonaȱetȱpossessionesȱChristanorumȱusurpent.ȱSolomonȱGrayzel, Theȱ Churchȱ andȱ theȱ Jewsȱ inȱ theȱ Thirteenthȱ Century.ȱ Aȱ Studyȱ ofȱ Theirȱ Relationsȱ Duringȱ theȱ Years 1198–1254,ȱ Basedȱ onȱ theȱ Papalȱ Lettersȱ andȱ theȱ Conciliarȱ Decreesȱ ofȱ theȱ Periodȱ (Philadelphia:ȱ The DropsieȱCollegeȱforȱHebrewȱandȱCognateȱLearning,ȱ1933)ȱ104–06,ȱno.ȱ14;ȱLangmuir,ȱ“Faithȱof Christians,”ȱ88–89ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ5),ȱplacesȱtheȱemergenceȱofȱtheȱmotifȱofȱtheȱJewȱasȱusurerȱinȱtheȱmidȬ twelfthȱcentury.ȱSeeȱtheȱcontributionȱofȱKennethȱR.ȱStowȱinȱtheȱsameȱvolume,ȱ“TheȱGoodȱofȱthe Church,ȱtheȱGoodȱofȱtheȱState:ȱTheȱPopesȱandȱJewishȱMoney,”ȱChristianityȱandȱJudaism,ȱ237–52ȱ(see noteȱ5),ȱonȱtheȱidentificationȱofȱJewishȱlendingȱwithȱJewishȱactsȱofȱhomicideȱagainstȱChristian society,ȱ241;ȱseeȱalsoȱtheȱoverviewȱbyȱRobertȱChazan,ȱMedievalȱStereotypesȱandȱModernȱAntisemitism (Berkeley,ȱLosȱAngeles,ȱandȱLondon:ȱUniversityȱofȱCaliforniaȱPress,ȱ1997),ȱ19–40,ȱandȱparticularly 35–40,ȱwhoȱtiesȱtheȱusurerȬimageȱinȱwithȱantigovernmentȱsentiments.ȱOnȱtheȱideaȱthatȱJewsȱhad killedȱJesusȱoutȱofȱgreed,ȱseeȱAnnaȱSapirȱAbulafia,ȱChristiansȱandȱJewsȱinȱ theȱ TwelfthȬCentury Renaissanceȱ(London:ȱRoutledge,ȱ1992),ȱ121.ȱ 7 E.g.,ȱtheȱcombinedȱaccusationsȱSimonȱdeȱMontfortȱaroseȱagainstȱtheȱJewȱAbrahamȱofȱBerkhamsted inȱtheȱ1250s:ȱfinancialȱmisdeedsȱandȱtheȱdesecrationȱofȱanȱiconȱofȱtheȱVirginȱMaryȱ(byȱplacingȱit inȱhisȱlavatory),ȱseeȱChristophȱCluse,ȱ“‘Fabulaȱineptissima’.ȱDieȱRitualmordlegendeȱumȱAdamȱvon Bristolȱ nachȱ derȱ Handschriftȱ London,ȱ Britishȱ Library,ȱ Harleyȱ 957,”ȱ Aschkenas.ȱ Zeitschriftȱ für GeschichteȱundȱKulturȱderȱJuden,ȱ5.2ȱ(1995),ȱ293–330;ȱhereȱ296;ȱAnthonyȱBale,ȱTheȱJewȱinȱtheȱMedieval Book:ȱEnglishȱAntisemitismsȱ1350–1500.ȱCambridgeȱStudiesȱinȱMedievalȱLiterature,ȱ60ȱ(Cambridge: CambridgeȱUniversityȱPress,ȱ2006),ȱ8,ȱandȱgenerallyȱonȱtheȱphenomenonȱofȱantiȬJudaismȱandȱantiȬ SemitismȱinȱaȱcountryȱfromȱwhichȱtheȱJewsȱwereȱexpelledȱalreadyȱatȱtheȱendȱofȱtheȱhighȱMiddle Agesȱ(1290),ȱseeȱalsoȱCohen,ȱChristȱKillers,ȱ103ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ3).

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS TheȱHostȱonȱtheȱDoorstep 301 wereȱregardedȱcapableȱof,ȱandȱproneȱto,ȱcommittingȱspecificȱcrimesȱmostȱofȱwhich madeȱtheirȱwayȱintoȱtheȱstereotypesȱofȱantiȬSemitismȱofȱlaterȱcenturies.8ȱ TheȱideasȱofȱJewishȱresponsibilityȱandȱculpabilityȱforȱtheȱcrucifixionȱofȱChrist andȱtheȱidentificationȱofȱJewsȱasȱhistoricȱenemiesȱofȱChristianityȱandȱChristendom alreadyȱ lay,ȱ amongȱ otherȱ factors,ȱ atȱ theȱ coreȱ ofȱ theȱ crusadingȱ assaultsȱ onȱ the RhinelandȱJewryȱofȱaroundȱ1096,9ȱandȱhadȱevolvedȱintoȱanȱimageryȱofȱJewish violenceȱagainstȱChristiansȱinȱgeneral.ȱAsȱaȱresultȱofȱtheȱgrowingȱhumanization, andȱsubsequentȱvulnerability,ȱofȱJesusȱinȱtheȱcourseȱofȱtheȱtwelfthȱcentury,ȱtheȱidea ofȱtheȱJewsȱkillingȱaȱdeityȱmergedȱwithȱtheȱimagesȱofȱtheȱmurderȱofȱaȱrealȱperson, orȱitsȱpersonificationȱinȱtheȱEucharist.ȱTheȱimageȱofȱaȱ‘real’ȱkillingȱwithȱaȱpalpable victimȱ wasȱ muchȱ moreȱ relatableȱ forȱ theȱ commonȱ people.10ȱ Theȱ theoreticalȬ theologicalȱimageȱpreachedȱduringȱaȱsermonȱwasȱtransformedȱintoȱanȱimageȱthat couldȱ beȱ broughtȱ upȱ wheneverȱ needed,ȱ adaptedȱ toȱ localȱ circumstances,ȱ and repeatedȱtimeȱandȱagain—theȱideaȱthatȱcontemporaryȱJewsȱbehavedȱtowardsȱthe hostȱ justȱ likeȱ theirȱ forefathersȱ hadȱ behavedȱ towardsȱ Christ,ȱ andȱ thus,ȱ their punishmentȱwasȱintendedȱbyȱGod.11ȱ Whatȱhad,ȱinȱmoreȱdetailȱthanȱtheȱannals’ȱsuccinctȱentryȱtellsȱus,ȱhappenedȱinȱthe smallȱLowerȱAustrianȱtownȱofȱKorneuburg?ȱOnȱSeptemberȱ17,ȱ1305,ȱaȱhostȱwafer wasȱ foundȱ eitherȱ onȱ theȱ doorstepȱ ofȱ theȱ houseȱ thatȱ wasȱ occupiedȱ (and, presumably,ȱowned)ȱbyȱtheȱJewȱZerkel,ȱorȱinȱhisȱpossession.12ȱBloodȱwasȱseeping

8 Fromȱtheȱvastȱliteratureȱonȱthisȱtopic,ȱseeȱinȱadditionȱtoȱtheȱstudyȱofȱChazan,ȱMedievalȱStereotypes (seeȱnoteȱ6),ȱtheȱolderȱbutȱstillȱvalidȱoverviewsȱbyȱGavinȱI.ȱLangmuir,ȱTowardȱaȱDefinitionȱof Antisemitismȱ (Berkeley,ȱ Losȱ Angeles,ȱ andȱ Oxford:ȱ Universityȱ ofȱ Californiaȱ Press,ȱ 1990), particularlyȱ301–10,ȱandȱStefanȱRohrbacherȱandȱMichaelȱSchmidt,ȱJudenbilder:ȱKulturgeschichte antijüdischerȱMythenȱundȱantisemitischerȱVorurteil.ȱkulturen&ideen.ȱrowohltsȱenzyklopädieȱ(Reinbek beiȱHamburg:ȱrowohlt,ȱ1991). 9 Chazan,ȱMedievalȱStereotypes,ȱ59ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ6). 10 Cohen,ȱ Christȱ Killersȱ (seeȱ noteȱ 3),ȱ addressesȱ theȱ topicȱ inȱ severalȱ chapters;ȱ seeȱ furtherȱ Sapir Abulafia,ȱChristiansȱandȱJews,ȱ107–22ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ6),ȱmainlyȱonȱtheȱdevelopmentȱofȱtheȱtheological idea;ȱBjörnȱBerghausen,ȱ‘DasȱLiedȱvonȱDeggendorf,’ȱJudenȱinȱderȱdeutschenȱLiteraturȱdesȱMittelalter: ReligiöseȱKonzepte—Feindbilder—Rechtfertigungen,ȱed.ȱUrsulaȱSchulzȱ(Tübingen:ȱMaxȱNiemeyer Verlag,ȱ2002),ȱ233–53;ȱhereȱ238–39. 11 Františekȱ Graus,ȱ Pest,ȱ Geissler,ȱ Judenmorde:ȱ Dasȱ 14.ȱ Jahrhundertȱ alsȱ Krisenzeit.ȱ Sec.ȱ ed., Veröffentlichungenȱ desȱ MaxȬPlanckȬInstitutsȱ fürȱ Geschichte,ȱ 86ȱ (Göttingen:ȱ Vandenhoeckȱ & Ruprecht,ȱ1988),ȱ289–90. 12 Theȱincident(s)ȱatȱKorneuburgȱhaveȱfrequentlyȱbeenȱsubjectȱtoȱacademicȱanalysis;ȱseeȱmostȱnotably WinfriedȱStelzer,ȱ“AmȱBeispielȱKorneuburg:ȱDerȱangeblicheȱHostienfrevelȱösterreichischerȱJuden vonȱ 1305ȱ undȱ seineȱ Quellen,”ȱ Österreichȱ imȱ Mittelalter.ȱ Bausteineȱ zuȱ einerȱ revidiertenȱ GesamtȬ darstellung,ȱ ed.ȱ Willibaldȱ Rosner.ȱ Studienȱ undȱ Forschungenȱ ausȱ demȱ Niederösterreichischen Institutȱ fürȱ Landeskunde,ȱ 26,ȱ Niederösterreichischeȱ Schriften,ȱ 109,ȱ Wissenschaft.ȱ (St.ȱ Pölten: NiederösterreichischesȱInstitutȱfürȱLandeskunde,ȱ1999),ȱ309–48,ȱreg.ȱtheȱdatingȱ323–24,ȱwithȱfn. 43;ȱinȱtheȱsameȱvolume,ȱseeȱforȱaȱsummaryȱofȱantiȬJewishȱpolemicsȱinȱfourteenthȬcenturyȱAustria FritzȱPeterȱKnapp,ȱ“NikolausȱvonȱHeiligenkreuzȱundȱdieȱJudenpolemikȱinȱÖsterreichȱzuȱAnfang desȱ14.ȱJahrhunderts,”ȱ293–322,ȱonȱKorneuburgȱ300–03.ȱFurtherȱseeȱRubin,ȱGentileȱTales,ȱ57–65ȱ(see

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS 302 BirgitȱWiedl fromȱtheȱwafer,ȱwhichȱmadeȱitȱimmediatelyȱclearȱtoȱtheȱbystandersȱthatȱitȱwasȱa miraculousȱobject,ȱandȱindeed,ȱitȱstartedȱtoȱworkȱitsȱfirstȱmiraclesȱrightȱonȱtheȱspot. EnragedȱbyȱtheȱobviousȱcrimeȱthatȱhadȱbeenȱcommittedȱbyȱtheȱJewishȱinhabitants, theȱcitizensȱgotȱholdȱofȱtheȱJewishȱscholarȱ(scolasticus)ȱwhoȱwasȱburntȱatȱtheȱstake. Afterȱthat,ȱtheyȱbeatȱZerkelȱtoȱdeath,ȱandȱthenȱburntȱtheȱotherȱJewishȱinhabitants ofȱtheȱsmallȱtown,ȱraisingȱtheȱdeathȱtollȱtoȱtenȱpeopleȱaltogether. Theȱeventsȱthatȱledȱto,ȱandȱensuedȱafter,ȱtheȱextinctionȱofȱwhatȱmightȱhaveȱbeen theȱentireȱJewishȱpopulationȱofȱKorneuburg13ȱareȱexceptionallyȱwellȱdocumented. Whileȱtheȱchronicleȱentryȱcitedȱaboveȱmerelyȱstatedȱtheȱbasicȱfacts,ȱanȱextensive protocolȱofȱtheȱinterrogationȱofȱtwentyȬoneȱwitnessesȱprovidesȱsingularlyȱvaluable insightsȱintoȱbothȱtheȱcourse(s)ȱofȱeventsȱandȱtheȱperception(s)ȱofȱthese.14ȱAbout threeȱmonthsȱafterȱtheȱincident,ȱinȱDecemberȱ1305,ȱaȱcommissionȱofȱclericsȱunder theȱleadershipȱofȱtheȱCistercianȱAmbroseȱofȱHeiligenkreuzȱ(aȱmonasteryȱaboutȱ20 kilometresȱ southȬwestȱ ofȱ Vienna)ȱ lookedȱ intoȱ theȱ meritsȱ ofȱ theȱ caseȱ of Korneuburg’sȱmiracleȬworkingȱhostȱwaferȱandȱtheȱlargerȱissuesȱconnectedȱwithȱit. Inȱtheȱcourseȱofȱsixȱdays,ȱtheȱwitnesses,ȱsixȱclericsȱandȱfifteenȱlayȱpersons,ȱwere presentedȱwithȱaȱdetailedȱcatalogueȱofȱquestions,ȱtheȱmainȱfocusȱofȱwhichȱwasȱto ascertainȱ theȱ authenticityȱ (orȱ not)ȱ ofȱ theȱ host’sȱ miraculousȱ characterȱ andȱ the qualityȱofȱtheȱmiraclesȱitȱworked.15ȱTherefore,ȱtheȱquestionsȱfocussedȱmainlyȱonȱthe

noteȱ3);ȱEvelineȱBrugger,ȱ“Korneuburgȱ1305,”ȱNichtȱinȱeinemȱBett—JudenȱundȱChristenȱinȱMittelalter undȱFrühneuzeit,ȱed.ȱInstituteȱforȱJewishȱHistoryȱinȱAustriaȱ(Vienna:ȱremaȱprint,ȱ2005),ȱ20–26ȱ(for theȱinternetȱversion,ȱsee: http://www.injoest.ac.at/upload/JudeninME05_2_19–26.pdf,ȱlastȱaccessedȱonȱMarchȱ10,ȱ2012); eadem,ȱ“VonȱderȱAnsiedlungȱbisȱzurȱVertreibung—JudenȱinȱÖsterreichȱimȱMittelalter,”ȱGeschichte derȱ Judenȱ inȱ Österreich,ȱ eadem,ȱ Marthaȱ Keil,ȱ Christophȱ Lind,ȱ Albertȱ Lichtblau,ȱ andȱ Barbara Staudinger.ȱÖsterreichischeȱGeschichte,ȱ15,ȱed.ȱHerwigȱWolframȱ(Vienna:ȱUeberreuter,ȱ2006), 123–227;ȱhereȱ211–16. 13 Stelzer,ȱ“AmȱBeispielȱKorneuburg,”ȱ340ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ12),ȱarguesȱagainstȱthisȱandȱpointsȱoutȱthat Ambroseȱinȱhisȱtreatiseȱthatȱwasȱwrittenȱaboutȱsevenȱyearsȱafterȱtheȱincidentsȱreferredȱtoȱtheȱten killedȱpeopleȱexȱiudeisȱandȱthusȱindicatedȱthatȱmoreȱJewsȱhadȱlivedȱatȱKorneuburgȱatȱthatȱtime.ȱIt isȱhoweverȱpossibleȱthat,ȱsinceȱtheȱnumberȱtenȱreferredȱtoȱtheȱJewsȱwhoȱhadȱbeenȱburnt,ȱZerkel, whoȱhadȱbeenȱbeatenȱtoȱdeath,ȱwasȱnotȱincluded.ȱThereȱisȱnoȱnotionȱofȱanyȱcontinuousȱJewish presenceȱinȱKorneuburgȱforȱtheȱremainderȱofȱtheȱcentury,ȱseeȱGermaniaȱJudaica,ȱvol.ȱIII:ȱ1350–1519, partȱ1:ȱAachȬLychen,ȱed.ȱAryeȱMaimonȱandȱYacovȱGuggenheimȱ(Tübingen:ȱJ.ȱC.ȱB.ȱMohr,ȱ1987), 674,ȱlists,ȱalbeitȱrelyingȱonȱratherȱproblematicȱsources,ȱaltogetherȱnineȱ(mainlyȱViennese)ȱJewsȱfor theȱ timespanȱ fromȱ 1350ȱ toȱ 1420ȱ thatȱ wereȱ namedȱ afterȱ Neunburg,ȱ whichȱ couldȱ eitherȱ mean KlosterneuburgȱorȱKorneuburg. 14 HausȬ,ȱHofȬȱundȱStaatsarchivȱ(HHStA,ȱAustrianȱStateȱArchives),ȱNotariatsinstrumentȱdesȱNotars OttoȱvonȱRußbach,ȱAURȱ1305ȱXIIȱ17;ȱfullȱeditionȱbyȱBruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ125–42,ȱno.ȱ133 (seeȱnoteȱ1). 15 Theȱcommissionȱconsistedȱofȱfourȱofȱtheȱepiscopalȱchaplains:ȱGottfried,ȱDeanȱofȱKrems,ȱmagister albert,ȱcanonȱofȱRegensburg,ȱtheȱlegallyȱtrainedȱmagisterȱKonradȱvonȱSteinheim,ȱandȱtheȱnotary OttoȱvonȱRußbach,ȱwhoȱwroteȱ(finalȱversionȱof)ȱtheȱprotocolȱ(BruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ125, no.ȱ133ȱandȱ144,ȱno.ȱ135ȱ[seeȱnoteȱ1]).ȱOnȱtheȱcatalogueȱofȱquestions,ȱseeȱStelzer,ȱ“AmȱBeispiel

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS TheȱHostȱonȱtheȱDoorstep 303 hostȱwafer,ȱitsȱconditionȱwhenȱitȱwasȱfound,ȱandȱtheȱmiraclesȱitȱworkedȱafterȱitȱhad beenȱinstalledȱ atȱtheȱparishȱchurch;ȱwhichȱalsoȱmeantȱafterȱtheȱJewsȱhadȱbeen killed.ȱTheȱJews’ȱfateȱseemedȱofȱsecondary,ȱifȱnotȱaltogetherȱnegligible,ȱimportance toȱ theȱ interrogatorsȱ whoseȱ mainȱ concernȱ wasȱ whetherȱ theȱ waferȱ hadȱ been consecratedȱ orȱ not,ȱ meaning,ȱ whetherȱ theȱ Christiansȱ whoȱ veneratedȱ itȱ were veneratingȱ anȱ appropriatelyȱ consecratedȱ host.ȱ Ambroseȱ ofȱ Heiligenkreuz, generallyȱ scepticalȱ ofȱ miraculousȱ hosts,ȱ hadȱ seriousȱ doubtsȱ aboutȱ this.ȱ With respectȱ toȱ theȱ Jewsȱ andȱ theirȱ fate,ȱ bothȱ questionsȱ andȱ answersȱ remained ambiguous,ȱandȱitȱisȱremarkableȱthatȱnoneȱofȱtheȱinterrogatorsȱprobedȱintoȱthese ambiguitiesȱandȱinconsistenciesȱthatȱappearedȱasȱtheȱinterrogationȱcontinued.ȱI don’tȱknow,ȱor,ȱIȱhaven’tȱseenȱit,ȱbutȱIȱfirmlyȱbelieveȱit,ȱsoonȱturnedȱoutȱtoȱbeȱthe defaultȱrepliesȱtheȱwitnessesȱutteredȱwheneverȱaskedȱwhetherȱtheyȱhadȱactually seenȱtheȱhostȱwaferȱworkȱmiracles,ȱorȱtheȱJewsȱmaltreatȱit,ȱrenderingȱmostȱofȱthe witnesses’ȱtestimoniesȱwhatȱweȱunderstandȱasȱtheȱmodernȱconceptȱofȱhearsay. Manyȱ ofȱ theȱ testimoniesȱ containedȱ notȱ onlyȱ inaccuraciesȱ butȱ blatantly contradictedȱeachȱother,ȱwithout,ȱhowever,ȱcausingȱtheȱinterrogatorsȱtoȱinquire anyȱfurther.ȱThereȱwasȱnoȱconsistencyȱamongȱtheȱanswersȱtoȱtheȱquestionȱabout howȱmanyȱeyewitnessesȱthereȱhadȱbeenȱtoȱtheȱdiscoveryȱofȱtheȱhost.ȱTheȱfirst witness,ȱtheȱVicarȱofȱKorneuburgȱbyȱtheȱnameȱofȱFriedrich,ȱwho,ȱwhileȱnotȱhaving witnessedȱmuchȱofȱtheȱwholeȱincidentȱhimself,ȱknewȱofȱ200ȱpeopleȱbeingȱpresent whenȱtheȱbloodiedȱhostȱwasȱfoundȱ(etȱaliiȱquasiȱCCti,ȱquorumȱnominaȱnescit)—which would,ȱifȱtakenȱliterally,ȱquiteȱlikelyȱamountȱtoȱtheȱentireȱpopulationȱofȱtheȱsmall town.ȱDespiteȱthisȱsuspiciouslyȱhighȱnumber,ȱheȱwasȱonlyȱableȱtoȱgiveȱtheȱnames ofȱthreeȱwitnesses,ȱbutȱknewȱthatȱoneȱofȱthese,ȱtheȱcobbler’sȱwife,ȱpreventedȱthe waferȱfromȱbeingȱblownȱawayȱbyȱcoveringȱitȱwithȱaȱcloth.16 Inȱmanyȱofȱtheȱ(mostlyȱlater)ȱtalesȱofȱJewsȱallegedlyȱmaltreatingȱhostȱwafers,ȱone ofȱtheȱmainȱconcernsȱinvolvesȱhowȱtheȱJewsȱmanagedȱtoȱacquireȱtheȱwafer.ȱSince theseȱ wereȱ keptȱ inȱ aȱ spaceȱ notȱ readilyȱ accessiblyȱ toȱ them,ȱ gettingȱ holdȱ ofȱ a consecratedȱwaferȱwouldȱrequireȱaȱcertainȱamountȱofȱschemingȱonȱtheirȱpart.ȱMere possessionȱofȱaȱwaferȱalone,ȱwithoutȱanyȱsignsȱofȱitȱhavingȱbeenȱmaltreated,ȱwas deemedȱsufficientȱproofȱtoȱjustifyȱpersecution,ȱevenȱifȱthisȱpossessionȱwasȱonly suspected,ȱ orȱ claimedȱ byȱ others.ȱ Theȱ processȱ ofȱ acquiringȱ howeverȱ usually requiredȱ aȱ Christianȱ accomplice,ȱ who,ȱ oftenȱ forȱ pecuniaryȱ reasons,ȱ stoleȱ the consecratedȱwaferȱfromȱaȱchurchȱorȱchapel.ȱQuiteȱoftenȱaȱwomanȱorȱaȱgirl,17ȱthe

Korneuburg,”ȱ321–22ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ12);ȱRubin,ȱGentileȱTales,ȱ61–62ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ3);ȱseeȱalsoȱWolfgang StefanȱKoller,ȱDieȱKorneuburgerȱBluthostie.ȱHistorischeȱQuellenȱundȱWirkung.ȱUnpublishedȱmaster thesis,ȱViennaȱ1991,ȱappendixȱ(tableȱofȱtheȱtestimonies). 16 Reg.ȱtheȱquestioningȱofȱtheȱpriestȱFriedrich,ȱvicarȱofȱKorneuburgȱ(firstȱwitness):ȱBruggerȱand Wiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ126,ȱno.ȱ133ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ1). 17 Wolfgangȱ Treue,ȱ “Schlechteȱ undȱ guteȱ Christen:ȱ Zurȱ Rolleȱ vonȱ Christenȱ inȱ antijüdischen RitualmordȬȱundȱHostienschändungslegenden,”ȱAschkenas.ȱZeitschriftȱfürȱGeschichteȱundȱKulturȱdes

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS 304 BirgitȱWiedl

Christianȱoffenderȱwasȱusuallyȱofȱaȱlowȱsocialȱstanding,ȱandȱtheȱthief’sȱfateȱwas closelyȱlinkedȱwithȱtheȱfateȱofȱtheȱJewishȱperpetrators.ȱHerȱ(orȱhis)ȱoffenceȱagainst theȱChristianȱfaithȱisȱnoȱlessȱgraveȱthanȱtheȱJews’,ȱandȱthusȱtheȱpunishmentȱmeted outȱoftenȱmatchedȱthatȱofȱtheȱJews,18ȱunlessȱdivineȱjusticeȱitselfȱintervened.19ȱ InȱtheȱKorneuburgȱcase,ȱhowever,ȱtheȱquestionȱofȱhowȱtheȱJewsȱcameȱtoȱposses theȱhostȱwafer,ȱandȱforȱhowȱlongȱtheȱhostȱhadȱbeenȱinȱtheirȱhands,ȱseemedȱof surprisinglyȱ secondaryȱ importance;ȱ andȱ theȱ strikingȱ inconsistenciesȱ inȱ the witnesses’ȱanswersȱwereȱnotȱinvestigatedȱanyȱfurther.ȱTheȱfifthȱwitness,ȱKonrad, theȱvicarȱofȱLeobendorfȱ(aȱhamletȱnorthȱofȱKorneuburg),ȱdeclaredȱthatȱheȱknew thatȱthreeȱyearsȱago,ȱtheȱJewsȱhadȱboughtȱtheȱhostȱwaferȱforȱtenȱpoundsȱfromȱa layperson,ȱtheȱidentityȱofȱwhomȱheȱwouldȱnotȱrevealȱsinceȱthatȱpersonȱhadȱtold himȱaboutȱthisȱduringȱconfession,ȱalthoughȱtheȱpenitentȱhadȱaskedȱhimȱtoȱinform theȱpopulationȱsinceȱheȱfeltȱremorseȱaboutȱhisȱsinfulȱdeed.ȱKonradȱremainsȱthe onlyȱoneȱwhoȱcomesȱupȱwithȱthisȱversionȱinȱdetail,ȱtheȱsignificanceȱofȱwhichȱwill beȱdiscussedȱlater.20ȱKonrad’sȱversionȱisȱcorroboratedȱbyȱotherȱwitnesses:ȱtheȱpriest Friedrich,ȱwhoȱownedȱtoȱhavingȱknownȱaboutȱtheȱconfessionȱfrom,ȱasȱheȱsaid,ȱtwo priestsȱandȱotherȱpeople,ȱKonradȱanȱderȱHochstrassȱ(deȱAltaȱStrata),ȱoneȱofȱthe threeȱwhomȱFriedrichȱnamedȱasȱhavingȱbeenȱpresentȱwhenȱtheȱwaferȱwasȱfound, andȱOttoȱanȱdemȱRoßmarkt.ȱ

Judentums,ȱ2.1ȱ(1995),ȱ95–116;ȱhereȱ97;ȱRubin,ȱGentileȱTales,ȱ31–32ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ3);ȱFriedrichȱLotter, “Hostienfrevelvorwurfȱ undȱ Blutwunderfälschungȱ beiȱ denȱ Judenverfolgungenȱ vonȱ 1298 (“Rintfleisch”)ȱundȱ1336–1338ȱ(“Armleder”),”ȱFälschungenȱimȱMittelalter.ȱMGHȱSchriften,ȱ33/5: FingierteȱBriefe,ȱFrömmigkeitȱundȱFälschung,ȱRealienfälschungenȱ(Hanover:ȱHahnscheȱBuchhandlung, 1988),ȱ533–83;ȱhereȱ542;ȱonȱtheȱconnectionȱofȱmedievalȱmisogynyȱandȱantiȬJudaism,ȱseeȱJoan Youngȱ Gregg,ȱ Devils,ȱ Women,ȱ andȱ Jews.ȱ Reflectionsȱ ofȱ theȱ Otherȱ inȱ Medievalȱ Sermonȱ Stories (Binghamton,ȱNY:ȱStateȱUniversityȱofȱNewȱYorkȱPress,ȱ1997). 18 Treue,ȱ“SchlechteȱundȱguteȱChristen,”ȱ107–08ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ17).ȱ 19 Quiteȱaȱ“modelȱexample”ȱisȱtheȱstoryȱtoldȱbyȱ(allegedly)ȱtheȱDominicanȱRudolfȱvonȱSchlettstadt thatȱcombinesȱseveralȱantiȬJewishȱimages:ȱAfterȱseducingȱhisȱChristianȱmaidservant,ȱaȱnefarious Jewȱofferedȱtheȱfatuousȱgirlȱlotsȱofȱgoldȱforȱaȱconsecratedȱhostȱwhichȱheȱmaltreated;ȱwhenȱhis misdeedsȱwereȱuncoveredȱandȱheȱwasȱimprisoned,ȱheȱbribedȱtheȱlocalȱjudgeȱ(Schultheiß)ȱtoȱsetȱhim freeȱagain.ȱByȱdivineȱintervention,ȱtheȱtownȱwasȱdevastatedȱbyȱbiblicalȱplagues,ȱandȱonȱtheȱthird day,ȱtheȱjudgeȱwasȱstruckȱbyȱlightning;ȱseeȱJohannesȱGrabmayer,ȱ“RudolfȱvonȱSchlettstadtȱund dasȱaschkenasischeȱJudentumȱumȱ1300,”ȱAschkenas.ȱZeitschriftȱfürȱGeschichteȱundȱKulturȱderȱJuden, 4.2ȱ(1994),ȱ301–36;ȱhereȱ325–26;ȱseeȱalsoȱRubin,ȱGentileȱTales,ȱ84–85ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ3).ȱTheȱauthorshipȱof RudolfȱvonȱSchlettstadtȱhasȱbeenȱdisprovedȱbyȱStefanȱGeorges,ȱGrafȱWilhelmȱWernerȱvonȱZimmern alsȱHistoriensammler:ȱDieȱWundergeschichtensammlungȱdesȱneuentdeckten,ȱautographenȱSigmaringer Codexȱ64.ȱMAȱthesis,ȱFreiburgȱimȱBreisgauȱ1999,ȱparticularlyȱ55–57,ȱwhoȱisȱworkingȱonȱanȱedition ofȱtheȱcodex. 20 QuestioningȱofȱKonrad,ȱvicarȱofȱLeobendorfȱ(fifthȱwitness):ȱBruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ130, no.ȱ133ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ1).

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS TheȱHostȱonȱtheȱDoorstep 305

Theȱlatterȱtwoȱgaveȱevidenceȱofȱtheȱscholar’sȱdeathȱandȱhisȱlastȱwords21:ȱupon beingȱdraggedȱtoȱtheȱstakeȱbyȱtheȱenragedȱmasses,ȱtheȱscholarȱnotȱonlyȱclaimed thatȱheȱwasȱaboutȱtoȱdieȱanȱinnocentȱdeathȱbutȱalsoȱaccusedȱZerkelȱofȱhaving boughtȱtheȱhostȱthreeȱyearsȱago,ȱatȱChristmas,ȱfromȱaȱChristianȱservantȱforȱthe priceȱ ofȱthreeȱsolidiȱandȱaȱtunic,ȱaccordingȱtoȱOtto’sȱrenditionȱofȱtheȱscholar’s words—aȱcontradictionȱtoȱtheȱvicar’sȱtestimonyȱwhoȱspokeȱofȱtenȱpounds.ȱWhen Zerkelȱ wantedȱ toȱ getȱ ridȱ ofȱ theȱ wafer,ȱ heȱ offeredȱ aȱ Christianȱ byȱ theȱ nameȱ of RibaldusȱtwoȱpoundsȱifȱtheȱlatterȱthrewȱtheȱwaferȱintoȱtheȱDanube;ȱyetȱupon seeingȱtheȱwaferȱinȱtheȱJew’sȱhands,ȱRibaldusȱexclaimedȱthatȱthisȱwasȱhisȱcreator whomȱheȱwouldȱnotȱtouchȱforȱaȱthousandȱtalentsȱ(hocȱestȱcreatorȱmeus,ȱhuncȱegoȱnon tangamȱeciamȱproȱmilleȱtalentis). Theseȱquiteȱdetailedȱversionsȱtieȱinȱinȱsomeȱpartsȱwithȱwhatȱcanȱbeȱderivedȱfrom mostȱofȱtheȱtestimoniesȱthatȱwereȱlessȱelaborate.ȱMostȱofȱtheȱwitnessesȱwhoȱgave anyȱstatementȱasȱtoȱhowȱtheȱJewsȱcameȱintoȱpossessionȱofȱtheȱwafer,ȱandȱasȱtoȱhow thatȱpossessionȱwasȱdiscovered,ȱdidȱnotȱmentionȱaȱpriorȱpurchaseȱbutȱconcurred thatȱonȱtheȱfatefulȱday,ȱtheyȱhadȱseenȱZerkelȱrunȱafterȱaȱChristian,ȱaccusingȱhimȱof havingȱthrownȱtheȱhostȱintoȱhisȱhouseȱonlyȱaȱfewȱmomentsȱago.ȱTheȱJewishȱscholar wasȱ followingȱ them,ȱ carryingȱ theȱ bloodiedȱ wafer,ȱ whichȱ heȱ hadȱ presumably pickedȱ upȱ fromȱ theȱ threshold,ȱ inȱ hisȱ hands,ȱ orȱ wrappedȱ inȱ aȱ cloth,ȱ andȱ was beggingȱtheȱsurroundingȱChristiansȱtoȱtakeȱitȱfromȱhim.ȱKonradȱanȱderȱHochstrass andȱanotherȱwitness,ȱtheȱcarpenterȱSidlo,ȱgaveȱwhatȱtheyȱclaimedȱtoȱbeȱtheȱexact wordsȱtheȱscholarȱyelledȱatȱtheȱgapingȱbystanders:ȱ“Takeȱyourȱgod,”ȱheȱallegedly hadȱscreamed,ȱ“whomȱthatȱservantȱhasȱbroughtȱintoȱourȱhouse,ȱheȱ[theȱservant] whoȱshouldȱratherȱburnȱthanȱus.”22ȱ TheȱChristiansȱwhoȱobservedȱtheȱsceneȱhoweverȱrefusedȱtoȱtakeȱtheȱhost,ȱand whenȱ theȱ scholarȱ threwȱ itȱ toȱ theȱ ground,ȱ Zerkelȱ trodȱ onȱ itȱ repeatedly.23ȱ The

21 QuestioningȱofȱKonradȱanȱderȱHochstrassȱ(seventhȱwitness)ȱandȱofȱOttoȱanȱdemȱRoßmarktȱ(eigth witness):ȱBruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ132,ȱ134,ȱno.ȱ133ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ1). 22 Questioningȱ ofȱ Konradȱ anȱ derȱ Hochstrassȱ (seventhȱ witness),ȱ andȱ ofȱ theȱ carpenterȱ Sidlo (fourtheenthȱwitness):ȱBruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ132,ȱ139,ȱno.ȱ133ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ1). 23 TheȱimageȱofȱJewsȱmaltreatingȱaȱhostȱwaferȱbyȱtreadingȱonȱitȱisȱaȱratherȱrareȱimage,ȱbutȱisȱvividly exemplifiedȱinȱanȱincidentȱreportedȱbyȱanȱEnglishȱDominicanȱthatȱhadȱsupposedlyȱhappened duringȱtheȱGermanȱ‘Armleder’ȱpersecutions:ȱAȱJew,ȱwhoȱhadȱbeforehandȱboughtȱaȱhostȱwafer fromȱaȱknight,ȱmockedȱtheȱworshippersȱduringȱtheȱCorpusȱChristiȱprocessionȱbyȱinsistingȱthatȱhe “keptȱChristȱunderȱhisȱfootȱinȱhisȱshoe.”ȱWhenȱheȱwasȱslainȱimmediatelyȱbyȱaȱbystandingȱknight, theȱbloodiedȱhostȱwasȱfoundȱinȱtheȱsoleȱofȱhisȱshoe,ȱleadingȱtoȱaȱwideȬrangingȱpersecutionȱofȱthe Jewsȱ“whereverȱtheyȱcouldȱbeȱfoundȱinȱtheȱarea.”ȱSeeȱforȱanȱextensiveȱdiscussionȱofȱtheȱmotif, ChristophȱCluse,ȱ‘BlutȱistȱimȱSchuh.ȱEinȱExempelȱzurȱJudenverfolgungȱdesȱ“RexȱArmleder.”’ȱLiber Amicorumȱ necnonȱ etȱ amicarum.ȱ Fürȱ Alfredȱ Heit:ȱ Beiträgeȱ zurȱ mittelalterlichenȱ Geschichteȱ und geschichtlichenȱLandeskunde,ȱed.ȱFriedhelmȱBurgard,ȱChristophȱCluse,ȱandȱAlfredȱHaverkamp. TriererȱHistorischeȱForschungen,ȱ28ȱ(Trier:ȱVerlagȱTriererȱHistorischeȱForschungen,ȱ1996),ȱ371–92 (withȱanȱeditionȱofȱtheȱtext,ȱ379).ȱ

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS 306 BirgitȱWiedl questionȱofȱwhyȱZerkel,ȱifȱheȱhadȱacquiredȱtheȱhostȱwaferȱthreeȱyearsȱago,ȱwould haveȱ decidedȱ toȱ getȱ ridȱ ofȱ itȱ now,ȱ isȱ neverȱ asked;ȱ andȱ theȱ questionȱ why,ȱ in particular,ȱheȱwouldȱtakeȱaȱbloodiedȱhostȱheȱhadȱownedȱforȱyearsȱinȱhisȱhandsȱand runȱ throughȱ theȱ streetsȱ ofȱ Korneuburgȱ isȱ notȱ evenȱ touchedȱ upon.ȱ Theȱ detail howeverȱthatȱmostȱofȱtheȱwitnessesȱagreeȱupon,ȱthatȱtheyȱwitnessedȱZerkelȱandȱthe scholarȱasȱtheyȱranȱafterȱtheȱChristianȱandȱshoutedȱthatȱheȱhadȱplantedȱtheȱwafer atȱtheirȱdoorstep,ȱsoundsȱallȱtheȱmoreȱbelievable.ȱTheȱpanickedȱJewsȱranȱthrough theȱstreetsȱofȱtheȱtownȱwithȱtheȱwaferȱinȱtheirȱhands,ȱhopingȱagainstȱallȱoddsȱthat theyȱwouldȱbeȱexculpatedȱwhenȱtheȱrealȱperpetratorȱwasȱcaught.ȱTheirȱawareness ofȱtheȱimmediateȱdangerȱwhenȱtheyȱfoundȱtheȱbloodiedȱwaferȱonȱtheirȱthreshold isȱreflectedȱinȱOtto’sȱtestimony,ȱalbeitȱwithȱaȱtwist:ȱtheȱJewsȱwere,ȱaccordingȱtoȱthe scholar’sȱlastȱwords,ȱwellȱawareȱofȱtheirȱguiltȱandȱwellȱdeservedȱtheirȱpunishment (nosȱmerimusȱillamȱpenamȱinȱDeoȱvestro). Anotherȱversionȱofȱhowȱtheȱwaferȱhadȱmadeȱitsȱpresenceȱknownȱmadeȱuseȱofȱthe alreadyȱwellȬestablishedȱtopicȱofȱheavenlyȱassistance.24ȱSifridusȱorȱSidlinus,ȱaȱbaker atȱ Korneuburg,ȱ claimedȱ inȱ hisȱ testimonyȱ thatȱ whileȱ heȱ wasȱ atȱ workȱ (inȱ actu pistandi),ȱheȱheardȱaȱvoiceȱthatȱurgedȱhimȱtoȱgoȱtoȱZerkel’sȱhouse,ȱandȱwhenȱhe hesitated,ȱheȱwasȱsuddenlyȱgraspedȱbyȱaȱforceȱthatȱallȱbutȱdraggedȱhimȱ‘underȱthe Jew’sȱdoor,’ȱsubȱportamȱiudei.25ȱUponȱarrivingȱthere,ȱheȱsawȱtheȱwaferȱlyingȱonȱthe ground,ȱ ‘sweatingȱ beautifulȱ bloodȱ andȱ blistering’ȱ (viditȱ corpusȱ Dominiȱ sudare sanguinemȱpulcherrimumȱetȱbullireȱguttatim).ȱHeȱstoodȱmesmerized,ȱbutȱwhenȱhis gazeȱdriftedȱbackȱtoȱtheȱstreetȱ(indicatingȱthatȱheȱhadȱenteredȱtheȱJew’sȱhouse?),26 theȱwaferȱsuddenlyȱappearedȱbetweenȱhisȱthumbȱandȱindexȱfinger,ȱandȱheȱputȱit downȱontoȱtheȱdoorstepȱofȱtheȱJews’ȱhouseȱwhileȱaȱsmallȱdotȱofȱbloodȱremained onȱhisȱfinger.ȱInȱtheȱmeantime,ȱtwoȱotherȱwitnessesȱhadȱgatheredȱaroundȱhim, Bertha,ȱ theȱ wifeȱ ofȱ Konradȱ Reus,ȱ andȱ anotherȱ woman,ȱ Shellerin;ȱ aȱ blatant contradictionȱtoȱseveralȱotherȱversionsȱofȱwhoȱhadȱ(allegedly)ȱbeenȱpresentȱwhen theȱwaferȱhadȱbeenȱfound.ȱItȱseemsȱthatȱaȱcrowdȱhadȱgatheredȱratherȱquickly, whichȱmightȱexplainȱsomeȱofȱtheȱinaccuracies,ȱyetȱevenȱtheȱtestimoniesȱofȱthose whoȱclaimedȱthatȱtheyȱhadȱbeenȱimmediateȱwitnessesȱareȱatȱvariance.ȱ TheȱthreeȱwitnessesȱtoȱtheȱretrievalȱthatȱwereȱnamedȱbyȱtheȱpriestȱFriedrichȱare notȱmentionedȱbyȱothers,ȱwhileȱtheseȱthree—theȱcobbler’sȱwife,ȱKonradȱanȱder Hochstrass,ȱandȱSidlo—eitherȱwereȱnotȱquestionedȱatȱallȱ(theȱcobbler’sȱwife),ȱor didȱnotȱgiveȱanyȱnames.ȱTheȱmembersȱofȱtheȱtownȱcouncil,ȱwhoȱhadȱbeenȱinȱa meeting,ȱcameȱrunningȱtoȱtheȱJew’sȱhouseȱuponȱhearingȱtheȱturmoil,ȱwhichȱhad

24 Lotter,ȱ“Hostienfrevelvorwurf,”ȱwithȱseveralȱexamplesȱthroughoutȱtheȱarticleȱ(seeȱnoteȱ17). 25 QuestioningȱofȱSifridus/Sidlinȱ(eleventhȱwitness):ȱBruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ137–38,ȱno.ȱ133 (seeȱnoteȱ1). 26 Stelzer,ȱ“AmȱBeispielȱKorneuburg,”ȱ327ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ12),ȱsuspectsȱthisȱaccordingȱtoȱSidlin’sȱwording (eoqueȱrespicienteȱperȱportamȱadȱstratamȱviditȱhostiamȱpredictamȱinȱduobusȱdigitis).

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS TheȱHostȱonȱtheȱDoorstep 307 alsoȱattractedȱmanyȱothers,ȱtheȱmajorityȱofȱwhomȱremainedȱunnamedȱ(andȱunȬ interrogated).ȱFurthermore,ȱcontradictionsȱaboutȱwhoȱcouldȱprovideȱimmediate knowledgeȱofȱtheȱeventsȱwereȱnotȱsolved.ȱTheȱcarpenterȱSidlo,ȱwhoȱhadȱbeen namedȱbyȱFriedrichȱasȱoneȱofȱtheȱeyewitnessesȱtoȱtheȱdiscovery,ȱhimselfȱdeclared thatȱheȱhadȱonlyȱleftȱhisȱhouse,ȱwhereȱheȱhadȱbeenȱatȱwork,ȱwhenȱheȱhadȱheardȱthe Jewȱ callingȱ outȱ ‘catchȱ him.’ȱ Uponȱ enteringȱ theȱ streetȱ heȱ hadȱ seenȱ threeȱ Jews runningȱalongȱtheȱstreet,ȱamongstȱthemȱtheȱscholar,ȱwhoȱhadȱbeenȱcarryingȱaȱcloth fromȱwhichȱbloodȱwasȱdripping,ȱwhichȱheȱwipedȱonȱhisȱchest.ȱHeȱdidȱnotȱwitness, accordingȱtoȱhisȱownȱstatement,ȱtheȱactualȱdiscoveryȱ(neitherȱbyȱtheȱheavenly guidedȱbakerȱnorȱbyȱZerkel)ȱofȱtheȱwafer.27 Theȱtestimonyȱgivenȱbyȱtheȱtenthȱwitness,ȱHeinrichȱShem,ȱshedsȱyetȱanother, surprising,ȱlightȱonȱtheȱscene.ȱAlthoughȱwhenȱfacingȱtheȱcommission,ȱHeinrich emphasizedȱhisȱfirmȱbeliefȱinȱtheȱauthenticityȱofȱtheȱhostȱandȱhisȱabhorrenceȱofȱthe Jews’ȱcrime,ȱhisȱstatementȱneverthelessȱspeaksȱofȱaȱdistinctȱpersonalȱacquaintance withȱ theȱ Jews.ȱ Heȱ wasȱ inȱ Zerkel’sȱ houseȱ atȱ theȱ timeȱ theȱ hostȱ wasȱ discovered (whichȱtheȱinterrogatorsȱdidȱnotȱcommentȱon)ȱandȱheȱsawȱitȱlyingȱonȱtheȱdoorstep andȱ bubblingȱ bloodȬdropsȱ “likeȱ anȱ eggȱ thatȱ sweatsȱ whenȱ itȱ isȱ cooked.”ȱ His testimonyȱnotȱonlyȱsupportedȱtheȱJews’ȱclaimȱthatȱtheȱwaferȱhadȱbeenȱplantedȱat theirȱ doorstepȱ butȱ alsoȱ showedȱ clearlyȱ thatȱ theȱ Jewsȱ wereȱ absolutely,ȱ and immediately,ȱawareȱofȱtheȱfactȱthatȱthisȱhadȱbeenȱaȱmaliciousȱactionȱaimedȱatȱthem: oȱdomineȱHenrice,ȱZerkelȱcalledȱoutȱtoȱhim,ȱ“thisȱevilȱmanȱthrewȱtheȱbodyȱofȱyour Godȱintoȱmyȱhouseȱandȱslippedȱaway”ȱ(ecceȱquidamȱvilisȱhomoȱproiecitȱcorpusȱDei vestriȱadȱdomumȱmeamȱetȱrecessit).ȱ Uponȱseeingȱtheȱbloodiedȱwafer,ȱthough,ȱHeinrichȱimmediatelyȱblamedȱtheȱJews forȱitȱ(whichȱZerkelȱdenied),ȱyetȱheȱstillȱadmittedȱtoȱhavingȱurgedȱZerkelȱtoȱflee, but,ȱheȱadded,ȱnotȱwithoutȱtellingȱtheȱJewȱthatȱheȱwouldȱnotȱbeȱableȱtoȱescape.ȱTwo otherȱcitizens,ȱbothȱnamedȱMarquard,ȱandȱmembersȱofȱtheȱtownȱcouncilȱthen usheredȱZerkelȱintoȱtheȱhouseȱofȱKonradȱReusȱandȱhidȱhim,ȱtellingȱhimȱtoȱremain there.ȱYetȱwhenȱtheȱpopulaceȱreturnedȱfromȱburningȱtheȱscholar,ȱwho,ȱasȱthey claimed,ȱhadȱinȱdyingȱnamedȱZerkelȱasȱtheȱsoleȱperpetrator,ȱtheyȱbrokeȱintoȱReus’s house,ȱdraggedȱhimȱout,ȱandȱbeatȱhimȱtoȱdeath.ȱ ThenȱtheȱangryȱmassesȱproceededȱtoȱkillȱtheȱotherȱJews,ȱbothȱmenȱandȱwomen.28 TheȱsignificanceȱofȱHeinrichȱShem’sȱtestimonyȱisȱnoteworthyȱinȱmanyȱregards: severalȱofȱhisȱstatementsȱareȱblatantlyȱatȱoddsȱwithȱeachȱother,ȱandȱhisȱanswers mayȱ reflectȱ aȱ desireȱ toȱ pleaseȱ theȱ commission.ȱ Evenȱ moreȱ surprisingȱ isȱ that althoughȱtheȱMarquardusȱwhoȱwasȱinterrogatedȱasȱtheȱsixteenthȱwitnessȱcanȱquite likelyȱbeȱidentifiedȱasȱoneȱofȱtheȱtwoȱMarquards,ȱhisȱtestimonyȱisȱnevertheless

27 QuestioningȱofȱSidloȱ(fourtenthȱwitness):ȱBruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ139,ȱno.ȱ133ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ1). 28 QuestioningȱofȱHeinrichȱShemȱ(tenthȱwitness):ȱBruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ136,ȱno.ȱ133ȱ(see noteȱ1).ȱ

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS 308 BirgitȱWiedl reducedȱtoȱveryȱfewȱbasicȱfacts—thatȱhe,ȱalongȱwithȱotherȱmembersȱofȱtheȱsworn councilȱalertedȱbyȱtheȱclamor,ȱarrivedȱatȱZerkel’sȱhouseȱtoȱseeȱtheȱbloodiedȱwafer atȱtheȱdoorstep,ȱwhichȱheȱfirmlyȱbelievedȱtoȱbeȱtheȱgenuineȱbodyȱofȱChrist.29ȱ Neitherȱtheȱminutesȱofȱtheȱinterrogationȱnorȱanyȱofȱtheȱlaterȱsourcesȱhintȱatȱhim andȱhisȱnamesakeȱbeingȱaccusedȱofȱhelpingȱtheȱJew,ȱnorȱatȱanyȱrepercussions againstȱthemȱandȱHeinrichȱShem.ȱKonradȱReus,ȱwhoȱquiteȱlikelyȱwasȱnotȱpresent duringȱtheȱwholeȱincident,ȱwasȱnotȱconsultedȱasȱaȱwitness,30ȱwhereasȱhisȱwife Bertha,ȱwhoȱhadȱbeenȱpresentȱduringȱtheȱdiscoveryȱofȱtheȱwafer,ȱwasȱatȱnoȱpoint askedȱaboutȱZerkelȱhavingȱbeenȱbroughtȱtoȱherȱhouseȱbutȱwasȱpresentedȱwithȱthe standardȱcatalogueȱofȱquestions. WhileȱZerkelȱhidȱinȱKonradȱReus’sȱhouse,ȱtheȱhostȱworkedȱitsȱsecondȱmiracle (afterȱbleedingȱasȱaȱconsequenceȱofȱtheȱtreatmentȱitȱallegedlyȱsufferedȱfromȱthe Jews’ȱhands)ȱevenȱbeforeȱitȱwasȱtakenȱtoȱtheȱparishȱchurch.ȱTheȱscholar’sȱhand, thatȱ hadȱ heldȱ theȱ hostȱ duringȱ hisȱ panicȬinducedȱ chaseȱ throughȱ theȱ streets, remainedȱunmarredȱbyȱtheȱfire.31ȱInstalledȱthenȱatȱtheȱparishȱchurchȱbyȱtheȱpriest Friedrichȱ(whileȱtheȱJewsȱmetȱtheirȱtragicȱfate),32ȱitȱcontinuedȱtoȱworkȱallȱkindsȱof miraclesȱthatȱwereȱlistedȱinȱdetailȱbyȱtheȱmajorityȱofȱtheȱcitizensȱquestioned.33ȱThe seriesȱ ofȱ miraclesȱ theȱ hostȱ workedȱ atȱ theȱ churchȱ seemȱ toȱ haveȱ startedȱ onȱ the Sundayȱafterȱtheȱincidentsȱwithȱtheȱspontaneousȱlightingȱofȱsixȱcandles,ȱyetȱmore imposingȱmiraclesȱwereȱaboutȱtoȱstartȱanotherȱweekȱlater.ȱAccordingȱtoȱtheȱvicar Friedrich,ȱGertrudis,ȱaȱyoungȱwomanȱofȱaboutȱ20ȱyears,ȱwasȱcuredȱofȱherȱblindness onȱMichaelmasȱ(Septemberȱ29)ȱwhenȱtheȱpieceȱofȱclothȱwasȱplacedȱoverȱherȱeyes

29 QuestioningȱofȱMarquardus,ȱmemberȱofȱtheȱtownȱcouncilȱ(sixteenthȱwitness),ȱBruggerȱandȱWiedl, Regestenȱ1,ȱ140–41,ȱno.ȱ133ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ1). 30 ItȱisȱnotȱclearȱwhetherȱKonradȱReusȱisȱstillȱaliveȱatȱthisȱtime.ȱHeȱisȱmentionedȱonlyȱinȱ1293ȱand 1298ȱ(UrkundenbuchȱdesȱStiftesȱKlosterneuburgȱbisȱzumȱEndeȱdesȱvierzehntenȱJahrhunderts,ȱvol.ȱ1,ȱed. Hartmannȱ Zeibigȱ Fontesȱ Rerumȱ AustriacarumȱȬȱÖsterreichischeȱ Geschichtsquellen.ȱ Zweite Abtheilung:ȱDiplomataȱetȱActa,ȱXȱ[Vienna:ȱKaiserlichȬKöniglicheȱStaatsdruckerei,ȱ1857],ȱ45,ȱno. 51,ȱ59–60,ȱno.ȱ66),ȱbutȱsinceȱBerthaȱReusinȱisȱreferredȱtoȱasȱhisȱwifeȱandȱnotȱwidow,ȱitȱisȱmoreȱlikely thatȱheȱwasȱstillȱaliveȱbutȱnotȱatȱhome. 31 QuestioningȱofȱKonradȱvonȱLeobersdorfȱ(fifthȱwitness):ȱItemȱdixitȱsibiȱconstareȱexȱaudituȱnobilium etȱclericorum,ȱquodȱsanguisȱdistillavitȱdeȱmanuȱiudeiȱtenentisȱhostiamȱinȱmanuȱetȱquodȱcrematoȱpredicto iudeo,ȱdeȱcuiusȱmanuȱdistillavitȱdictusȱsanguisȱmanusȱeademȱdictiȱiudei,ȱquaȱhostiamȱtenuerat,ȱincombusta remansit;ȱandȱofȱKonradȱanȱderȱHochstrassȱ(seventhȱwitness):ȱmanusȱeademȱ[theȱJewishȱscholar’s], quaȱcorpusȱDominiȱtenu[er]atȱincombustaȱremansit.ȱBruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ130ȱandȱ132,ȱno. 133ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ1). 32 QuestioningȱofȱHeinrichȱPlichelȱ(twelfthȱwitness):ȱuponȱarrivingȱatȱtheȱscene,ȱFriedrichȱtookȱthe waferȱ andȱ carriedȱ itȱ adȱ primumȱ locum,ȱ presumablyȱ theȱ parishȱ church.ȱ Stelzer,ȱ “Amȱ Beispiel Korneuburg,”ȱ327ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ12),ȱBruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ138,ȱno.ȱ133ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ1). 33 Forȱaȱdetailedȱlistȱofȱtheȱmiracles,ȱseeȱKoller,ȱKorneuburgerȱBluthostie,ȱappendixȱAȱ(candles),ȱB (blind),ȱCȱ(possessed),ȱandȱDȱ(handicapped)ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ16),ȱand,ȱwithȱsomeȱerrors,ȱFranzȱZeissl,ȱDas ehemaligeȱAugustinerklosterȱinȱKorneuburg,ȱKorneuburgerȱKulturnachrichtenȱ27ȱ(1965,ȱspecialȱissue), 4–5.

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS TheȱHostȱonȱtheȱDoorstep 309 atȱtheȱJews’ȱhouseȱ(!).ȱTwoȱotherȱwitnessesȱalsoȱreportedȱtheȱhealingȱofȱoneȱorȱtwo girlsȱwhoȱwereȱshownȱtheȱclothȱatȱtheȱJews’ȱhouseȱonȱthatȱday,ȱyetȱdeniedȱany knowledgeȱofȱtheirȱnamesȱandȱgaveȱquiteȱdifferingȱstatementsȱasȱtoȱhowȱlongȱthe girl(s)ȱhadȱbeenȱblind.ȱ Inconsistenciesȱsuchȱasȱtheseȱhamperȱanyȱdefiniteȱidentificationȱofȱtheȱ(allegedly) cured,ȱ yetȱ obviouslyȱ didȱ notȱ botherȱ theȱ commission.ȱ Evenȱ moreȱ spectacular though,ȱandȱattractingȱtheȱpresenceȱofȱsuchȱnobleȱwitnessesȱasȱOttoȱvonȱZelking andȱ membersȱ ofȱ theȱ familiesȱ ofȱ Maissauȱ andȱ Wallsee,ȱ wasȱ theȱ healingȱ ofȱ a fourteenȬyearȬoldȱBohemianȱgirlȱpossessedȱbyȱthreeȱdemonsȱwhoȱwasȱshownȱthe hostȱatȱtheȱaltarȱofȱtheȱchurch.ȱAccordingȱtoȱotherȱwitnesses,ȱaȱmanȱfromȱVienna andȱaȱwomanȱwhoȱwereȱshownȱtheȱclothȱatȱtheȱJews’ȱhouseȱ(whereȱtheȱclothȱseems toȱhaveȱbeenȱkept)ȱandȱthusȱfreedȱofȱtheirȱdemons.ȱWithinȱonlyȱaȱfortnight,ȱthe rumorȱofȱtheȱexistenceȱofȱaȱmiraculousȱhostȱwaferȱhadȱspread,ȱandȱotherȱmiracles ensued,ȱsuchȱasȱtheȱhealingȱofȱtheȱVienneseȱtailorsȱKonradȱandȱRamungusȱofȱStein, asȱwellȱasȱSifridusȱandȱWitigoȱofȱBruck,ȱwhoȱhadȱallȱtheirȱvisionȱreturnedȱafter eitherȱhavingȱbeenȱshownȱtheȱhostȱand/orȱtheȱcloth,ȱorȱbyȱtheȱmereȱpresenceȱofȱthe holyȱobject,ȱaroundȱSaintȱKoloman’sȱDayȱ(Octoberȱ13)ȱandȱduringȱAdvent.ȱ Theȱpowersȱofȱtheȱmiraculousȱhostȱwereȱnotȱlimitedȱtoȱrestoringȱsight,ȱhowever. Theȱ localȱ weaverȱ Pero,ȱ crippledȱ forȱ someȱ years,ȱ aȱ handicappedȱ boyȱ called ChunzelinusȱSchoderleh,ȱtheȱlocalȱinnkeeperȱTasco’sȱsonȱBruno,ȱparalysedȱsince infancyȱ andȱ onlyȱ ableȱ toȱ “crawlȱ likeȱ aȱ reptile,”ȱ theȱ Vienneseȱ womanȱ Alheit Hutterin,ȱparalysedȱforȱeightȱyears,ȱEbermannusȱfromȱKlosterneuburg,ȱwithȱa paralysedȱfoot,ȱwereȱallȱhealedȱbyȱlookingȱatȱtheȱhost,ȱorȱtheȱshrine,ȱwhileȱthe VienneseȱwomanȱGertrud,ȱwhoȱhadȱbeenȱunableȱtoȱwalkȱforȱsixȱyears,ȱregained herȱmobilityȱwithoutȱbeingȱinȱtheȱpresenceȱofȱtheȱhostȱatȱall.ȱThereȱisȱnoȱfurther mentionȱofȱtheȱclothȱbeingȱshownȱatȱtheȱJews’ȱhouse,ȱsuggestingȱthatȱitȱhadȱbeen incorporatedȱintoȱtheȱshrineȱthatȱhadȱobviouslyȱbeenȱerectedȱforȱtheȱhostȱinȱthe meantime. Onlyȱsomeȱofȱtheȱwitnessesȱthoughȱwereȱableȱtoȱgiveȱtheseȱnames,ȱandȱeven fewerȱcouldȱincludeȱanyȱfurtherȱdetails.ȱMostȱwitnessesȱeitherȱassuredȱthatȱthey “hadȱheardȱaboutȱitȱ[theȱrespectiveȱhandicapȱand/orȱtheȱhealing]ȱforȱsure,”ȱyet againȱresortingȱtoȱquotingȱhearsay,ȱor,ȱforȱtheȱmostȱpart,ȱcitedȱtheȱhealingȱofȱblind, lame,ȱandȱparalysedȱpeopleȱwhoȱremainedȱanonymous.ȱNeitherȱtheȱcuredȱnorȱany ofȱtheȱnonȬlocalȱwitnessesȱtoȱtheȱlightingȱandȱhealingȱmiraclesȱwereȱcalledȱinȱfor interrogation,ȱwhichȱmightȱcomeȱasȱaȱsurpriseȱgivenȱhowȱcentredȱtheȱenquiryȱwas onȱtheȱquestionȱofȱtheȱauthenticityȱofȱtheȱhostȱandȱitsȱmiraculousȱwork.ȱ TheȱincidentsȱatȱKorneuburgȱfallȱintoȱtheȱcategoryȱofȱaȱspontaneousȱpersecution ofȱJews.34ȱInȱtheȱcourseȱofȱtheȱlateȱmiddleȱages,ȱhostȱwaferȱdesecrationȱand/or

34 SeeȱGraus,ȱPest,ȱGeissler,ȱJudenmorde,ȱ383–89ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ11),ȱalthoughȱaȱdistinctȱassignationȱtoȱa specificȱtypeȱofȱpersecution/pogromȱisȱhardlyȱpossibleȱ(andȱhighlyȱquestionable)ȱforȱmanyȱcases.ȱ

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS 310 BirgitȱWiedl bloodȱlibelsȱservedȱasȱtheȱmostȱcommonȱreasonsȱforȱviolentȱoutbreaksȱagainstȱJews onȱ localȱ asȱ wellȱ asȱ regionalȱ scales.35ȱ Inȱ theȱ Austrianȱ territories,ȱ allegedȱ host desecrationȱbecameȱtheȱmostȱcommonȱaccusationȱtoȱtriggerȱaȱpersecution,ȱwhile theȱ ritualȱ murderȱ accusation,ȱ althoughȱ notȱ unheardȱ ofȱ inȱ Austria,ȱ wasȱ more frequentlyȱmadeȱuseȱofȱinȱotherȱterritoriesȱinȱtheȱGermanȬspeakingȱrealm.36ȱThe instigatorsȱofȱtheseȱpersecutionsȱhoweverȱvary.ȱTheȱinfamousȱRintfleischȱpogroms, startingȱoffȱwithȱanȱallegedȱhostȱdesecrationȱinȱtheȱsmallȱtownȱofȱRöttingenȱand wreakingȱhavocȱonȱtheȱJewishȱcommunitiesȱmainlyȱinȱFranconiaȱinȱ1298,ȱhadȱbeen carriedȱoutȱnotȱsolely,ȱbutȱmainlyȱbyȱmembersȱofȱtheȱlowerȱclasses.37ȱ Manyȱofȱtheȱlaterȱpersecutionsȱwereȱapprovedȱof,ȱorȱevenȱincited,ȱnotȱonlyȱby localȱauthorities,ȱsuchȱasȱmunicipalitiesȱorȱtheȱlordȱofȱtheȱtown,ȱbutȱalsoȱbyȱthe rulersȱofȱtheȱrespectiveȱterritories.ȱInȱcontrastȱtoȱthis,ȱtheȱpersecutionsȱthatȱsprung upȱinȱtheȱAustrianȱregionsȱuntilȱtheȱmidȬfourteenthȱcenturyȱwereȱcarriedȱoutȱsolely byȱtheȱlocalȱpopulation,ȱtheȱsameȱpeopleȱthatȱhad,ȱinȱmostȱofȱtheȱtownsȱandȱrural areas,ȱlivedȱsideȱbyȱsideȱratherȱpeacefullyȱwithȱtheirȱJewishȱneighbors.ȱImmediate vicinityȱofȱJewsȱandȱChristiansȱwasȱinevitableȱinȱtheȱcloseȬknitȱstructuresȱofȱcities, andȱ theȱ contactsȱ andȱ relationshipsȱ wereȱ quiteȱ likelyȱ evenȱ closerȱ inȱ theȱ rural villagesȱ whereȱ aȱ smallȱ Jewishȱ population,ȱ consistingȱ ofȱ perhapsȱ oneȱ orȱ two families,ȱwouldȱneedȱtoȱinteractȱwithȱtheȱsurroundingȱChristianȱpopulationȱonȱa dailyȱ basis.38ȱ Thereȱ isȱ sufficientȱ evidenceȱ thatȱ indicatesȱ peacefulȱ neighborly

35 MichaelȱToch,ȱ“SpätmittelalterlicheȱRahmenbedingungenȱjüdischerȱExistenz:ȱDieȱVerfolgungen,” HofjudenȱundȱLandjuden:ȱJüdischesȱLebenȱinȱderȱFrühenȱNeuzeit,ȱed.ȱSabineȱHödl,ȱPeterȱRauscher,ȱand BarbaraȱStaudingerȱ(BerlinȱandȱVienna:ȱPhilo,ȱ2004),ȱ19–64;ȱhereȱ44. 36 StillȱbasicȱforȱtheȱGermanȬspeakingȱareaȱisȱtheȱarticleȱbyȱLotter,ȱ“Hostienfrevelvorwurf,”ȱ548ȱ(see noteȱ17);ȱseeȱalsoȱLangmuir,ȱTowardȱaȱDefinitionȱofȱAntisemitism,ȱ120–33ȱandȱ263–81ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ8); RainerȱErb,ȱ“ZurȱErforschungȱderȱeuropäischenȱRitualmordbeschuldigungen,”ȱDieȱLegendeȱvom Ritualmord.ȱ Zurȱ Geschichteȱ derȱ Blutbeschuldigungȱ gegenȱ Juden,ȱ ed.ȱ idem.ȱ Dokumente,ȱ Texte, Materialien,ȱZentrumȱfürȱAntisemitismusforschungȱderȱTechnischenȱUniversitätȱBerlin,ȱ6ȱ(Berlin: Metropol,ȱ1993),ȱ9–16;ȱandȱIsraelȱJacobȱYuval,ȱTwoȱNationsȱinȱYourȱWomb:ȱPerceptionsȱofȱJewsȱand ChristiansȱinȱLateȱAntiquityȱandȱtheȱMiddleȱAges,ȱtrans.ȱfromȱtheȱHebrewȱbyȱBarbaraȱHarshavȱand JonathanȱChipmanȱ(2000;ȱBerkeley,ȱLosȱAngeles,ȱandȱLondon:ȱUniversityȱofȱCaliforniaȱPress, 2006),ȱ170–73. 37 Lotter,ȱ“Hostienfrevelvorwurf,”ȱ 548–59ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ17),ȱandȱ“DieȱJudenverfolgungȱdesȱ„König Rintfleisch”ȱinȱFrankenȱumȱ1298.ȱDieȱendgültigeȱWendeȱinȱdenȱchristlichȬjüdischenȱBeziehungen imȱdeutschenȱReichȱdesȱMittelalters,”ȱZeitschriftȱfürȱhistorischeȱForschung,ȱ4ȱ(1988),ȱ385–422;ȱGraus, Pest,ȱGeissler,ȱJudenmorde,ȱ290–92ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ11). 38 ForȱtheȱduchyȱofȱAustria,ȱseeȱEvelineȱBrugger,ȱ“Neighbours,ȱBusinessȱPartners,ȱVictims:ȱJewishȬ Christianȱ interactionȱ inȱ Austrianȱ townsȱ duringȱ theȱ persecutionsȱ ofȱ theȱ fourteenthȱ century,” IntricateȱInterfaithȱNetworks:ȱQuotidianȱJewishȬChristianȱContactsȱinȱtheȱMiddleȱAges,ȱed.ȱEphraim ShoamȬSteinerȱ(Brepols:ȱTurnhout,ȱ2011)ȱ[inȱprint].ȱSeeȱalsoȱJonathanȱElukin,ȱLivingȱTogether —Livingȱ Apart.ȱ Rethinkingȱ JewishȬChristianȱ Relationsȱ inȱ theȱ Middleȱ Agesȱ (Princeton:ȱ Princeton UniversityȱPress,ȱ2007),ȱ84–85ȱandȱtheȱdiscussionȱtheȱbookȱcaused,ȱforȱexampleȱtheȱreviewsȱby MichaelȱToch,ȱTheȱCatholicȱHistoricalȱReviewȱ95.3ȱ(2009),ȱ604–07,ȱand,ȱaimingȱatȱaȱbroaderȱaudience, Davidȱ Nirenberg,ȱ “Hope’sȱ Mistakes,”ȱ Theȱ Newȱ Republic,ȱ 13ȱ February,ȱ 2008ȱ (forȱ theȱ internet

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS TheȱHostȱonȱtheȱDoorstep 311 cohabitionȱoverȱaȱlongȱtimeȱperiod,ȱyetȱtheȱincidentsȱatȱKorneuburgȱclearlyȱshow howȱ fragileȱ theȱ relationsȱ betweenȱ Jewsȱ andȱ Christiansȱ were.ȱ Givenȱ theȱ right catalyst,ȱsuchȱasȱaȱbloodstainedȱwafer,ȱonceȱaddedȱtoȱtheȱmix,ȱtheȱnormalcyȱof everydayȱrelationsȱcouldȱsuddenlyȱeruptȱintoȱviolence.39ȱ Theȱ(reȬ)killingȱofȱChristȱasȱoneȱof,ȱifȱnotȱtheȱmostȱabominableȱofȱallȱtheȱJewish crimes,ȱcouldȱbeȱexecutedȱinȱvariousȱformsȱinȱChristianȱfantasies.ȱYetȱwhereasȱthe talesȱofȱJewishȱritualȱmurder,ȱtheȱhorrendousȱbloodȱlibelȱaccusationsȱthatȱquickly spreadȱthroughoutȱtheȱAshkenazicȱregionȱinȱmidȬtwelfthȱcentury,40ȱmerelyȱplayed withȱtheȱequationȱofȱtheȱkillingȱofȱaȱChristianȱchildȱandȱtheȱdeathȱofȱChristȱhimself, theȱ hostȱ waferȱ actuallyȱ wasȱ theȱ bodyȱ ofȱ Christ.41ȱ Thisȱ wasȱ enhancedȱ byȱ the

version,ȱ seeȱ https://webshare.uchicago.edu/users/nirenberg/Public/hopesȬmistakes.pdf,ȱ last accessedȱonȱMarchȱ10,ȱ2012). 39 Bale,ȱJewȱinȱtheȱMedievalȱBook,ȱ5,ȱplateȱ1ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ7),ȱgivesȱtheȱexampleȱofȱanȱantiȬJewishȱillustration inȱaȱbusinessȱdocument.ȱSeeȱalsoȱJohannesȱHeil,ȱ“Gottesfeinde”—“Menschenfeinde”:ȱDieȱVorstellung vonȱjüdischerȱWeltverschwörungȱ(13.–16.ȱJahrhundert).ȱAntisemitismus:ȱGeschichteȱundȱStrukturen, 3ȱ(Essen:ȱKlartextȬVerlag,ȱ2006),ȱ60–62;ȱwithȱreferenceȱtoȱAustriaȱandȱKorneuburg,ȱseeȱBrugger, “Neighbours,ȱBusinessȱPartners,ȱVictims”ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ38). 40 Forȱanȱoverviewȱofȱtheȱvastȱdiscussion,ȱseeȱCohen,ȱChristȱKillersȱ(seeȱnoteȱ3),ȱtheȱanthologyȱbyȱErb, LegendeȱvomȱRitualmordȱ(seeȱnoteȱ36);ȱRonnieȱPoȬChiaȱHsia,ȱTheȱMythȱofȱRitualȱMurder:ȱJewsȱand MagicȱinȱReformationȱGermanyȱ(NewȱHaven,ȱCT:ȱYaleȱUniversityȱPress,ȱ1988);ȱGerdȱMentgen, “ÜberȱdenȱUrsprungȱderȱRitualmordfabel,”ȱAschkenas.ȱZeitschriftȱfürȱGeschichteȱundȱKulturȱder Juden,ȱ4ȱ(1994),ȱ1–12;ȱJeffreyȱCohen,ȱ“TheȱFlowȱofȱtheȱBloodȱinȱNorwich,”ȱSpeculum,ȱ79ȱ(2004),ȱS. 26–65;ȱJohnȱM.ȱMcCullouh,ȱ“JewishȱRitualȱMurder:ȱWilliamȱofȱNorwich,ȱThomasȱofȱMonmouth, andȱtheȱearlyȱdisseminationȱofȱtheȱmyth,”ȱSpeculum,ȱ72.2ȱ(1997),ȱ684–740;ȱhereȱ700,ȱarguesȱthatȱthe earlyȱ ritualȱ murderȱ accusationsȱ representȱ “anȱ importantȱ stageȱ inȱ theȱ increasinglyȱ negative attitudesȱofȱtheȱmajorityȱtowardȱtheȱminority”ȱinȱtheȱsenseȱthatȱtheȱmythȱaidedȱtoȱjustifyȱChristian hostilityȱbyȱestablishingȱtheȱconceptȱofȱaȱcontinuanceȱofȱJewishȱenmityȱtowardȱChristȱsinceȱtheir ‘first’ȱkillingȱofȱhim;ȱaȱdevelopmentȱthatȱwentȱhandȱinȱhandȱwithȱaȱdeclineȱinȱtheȱJews’ȱlegalȱstatus asȱwellȱasȱeconomicȱrestrictions;ȱaȱfindingȱthat,ȱhowever,ȱreflectsȱtheȱsituationȱinȱEnglandȱwhile itȱtookȱanotherȱcenturyȱforȱaȱsimilarȱdevelopmentȱtoȱtakeȱplaceȱinȱtheȱGermanȬspeakingȱterritories. Onȱtheȱ‘origin’ȱofȱtheȱconceptȱofȱJewsȱcommittingȱritualȱmurdersȱandȱtheȱdiscussionȱwhetherȱit wasȱ‘invented’ȱbyȱThomasȱofȱMonmouth,ȱor,ȱasȱsuggestedȱbyȱIsraelȱJacobȱYuval,ȱ‘imported’ȱfrom theȱcontinent,ȱ699–700,ȱandȱ731–32ȱonȱtheȱ1147ȱcaseȱofȱTheodoricȱofȱWürzburg;ȱseeȱalsoȱChazan, MedievalȱStereotypes,ȱ59–60ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ6)ȱ(withȱanȱEnglishȱtranslationȱofȱtheȱchronicleȱentry);ȱOnȱthe generalȱsituationȱofȱtheȱJewsȱinȱEnglandȱatȱthisȱtime,ȱseeȱJoeȱHillaby,ȱ“JewishȱColonisationȱinȱthe TwelfthȱCentury,”ȱTheȱJewsȱinȱMedievalȱBritain:ȱHistorical,ȱLiteraryȱandȱArchaeologicalȱPerspectives, ed.ȱPatriciaȱSkinnerȱ(Woodbridge,ȱSuffolk:ȱTheȱBoydellȱPress,ȱ2003),ȱ15–40;ȱhereȱ20–25.ȱTheȱfirst bloodȱlibelȱaccusationȱinȱtheȱrealmȱofȱtheȱHolyȱRomanȱEmpireȱwasȱraisedȱinȱFuldaȱinȱ1236,ȱsee Bernhardȱ Diestelkamp,ȱ “Derȱ Vorwurfȱ desȱ Ritualmordesȱ gegenȱ Juden”ȱ Religiöseȱ Devianz. Untersuchungenȱ zuȱ sozialen,ȱ rechtlichenȱ undȱ theologischenȱ Reaktionenȱ aufȱ religiöseȱ Abweichungȱ im westlichenȱundȱöstlichenȱMittelalter,ȱed.ȱDieterȱSimon.ȱIusȱCommune,ȱSonderhefte:ȱStudienȱzur EuropäischenȱRechtsgeschichte,ȱ48ȱ(Frankfurtȱa.ȱM.:ȱVittorioȱKlostermann,ȱ1990),ȱ19–40;ȱseeȱalso Langmuir’sȱdiscussionȱinȱTowardȱaȱDefinitionȱofȱAntisemitism,ȱ263–81ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ8). 41 Heil,ȱ“Gottesfeinde”—“Menschenfeinde,”ȱ242–43ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ38).ȱInȱanȱinterestingȱandȱtellingȱtwist,ȱthe accusationȱagainstȱtheȱJewsȱofȱtheȱcentralȱRhineȱareaȱofȱhavingȱmurderedȱtheȱboyȱWernerȱof Oberweselȱ(“GoodȱWerner”)ȱaroundȱEasterȱ1287ȱthatȱhadȱledȱtoȱtheȱworstȱpogromȱsinceȱtheȱFirst Crusadeȱinȱthisȱregionȱwasȱremodelledȱatȱtheȱbeginningȱofȱtheȱfourteenthȱcentury:ȱtheȱJewsȱnow

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS 312 BirgitȱWiedl developmentȱofȱaȱpopularȱpietyȱthatȱincreasinglyȱfocusedȱonȱobjectsȱofȱveneration andȱwasȱespeciallyȱconcernedȱwithȱtheirȱvulnerabilityȱtoȱdesecration.ȱWhenȱthe consecratedȱhostȱwasȱmutilated,ȱstabbed,ȱtornȱtoȱpieces,ȱthrownȱintoȱtheȱdirt,ȱinto aȱ lavatory,ȱ orȱ aȱ well,ȱ trampledȱ on,ȱ andȱ eventuallyȱ destroyed,ȱ thisȱ actȱ was perceivedȱasȱanȱreȬenactmentȱofȱtheȱkillingȱofȱChrist.42ȱThus,ȱonȱaȱtheologicalȱscale, hostȱwaferȱdesecrationsȱwereȱconsideredȱanȱevenȱmoreȱabhorrentȱoffenceȱthanȱany otherȱJewishȱcrime.ȱItȱwas,ȱasȱtheȱKorneuburgȱincident,ȱandȱmanyȱmoreȱtoȱfollow, wouldȱprove,ȱalsoȱtheȱleastȱlaboriousȱwayȱtoȱgenerateȱanȱoutburstȱofȱantiȬJewish violence.43 Givenȱhowȱlittleȱtimeȱhadȱpassedȱbetweenȱtheȱfirstȱaccusationȱofȱhostȱdesecration thatȱ hadȱ beenȱ raisedȱ inȱ 1290ȱ inȱ theȱ considerablyȱ farȱ awayȱ cityȱ ofȱ Paris,44ȱ itȱ is remarkableȱhowȱquicklyȱtheseȱtalesȱhadȱreachedȱtheȱsmallȱtownȱatȱtheȱutmostȱeast ofȱtheȱHolyȱRomanȱEmpire.45ȱYetȱinȱ1305,ȱtheseȱaccusationsȱwereȱalreadyȱfamiliar toȱtheȱKorneuburgȱinhabitants,ȱbothȱChristiansȱandȱJews,ȱperhapsȱbecauseȱofȱa ratherȱcloseȬbyȱincident.ȱElevenȱyearsȱearlier,ȱinȱ1294,ȱJewsȱatȱLaaȱanȱderȱThaya, aboutȱ45ȱkilometresȱnorthȱofȱKorneuburg,ȱhadȱbeenȱaccusedȱofȱhidingȱaȱhostȱinȱa stableȱandȱmanglingȱit,ȱandȱhadȱbeenȱkilled.46ȱItȱisȱthereforeȱnotȱsurprisingȱthat bothȱZerkelȱandȱtheȱscholarȱwereȱinstantlyȱawareȱwhenȱtheyȱfoundȱtheȱhostȱonȱthe doorstepȱ thatȱ theyȱ wereȱ inȱ mortalȱ danger,ȱ andȱ theyȱ wereȱ correct.ȱ Evenȱ ifȱ the legendȱofȱtheȱhostȱwaferȱdesecrationȱbyȱJewsȱhadȱfoundȱitsȱfirstȱfullȱexecutionȱonly aȱmereȱoneȱandȱaȱhalfȱdecadeȱearlier,ȱtheȱmainȱelementsȱofȱtheȱnarrativeȱhadȱlong

hadȱcapturedȱandȱtormentedȱWernerȱtoȱgetȱtheȱhostȱheȱhadȱreceivedȱearlierȱduringȱmass,ȱseeȱJörg R.ȱ Müller,ȱ “Erezȱ geserah—‘Landȱ ofȱ Persecution’:ȱ Pogromsȱ againstȱ theȱ Jewsȱ inȱ theȱ regnum Teutonicumȱfromȱc.ȱ1280ȱtoȱ1350,”ȱTheȱJewsȱofȱEuropeȱinȱtheȱMiddleȱAgesȱ(TenthȱtoȱFifteenthȱCenturies, ed.ȱChristophȱCluseȱ(Turnhout:ȱBrepols,ȱ2004):ȱ245–260,ȱhereȱ249–51.ȱ 42 Lotter,ȱ“Hostienfrevelvorwurf”ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ17),ȱseeȱalsoȱGraus,ȱPest,ȱGeissler,ȱJudenmorde,ȱ290–92ȱ(see noteȱ11).ȱTheȱtaleȱofȱtheȱallegedȱhostȱdesecrationȱofȱDeggendorfȱ(1338)ȱisȱoneȱofȱtheȱfewȱexamples whereȱ theȱ hostȱ wasȱ alsoȱ chewedȱ uponȱ byȱ theȱ Jews—withȱ theȱ appearanceȱ ofȱ theȱ holyȱ child preventingȱtheȱhostȱfromȱbeingȱswallowedȱ(Berghausen,ȱ“LiedȱvonȱDeggendorf,”ȱ247ȱ[seeȱnote 10];ȱtheȱtextȱ[theȱAugsburgȱrenditionȱofȱ1520]ȱisȱeditedȱbyȱLudwigȱSteub,ȱAltbayerischeȱCulturbilder [Leipzig:ȱErnstȱKeilȱVerlag,ȱ1869],ȱpartȱII:ȱDerȱJudenmordȱzuȱDeggendorf,ȱ21–150,ȱtheȱtextȱ146–49); thatȱthisȱimageȱwasȱscarcelyȱusedȱisȱperhapsȱdueȱtoȱitsȱclosenessȱtoȱtheȱ‘appropriate’ȱChristian usage. 43 Graus,ȱPest,ȱGeissler,ȱJudenmorde,ȱ290–91ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ11).ȱ 44 Onȱ theȱ 1290ȱ Parisȱ tellingȱ thatȱ isȱ consideredȱ byȱ manyȱ asȱ theȱ firstȱ ‘full’ȱ renditionȱ ofȱ theȱ host desecrationȱ tale,ȱ seeȱ Rubin,ȱ Gentileȱ Tales,ȱ 40–48ȱ (seeȱ noteȱ 3);ȱ Lotter,ȱ “Hostienfrevelvorwurf,” particularlyȱ536–38ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ17). 45 MiriȱRubin,ȱ“DesecrationȱofȱtheȱHost:ȱtheȱBirthȱofȱanȱAccusation,”ȱChristianityȱandȱJudaism,ȱ169–85; hereȱ175–77ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ5);ȱJeremyȱCohen,ȱTheȱFriarsȱandȱtheȱJews.ȱTheȱEvolutionȱofȱMedievalȱAntiȬ Judaismȱ (1982;ȱ Ithaca,ȱ NY:ȱ Cornellȱ Universityȱ Press,ȱ 1986);ȱ forȱ aȱ summaryȱ ofȱ later,ȱ andȱ still ongoing,ȱdiscussionsȱregardingȱtheȱroleȱofȱtheȱmendicantȱpreachers,ȱseeȱCluse,ȱ“BlutȱistȱimȱSchuh,” 371–73ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ23). 46 BruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ89–90,ȱno.ȱ82ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ1).ȱBrugger,ȱ“VonȱderȱAnsiedlung,”ȱ211ȱ(see noteȱ12);ȱLotter,ȱ“Hostienfrevelvorwurf,”ȱ549ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ17).

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS TheȱHostȱonȱtheȱDoorstep 313 existed.ȱ Theȱ mainȱ patternsȱ ofȱ theȱ legendȱ wereȱ followedȱ throughȱ fromȱ Paris onward,ȱwithȱonlyȱslightȱdeviationsȱinȱtheȱcastȱofȱtheȱdramatisȱpersonaeȱMiriȱRubin hasȱidentifiedȱasȱtheȱ‘default’ȱparticipantsȱofȱtheȱstandardȱnarrative.47ȱ HoweverȱuniqueȱtheȱsourceȱmaterialȱforȱKorneuburgȱmightȱbe,ȱtheȱnarrative resemblesȱestablishedȱpatterns.ȱZerkelȱclearlyȱservedȱasȱtheȱmainȱperpetrator,ȱthe Jewȱ(inȱmostȱcasesȱmale)ȱwhoȱgainedȱpossessionȱofȱtheȱhostȱandȱdesecratedȱit.ȱThe subjectȱofȱhisȱaccomplices,ȱtheȱquestionȱwhetherȱorȱnotȱsomeȱorȱallȱofȱtheȱother Jewsȱhadȱparticipatedȱinȱanyȱwayȱinȱtheȱpurchaseȱand/orȱdesecrationȱofȱtheȱhost, wasȱintroducedȱinȱaȱquiteȱtwistedȱwayȱatȱKorneuburg.ȱThoseȱwhoȱhadȱquiteȱlikely participatedȱinȱkillingȱtheȱJewishȱscholarȱ(withoutȱeverȱadmittingȱtoȱit)ȱwereȱthe onesȱwhoȱrepeatedȱtoȱtheȱcommissionȱwhatȱtheyȱclaimedȱtheȱscholarȱhadȱsaid:ȱthat heȱhadȱnamedȱZerkelȱasȱtheȱonlyȱperpetrator,ȱtheȱoneȱwhoȱhadȱcommittedȱthe crimeȱbyȱfirstȱbuyingȱandȱthenȱdesecratingȱtheȱhost.ȱ EvenȱthoughȱtheȱmisledȱChristianȱwhoȱsoldȱtheȱhostȱtoȱtheȱJewsȱwasȱdepictedȱas beingȱ deeplyȱ repentantȱ ofȱ hisȱ sinȱ andȱ prayingȱ forȱ forgivenessȱ (asȱ theȱ priest Friedrichȱtoldȱtheȱcommission),ȱheȱdidȱnotȱmakeȱanyȱfurtherȱappearance.ȱThe unveilingȱofȱtheȱmiraculousȱhostȱhoweverȱfollowsȱalreadyȱestablishedȱpatterns. Theȱhost,ȱasȱanȱactiveȱparticipant,ȱrevealsȱitselfȱtoȱtheȱfaithful,ȱmakingȱitsȱpresence knownȱthroughȱbleeding,ȱasȱinȱKorneuburg,ȱsobbing,ȱflyingȱaway,ȱorȱturningȱinto flesh,ȱorȱevenȱappearingȱasȱaȱlittleȱchild.48ȱ Inȱsomeȱversionsȱofȱtheȱtale,ȱitȱisȱassistedȱbyȱaȱChristian—theȱbakerȱSidlinȱinȱthe Korneuburgȱrendition—whoȱrespondsȱtoȱitsȱholinessȱbyȱlettingȱhimselfȱ(or,ȱrarely, herself)ȱbeȱledȱtoȱtheȱmaltreatedȱhost.ȱTheȱ“crowdȱandȱitsȱviolence”49ȱare,ȱinȱthe depictionsȱ ofȱ theȱ ecclesiasticalȱ chronicles,ȱ theȱ righteousȱ counterpartȱ toȱ the feloniousȱJews,ȱtheȱrightfullyȱenragedȱmassesȱwhoȱnotȱonlyȱmakeȱsureȱthatȱthe abuse,ȱmockery,ȱand,ȱeventually,ȱkillingȱofȱChristȱisȱavengedȱbutȱalsoȱthatȱjustice

47 Rubin,ȱGentileȱTales,ȱ70–92ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ3);ȱseeȱalsoȱLotter,ȱ“Hostienfrevelvorwurf”ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ17),ȱand Erb,ȱ“ZurȱErforschungȱderȱeuropäischenȱRitualmordbeschuldigungen,”ȱ10ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ36),ȱonȱthe generalȱ‘skeleton’ȱofȱtheȱlegendsȱonȱhostȱdesecration. 48 SeeȱforȱexampleȱtheȱlongȱlistȱofȱtormentsȱtheȱhostȱwaferȱhadȱtoȱendureȱinȱtheȱLiedȱvonȱDeggendorf (‘songȱofȱDeggendorf’),ȱaȱlateȱfourteenthȬcenturyȱrenditionȱofȱtheȱeventsȱduringȱandȱafterȱthe allegedȱhostȱdesecrationȱatȱDeggendorfȱinȱ1338ȱthatȱtriggeredȱoneȱofȱtheȱmostȱwideȬranging persecutionȱofȱBavarianȱJews:ȱtheȱhostȱwasȱmaltreatedȱwithȱhammers,ȱpliers,ȱandȱanvil,ȱandȱthus, itȱstartedȱtoȱbleed;ȱitȱwasȱburntȱinȱtheȱovenȱbutȱflewȱaway;ȱitȱwasȱchewedȱupon,ȱandȱtheȱchild appeared;ȱ angels,ȱ doves,ȱ and/orȱ theȱ virginȱ appeared;ȱ itȱ startedȱ toȱ glow;ȱ and,ȱ eventually,ȱ it moaned.ȱBerghausen,ȱ“LiedȱvonȱDeggendorf,”ȱ245–46ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ10),ȱRubin,ȱGentileȱTales,ȱ179–81 (seeȱnoteȱ3).ȱForȱtheȱrelationȱwithȱbloodȱandȱtheȱcolourȱred,ȱseeȱtheȱanthropologicalȱstudyȱby ClaudineȱFabreȬVassas,ȱTheȱSingularȱBeast.ȱJews,ȱChristians,ȱ&ȱtheȱPig.ȱTrans.ȱfromȱtheȱFrenchȱby CarolȱVolkȱ(1994;ȱNewȱYorkȱandȱChichester:ȱColumbiaȱUniversityȱPress,ȱ1997),ȱ129–59ȱ(bloodȱlibel andȱhostȱdesecrationȱaccusation),ȱ211–12ȱ(Romanianȱlegendȱofȱeggs,ȱthatȱareȱcarriedȱbyȱaȱJew, turningȱredȱwhenȱheȱpassesȱthroughȱtheȱmarketȱatȱEaster). 49 Rubin,ȱGentileȱTale,ȱ88–89ȱ(titleȱofȱherȱchapterȱonȱtheȱroleȱofȱviolenceȱwithinȱtheȱChristianȱmob)ȱ(see noteȱ3).

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS 314 BirgitȱWiedl isȱ served.ȱ Theȱ punishmentȱ metedȱ outȱ forȱ theȱ Jewsȱ ofȱ Korneuburg,ȱ withȱ the exceptionȱofȱZerkel,ȱfollowedȱtheȱmostȱcommonȱmeansȱofȱretribution—burningȱat theȱstake,ȱonȱaȱpyreȱpiledȱupȱwithinȱaȱveryȱshortȱtime.ȱ Theȱinterviewers,ȱgenerallyȱnotȱallȱthatȱinterestedȱinȱtheȱfateȱofȱtheȱJewsȱwhen notȱimmediatelyȱconnectedȱwithȱtheȱbleedingȱhost,ȱdidȱnotȱprobeȱanyȱfurtherȱor askȱwhoȱhadȱactuallyȱbeenȱpresentȱwhenȱtheȱJewsȱwereȱconsumedȱbyȱtheȱfire. Despiteȱtheȱ21ȱinterviewees,ȱtheȱadditionalȱnamesȱthatȱwereȱdroppedȱbyȱthese duringȱtheirȱinterrogation,ȱandȱtheȱdetailedȱknowledgeȱtheȱcommissionȱgainedȱin otherȱregards,ȱtheȱexecutingȱmassesȱremainedȱanonymousȱandȱonlyȱyearsȱlater, afterȱhavingȱlearnedȱtheȱtruth,ȱwouldȱAmbroseȱofȱHeiligenkreuz,ȱinȱhisȱtreatiseȱon theȱ miraculousȱ host,ȱ scoldȱ theȱ townspeopleȱ ofȱ Korneuburgȱ forȱ theirȱ rash, precipitant,ȱ andȱ eventuallyȱ unjustȱ actions.ȱ Inȱ theȱ Korneuburgȱ case,ȱ another memberȱhasȱtoȱbeȱaddedȱtoȱtheȱcast,ȱoneȱwhoȱisȱnotȱaltogetherȱunknownȱtoȱthe narrative:ȱtheȱpriestȱ(andȱvillageȱcommunity)ȱwhoȱprofitedȱfromȱtheȱestablishment ofȱaȱnewȱpilgrimȱsiteȱinȱtheȱtown.50 ChristianȱfantasiesȱofȱJewsȱmockingȱandȱmistreatingȱChristianȱsymbolsȱwereȱnot reducedȱ toȱ theȱ hostȱ wafer.ȱ Inȱ Oxfordȱ inȱ 1268,ȱ aȱ Jewȱ wasȱ accusedȱ ofȱ having snatchedȱaȱcrossȱandȱkickedȱitȱintoȱtheȱmud,51ȱandȱinȱViennaȱinȱ1281,ȱaȱJewȱwas stonedȱforȱhavingȱthrownȱdirtȱand/orȱfecesȱatȱaȱpriestȱcarryingȱanȱostensory.52 TheseȱobjectsȱwereȱalsoȱpartȱofȱtheȱantiȬJewishȱChristianȱfantasiesȱasȱwasȱtheȱidea ofȱJewsȱrituallyȱkillingȱimagesȱofȱChristȱthatȱwereȱmadeȱofȱwax.53ȱTheseȱideas,ȱthat wereȱalreadyȱestablishedȱinȱtheȱChristianȱmind,ȱeventuallyȱconvergedȱwithȱthe increasedȱimportanceȱthatȱwasȱattributedȱtoȱtheȱEucharist,ȱtheȱfeastȱofȱCorpus Christi,ȱandȱtheȱsubsequentȱincreasedȱimportanceȱofȱtheȱhostȱwaferȱasȱaȱritual objectȱwithȱitsȱinherentȱmiraculous,ȱalmostȱ“magical”ȱqualities.54ȱTheȱtransubstan

50 Graus,ȱPest,ȱGeissler,ȱJudenmorde,ȱ293:ȱ“theȱlocalȱpriestsȱwereȱbothȱinitiatorsȱandȱbeneficiaries”ȱ(see noteȱ11). 51 ChristophȱCluse,ȱ“StoriesȱofȱBreakingȱandȱTakingȱtheȱCross:ȱAȱPossibleȱContextȱforȱtheȱOxford Incidentȱofȱ1268,”ȱRevueȱd’HistoireȱEcclésiastique,ȱ90.3–4ȱ(1995),ȱ396–442;ȱHeil,ȱ“Gottesfeinde”— “Menschenfeinde,”ȱ237–38ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ38). 52 BruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ77–78,ȱno.ȱ62ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ1);ȱseeȱLotter,ȱ“Hostienfrevelvorwurf,”ȱ545 (seeȱnoteȱ17). 53 Cluse,ȱ“BlutȱistȱimȱSchuh,”ȱ375,ȱfn.ȱ23ȱ(referringȱtoȱaȱthirteenthȬcenturyȱanonymousȱcollectionȱof preachȱinstructionsȱfromȱFranceȱthatȱcasuallyȱaddsȱtoȱtheȱcatchwordȱ“devil”ȱtheȱinformationȱthat Jewsȱ useȱ toȱ crucifyȱ waxȱ imagesȱ ofȱ Christȱ and,ȱ sometimes,ȱ children)ȱ (seeȱ noteȱ 23);ȱ Heil, “Gottesfeinde”—“Menschenfeinde,”ȱ238ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ38). 54 Graus,ȱ Pest,ȱ Geissler,ȱ Judenmorde,ȱ 287ȱ (seeȱ noteȱ 11);ȱ seeȱ alsoȱ theȱ storyȱ toldȱ byȱ Rudolfȱ von Schlettstadtȱ ofȱ theȱ convertedȱ Jewessȱ whoȱ listsȱ allȱ sortsȱ ofȱ magicalȱ practicesȱ herȱ motherȱ had conductedȱbyȱusingȱaȱhostȱthatȱclearlyȱreflectsȱChristian,ȱandȱnotȱJewish,ȱideasȱaboutȱmagical (mis)useȱofȱwafersȱ(Grabmayer,ȱ“RudolfȱvonȱSchlettstadt,”ȱ319ȱ[seeȱnoteȱ19]).ȱOnȱtheȱChristian (mis)useȱofȱhostȱwafersȱforȱmagicalȱpractices,ȱseeȱPeterȱBrowe,ȱ“DieȱEucharistieȱalsȱZaubermittel imȱMittelalter,”ȱArchivȱfürȱKulturgeschichte,ȱ20ȱ(1930),ȱ134–54;ȱandȱMichaelȱDavidȱBailey,ȱMagic andȱSuperstitionȱinȱEurope:ȱAȱConcizeȱHistoryȱfromȱAntiquityȱtoȱtheȱPresentȱ(Landham,ȱBoulder,ȱNew

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS TheȱHostȱonȱtheȱDoorstep 315 tiation,ȱtheȱturningȱofȱtheȱbread,ȱi.e.,ȱtheȱhostȱwafer,ȱandȱtheȱwineȱintoȱtheȱactual bodyȱandȱbloodȱofȱChristȱduringȱtheȱConsecrationȱofȱtheȱEucharist,ȱhadȱbeen elevatedȱtoȱaȱChurchȱdogmaȱbyȱtheȱFourthȱLateranȱCouncilȱinȱ1215,ȱwhichȱmade theȱhostȱwaferȱtheȱmostȱpowerfulȱdeviceȱofȱthemȱallȱsinceȱitȱwasȱsupposedȱtoȱbeȱa manifestationȱofȱChristȱhimself.ȱ Consideringȱtheseȱ“killingȱofȱChrist”ȱfantasiesȱthatȱtheȱhostȱdesecrationȱwas basedȱon,ȱitȱisȱnotȱsurprisingȱthat—evenȱifȱnotȱatȱKorneuburg—Easterȱturnedȱout toȱbeȱaȱparticularlyȱdangerousȱtimeȱforȱJews,ȱevenȱmoreȱsoȱwhenȱitȱcoincidedȱwith Passover.ȱThisȱisȱeerilyȱreflectedȱinȱmanyȱecclesiasticalȱlawȱcodesȱthatȱadviseȱJews notȱtoȱleaveȱtheirȱhousesȱduringȱtheȱhighȱfeastsȱofȱtheȱChristians,ȱparticularly duringȱfeastsȱthatȱwereȱcelebratedȱwithȱprocessionsȱsuchȱasȱthoseȱheldȱduring CorpusȱChristi.55 Shortlyȱafter,ȱorȱperhapsȱalreadyȱinȱtheȱParisȱlegend,ȱaȱsignificantȱparadigmȱshift canȱbeȱperceived.ȱTheȱperpetratorsȱofȱtheȱearlierȱtales,ȱtheȱoriginsȱofȱwhichȱcanȱbe tracedȱbackȱtoȱlateȱantiquity,56ȱcouldȱhaveȱbeenȱJews,ȱbutȱalsoȱChristiansȱwhoȱwere notȱfirmȱinȱtheirȱbelief.ȱTheȱcrucialȱelementȱwasȱthatȱheȱ(or,ȱrarely,ȱshe)ȱwasȱanȱeye witnessȱtoȱtheȱhost’sȱsanctityȱthatȱmanifestedȱitselfȱinȱitsȱmiracles,ȱfirstȱbyȱenduring theȱillȬtreatmentȱmetedȱoutȱbyȱtheȱperpetratorȱunscathed,ȱbyȱmakingȱitselfȱknown toȱtheȱpublic,ȱandȱthenȱbyȱworkingȱmiracles.ȱThisȱvisualization57ȱofȱitsȱpowerȱwas whatȱ eitherȱ promptedȱ theȱ Jewȱ toȱ subsequentlyȱ seekȱ baptismȱ orȱ theȱ doubtful Christianȱ toȱ beȱ reassuredȱ inȱ his/herȱ faith.58ȱ Thoseȱ Christiansȱ whoȱ mightȱ be waveringȱinȱtheirȱfaithȱwereȱaȱsignificantȱpartȱofȱtheȱtargetȱaudienceȱforȱtheseȱtales

York,ȱToronto,ȱandȱPlymouthȱUK:ȱRowmanȱ&ȱLittlefieldȱPublishers,ȱ2007),ȱ113–14ȱ(onȱtheȱhost desecrationȱaccusationȱagainstȱJews),ȱ124ȱ(onȱtheȱmagicalȱuseȱofȱhostsȱbyȱChristians).ȱOnȱthe “magical”ȱpresentationȱofȱsaidȱobjectȱduringȱtheȱeucharistȱandȱtheȱfeastȱofȱCorpusȱChristi,ȱandȱthe impactȱthisȱhadȱonȱtheȱaudience’sȱideasȱofȱJewishȱhostȱdesecration,ȱseeȱMitchellȱMerback,ȱThe Thief,ȱtheȱCrossȱandȱtheȱWheel:ȱPainȱandȱtheȱSpectacleȱofȱPunishmentȱinȱMedievalȱandȱRenaissanceȱEurope (Chicago:ȱTheȱUniversityȱofȱChicagoȱPress,ȱ1998),ȱ193–95;ȱforȱanȱanthropologicalȱperspective,ȱsee FabreȬVassas,ȱTheȱSingularȱBeast,ȱ149–52ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ48). 55 Seeȱ Markusȱ Wenninger,ȱ “Dasȱ gefährlicheȱ Fest.ȱ Osternȱ alsȱ zeitlicherȱ Kristallisationspunkt antijüdischenȱ Verhaltens,”ȱ Festeȱ undȱ Feiernȱ imȱ Mittelalter.ȱ Paderbornerȱ Symposiumȱ des Mediävistenverbandes,ȱed.ȱDetlefȱAltenburg,ȱJörgȱJarnut,ȱandȱHansȬHugoȱSteinhoffȱ(Sigmaringen: JanȱThorbecke,ȱ1991),ȱ323–32;ȱHeil,ȱ“Gottesfeinde”—“Menschenfeinde,”ȱ227–33ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ38);ȱFabreȬ Vassas,ȱTheȱSingularȱBeast,ȱ149–54ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ48);ȱMüller,ȱ“LandȱofȱPersecution,”ȱ247ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ41). 56 Lotter,ȱ“Hostienfrevelvorwurf,”ȱ539–40ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ17);ȱHeil,ȱ“Gottesfeinde”—“Menschenfeinde,”ȱ242 (seeȱnoteȱ38). 57 FabreȬVassasȱ givesȱ evidenceȱ thatȱ theȱ Parisȱ incidentȱ hadȱ beenȱ turnedȱ intoȱ aȱ playȱ thatȱ was performedȱonȱaȱchariotȱduringȱprocessionsȱupȱuntilȱtheȱsixteenthȱcentury,ȱmakingȱtheȱscenes—the Jewȱtorturingȱtheȱhost,ȱtheȱlongȱstreamsȱofȱbloodȱthatȱspurtedȱfromȱit,ȱtheȱmetamorphosisȱintoȱa smallȱchild—allȱtheȱmoreȱimpressiveȱ(FabreȬVassas,ȱTheȱSingularȱBeast,ȱ152–53ȱ[seeȱnoteȱ48]). 58 Lotter,ȱ“Hostienfrevelvorwurf,”ȱ539–43ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ17);ȱforȱaȱspecificȱexample,ȱseeȱCluse,ȱ“Blutȱist imȱSchuh,”ȱ380ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ23):ȱtheȱtaleȱofȱtheȱJewȱkeepingȱaȱbloodiedȱhostȱwaferȱinȱhisȱshoeȱisȱlisted amongȱotherȱstoriesȱofȱmiraculousȱhosts,ȱandȱtheȱaddedȱrubricȱsumsȱupȱtheȱmainȱmessageȱthat wasȱtoȱconveyȱwithȱtheȱtales:ȱthatȱtheȱpresenceȱofȱChristȱatȱtheȱaltarȱwasȱindeedȱpossible.ȱ

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS 316 BirgitȱWiedl whichȱwere,ȱatȱallȱtimes,ȱtoldȱbyȱChristiansȱforȱChristians,ȱwithȱtheȱJewsȱbeingȱthe projectionȱofȱallȱthatȱwasȱnotȱChristian.59ȱTheȱearlierȱconceptȱisȱstillȱreflectedȱinȱthe Parisȱversionȱthatȱisȱconsideredȱbyȱmanyȱscholarsȱasȱtheȱfirstȱvalidȱhostȱdesecration legend,60ȱwhereȱonlyȱtheȱJewȱwhoȱstoleȱtheȱhostȱandȱmistreatedȱitȱwasȱburntȱatȱthe stakeȱ(afterȱhavingȱbeenȱputȱonȱtrial)ȱwhileȱhisȱwifeȱandȱdaughter/childrenȱand otherȱJewsȱwereȱsoȱimpressedȱbyȱtheȱmiraclesȱthatȱtheyȱconverted.61ȱ TheȱchanceȱforȱatȱleastȱsomeȱofȱtheȱJewsȱtoȱsurviveȱandȱthusȱtoȱactuallyȱseeȱthe errorsȱofȱtheirȱwaysȱwasȱcrucial.ȱTheirȱdesireȱforȱconversion,ȱasȱtheȱresultȱofȱthe wondersȱtheyȱhadȱwitnessed,ȱservesȱasȱtheȱnarrativeȱtoolȱtoȱillustrateȱtheȱpowers ofȱtheȱhostȱwaferȱtoȱwhichȱevenȱtheȱmostȱobdurateȱgainsayers,ȱtheȱJews,ȱhadȱto yield.ȱOnlyȱthoseȱwhoȱhadȱactuallyȱperformedȱtheȱmisdeed,ȱwhoȱprolongedȱtheir crimesȱbyȱchoosingȱtoȱdisregardȱtheȱhost’sȱsalvificȱpowersȱandȱremainȱinȱtheir obduracy,ȱreceivedȱwhatȱtheyȱdeserved.ȱInȱtheȱearlyȱtales,ȱantiȬJewishȱelements appearȱlessȱfrequentlyȱthanȱtalesȱwithoutȱsuchȱelementsȱandȱtheȱfocusȱofȱtheȱstories isȱeducational:ȱtoȱconveyȱtheȱideaȱofȱtheȱtransubstantiation,ȱtheȱrealȱpresenceȱof Christȱinȱtheȱsacramentȱonȱtheȱaltar,ȱtheȱvenerationȱofȱtheȱsacramentalȱbodyȱof Christȱinȱtheȱhost.62ȱ While,ȱhowever,ȱtalesȱaboutȱChristiansȱmistreatingȱhostȱwafersȱcontinuedȱto exist,63ȱtheȱnumberȱofȱtalesȱofȱtheȱmisuseȱofȱhostȱwafersȱwithȱJewishȱparticipation grewȱ inȱ theȱ courseȱ ofȱ theȱ fourteenthȱ century,ȱ developingȱ outȱ ofȱ thisȱ new Eucharisticȱ loreȱ andȱ other,ȱ olderȱ talesȱ aboutȱ Jews.64ȱ Theȱ focusȱ ofȱ theȱ stories broadenedȱfromȱshowingȱtheȱpowerȱofȱtheȱsacramentȱtoȱincludeȱtheȱmaliceȱand obduracyȱ ofȱ theȱ Jews,ȱ whoȱ hadȱ transformedȱ fromȱ beingȱ atȱ leastȱ potentially redeemableȱsubjectsȱthatȱcouldȱbeȱgatheredȱintoȱtheȱChristianȱfoldȱintoȱbeingsȱthat wereȱbeyondȱredemption,ȱevenȱifȱtheyȱwereȱgivenȱtheȱchance.65ȱ

59 Bale,ȱJewȱinȱtheȱMedievalȱBook,ȱ2ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ7):ȱ“Judaismȱasȱaȱfaithȱandȱ‘Jewishness’ȱasȱaȱrepository ofȱfantasyȱprojectionsȱ[that]ȱwereȱcentralȱtoȱtheȱselfȬdefinitionȱofȱmedievalȱChristianity.” 60 Seeȱ forȱ anȱ extensiveȱ discussionȱ ofȱ theȱ Parisȱ narrativeȱ andȱ itsȱ sourcesȱ Lotter, “Hostienfrevelvorwurf,”ȱ537–36ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ17);ȱRubin,ȱ“DesecrationȱofȱtheȱHost,”ȱ169–71ȱ(seeȱnote 45).ȱ 61 Forȱother,ȱsimilar,ȱexamplesȱfromȱEnglandȱandȱFrance,ȱseeȱCluse,ȱ“Fabulaȱineptissima,”ȱ296–97 (seeȱnoteȱ7).ȱ 62 Miriȱ Rubin,ȱ Corpusȱ Christi.ȱ Theȱ Eucharistȱ inȱ Lateȱ Medievalȱ Cultureȱ (Cambridge:ȱ Cambridge UniversityȱPress,ȱ1991),ȱ108–29;ȱHeil,ȱ“Gottesfeinde”—“Menschenfeinde,”ȱ243ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ38);ȱseeȱalso Graus,ȱPest,ȱGeissler,ȱJudenmord,ȱ286–88ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ11),ȱwithȱanȱemphasisȱofȱtheȱ“magical”ȱqualities ofȱtheȱtransubstantiation. 63 Lotter,ȱ“Hostienfrevelvorwurf,”ȱ548ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ17),ȱlistsȱ36ȱhostȱmiraclesȱinȱtheȱGermanȬspeaking areaȱinȱtheȱfirstȱhalfȱofȱtheȱfourteenthȱcentury.ȱ31ȱofȱtheseȱbasedȱuponȱdesecrations,ȱandȱforȱ24ȱout ofȱtheseȱ31,ȱJewsȱwereȱblamed. 64 Rubin,ȱ“DesecrationȱofȱtheȱHost,”ȱ173ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ45).ȱ 65 WolfgangȱTreue,ȱRitualmordȱundȱHostienschändung,ȱ(unpublishedȱMAȱthesis),ȱquotedȱafterȱCluse, “BlutȱistȱimȱSchuh,”ȱ376ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ23);ȱLotter,ȱ“Hostienfrevelvorwurf,”ȱ538ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ17).ȱ

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS TheȱHostȱonȱtheȱDoorstep 317

ToȱavengeȱtheȱcrimeȱtheȱJews,ȱasȱanȱentity,ȱhadȱcommittedȱagainstȱtheȱhost, Christ,ȱ andȱ Christianityȱ asȱ aȱ whole,ȱ theirȱ deathȱ wasȱ theȱ onlyȱ imaginable punishment,ȱwhichȱnotȱonlyȱbecameȱanȱinevitableȱelementȱofȱtheȱnarrativeȱbutȱwas translatedȱintoȱrealityȱinȱtheȱformȱofȱpersecutionsȱofȱJewsȱthatȱwentȱfarerȱandȱfarer beyondȱtheȱlocalȱscale.ȱThereȱwasȱnoȱlongerȱanyȱspaceȱleftȱforȱrepentantȱJewsȱwho wishedȱtoȱjoinȱtheȱranksȱofȱtheȱtrueȱfaith,ȱneitherȱinȱtheȱcourseȱofȱtheȱnarrativeȱnor inȱtheȱrealȱworld.ȱTheirȱroleȱasȱsurvivingȱwitnesses,ȱasȱlivingȱproofȱofȱtheȱsanctity ofȱ theȱ hostȱ wasȱ noȱ longerȱ required.ȱ Inȱ theȱ wordsȱ ofȱ theȱ thirdȱ witnessȱ of Korneuburg,ȱtheȱdeanȱJacob,ȱtheȱmereȱfactȱthatȱtheȱbloodiedȱhostȱhadȱbeenȱfound inȱtheir,ȱinȱJewish,ȱhands,ȱwasȱproofȱenoughȱthatȱitȱwasȱaȱgenuine,ȱmiracleȬworking host.ȱ TheȱJewsȱcould,ȱevenȱshould,ȱbeȱdisposedȱofȱafterȱtheyȱhadȱfulfilledȱtheirȱroleȱin theȱnarrative;ȱtheirȱkillingȱhadȱbecomeȱintegralȱtoȱpilgrimageȱitself.66ȱTheyȱareȱthe profaners,ȱtheȱperpetratorsȱwhoȱforceȱtheȱhostȱintoȱ(reȬ)actionȱbyȱbleeding,ȱcrying, turningȱintoȱaȱpieceȱofȱfleshȱorȱaȱchild,ȱorȱflyingȱaway,67ȱandȱareȱremovedȱfromȱthe centerȱofȱtheȱstory,ȱkilledȱatȱtheȱendȱofȱtheȱfirstȱactȱofȱtheȱnarrative.ȱZerkel,ȱthe scholar,ȱandȱtheȱotherȱeightȱ(orȱnine)ȱJewsȱatȱKorneuburgȱareȱhardlyȱevenȱgiven aȱchanceȱtoȱwitnessȱtheȱhost’sȱpowerȱandȱholiness.ȱWeȱdoȱnotȱknowȱexactlyȱhow muchȱtimeȱhadȱelapsedȱbetweenȱtheȱmomentȱ theȱ hostȱwasȱfoundȱonȱZerkel’s doorstepȱandȱtheȱdeathȱofȱtheȱJews,ȱbutȱapartȱfromȱitsȱindestructibility,ȱtheyȱdoȱnot getȱtoȱseeȱtheȱmiraclesȱitȱworks,ȱthusȱtheyȱhaveȱnoȱreasonȱtoȱconvert.ȱ WasȱthereȱanyȱroomȱforȱdoubtȱatȱallȱinȱtheȱmindsȱofȱtheȱChristians,ȱtoȱquestion thisȱseeminglyȱfixedȱroleȱofȱtheȱJews?ȱAmbroseȱofȱHeiligenkreuz,ȱtheȱoneȱwhoȱis mostȱ immediatelyȱ concernedȱ withȱ theȱ aftermathȱ ofȱ theȱ Korneuburgȱ murders seemsȱ toȱ beȱ theȱ mostȱ doubtful.68ȱ Inȱ hisȱ treatiseȱ onȱ theȱ miraculousȱ host,69ȱ he elaboratedȱonȱtheȱsomewhatȱdifficultȱandȱtryingȱcircumstancesȱunderȱwhichȱhe hadȱ toȱ carryȱ outȱ theȱ investigation.ȱ Notȱ onlyȱ theȱ membersȱ ofȱ theȱ commission seemedȱtoȱhaveȱbeenȱatȱvarianceȱwithȱeachȱother,ȱdisputingȱoverȱtheȱcatalogueȱof questionsȱtoȱpresentȱtoȱtheȱwitnessesȱasȱwellȱasȱtheȱdefiningȱfeaturesȱofȱmiracles,

66 Merback,ȱTheȱThief,ȱtheȱCrossȱandȱtheȱWheelȱ,ȱ190ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ54). 67 FabreȬVassas,ȱTheȱSingularȱBeast,ȱ151–52ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ48).ȱSeeȱforȱaȱvarietyȱofȱpotentialȱ‘revealingȱacts’ Heil,ȱ“Gottesfeinde”—“Menschenfeinde,”ȱ244ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ38). 68 Aboutȱ100ȱyearsȱlater,ȱJanȱHusȱ(thenȱstillȱofficiallyȱorthodox),ȱinȱhisȱtreatiseȱDeȱSanguineȱChristi (1404),ȱwouldȱcondemnȱallȱbleedingȱhostsȱasȱfabricationsȱofȱgreedyȱpriestsȱ(FrantišekȱGraus, “FälschungenȱimȱGewandȱderȱFrömmigkeit,”ȱFälschungenȱimȱMittelalterȱ5,ȱ261–82;ȱhereȱ269–70,ȱfn. 38ȱ[seeȱnoteȱ17]). 69 LibraryȱofȱtheȱMonasteryȱofȱKlosterneuburg,ȱCodexȱ825,ȱfol.ȱ1v.–15v.ȱForȱtheȱrelevantȱparagraphs, seeȱBruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ144–46,ȱno.ȱ135ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ1).ȱTheȱtreatiseȱwasȱwrittenȱaboutȱa yearȱafterȱtheȱincidents,ȱwhileȱtheȱprologueȱwasȱaddedȱaroundȱ1312,ȱseeȱStelzer,ȱ“AmȱBeispiel Korneuburg,”ȱ332–33ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ12).ȱ

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS 318 BirgitȱWiedl butȱtheȱcitizensȱofȱKorneuburgȱprotestedȱvehementlyȱagainstȱtheȱcontinuingȱwork ofȱtheȱcommission.ȱ Suspectingȱthatȱtheȱcommissionȱwouldȱforestall,ȱorȱatȱleastȱdefer,ȱtheȱapproval ofȱtheirȱmiracleȬworkingȱhost,ȱanȱangryȱthrongȱgatheredȱinȱfrontȱofȱtheȱhouse whereȱtheȱinterrogationsȱtookȱplaceȱandȱtriedȱtoȱbarȱtheȱwitnessesȱfromȱentering. TheirȱwrathȱwasȱprimarilyȱdirectedȱagainstȱAmbroseȱandȱDukeȱRudolfȱIIIȱwhom theyȱ accusedȱ ofȱ takingȱ “theȱ sideȱ ofȱ theȱ Jews”—anȱ interestingȱ argument, consideringȱthatȱtheȱmainȱpurposeȱofȱtheȱcommissionȱwasȱtoȱfindȱoutȱwhetherȱthe hostȱhadȱbeenȱconsecratedȱandȱtheȱmiraclesȱgenuine,ȱsoȱthereȱwasȱnoȱ“sideȱofȱthe Jews”ȱ(whoȱhadȱbeenȱdeadȱforȱtwoȱandȱaȱhalfȱmonthsȱatȱthisȱtime)ȱAmbroseȱand Rudolfȱcouldȱhaveȱpossiblyȱtaken.ȱDidȱtheyȱreferȱtoȱanyȱpotentialȱdoubtsȱregarding theȱguiltȱofȱtheȱJewsȱandȱtheȱlegitimacyȱofȱtheȱdeathsȱtheȱdukeȱandȱtheȱmonkȱmight haveȱharboredȱor,ȱifȱAmbroseȱrenderedȱitȱcorrectlyȱtoȱbeginȱwith,ȱwasȱitȱaȱsimple imageȱmeantȱtoȱcontrastȱthem,ȱtheȱtownspeople,ȱwithȱthoseȱwhoȱwereȱnotȱpartȱof theirȱcommunity? Asȱ withȱ theȱ commission,ȱ theȱ focusȱ ofȱ Ambrose’sȱ treatiseȱ layȱ mainlyȱ onȱ the questionȱofȱtheȱauthenticityȱofȱtheȱhost.ȱTellingly,ȱasȱWinfriedȱStelzerȱhasȱpointed out,ȱAmbroseȱmostlyȱusedȱtheȱwordȱforȱtheȱnonȬconsecratedȱwaferȱ(oblata)ȱinstead ofȱ theȱ consecratedȱ hostȱ (hostia),ȱ orȱ labelledȱ itȱ hostiaȱ mirificataȱ insteadȱ ofȱ hostia mirifica,70ȱyetȱheȱdidȱnotȱcomeȱtoȱaȱfinalȱconclusionȱregardingȱitsȱpowerȱtoȱwork miracles.ȱOnlyȱinȱanȱaddentumȱheȱrevokedȱtheȱadviceȱheȱhadȱgivenȱtheȱBishopȱof Passauȱtoȱcontactȱtheȱpopeȱinȱtheȱquestionȱofȱhowȱtoȱhandleȱtheȱvenerationȱofȱa potentiallyȱnonȬconsecratedȱhost.ȱUponȱreadingȱofȱotherȱhostȱmiracles,ȱheȱwasȱnow convincedȱ thatȱ theȱ miraclesȱ aloneȱ thatȱ theȱ hostȱ hadȱ workedȱ wereȱ sufficient evidenceȱtoȱwarrantȱitsȱveneration.71ȱ Theȱsameȱvaguenessȱwasȱappliedȱtoȱtheȱquestionȱthatȱisȱcentralȱforȱtheȱtopicȱat hand—whetherȱtheȱJewsȱhadȱbeenȱrightlyȱpunishedȱforȱtheirȱcrime,ȱwhetherȱthe legitimacyȱofȱtheȱprocedureȱwasȱquestionable,ȱorȱwhetherȱtheyȱhadȱactuallyȱbeen wrongfullyȱ killed.ȱ Whileȱ Ambroseȱ shiedȱ awayȱ fromȱ makingȱ anȱ irrevocable judgment,ȱheȱconcludedȱthatȱtheȱkilling,ȱorȱevenȱtheȱpunishmentȱofȱtheȱJews,ȱdid notȱseemȱjustifiedȱ toȱhim.ȱHeȱarguesȱthatȱtheȱcitizensȱhadȱactedȱprecipitately, withoutȱ closelyȱ scrutinizingȱ whatȱ hadȱ reallyȱ happened.ȱ Hisȱ treatiseȱ notȱ only reflectsȱtheȱideaȱofȱChristianȱmercy,ȱbutȱheȱalsoȱblamesȱtheȱcitizensȱforȱnotȱallowing theȱhostȱtoȱworkȱitsȱsalvificȱpurposeȱofȱshowingȱtheȱJewsȱtheȱerrorȱofȱtheirȱways. Ambroseȱisȱperhapsȱtheȱoneȱwhoȱreportsȱanother,ȱotherwiseȱunknown,ȱaccusation ofȱhostȱdesecrationȱagainstȱtheȱJewsȱofȱViennaȱthatȱgivesȱinterestingȱinsightȱintoȱthe roleȱ ofȱ theȱ secondȱ targetȱ ofȱ civicȱ critique:ȱ Dukeȱ Rudolfȱ III.72ȱ Interestingly,ȱ in

70 Stelzer,ȱ“AmȱBeispielȱKorneuburg,”ȱ336ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ12). 71 Stelzer,ȱ“AmȱBeispielȱKorneuburg,”ȱ341ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ12). 72 BruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ156–57,ȱno.ȱ147ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ1).ȱOnȱtheȱquestionȱofȱauthorship,ȱsee

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS TheȱHostȱonȱtheȱDoorstep 319 retellingȱtheȱevents,ȱtheȱauthorȱleavesȱnoȱdoubtȱaboutȱtheȱquestionȱofȱtheȱJews’ innocence.ȱAȱpeasantȱhadȱstolenȱaȱhostȱandȱthrownȱitȱintoȱaȱjugȱthatȱstoodȱcloseȱto aȱVienneseȱJew’sȱhouse.ȱWhenȱtheȱhostȱmiraculouslyȱstartedȱtoȱwhimperȱfrom withinȱitsȱprison,ȱpeopleȱwereȱsoonȱgatheredȱaroundȱtheȱjugȱ(theȱsourceȱspeaksȱof 100,000ȱpersons,ȱwhichȱisȱobviouslyȱaȱstereotypicalȱexaggeration)ȱandȱveryȱquickly identifiedȱtheȱJewsȱ(whoȱhadn’tȱevenȱappearedȱinȱpersonȱyet)ȱasȱtheȱculpritsȱwho hadȱtoȱbeȱpunishedȱforȱtheirȱ(intended)ȱcrime.ȱOnlyȱtheȱimmediateȱpresenceȱof DukeȱRudolfȱIII,ȱwhoȱwithȱpersonalȱeffortȱplacatedȱtheȱenragedȱmasses,ȱsavedȱthe livesȱofȱ‘hisȱbelovedȱJews’ȱ(suosȱjudeosȱkarissimos),ȱcausingȱtheȱauthorȱtoȱaddȱa scathingȱremarkȱonȱRudolf’sȱpreferentialȱtreatmentȱofȱtheȱJews,ȱfromȱwhoseȱusury heȱprofitedȱandȱasȱwhoseȱprotectorȱandȱbenefactorȱheȱappearedȱ(defensorȱ[.ȱ.ȱ.]ȱet fautorȱeorum).ȱ Theȱfocusȱofȱtheȱauthor’sȱcritiqueȱisȱclearlyȱtheȱduke.ȱInȱadditionȱtoȱprofiting fromȱ theȱ Jews’ȱ propertyȱ andȱ usuryȱ (participareȱ lucrisȱ etȱ usurisȱ eorum),ȱ Rudolf demandsȱheavyȱtaxesȱandȱduesȱfromȱthemȱ(tollendoȱexaccionesȱetȱmuneraȱmaximaȱab eis).ȱNotȱonlyȱdoesȱthisȱnarrativeȱgiveȱanȱinterestingȱintrospectionȱintoȱtheȱquite popularȱandȱwidespreadȱallusionȱofȱrulersȱbeingȱbribedȱbyȱJewishȱmoneyȱinȱreturn forȱprotection,73ȱbutȱitȱclearlyȱconveysȱanotherȱmessageȱtoo.ȱForȱtheȱpopulation,ȱthe combinedȱpresenceȱofȱJews,ȱevenȱifȱtheyȱwereȱnotȱphysicallyȱpresent,ȱandȱaȱhost waferȱcouldȱonlyȱmeanȱoneȱthing—thatȱtheȱJewsȱwereȱaboutȱtoȱcommit,ȱorȱhad alreadyȱcommitted,ȱaȱcrime. Theseȱharshȱwords,ȱifȱnotedȱdownȱbyȱAmbroseȱorȱcopiedȱlater,ȱwereȱnotȱtheȱfirst directedȱatȱDukeȱRudolfȱIIIȱandȱhisȱpreferentialȱtreatmentȱofȱtheȱJews.ȱSinceȱthe Jewsȱwereȱhisȱdirectȱsubjectsȱandȱthusȱbelongedȱtoȱhisȱimmediateȱtreasure,ȱany attackȱonȱthemȱheȱconsideredȱanȱattackȱonȱhimself.74ȱAtȱKorneuburg,ȱheȱmerely supportedȱtheȱinvestigation,ȱpushingȱ(inȱcontrastȱtoȱtheȱcitizens’ȱaccusations)ȱfor aȱquickȱresultȱandȱevenȱsentȱtheȱwitnessesȱhomeȱwhenȱtheyȱangeredȱhimȱwithȱtheir protesting.ȱAȱyearȱlater,ȱwhenȱaȱsimilarȱaccusationȱofȱJewishȱhostȱdesecrationȱwas raisedȱatȱSt.ȱPölten,ȱaȱtownȱthatȱbelongedȱtoȱtheȱbishopȱofȱPassau,75ȱheȱcameȱdown

Stelzer,ȱ “Amȱ Beispielȱ Korneuburg,”ȱ 329ȱ (seeȱ noteȱ 12),ȱ whoȱ arguesȱ quiteȱ succinctlyȱ thatȱ the incidentȱhadȱnotȱbeenȱnotedȱdownȱbyȱAmbroseȱbutȱhadȱmerelyȱbeenȱcopiedȱintoȱtheȱmanuscript asȱaȱfurtherȱexampleȱofȱaȱhostȬrelatedȱmiracle. 73 TheȱallegationȱthatȱrulersȱwouldȱprofitȱfinanciallyȱfromȱpreventingȱtheȱpersecutionȱofȱJews,ȱbeȱit throughȱtaxingȱtheȱJewsȱorȱbecauseȱofȱhavingȱbeenȱbribedȱbyȱthem,ȱisȱquiteȱaȱcommonplaceȱin ecclesiasticalȱchronicles,ȱseeȱtheȱexamplesȱquotedȱbyȱTreue,ȱ“SchlechteȱundȱguteȱChristen,”ȱ110–12 (seeȱnoteȱ17),ȱLotter,ȱ“Hostienfrevelvorwurf,”ȱ549ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ17),ȱfurtherȱJohannesȱGrabmayer, ZwischenȱDiesseitsȱundȱJenseits.ȱOberrheinischeȱChronikenȱalsȱQuellenȱzurȱKulturgeschichteȱdesȱspäten Mittelaltersȱ(Cologne,ȱWeimar,ȱandȱVienna:ȱBöhlau,ȱ1999),ȱ28–29,ȱ242–43,ȱ275. 74 ForȱanȱoverviewȱofȱtheȱlegalȱstandingȱofȱtheȱAustrianȱJewryȱwithȱregardȱtoȱtheȱAustrianȱduke,ȱsee Brugger,ȱ“VonȱderȱAnsiedlung,”ȱ134–51ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ12).ȱ 75 TheȱbishopȱofȱPassauȱwasȱtheȱecclesiasticalȱoverlordȱoverȱtheȱduchyȱofȱAustriaȱthatȱlayȱwithinȱthe dioceseȱofȱPassau,ȱyetȱasȱfarȱasȱtheȱtownȱofȱSt.ȱPöltenȱherselfȱisȱconcerned,ȱtheȱbishopȱwasȱalsoȱthe

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS 320 BirgitȱWiedl heavilyȱonȱtheȱcitizens,ȱfiningȱthemȱwithȱ3500ȱpoundsȱforȱtheȱcrimeȱofȱkillingȱhis Jews.76ȱ Inȱ theȱ sameȱ year,ȱ heȱ successfullyȱ quelledȱ aȱ persecutionȱ ofȱ theȱ Jewsȱ of Viennaȱafterȱanotherȱaccusationȱofȱaȱhostȱdesecrationȱhadȱbeenȱraisedȱthereȱ(see below).ȱ AnotherȱcrucialȱdetailȱisȱrevealedȱinȱAmbrose’sȱtreatise.ȱPriorȱtoȱtheȱextensive investigationȱledȱbyȱAmbrose,ȱanotherȱinquiryȱofȱtheȱwholeȱincidentȱhadȱbeen carriedȱ outȱ byȱ Bishopȱ Rudger,ȱ theȱ abbotȱ ofȱ theȱ Scottishȱ abbeyȱ inȱ Vienna (Schottenstift),ȱ andȱ theȱ provostȱ ofȱ theȱ monasteryȱ ofȱ Klosterneuburg. Unfortunately,ȱitȱisȱnotȱpossibleȱwithȱabsoluteȱcertaintyȱtoȱplaceȱtheȱtwoȱinquiries inȱchronologicalȱorder.ȱAmbroseȱlabelledȱtheȱoneȱthatȱwasȱheldȱuponȱtheȱduke’s instigationȱasȱtheȱ“firstȱinterrogationȱofȱwitnesses,”ȱbutȱbasedȱhisȱargumentsȱon factsȱthatȱheȱlearnedȱlater. Duringȱthisȱinvestigation,ȱwhichȱhadȱbeenȱcommissionedȱbyȱDukeȱRudolfȱIII, Zerkel’sȱimmediateȱneighborsȱhadȱbeenȱinterrogated,ȱandȱtheirȱtestimoniesȱare moreȱconsistentȱ(albeitȱonlyȱrenderedȱinȱAmbrose’sȱratherȱshortȱsummary)ȱthan theȱlater,ȱcontradictoryȱstatements.77ȱAroundȱtheȱfirstȱhourȱofȱtheȱdayȱinȱquestion, threeȱJewsȱdashedȱoutȱofȱZerkel’sȱhouse,ȱscreamingȱandȱrunningȱafterȱaȱChristian whomȱtheyȱaccusedȱofȱhavingȱthrownȱaȱhostȱwaferȱintoȱtheirȱhouse.ȱTheyȱbegged theȱbystandersȱtoȱaidȱthemȱinȱcatchingȱtheȱculprit,ȱwho,ȱtheyȱshouted,ȱshould ratherȱburnȱthanȱthemȱ(meliusȱessetȱquodȱipseȱcombureturȱquamȱnos).ȱSinceȱtheyȱwere notȱableȱtoȱcatchȱhim,ȱtheȱJewsȱreturnedȱtoȱtheirȱhouseȱwhereȱtheȱChristians,ȱwho inȱtheȱmeantimeȱhadȱgatheredȱthere,ȱsawȱpartȱofȱaȱbloodiedȱhost,ȱcoveredȱbyȱa pieceȱofȱcloth,ȱinȱtheȱhandȱofȱoneȱofȱtheȱJews.ȱInȱtheseȱtestimonies,ȱstrippedȱofȱall allusionsȱ toȱ aȱ priorȱ purchase,ȱ failedȱ attemptsȱ toȱ disposeȱ ofȱ theȱ wafer,ȱ andȱ of heavenlyȱ voicesȱ andȱ guidedȱ feet,ȱ weȱ canȱ mostȱ likelyȱ recognizeȱ theȱ bareȱ facts aroundȱwhichȱtheȱtaleȱwasȱlaterȱwoven.ȱTheȱbasics—theȱdoorstepȱofȱtheȱJews’ house,ȱtheȱJewsȱrunningȱthroughȱtheȱtown,ȱtheȱaccusationsȱtowardsȱtheȱChristian, theȱgatheringȱmassesȱwhoȱdiscoverȱtheȱbloodstainedȱwafer—remainedȱtheȱsame, yetȱinȱtheȱextensiveȱinvestigationȱtheseȱfactsȱwereȱpresentedȱwithȱaȱplethoraȱof additionalȱ detailsȱ thatȱ emphasizedȱ theȱ miracleȬworkingȱ characterȱ ofȱ theȱ host. Theseȱdetailsȱcompletelyȱalteredȱtheȱinitialȱsituationȱbyȱintroducingȱtheȱpostulate thatȱtheȱJewsȱhadȱalreadyȱbeenȱinȱpossessionȱofȱtheȱwafer—meaning,ȱhadȱalready executedȱtheirȱvileȱplans—longȱbeforeȱtheȱChristiansȱhadȱcomeȱtoȱknowȱofȱit.ȱ TheȱpieceȱofȱinformationȱAmbroseȱputȱbeforeȱhisȱbriefȱrenditionȱofȱtheȱfirst inquiryȱisȱcentral,ȱandȱmightȱhaveȱmotivatedȱhimȱtoȱreȬwriteȱseveralȱpassagesȱof

secularȱlordȱofȱtheȱtown.ȱThisȱwasȱnotȱanȱunusualȱsituationȱinȱtheȱMiddleȱAges;ȱseeȱNormanȱRoth, “BishopsȱandȱJewsȱinȱtheȱMiddleȱAges,”ȱTheȱCatholicȱHistoricalȱReviewȱ80ȱ(1994):ȱ1–17. 76 BruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ154–55,ȱno.ȱ145ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ1). 77 Ambroseȱdoesȱnotȱgiveȱtheirȱnamesȱand,ȱalthoughȱitȱisȱhighlyȱlikelyȱthatȱtheyȱhadȱbeenȱquestioned duringȱtheȱsecondȱinterrogationȱasȱwell,ȱitȱisȱimpossibleȱtoȱpositivelyȱidentifyȱthem.

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS TheȱHostȱonȱtheȱDoorstep 321 hisȱtreatise.78ȱTheȱbishopȱofȱPassau,ȱWernhardȱofȱPrambach,ȱhadȱinformedȱhimȱthat aȱpriestȱhadȱconfessedȱthatȱheȱhadȱinstigatedȱtheȱwholeȱincidentȱatȱKorneuburg.79 Byȱtakingȱaȱsimpleȱoblate,ȱdippingȱitȱintoȱgoat’sȱbloodȱandȱdepositingȱitȱinȱfrontȱof theȱ Jew’sȱ houseȱ toȱ setȱ upȱ aȱ reasonȱ forȱ theȱ defamationȱ (quodȱ accepissetȱ oblatam simplicemȱetȱintinxitȱsanguineȱhyrcinoȱetȱimmisitȱcausamȱcalu[m]pnieȱadȱdomumȱiudei), heȱhadȱcreatedȱtheȱprerequisiteȱofȱnotȱonlyȱtheȱpersecutionȱofȱtheȱJewsȱbutȱalsoȱof whatȱhad,ȱpresumably,ȱbeenȱhisȱgoal—toȱestablishȱaȱpilgrimageȱsite.ȱ Togetherȱ withȱ fourȱ accomplicesȱ (consociis),ȱ heȱ wasȱ willingȱ toȱ attestȱ toȱ this. Althoughȱthisȱcriticalȱpieceȱofȱinformationȱisȱputȱrightȱbeforeȱtheȱsummaryȱofȱthe firstȱinvestigation,ȱitȱisȱdoubtfulȱthatȱeitherȱAmbrose,ȱtheȱVienneseȱAbbot,ȱorȱany ofȱtheȱotherȱmembersȱofȱtheȱcommissionsȱhadȱanyȱknowledgeȱofȱthisȱpriorȱto conductingȱtheȱinquiries.ȱInȱneitherȱofȱtheȱtwoȱinvestigations,ȱregardlessȱofȱwhich cameȱfirst,ȱwasȱthereȱanyȱmentionȱofȱaȱfraudulentȱpriest,ȱevenȱifȱtheȱpossibilityȱthat theȱJewsȱmightȱhaveȱbeenȱframedȱwasȱveryȱtentativelyȱhintedȱat.ȱ Theȱrealȱperpetratorsȱcanȱthereforeȱbeȱidentifiedȱasȱfollows:ȱaȱpriestȱandȱfour accomplicesȱ whoȱ obviouslyȱ wereȱ inȱ cahootsȱ inȱ theȱ scheme.ȱ Noȱ namesȱ are mentioned,ȱbutȱdoesȱitȱseemȱtooȱspeculativeȱaȱguessȱtoȱsuspectȱKonrad,ȱtheȱvicar ofȱ Leobersdorf,ȱ asȱ theȱ mainȱ culprit?ȱ Inȱ hisȱ testimonyȱ beforeȱ theȱ commission, Konradȱspeaksȱofȱaȱ‘repentantȱChristian’ȱwhomȱheȱhadȱallegedlyȱshriven,ȱandȱwho hadȱconfessedȱtoȱhavingȱsoldȱtheȱwaferȱtoȱtheȱJews,ȱwhichȱhadȱ(further)ȱsealedȱthe beliefȱ inȱ theȱ Jews’ȱ guilt.ȱ Inȱ theȱ lightȱ ofȱ theȱ laterȱ findings,ȱ itȱ isȱ clearȱ thatȱ his statementȱhadȱtoȱbeȱaȱblatantȱlie.ȱ Theȱfactȱthatȱaȱhostȱhadȱindeedȱbeenȱplantedȱnotȱonlyȱlendsȱcredibilityȱtoȱsome ofȱ theȱ testimonies—peopleȱ hadȱ actuallyȱ seenȱ Zerkelȱ andȱ theȱ scholarȱ running throughȱtheȱtownȱwithȱaȱbloodstainedȱhostȱinȱtheirȱhands—butȱitȱalsoȱsubstantiates theȱstatementȱofȱtheȱterrifiedȱJewsȱthatȱ‘anȱevilȱChristian’ȱhadȱthrownȱtheȱwafer ontoȱtheirȱdoorstep.ȱItȱis,ȱhowever,ȱunlikelyȱthatȱtheȱJewsȱwereȱtheȱfraudulent priest’sȱprimaryȱtarget.ȱAlreadyȱtheȱfirstȱallegedȱhostȱwaferȱdesecrationȱinȱwhatȱis todayȱAustrianȱterritory,ȱtheȱeventsȱinȱLaaȱanȱderȱThayaȱinȱ1294,ȱhadȱresultedȱnot

78 Stelzer,ȱ“AmȱBeispielȱKorneuburg,”ȱ338–39ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ12),ȱarguesȱthatȱtheȱfirstȱrenditionȱofȱthe treatiseȱwasȱwrittenȱinȱlateȱ1306ȱwhileȱtheȱadditionsȱwereȱworkedȱintoȱitȱaroundȱ1311,ȱwithȱthe prologueȱbeingȱtheȱlastȱpieceȱaddedȱinȱ1312. 79 Theȱforgingȱofȱ“miracleȬworking”ȱhostȱwafersȱwasȱnotȱuncommon;ȱtheȱpapalȱletterȱtoȱbishop Albrechtȱ IIȱ ofȱ Passauȱ speaksȱ ofȱ ‘incidentsȱ similarȱ toȱ Korneuburg’ȱ thatȱ hadȱ takenȱ placeȱ at Weikersdorf,ȱwhileȱhisȱletterȱtoȱDukeȱAlbrechtȱIIȱofȱAustriaȱmentionsȱLinzȱ(BruggerȱandȱWiedl, Regestenȱ1,ȱ339–40,ȱnos.ȱ442ȱandȱ443ȱ[seeȱnoteȱ1]),ȱyetȱforȱneitherȱofȱtheseȱtwoȱtowns,ȱisȱthereȱany furtherȱdocumentationȱofȱaȱhostȱdesecrationȱandȱanȱensuingȱpogrom.ȱSeeȱforȱGermanȱexamples Lotter,ȱ“Hostienfrevelvorwurf,”ȱ574–81ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ17)ȱ(withȱKorneuburgȱasȱtheȱmainȱexample); Graus,ȱ“FälschungenȱimȱGewandȱderȱFrömmigkeit,”ȱ268–70ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ68),ȱagainȱwithȱKorneuburg (whichȱheȱmistakesȱforȱPulkau)ȱandȱtheȱforgedȱhostȱwaferȱofȱWilsnackȱ(thatȱdoesȱnotȱinclude accusationsȱagainstȱJews).ȱ

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS 322 BirgitȱWiedl onlyȱinȱtheȱJewsȱbeingȱpersecutedȱbutȱalsoȱaȱchapelȱbeingȱerectedȱonȱtheȱspot whereȱtheȱ‘bodyȱofȱtheȱLord’ȱhadȱbeenȱfound.80ȱ Aȱmiraculousȱhostȱprovidedȱtheȱparishȱwhereȱitȱwasȱkeptȱwithȱprestigeȱand posedȱaȱstrongȱattractionȱforȱpilgrims.ȱItȱisȱthereforeȱquiteȱlogicalȱtoȱassumeȱthat itȱwasȱtheȱpriest’sȱmainȱgoalȱtoȱestablishȱaȱpilgrimageȱsiteȱthatȱwouldȱincreaseȱboth theȱreputationȱandȱtheȱrevenuesȱofȱtheȱparish.ȱToȱachieveȱthisȱgoalȱitȱwouldȱnot haveȱbeenȱenoughȱmerelyȱtoȱlaunchȱaȱstoryȱaboutȱaȱmiraculousȱhost;ȱheȱneededȱthe waferȱitselfȱasȱaȱtangibleȱelement.ȱInȱputtingȱallȱtheȱkeyȱelementsȱtogether—aȱhost wafer,ȱblood,ȱandȱJews—theȱfraudulentȱpriestȱprovidedȱaȱscenarioȱthatȱallowed Christiansȱtoȱindulgeȱfullyȱtheirȱfantasiesȱaboutȱtheȱmistreatmentȱandȱmurderȱof ChristȱbyȱtheȱJews.ȱ TheȱkillingȱofȱtheȱJewsȱmightȱhaveȱbeenȱaȱspurȬofȬtheȬmomentȱaction,ȱignitedȱby ubiquitousȱ antiȬJewishȱ sentimentȱ andȱ theȱ desireȱ forȱ revenge,ȱ yetȱ whenȱ they accusedȱAmbroseȱandȱRudolfȱIIIȱofȱhamperingȱtheȱinvestigation,ȱtheyȱseemedȱto haveȱbeenȱawareȱofȱtheȱmaterialȱbenefitsȱtheyȱcouldȱgainȱfromȱanȱestablishedȱand approvedȱmiraculousȱhost.ȱPilgrimageȱhotspots,ȱinȱturn,ȱprolongedȱandȱnourished theȱChristianȱideasȱofȱJewsȱmaltreatingȱhosts.ȱThoseȱwhoȱvisitedȱtheȱsiteȱnoȱlonger onlyȱheardȱaȱtaleȱbutȱactuallyȱsawȱtheȱmaltreatedȱhost,ȱtheȱtangibleȱ(orȱatȱleast visible)ȱproofȱthatȱJewishȱhostȱdesecrationȱwasȱindeedȱaȱreality.ȱIllustrationsȱsuch asȱtheȱ(later)ȱaltarȱpaintingsȱatȱKorneuburgȱfurtherȱhelpedȱtheȱpilgrimsȱtoȱvisualize theȱ crimeȱ ofȱ theȱ Jews,ȱ andȱ thusȱ theyȱ wereȱ boundȱ toȱ feelȱ thatȱ theȱ guiltyȱ Jews deservedȱtheirȱfate.81 Itȱmustȱremainȱpureȱspeculationȱtoȱincludeȱthoseȱwitnessesȱwhoȱgiveȱtheȱmost detailedȱinformationȱasȱbeingȱinȱcahootsȱwithȱtheȱpriest.ȱEvenȱifȱweȱidentifyȱthe unnamedȱpriestȱasȱKonradȱofȱLeobendorf,ȱthereȱisȱnoȱevidenceȱthatȱtheȱfourȱothers heȱ namedȱ asȱ hisȱ accomplicesȱ wereȱ interrogatedȱ atȱ all.ȱ Furthermore,ȱ withȱ the interventionȱofȱDukeȱRudolfȱIII,ȱwhoȱwantedȱtheȱinvestigationȱbroughtȱtoȱaȱquick end,ȱthereȱisȱaȱnotableȱchangeȱinȱtheȱprocedure.ȱTheȱinterviewsȱbecameȱshorterȱand shorter,ȱandȱalthoughȱtheȱwitnessesȱwereȱpresentedȱtheȱfullȱcatalogueȱofȱquestions, theyȱ wereȱ notȱ encouragedȱ toȱ elaborate.ȱ Theseȱ sourceȬrelatedȱ considerations notwithstanding,ȱsomeȱofȱtheȱwitnessesȱstandȱoutȱwithȱrespectȱtoȱtheȱdetailsȱthey reveal.ȱKonradȱanȱderȱHochstrassȱnotȱonlyȱverifiedȱtheȱvicar’sȱtestimonyȱonȱthe purchaseȱofȱtheȱhost,ȱbutȱheapedȱadditionalȱblameȱonȱtheȱJewsȱbyȱshiftingȱthe confessionȱfromȱtheȱvicar’sȱunnamedȱlaypersonȱtoȱtheȱJewishȱscholar.ȱMoreȱdetails, suchȱasȱtheȱnameȱofȱtheȱChristianȱtheȱJewsȱtriedȱtoȱpersuadeȱtoȱdisposeȱofȱtheȱhost

80 BruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ89–90,ȱno.ȱ82ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ1).ȱOnȱtheȱgeneralȱ‘restorationȱofȱtheȱorder,’ theȱ transformationȱ ofȱ Jewishȱ housesȱ orȱ synagoguesȱ intoȱ chapelsȱ (thatȱ usuallyȱ housedȱ the maltreatedȱhost),ȱseeȱRubin,ȱGentileȱTales,ȱ89–91ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ3). 81 Merback,ȱTheȱThief,ȱtheȱCrossȱandȱtheȱWheel,ȱ195ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ54),ȱalsoȱonȱtheȱvisualȱpresentationȱofȱthe hostȱwafers.

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS TheȱHostȱonȱtheȱDoorstep 323 forȱthem,ȱincludingȱtheȱexactȱwordingȱofȱthisȱChristian’sȱoutburstȱwhenȱconfronted withȱtheȱhost,ȱwereȱreportedȱbyȱKonradȱanȱderȱHochstrass,ȱalbeit,ȱasȱheȱclaimed, onlyȱbyȱhimȱrenderingȱtheȱdyingȱscholar’sȱlastȱwords.ȱ EquallyȱsuspiciousȱareȱOttoȱanȱdemȱRoßmarkt,ȱwhoȱhadȱtheȱscholarȱsayȱthatȱthe Jewsȱfullyȱdeservedȱtheirȱfateȱforȱtheirȱmisdeeds,ȱand,ȱtheȱbakerȱSifridusȱ(Sidlin) andȱhisȱheavenlyȬguidedȱfeet.ȱTheȱlatterȱalsoȱprovidedȱtheȱreasonȱwhyȱtheȱhost wasȱdepositedȱatȱZerkel’sȱdoorstep:ȱafterȱseeingȱtheȱhostȱlyingȱonȱtheȱfloorȱand standingȱmesmerized,ȱSifridusȱhimselfȱputȱitȱthereȱwhenȱheȱsawȱtheȱbloodȱoozing fromȱit.ȱItȱmust,ȱasȱwithȱtheȱotherȱwitnesses,ȱremainȱpureȱspeculationȱwhether Sifridusȱwasȱinȱcahootsȱwithȱtheȱpriest,ȱyetȱthereȱisȱmuchȱevidenceȱthatȱhe,ȱinȱfact, hadȱbeenȱtheȱoneȱtoȱwhomȱtheȱpriestȱhadȱassignedȱtheȱtaskȱofȱplantingȱtheȱhost wafer.ȱFirstȱandȱforemost,ȱasȱMiriȱRubinȱpointedȱout,ȱheȱhadȱtheȱcrucialȱrequisite atȱhand—theȱwaferȱitself,ȱwhichȱisȱbasicallyȱnothingȱbutȱaȱpieceȱofȱbakedȱdough.82ȱ Furthermore,ȱhisȱspectacularȱstoryȱofȱheavenlyȱguidance,ȱtheȱpickingȱupȱofȱthe hostȱatȱfirstȱandȱthenȱputtingȱitȱdownȱagainȱmightȱhaveȱservedȱasȱanȱexplanation shouldȱheȱbeȱcaughtȱredȬhanded.ȱSifridusȱhimselfȱconfirmedȱthatȱhisȱfingerȱhad remainedȱbloodiedȱafterȱheȱhadȱputȱtheȱhostȱdown.ȱItȱmust,ȱagain,ȱremainȱpure speculationȱasȱtoȱwhetherȱSidlin’sȱtestimonyȱhadȱbeenȱagreedȱuponȱbeforehand, andȱifȱso,ȱtoȱwhatȱpurpose.ȱItȱisȱpossibleȱthatȱtheyȱsoughtȱtoȱintroduceȱtheȱelement ofȱtheȱheavenlyȱintervention,ȱtoȱwhichȱtheȱpriestȱwasȱhopingȱtheȱtheologically (moreȱorȱless)ȱversedȱinterrogatorsȱwouldȱfindȱappealing.ȱ Allȱofȱthis,ȱhowever,ȱsuggestsȱnotȱonlyȱSifridus’sȱinvolvement,ȱbutȱalsoȱpoints towardsȱaȱschemeȱthatȱwasȱnotȱaȱspurȬofȬtheȬmomentȱact,ȱbutȱaȱpremeditatedȱplot thatȱrequiredȱmeticulousȱplanning.ȱOnlyȱoneȱotherȱwitness,ȱBertha,ȱtheȱwifeȱof KonradȱReus,ȱconfirmedȱthatȱsheȱhadȱseenȱhimȱwithȱtheȱhostȱbutȱotherȱthanȱthat merelyȱstatedȱthatȱsheȱ‘concursȱwithȱhimȱinȱregardȱofȱhowȱtheȱhostȱwasȱfound.’ OtherȱwitnessesȱonlyȱnameȱSidlinȱasȱbeingȱamongȱthoseȱpresentȱatȱtheȱretrievalȱof theȱhostȱwithoutȱcreditingȱhimȱwithȱanyȱspecialȱtask.ȱTheȱChristianȱwhomȱtheȱJews accusedȱ ofȱ havingȱ thrownȱ theȱ hostȱ intoȱ theirȱ house—who,ȱ accordingȱ toȱ his testimony,ȱwouldȱhaveȱbeenȱSidlinȱhimself—remainedȱanonymousȱinȱallȱother versions.ȱ

Mostȱofȱtheȱwitnessesȱremainedȱextremelyȱvagueȱaboutȱactualȱhealings.ȱWhen askedȱaboutȱspecificȱnamesȱandȱtime,ȱtheȱpriestȱFriedrichȱrespondedȱquodȱsolumȱex famaȱhecȱscit.ȱTheȱsecondȱpriestȱthatȱwasȱinterrogated,ȱHertricus,ȱrespondedȱinȱa quiteȱsimilarȱmanner:ȱquodȱnichilȱscitȱdeȱhocȱnisiȱperȱauditumȱetȱfamam.ȱOttoȱanȱdem Roßmarkt,ȱeagerȱtoȱshareȱinformation,ȱgaveȱsuspiciouslyȱelaborateȱdetailsȱonȱthe miraculousȱ workȱ ofȱ theȱ host.ȱ Heȱ gaveȱ detailsȱ aboutȱ theȱ curesȱ ofȱ the

82 Rubin,ȱGentileȱTales,ȱ64ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ3).

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS 324 BirgitȱWiedl aforementionedȱBohemianȱgirlȱplaguedȱbyȱdemonsȱandȱofȱtheȱparalyzedȱViennese woman.ȱTheȱformerȱhadȱbeenȱsufferingȱforȱthirteenȱyearsȱandȱtheȱlatterȱforȱeight years,ȱfourȱofȱwhichȱhadȱbeenȱspentȱinȱaȱhospitalȱinȱVienna.ȱYet,ȱdespiteȱhisȱinȬ depthȱknowledge,ȱheȱcouldȱnotȱspecifyȱtheȱpreciseȱdayȱorȱhourȱofȱtheirȱhealing.ȱ Theȱ miraculousȱhealingȱthatȱwasȱbroughtȱ upȱtheȱmostȱwasȱthatȱofȱtheȱlocal weaver,ȱPero.ȱAltogetherȱtenȱwitnessesȱclaimȱthatȱtheyȱknewȱaboutȱhisȱhealing, althoughȱmostȱofȱthemȱagainȱresortingȱtoȱhearsay.ȱOnlyȱOttoȱanȱdemȱRoßmarkt explicitlyȱ admittedȱ toȱ actuallyȱ havingȱ beenȱ presentȱ whenȱ Peroȱ wasȱ healed. Accordingȱtoȱhim,ȱRapotoȱTaschȱ(theȱeleventhȱwitness)ȱandȱKonradȱKlettȱhadȱbeen thereȱtoo,ȱetȱpluribusȱaliis.83ȱDespiteȱtheȱfactȱthatȱPeroȱwasȱ“knownȱtoȱeveryoneȱin theȱtown,”ȱasȱOttoȱclaimed,ȱhisȱfellowȱcitizensȱwereȱnotȱableȱtoȱgiveȱanyȱprecise detailsȱonȱtheȱamountȱofȱtimeȱheȱhadȱspentȱinȱhisȱparalysedȱstate,ȱwhichȱdiffered betweenȱtwoȱandȱfiveȱyearsȱinȱtheȱwitnesses’sȱstatements.ȱ ToȱsuspectȱthatȱPeroȱmightȱhaveȱbeenȱinȱcahootsȱwithȱtheȱfraudulentȱpriestȱby fakingȱaȱ‘spiritualȱhealing’ȱmightȱgoȱtooȱfar,ȱsinceȱheȱwasȱnotȱtheȱfirstȱbutȱonlyȱthe mostȱknownȱofȱtheȱluckyȱonesȱthroughȱwhomȱtheȱhostȱdemonstratedȱitsȱpower.ȱIt isȱsurprisingȱthatȱheȱwasȱnotȱamongȱtheȱwitnessesȱdespiteȱtheȱfactȱthatȱheȱstillȱlived inȱKorneuburg,ȱparticularlyȱsinceȱtheȱcommissionȱwasȱmoreȱconcernedȱwithȱthe miraclesȱ(andȱtheirȱgenuineness)ȱthanȱwithȱtheȱJews’ȱfate. Judgingȱbyȱtheȱlistȱofȱthoseȱthatȱhadȱbeenȱmiraculouslyȱcuredȱwithinȱtheȱfirst monthsȱofȱtheȱhost’sȱwork,ȱtheȱfameȱofȱtheȱsiteȱhadȱexpandedȱquiteȱquickly,ȱthus allowingȱusȱtoȱspeculateȱthatȱtheȱpriest’sȱgoalȱwasȱachievedȱevenȱifȱthereȱisȱno mentionȱofȱaȱpilgrimageȱsiteȱinȱtheȱdecadesȱfollowingȱtheȱincident.ȱOnlyȱtwoȱpapal lettersȱfromȱtheȱyearȱ1338ȱthatȱinvestigatedȱtheȱPulkauȱpersecutionsȱinȱLower AustriaȱgiveȱinsightȱintoȱtheȱcontinuingȱvenerationȱofȱtheȱKorneuburgȱhost.ȱWhat hadȱhappenedȱinȱtheȱmeantimeȱreadsȱlikeȱaȱreflectionȱofȱtheȱearlierȱincidents.ȱSince theȱoriginalȱwaferȱhadȱbeenȱeatenȱawayȱbyȱmothsȱandȱwormsȱbutȱwasȱstillȱbeing veneratedȱbyȱtheȱfaithfulȱmasses,ȱaȱmisledȱpriestȱ(suggestioneȱdiabolicaȱpersuasus erroremȱerroriȱaccumulans)ȱhadȱtakenȱaȱnew,ȱnonȬconsecratedȱwafer,ȱdippedȱitȱin bloodȱandȱsupplantedȱtheȱoldȱone,ȱpresumablyȱnotȱtoȱimpedeȱtheȱflourishingȱofȱthe pilgrimageȱsite.84ȱ

83 Dueȱtoȱtheȱincreasingȱbrevityȱofȱtheȱinterviews,ȱmanyȱofȱtheȱwitnessesȱmerelyȱrespondȱthatȱthey ‘concurȱwithȱwhatȱtheȱothersȱstated,’ȱwhichȱmakesȱitȱimpossibleȱtoȱdecideȱwhetherȱtheyȱmeantȱthat theyȱwereȱpresentȱorȱhadȱjustȱheardȱaboutȱitȱbothȱofȱwhichȱhadȱalreadyȱbeenȱstatedȱbyȱothers. RapotoȱTaschȱforȱexampleȱ(theȱnineteenthȱwitness),ȱwhoȱwasȱreportedȱbyȱOttoȱanȱdemȱRoßmarkt asȱhavingȱbeenȱpresent,ȱmerelyȱdeclaresȱthatȱheȱcorroboratesȱwhatȱtheȱothersȱhadȱsaid;ȱonlyȱthe eleventhȱwitness,ȱtheȱaldermanȱMarquard,ȱexplicitlyȱstatesȱthatȱheȱhadȱnotȱbeenȱpresentȱwhen Peroȱhadȱbeenȱhealed. 84 OdericusȱRaynaldusȱandȱJacobusȱdeȱLaderchius,ȱAnnalesȱecclesiasticiȱdenuoȱexcusiȱetȱadȱnostraȱusque temporaȱperductiȱabȱAugustinoȱTheiner,ȱ25:ȱ1334–1355ȱ(BarȬleȬDuc:ȱLudovicusȱGuerinȱetȱsocii,ȱ1872), 118–19.ȱToȱ‘support’ȱaȱhostȱwaferȱthatȱwasȱbeingȱveneratedȱyetȱhadȱpossiblyȱnotȱbeenȱconsecrated

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Inȱtheȱsameȱyearȱ1338,ȱtheȱDukesȱOttoȱIIȱandȱAlbrechtȱIIȱgaveȱtheȱAugustinian orderȱaȱplotȱofȱlandȱatȱKorneuburgȱthatȱhadȱonceȱbelongedȱtoȱtheirȱJewsȱ(areamȱolim nostrorumȱjudeorumȱ[...]ȱintraȱmurosȱinȱNeunburch)85ȱandȱgrantedȱthemȱtheȱrightȱto erectȱaȱmonasteryȱthere—whichȱalsoȱmeantȱthatȱtheȱ(former)ȱpresenceȱofȱtheȱJews andȱtheirȱcrimesȱstayedȱinȱtheȱcollectiveȱmemoryȱofȱtheȱChristianȱcommunity.86 Accordingȱtoȱlocalȱtraditionȱthatȱwasȱstillȱ(again?)ȱaliveȱinȱtheȱ1960s,87ȱthisȱwasȱthe spotȱ whereȱ Zerkel’sȱ houseȱ hadȱ onceȱ stood—aȱ somewhatȱ believableȱ tradition actually,ȱsinceȱitȱisȱhighlyȱlikelyȱthatȱZerkel’sȱhouseȱwasȱtheȱonlyȱ“Jewish”ȱhouse inȱKorneuburg.88ȱ Withȱ theȱ actualȱ culpritȱ beingȱ knownȱ toȱ theȱ authorities,ȱ theȱ questionȱ arises whetherȱheȱhadȱbeenȱpunishedȱforȱhisȱoffence.ȱAmbroseȱinȱhisȱtreatiseȱstrongly recommendedȱit,ȱandȱevenȱdeclaredȱthatȱtheȱpriestȱalone,ȱandȱnotȱtheȱJews,ȱshould haveȱborneȱtheȱconsequencesȱandȱtheȱwordingȱofȱtheȱpapalȱletterȱsuggestsȱthatȱthe feloniousȱpriestȱhadȱindeedȱnotȱemergedȱunscathed.ȱYetȱtheȱsourcesȱareȱtooȱscarce toȱtrackȱdownȱanyȱdetailsȱonȱhisȱpotentialȱpunishment.89ȱWhatȱcanȱbeȱgathered howeverȱareȱtwoȱthings:ȱtheȱideaȱthatȱaȱpriestȱwouldȱmisuseȱtheȱtalesȱofȱhost desecrationȱtoȱhisȱadvantageȱwasȱnotȱunthinkableȱtoȱeitherȱpope,ȱbishop,ȱorȱduke, andȱthat,ȱinȱorderȱtoȱmakeȱtheȱschemeȱwork,ȱanyȱfraudulentȱclericȱ(orȱlayperson) couldȱsafelyȱrelyȱonȱtheȱconceptȱofȱtheȱdefaultȱguiltȱofȱtheȱJewsȱwhichȱwasȱfirmly ingrainedȱinȱtheȱcommonȱmindȬset.90ȱTheȱhost,ȱasȱtheȱKorneuburgȱdeanȱJacob stated,ȱhadȱbeenȱfoundȱatȱtheȱJews’ȱplace,ȱandȱthatȱaloneȱservedȱasȱsufficientȱproof forȱitsȱauthenticity.

withȱaȱconsecratedȱoneȱisȱhoweverȱnotȱunusual:ȱwhenȱtheȱsameȱproblemȱaroseȱatȱPulkauȱinȱ1338, whereȱaȱbloodiedȱhostȱhadȱbeenȱfoundȱunderȱratherȱsimilarȱcircumstancesȱ(inȱfrontȱofȱaȱJew’s house,ȱonȱtheȱstreet,ȱcoveredȱwithȱstraw)ȱandȱwasȱbeingȱworshippedȱatȱtheȱparishȱchurch,ȱthe BishopȱofȱPassauȱhadȱaȱconsecratedȱhostȱputȱnextȱtoȱit;ȱChronicleȱofȱFrancisȱofȱPragueȱ(Chronicon AulaeȱRegiae)ȱfromȱtheȱyearȱ1338,ȱseeȱBruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ347,ȱno.ȱ453ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ1). 85 HausȬ,ȱHofȬȱundȱStaatsarchivȱ(AustrianȱStateȱArchives),ȱVienna,ȱAURȱ1338ȱXIȱ19ȱ(Bruggerȱand Wiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ343,ȱno.ȱ447ȱ[seeȱnoteȱ1]). 86 SeeȱZeissl,ȱDasȱehemaligeȱAugustinerklosterȱ(seeȱnoteȱ33). 87 GermaniaȱJudaica,ȱvol.ȱII:ȱVonȱ1238ȱbisȱzurȱMitteȱdesȱ14.ȱJahrhunderts,ȱpartȱ1:ȱAachen—Luzern,ȱed.ȱZvi Avneriȱ(Tübingen:ȱJ.C.B.ȱMohr,ȱ1968),ȱ450. 88 TheȱmedievalȱsynagogueȱinȱKorneuburgȱwasȱerectedȱinȱtheȱfourteenthȱcentury,ȱbutȱtheȱ(sometimes quoted)ȱtimeȱspanȱofȱ1305ȱtoȱ1325ȱforȱitsȱconstructionȱseemsȱhighlyȱunlikely,ȱsinceȱthereȱisȱno mentionȱofȱaȱJewishȱpresenceȱinȱKorneuburgȱupȱuntilȱ1378ȱ(GermaniaȱJudaicaȱII/1,ȱ450ȱ[seeȱnote 87]).ȱ 89 IfȱweȱgoȱwithȱtheȱassumptionȱthatȱitȱwasȱKonrad,ȱtheȱvicarȱofȱLeobendorf,ȱtheȱsourcesȱremain silentȱonȱhim:ȱtheȱUrkundenbuchȱdesȱStiftesȱKlosterneuburgȱbisȱzumȱEndeȱdesȱvierzehntenȱJahrhunderts (seeȱnoteȱ30)ȱdoesȱnotȱmentionȱaȱKonrad,ȱvicarȱofȱLeobendorf. 90 WolfgangȱTreueȱgivesȱexamplesȱofȱChristiansȱwho,ȱobviouslyȱfirmlyȱbelievingȱinȱtheȱJewishȱneed forȱconsecratedȱ hostȱwafers,ȱtriedȱtoȱmakeȱmoneyȱoffȱthisȱbyȱtryingȱtoȱsellȱthemȱhostsȱ(and, occasionally,ȱ children),ȱ whichȱ theȱ Jewsȱ refusedȱ (andȱ sometimesȱ suedȱ themȱ forȱ it);ȱ Treue, “SchlechteȱundȱguteȱChristen,”ȱ104–06ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ17).

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Theȱfactȱthatȱaȱfraudulentȱpriestȱhadȱstagedȱtheȱhostȱdesecrationȱandȱbrought aboutȱtheȱconsequencesȱsufferedȱbyȱtheȱJewishȱpopulationȱremainedȱknownȱto bothȱ secularȱ andȱ ecclesiasticalȱ authorities.ȱ Inȱ Augustȱ 1338,ȱ Popeȱ Benedictȱ XII commandedȱtheȱbishopȱofȱPassau,ȱAlbrechtȱIIȱofȱSaxonyȬWittenberg,ȱtoȱinvestigate aȱwaveȱofȱantiȬJewishȱriotsȱthatȱhadȱresultedȱfromȱallegedȱhostȱdesecrationsȱinȱthe LowerȱAustrianȱtownsȱofȱPulkauȱandȱWeikersdorf,ȱandȱtheȱUpperȱAustrianȱtown ofȱLinz.91ȱTheȱinvestigationȱhadȱbeenȱrequestedȱbyȱtheȱAustrianȱDukeȱAlbrechtȱII, theȱbrotherȱandȱsuccessorȱofȱtheȱlateȱRudolfȱIII,ȱwhoȱhadȱurgedȱtheȱApostolicȱSee toȱfindȱoutȱwhetherȱJewsȱhadȱbeenȱguiltyȱofȱtheȱcrimeȱorȱhadȱbeenȱinnocentȱasȱhad beenȱtheȱcaseȱatȱKorneuburg,ȱphrasingȱhisȱsuspicionsȱofȱfoulȱplayȱinȱnoȱuncertain terms.ȱ Inȱfact,ȱtheȱtwoȱlettersȱbyȱBenedictȱXIIȱare,ȱapartȱfromȱAmbrose’sȱtreatise,ȱthe onlyȱsourcesȱthatȱmentionȱtheȱpriest’sȱcriminalȱdeedȱandȱthusȱprovideȱinformation onȱ theȱ realȱ courseȱ ofȱ eventsȱ atȱ Korneuburg.92ȱ Theȱ allegedȱ hostȱ desecrationȱ at Pulkauȱ (80ȱ km/50ȱ miȱ northeastȱ ofȱ Vienna)ȱ hadȱ triggeredȱ theȱ firstȱ waveȱ of persecutionȱinȱAustriaȱthatȱwentȱbeyondȱtheȱlocalȱscope.ȱApartȱfromȱtheȱJewish populationȱofȱPulkau,ȱtheȱJewsȱofȱmanyȱsmallȱtownsȱinȱtheȱsurroundingȱareaȱfell preyȱtoȱtheȱfrenziedȱmob.93ȱTheȱNürnbergȱmemorialȱbookȱlistsȱ31ȱ“bloodȱsites”ȱin

91 ForȱWeikersdorfȱ(westȱofȱWienerȱNeustadt)ȱandȱLinz,ȱneitherȱanȱaccusationȱofȱhostȱdesecration norȱaȱpersecutionȱofȱJewsȱisȱdocumentedȱelsewhere;ȱtheȱNürnbergerȱMemorbuchȱ(“memorial book”),ȱ theȱ listȱ ofȱ theȱ ‘bloodȱ sites’ȱ (Blutstädte),ȱ theȱ sitesȱ ofȱ Jewishȱ persecutions,ȱ citesȱ neither WeikersdorfȱnorȱLinz;ȱSiegmundȱSalfeld,ȱDasȱMartyrologiumȱdesȱNürnbergerȱMemorbuches.ȱQuellen zurȱGeschichteȱderȱJudenȱinȱDeutschland,ȱ3ȱ(Berlin:ȱLeonhardȱSimionȱVerlag,ȱ1898),ȱ68ȱ(Hebrew) andȱ420–21ȱ(German);ȱseeȱalsoȱBruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ348–49,ȱno.ȱ455ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ1),ȱon memorialȱbooksȱinȱgeneral,ȱseeȱAubreyȱPomerance,ȱ“‘BekanntȱinȱdenȱToren:’ȱNameȱundȱNachruf inȱ Memorbüchern,”ȱ Erinnerungȱ alsȱ Gegenwart:ȱ Juüdischeȱ Gedenkkulturen,ȱ ed.ȱ Sabineȱ Hödlȱ and EleonoreȱLappinȱ(BerlinȱandȱVienna:ȱPhilo,ȱ2000),ȱ33–54.ȱAlfonsȱŽák,ȱȈZurȱKirchengeschichte Niederösterreichs,ȈȱMonatsblattȱdesȱVereinsȱfürȱLandeskundeȱundȱHeimatschutzȱvonȱNiederösterreich undȱWien,ȱ12.1/1ȱ(1926/27),ȱ6–7ȱsuspectsȱtheȱLowerȱAustrianȱtownȱRetz,ȱcloseȱtoȱtheȱBohemian borderȱandȱlistedȱinȱtheȱmemorialȱbookȱofȱNürnberg,ȱbehindȱtheȱseriouslyȱmisspelledȱnameȱof Linzȱ(Fyncz,ȱSyntz).ȱToȱincludeȱtheȱPulkauȱpersecutionsȱintoȱtheȱwaveȱofȱpersecutionsȱthatȱhad sprungȱupȱaroundȱtheȱsameȱtimeȱinȱtheȱBavarianȱtownȱofȱDeggendorfȱandȱhadȱspreadȱquickly throughoutȱtheȱsouthernȱregionsȱofȱtheȱHolyȱRomanȱEmpireȱisȱsomewhatȱproblematicȱforȱtheȱlack ofȱanyȱimmediateȱconnection;ȱalthoughȱsomeȱofȱtheȱmainlyȱecclesiasticalȱsourcesȱeitherȱmixȱup theseȱtwoȱeventsȱorȱmerelyȱreportȱofȱ‘Jewsȱbeingȱkilledȱinȱtheȱsouthernȱparts’. 92 Editions:ȱShlomoȱSimonsohn,ȱTheȱApostolicȱSeeȱandȱtheȱJews,ȱvol.ȱ1:ȱDocumentsȱ492–1404.ȱPontifical InstituteȱofȱMedievalȱStudies,ȱStudiesȱandȱTexts,ȱ94ȱ(Toronto:ȱPontificalȱInstituteȱofȱMedieval Studies/Brepols,ȱ1988),ȱ371–74,ȱnos.ȱ354–55ȱ(fullȱtextȱofȱtheȱletterȱtoȱtheȱbishopȱofȱPassau,ȱsummary ofȱtheȱletterȱtoȱDukeȱAlbrecht),ȱandȱRaynaldusȱandȱdeȱLaderchius,ȱAnnalesȱecclesiastici,ȱ118–19,ȱnos. 20–21ȱ(fullȱtextȱofȱtheȱletterȱtoȱDukeȱAlbrecht,ȱsummaryȱofȱtheȱletterȱtoȱtheȱbishop). 93 Rubin,ȱGentileȱTales,ȱ65ȱandȱ68ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ3),ȱgivesȱtheȱnumberȱofȱ‘150ȱJewsȱofȱPulkau’ȱthatȱwere killedȱduringȱtheȱpersecutions,ȱwhichȱisȱbyȱfarȱtooȱhighȱaȱnumberȱforȱaȱsmallȱLowerȱAustrian town.ȱHerȱassessmentȱthatȱitȱwasȱDukeȱOtto’sȱ‘abandonment’ȱofȱtheȱAustrianȱduchyȱinȱfavourȱof theȱ ‘recentlyȱ annexed’ȱ Styriaȱ (whichȱ wasȱ neitherȱ ‘annexed’ȱ norȱ recentlyȱ acquiredȱ byȱ the Habsburgs)ȱthatȱmadeȱtheȱPulkauȱpersecutionsȱpossibleȱignoresȱtheȱexistenceȱofȱOtto’sȱbrother,

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS TheȱHostȱonȱtheȱDoorstep 327

Austrian,ȱMoravian,ȱBohemian,ȱandȱBavarianȱterritory.94ȱTheȱincidentȱthatȱhad startedȱ theȱ Pulkauȱ persecutionsȱ readsȱ quiteȱ similarȱ toȱ whatȱ hadȱ happenedȱ at Korneuburgȱ(andȱmanyȱothersȱinȱtheȱcenturiesȱtoȱcome),ȱcontainingȱallȱtheȱkey elementsȱofȱtheȱclassicalȱnarrative:ȱaȱbloodȬstainedȱhostȱwasȱfoundȱinȱfrontȱofȱa Jew’sȱ house,95ȱand,ȱincitedȱbyȱwhatȱtheȱJewsȱhadȱundoubtedlyȱdoneȱtoȱit,ȱthe Christianȱpopulationȱsoughtȱrevenge.ȱ Unfortunately,ȱtheȱoutcomeȱ(ifȱthereȱwasȱany)ȱofȱbishopȱAlbrecht’sȱinvestigation isȱnotȱdocumented.ȱDukeȱAlbrechtȱII,ȱhowever,ȱproceededȱtoȱfollowȱtheȱpolicyȱof hisȱ olderȱ brotherȱ Rudolfȱ IIIȱ inȱ prosecutingȱ antiȬJewishȱ outbreaks.ȱ Duringȱ the periodȱofȱtheȱBlackȱPlague,ȱthatȱsawȱtheȱviolentȱendȱofȱmanyȱJewishȱcommunities inȱtheȱHolyȱRomanȱEmpire,ȱAlbrechtȱmanagedȱtoȱaȱlargeȱextentȱtoȱmaintainȱthe safetyȱofȱtheȱAustrianȱJewry.96ȱAlbrechtȱIIȱdidȱnotȱshyȱawayȱfromȱresortingȱto drasticȱmeasuresȱwhenȱtheȱJews—andȱthusȱaȱpartȱofȱhisȱtreasury—wereȱattacked. TheȱonlyȱpersecutionȱofȱJewsȱduringȱthisȱtimeȱinȱAustria,ȱinȱtheȱtownȱofȱKremsȱthat housedȱtheȱsecondȬlargestȱJewishȱcommunityȱinȱLowerȱAustria,ȱwasȱmetȱnotȱonly withȱheavyȱfinesȱbutȱtheȱleadersȱofȱriot,ȱwhoȱwereȱamongȱtheȱmostȱimportant

DukeȱAlbrechtȱIIȱ(whomȱsheȱmistakesȱforȱAlbrechtȱIIȱofȱSaxony,ȱtheȱbishopȱofȱPassau). 94 Someȱofȱtheȱlistedȱnames,ȱsuchȱasȱPassauȱ(Bavaria)ȱareȱinȱtoday’sȱacademicȱliteratureȱcountedȱas partȱofȱtheȱDeggendorfȱpersecutionsȱ(seeȱGermaniaȱJudaica,ȱvol.ȱII:ȱVonȱ1238ȱbisȱzurȱMitteȱdesȱ14. Jahrhunderts,ȱpartȱ2:ȱMaastricht—Zwolle,ȱed.ȱZviȱAvneriȱ[Tübingen:ȱJ.C.B.ȱMohr,ȱ1968],ȱ647–48,ȱfn. 7),ȱwhereasȱforȱtheȱCarinthianȱtownȱofȱVillach,ȱwhichȱisȱgeographicallyȱtheȱmostȱremoteȱfromȱthe centreȱofȱtheȱviolentȱoutbreaks,ȱaȱpersecutionȱofȱtheȱJewsȱisȱnotȱdocumentedȱinȱanyȱotherȱsource; JewishȱpresenceȱinȱVillachȱisȱafterȱ1338ȱfirstȱdocumentedȱforȱtheȱyearȱ1346ȱ(EvelineȱBruggerȱand Birgitȱ Wiedl,ȱ Regestenȱ zurȱ Geschichteȱ derȱ Judenȱ inȱ Österreichȱ imȱ Mittelalter,ȱ vol.ȱ 2:ȱ 1339–1365 [Innsbruck,ȱVienna,ȱandȱBolzano:ȱStudienVerlag,ȱ2010],ȱ62–62,ȱno.ȱ570ȱ(forȱtheȱinternetȱversion, seeȱhttp://www.injoest.ac.at/projekte/laufend/mittelalterliche_judenurkunden/;ȱlastȱaccessedȱon Marchȱ10,ȱ2012). 95 AȱJewȱMerchlinȱatȱPulkauȱisȱdocumentedȱforȱtheȱyearȱ1329,ȱwhenȱheȱpurchasesȱaȱplotȱofȱlandȱfrom aȱlocalȱnoblemanȱ(BruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ257–58,ȱno.ȱ303ȱ[seeȱnoteȱ1]);ȱitȱisȱhighlyȱlikely thatȱheȱisȱidenticalȱwithȱtheȱMarquardusȱiudeusȱinȱfrontȱofȱwhoseȱhouseȱtheȱhostȱwasȱfoundȱinȱ1338 (onȱtheȱequationȱofȱMerchlinȱandȱMarquart,ȱbothȱderivationsȱofȱMordechai,ȱseeȱAlexanderȱBeider, AȱDictionaryȱofȱAshkenazicȱGivenȱNames.ȱTheirȱOrigins,ȱStructure,ȱPronunciation,ȱandȱMigrations [Bergenfield,ȱNJ:ȱAvotaynu,ȱ2001],ȱ375–76,ȱ382).ȱForȱanȱoverviewȱoverȱtheȱPulkauȬrelatedȱsources, seeȱBruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1),ȱ333–35,ȱnos.ȱ434–36,ȱ339–41,ȱnos.ȱ442–43,ȱ343–51,ȱnos.ȱ448–56 (seeȱnoteȱ1);ȱforȱanȱoverviewȱofȱtheȱevents,ȱseeȱBrugger,ȱ“VonȱderȱAnsiedlung,”ȱ216–19ȱ(seeȱnote 12);ȱManfredȱAnselgruberȱandȱHerbertȱPuschnik,ȱDiesȱtrugȱsichȱzuȱannoȱ1338.ȱPulkauȱzurȱZeitȱder Glaubenswirrenȱ(Pulkau:ȱVerlagȱderȱGemeinde,ȱ1992);ȱRubin,ȱGentileȱTales,ȱ65–68ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ3);ȱBirgit Wiedl,ȱ“DieȱangeblicheȱHostienschändungȱinȱPulkauȱ1338ȱundȱihreȱRezeptionȱinȱderȱchristlichen undȱjüdischenȱGeschichtsschreibung,”ȱmedaon.ȱMagazinȱfürȱjüdischesȱLebenȱinȱForschungȱundȱBildung 6ȱ(2010),ȱinternetȱjournal,ȱseeȱhttp://medaon.de/pdf/A_WiedlȬ6Ȭ2010.pdf,ȱlastȱaccessedȱonȱMarch 10,ȱ2012. 96 Itȱ isȱ againstȱ theȱ backdropȱ ofȱ theȱ manyȱ massacresȱ inȱ theȱ GermanȬspeakingȱ areaȱ thatȱ Joseph haCohen’sȱdescriptionȱofȱAustriaȱasȱaȱ‘safeȱhaven’ȱinȱhisȱEmekȱhabachaȱbecomesȱunderstandable, JosephȱhaCohen,ȱEmekȱhabacha.ȱTransl.ȱfromȱtheȱHebrewȱintoȱGermanȱbyȱM.ȱWienerȱ(Leipzig: OskarȱLeiner,ȱ1859),ȱ54.

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS 328 BirgitȱWiedl citizens,ȱwereȱbeheaded.97ȱTheseȱdrasticȱactions,ȱinȱturn,ȱearnedȱhimȱtheȱtitleȱof fautorȱiudeorum,ȱ“benefactorȱofȱtheȱJews,”ȱfromȱtheȱclericalȱchroniclers,98ȱsubjecting himȱtoȱtheȱsameȱcritiqueȱasȱhisȱbrotherȱRudolfȱIIIȱasȱwellȱasȱtheirȱfather,ȱKing AlbrechtȱI,ȱandȱgrandfather,ȱKingȱRudolfȱI.99ȱ ThereȱisȱnoȱdocumentationȱinȱeitherȱLaaȱanȱderȱThayaȱorȱinȱKorneuburgȱor PulkauȱofȱantiȬJewishȱoutbreaksȱbeforeȱtheȱfatefulȱaccusations.ȱAȱtaxȱregulationȱof 1277ȱforȱtheȱtownȱofȱLaaȱthatȱincorporatedȱtheȱtaxȱtheȱJewsȱhadȱtoȱpayȱintoȱthe generalȱcityȱtaxȱ(inȱunserrȱburgerȱdinst)ȱsuggestsȱaȱratherȱpeacefulȱcohabitation enjoyedȱbyȱChristiansȱandȱJewsȱinȱtheseȱsmallȱtowns.100ȱWhileȱtheȱtaxȱregulation ofȱLaaȱandȱtheȱKorneuburgȱpersecutionȱwereȱtheȱfirstȱtracesȱofȱJewsȱdwellingȱin theseȱtownȱrespectively,101ȱweȱhaveȱscarceȱevidenceȱofȱJewishȱlifeȱinȱPulkauȱbefore theȱ1338ȱcatastrophe,ȱyetȱforȱneitherȱofȱtheseȱtownsȱ(andȱmostȱofȱtheȱotherȱtowns thatȱwereȱafflictedȱbyȱtheȱPulkauȱpersecution),ȱaȱcontinuance,ȱorȱreestablishment, ofȱJewishȱsettlementȱisȱdocumented.ȱ KlausȱLohrmannȱhasȱsuggestedȱthatȱafterȱtheȱPulkauȱpersecutions,ȱJewishȱlife tendedȱtoȱfocusȱonȱtheȱmajorȱcities,ȱsuchȱasȱVienna,ȱthatȱhousedȱbiggerȱJewish communitiesȱwhichȱcould,ȱifȱneedȱarose,ȱprovideȱbetterȱshelter.102ȱAlthoughȱthe

97 BruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ2,ȱ95–98,ȱnos.ȱ645ȱandȱ647ȱ(forȱPlagueȬrelatedȱpogromsȱinȱAustria, seeȱgenerallyȱnos.ȱ645–51)ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ94). 98 KalendariumȱZwetlense,ȱseeȱBruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ2,ȱ98,ȱno.ȱ647ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ94).ȱ 99 EcclesiasticalȱchroniclesȱcontinuallyȱlambastedȱtheȱearlyȱHabsburgsȱforȱtheirȱKingȱRudolfȱIȱhad beenȱcriticizedȱheavilyȱforȱhisȱinterventionȱinȱtheȱvenerationȱofȱWernerȱofȱOberweselȱinȱ1288 (“ChroniconȱColmariense,”ȱMonumentaȱGermaniaeȱHistorica,ȱScriptores,ȱvol.ȱ17,ȱed.ȱGeorgȱHeinrich Pertzȱ[Hanover:ȱHahnscheȱBuchhandlung,ȱ1861],ȱ240–70;ȱhereȱ255)ȱwhileȱAlbrechtȱI’sȱfavorismȱof theȱJewsȱresultedȱnotȱonlyȱinȱhisȱson’sȱRudolfȱIII’sȱuntimelyȱdeathȱbutȱalsoȱhisȱownȱviolentȱmurder atȱtheȱhandsȱofȱhisȱnephewȱ(“ContinuatioȱZwetlensisȱTertiaȱadȱa.ȱ1294,”ȱed.ȱWilhelmȱWattenbach. MonumentaȱGermaniaeȱHistorica,ȱScriptores,ȱvol.ȱ9,ȱed.ȱGeorgȱHeinrichȱPertzȱ[Hanover:ȱHahnsche Buchhandlungȱ1851,ȱrpt.ȱStuttgart:ȱAntonȱHiersemannȱVerlag,ȱ1983],ȱ654–69;ȱhereȱ663.ȱForȱthe internetȱversionȱofȱtheȱMGHȱvolumes,ȱseeȱwww.dmgh.de,ȱlastȱaccessedȱonȱMarchȱ10,ȱ2012).ȱSee furtherȱ Evelineȱ Brugger,ȱ “‘Minemȱ herrenȱ demȱ hertzogenȱ seinȱ juden’:ȱ Dieȱ Beziehungȱ der Habsburgerȱ zuȱ ‘ihren’ȱ Judenȱ imȱ Österreichȱ desȱ 14.ȱ Jahrhunderts,”ȱ Tagungsberichtȱ desȱ 25. Österreichischenȱ Historikertags,ȱ St.ȱ Pöltenȱ 2008,ȱ ed.ȱ Verbandȱ Österreichischerȱ Historikerȱ and Niederösterreichischesȱ Landesarchivȱ (St.ȱ Pölten:ȱ Verlagȱ desȱ Landesȱ Niederösterreich,ȱ 2010), 742–49;ȱhereȱ746–47. 100 BruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ74,ȱno.ȱ57ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ1). 101 GermaniaȱJudaicaȱIII/1,ȱ674ȱ(Korneuburg)ȱandȱ697–98ȱ(Laa)ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ13).ȱInȱLaa,ȱaȱJewȱHerzleinȱis mentionedȱinȱtheȱyearȱ1378ȱ(HHStA,ȱAURȱ1378ȱVȱ14). 102 KlausȱLohrmann,ȱJudenrechtȱundȱJudenpolitikȱimȱmittelalterlichenȱÖsterreichȱ(ViennaȱandȱCologne: Böhlau,ȱ1990),ȱ155.ȱAȱsimilarȱdevelopmentȱcanȱbeȱdetectedȱinȱotherȱpartsȱofȱtheȱHolyȱRoman EmpireȱwhereȱtheȱJewishȱcommunitiesȱofȱbothȱurbanȱandȱruralȱsettlementsȱwereȱhitȱhardȱby PlagueȬrelatedȱpogroms:ȱtheȱreȬsettlementȱtookȱplaceȱmainlyȱinȱtheȱurbanȱcentres,ȱseeȱRainer Barzen,ȱ“BeneiȱhaKefarim—dieȱLeuteȱausȱdenȱDörfern.ȱZurȱjüdischenȱSiedlungȱaufȱdemȱLandeȱin AschkenasȱundȱZarfatȱimȱhohenȱundȱspäterenȱMittelalter,”ȱCampanaȱpulsanteȱconvocati.ȱFestschrift anläßlichȱderȱEmeritierungȱvonȱProf.ȱDr.ȱAlfredȱHaverkamp,ȱeds.ȱFrankȱG.ȱHirschmannȱandȱGerd Mentgenȱ(Trier:ȱKliomedia,ȱ2005),ȱ21–37;ȱhereȱ27.ȱSeeȱalsoȱBirgitȱWiedl,ȱ“‘LazarusȱandȱAbraham,

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS TheȱHostȱonȱtheȱDoorstep 329 numberȱofȱJewishȱruralȱsettlementsȱshouldȱnotȱbeȱunderestimated,ȱtheȱassumption thatȱbiggerȱcommunitiesȱcouldȱprovideȱbetterȱprotectionȱholdsȱtrueȱforȱAustria,ȱat leastȱduringȱtheȱthirteenthȱandȱfourteenthȱcenturies.ȱForȱexample,ȱtheȱaccusations ofȱ havingȱ committedȱ aȱ ritualȱ murderȱ againstȱ theȱ Jewsȱ ofȱ Kremsȱ inȱ 1293ȱ that resultedȱinȱtheȱexecutionȱofȱtwoȱJewsȱdidȱnotȱhamperȱtheȱflourishingȱofȱtheȱsecondȬ largestȱ Jewishȱ communityȱ inȱ theȱ duchy;103ȱ andȱ neitherȱ didȱ theȱ PlagueȬrelated accusationsȱofȱwellȬpoisoningȱleviedȱagainstȱtheȱJewsȱofȱKremsȱinȱ1349ȱhaveȱany distinctȱimpactȱonȱtheȱwellȬestablishedȱstandingȱofȱtheȱJewishȱcommunity.104 However,ȱevenȱtheȱlargestȱandȱmostȱprosperousȱofȱallȱAustrianȱcommunities,ȱthe JewishȱcommunityȱofȱVienna,ȱwasȱcompletelyȱdefenselessȱwhen,ȱatȱtheȱbeginning ofȱtheȱfifteenthȱcentury,ȱtheȱducalȱprotection,ȱthatȱhadȱseriouslyȱwanedȱduringȱthe lastȱdecadesȱofȱtheȱprecedingȱcentury,ȱturnedȱintoȱoppression.ȱTheȱcatastropheȱthat befellȱtheȱJewishȱcommunityȱofȱViennaȱinȱtheȱyearsȱ1420/21,ȱtheȱincarceration, explusion,ȱforcedȱconversions,ȱand,ȱeventually,ȱburningȱofȱmoreȱthanȱ200ȱJews, differedȱessentiallyȱfromȱtheȱearlierȱpersecutionsȱthatȱhadȱeruptedȱspontaneously. TheȱViennaȱGesera,ȱtheȱbrutalȱandȱruthlessȱannihilationȱofȱtheȱViennese,ȱand,ȱin succession,ȱtheȱAustrianȱJewry,ȱhadȱbeenȱmeticulouslyȱplannedȱandȱcarriedȱoutȱby DukeȱAlbrechtȱVȱ(theȱlaterȱKingȱAlbrechtȱII).105ȱWhereasȱtheȱmanifoldȱmotivesȱfor

ourȱJewsȱofȱEggenburg’:ȱJewsȱinȱtheȱAustrianȱCountrysideȱinȱtheȱFourteenthȱCentury,ȈȱRuralȱSpace inȱ theȱ Middleȱ Agesȱ andȱ Earlyȱ Modernȱ Age:ȱ Theȱ Spacialȱ Turnȱ inȱ Premodernȱ Studies,ȱ ed.ȱ Albrecht Classen,ȱwithȱtheȱcollaborationȱofȱChristopherȱR.ȱClason.ȱFundamentalsȱofȱMedievalȱandȱEarly ModernȱCulture,ȱ9ȱ(BerlinȱandȱNewȱYork:ȱDeȱGruyter,ȱ2012),ȱ639–71;ȱhereȱ659–60. 103 Theȱtwoȱchroniclesȱthatȱreferȱtoȱtheȱincidentȱareȱquiteȱvagueȱonȱthis—theȱContinuatioȱVindobonensis onlyȱmentionȱthatȱJewsȱhadȱkilledȱaȱChristian,ȱwithoutȱanyȱfurtherȱcommentȱonȱtheirȱfateȱ(Iudei inȱCremsȱoccideruntȱchristianum),ȱwhileȱtheȱContinuatioȱZwetlensisȱTertia,ȱalbeitȱclearlyȱimplyingȱa ritualisticȱ motiv,ȱ mostlyȱ utilizesȱ theȱ incidentȱ toȱ scoldȱ theȱ Austrianȱ Dukeȱ Albrechtȱ Iȱ forȱ his ‘favouringȱtheȱJews.’ȱTheȱwayȱofȱtheȱJews’ȱexecutionȱ(brokenȱonȱtheȱwheel)ȱsuggestsȱaȱformal verdictȱ(BruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ87–88,ȱnos.ȱ78–79ȱ[seeȱnoteȱ1];ȱforȱexecutionsȱofȱJews,ȱsee Ernstȱ Schubert,ȱ Räuber,ȱ Henker,ȱ armeȱ Sünder:ȱ Verbrechenȱ undȱ Strafeȱ imȱ Mittelalterȱ [Darmstadt: WissenschaftlicheȱBuchgesellschaft,ȱ2007],ȱ61–64). 104 Bruggerȱ andȱ Wiedl,ȱ Regestenȱ 2,ȱ 97–99,ȱ nos.ȱ 646–47,ȱ 649ȱ (seeȱ noteȱ 94).ȱ Aȱ iudexȱ iudeorum (Judenrichter,ȱ‘judgeȱforȱtheȱJews’),ȱaȱChristianȱwhoȱwasȱresponsibleȱforȱJewishȬChristianȱdisputes andȱbusinessȱtransactions,ȱwhoseȱexistenceȱisȱusuallyȱaȱsignifierȱforȱaȱlarger,ȱandȱconsiderably important,ȱJewishȱcommunity,ȱisȱdocumentedȱquiteȱcontinually;ȱinȱ1355,ȱtheȱfirstȱJewȱisȱmentioned againȱwhenȱtheȱJewessȱCzaetel,ȱwidowȱafterȱMoscheȱofȱKrems,ȱsellsȱherȱhouseȱinȱKrems.ȱSeeȱidem, 163,ȱno.ȱ790,ȱandȱgenerallyȱHanneloreȱHruschka,ȱDieȱGeschichteȱderȱJudenȱinȱKremsȱvonȱdenȱAnfängen bisȱ1938.ȱ2ȱVols.ȱ(Vienna:ȱUniversityȱofȱVienna,ȱunpublishedȱdissertation,ȱ1978). 105 TheȱonlyȱextensiveȱpublicationȱonȱtheȱtopicȱisȱstillȱSamuelȱKrauss,ȱDieȱWienerȱGeserahȱvomȱJahre 1421ȱ(ViennaȱandȱLeipzig:ȱWilhelmȱBraumüller,ȱ1920).ȱAnȱeditionȱofȱtheȱtextȱofȱtheȱ“Wiener Gesera,”ȱ theȱ GermanȬYiddishȱ reportȱ ofȱ theȱ incident,ȱ andȱ Albrecht’sȱ twoȱ verdicts,ȱ byȱ Artur Goldmann,ȱDasȱJudenbuchȱderȱScheffstrasseȱzuȱWienȱ(1389–1420).ȱ(ViennaȱandȱLeipzig:ȱWilhem Braumüller,ȱ1908),ȱ112–33ȱ(appendix);ȱseeȱalsoȱtheȱnewerȱdiscussionsȱbyȱKlausȱLohrmann,ȱDie WienerȱJudenȱimȱMittelalterȱ(BerlinȱandȱVienna:ȱPhilo,ȱ2000),ȱ155–73,ȱJudenrechtȱundȱJudenpolitik, 298–309ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ101);ȱBrugger,ȱ“VonȱderȱAnsiedlung,”ȱ221–54ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ12);ȱandȱRubin,ȱGentile Tales,ȱ116–19ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ3),ȱwithȱaȱdiscussionȱofȱtheȱJewishȬHussiteȱconnectionȱ(orȱtheȱlackȱthereof).

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS 330 BirgitȱWiedl thisȱviolentȱdestructionȱofȱtheȱAustrianȱJewry—aȱsuspectedȱcollaborationȱwithȱthe Hussites,ȱ theȱ ducalȱ lustȱ forȱ theȱ treasuresȱ theyȱ hadȱ allegedlyȱ hidden—andȱ the extentȱtoȱwhichȱtheȱuniversityȱofȱViennaȱandȱitsȱantiȬJewishȱpreachersȱexertedȱtheir influenceȱareȱstillȱdiscussed,ȱoneȱkeyȱelementȱtiesȱinȱwithȱwhatȱhadȱhappenedȱmore thanȱ aȱ centuryȱ earlierȱ inȱ theȱ smallȱ townȱ ofȱ Korneuburg.ȱ Whenȱ severely reprimandedȱforȱhisȱactionsȱbyȱPopeȱMartinȱV,106ȱAlbrechtȱVȱexcusedȱhisȱactions withȱwhatȱheȱknewȱtoȱbeȱaȱsafeȱbet.ȱInȱhisȱverdicts,ȱAlbrechtȱdeclaredȱthatȱaȱfemale sacristianȱ(mesnerin)ȱofȱtheȱUpperȱAustrianȱtownȱofȱEnnsȱhadȱsoldȱaȱconsecrated hostȱseveralȱyearsȱbeforeȱtoȱtheȱJewsȱwhoȱintendedȱtoȱdesecrateȱit.ȱFurthermore, theȱ Jewsȱ hadȱ passedȱ theȱ hostȱ amongȱ themselvesȱ throughoutȱ theȱ duchyȱ and abroad,ȱthusȱimplicatingȱmoreȱJewsȱinȱtheȱcrimeȱandȱaddingȱconspiracyȱtoȱdeicide andȱprofanity.ȱ SinceȱAlbrecht’sȱdeclarationȱwasȱmadeȱonlyȱafterȱtheȱJewsȱwereȱkilled,ȱweȱmust takeȱthisȱfactȱintoȱaccountȱwhenȱdiscussingȱit.ȱDespiteȱtheȱpopularityȱofȱtheȱtale, thereȱhadȱbeenȱnoȱrumorsȱofȱanȱaccusationȱofȱJewishȱhostȱdesecrationȱatȱEnns beforeȱAlbrechtȱV’sȱverdicts,ȱandȱinterestingly,ȱneitherȱwasȱitȱtakenȱupȱbyȱthe clericalȱchroniclersȱwhoȱreportedȱtheȱincidents,ȱnorȱdidȱaȱpilgrimageȱsiteȱdevelop outȱ ofȱ it.ȱ Itȱ isȱ highlyȱ plausibleȱ thatȱ Albrechtȱ utilizedȱ aȱ prevalentȱ andȱ wellȬ establishedȱpatternȱtoȱexplainȱandȱlegitimateȱhisȱactions.ȱAlbrechtȱcouldȱsafelyȱrely onȱtheȱdefaultȱcrimeȱscenarioȱthatȱprovidedȱallȱtheȱelementsȱthatȱwereȱcrucialȱto establishȱtheȱJews’ȱguilt.ȱItȱhadȱworkedȱaȱfewȱyearsȱearlierȱinȱtheȱarchbishopricȱof SalzburgȱwhereȱtheȱJewsȱhadȱbeenȱmadeȱtoȱconfessȱtoȱbothȱhostȱdesecrationsȱand ritualȱmurderȱunderȱtortureȱbeforeȱtheyȱwereȱeitherȱkilledȱorȱexpulsed,107ȱandȱit wouldȱworkȱnumerousȱtimesȱinȱtheȱfifteenthȱcentury,ȱinȱBreslauȱ(1453),ȱinȱPassau (1477)ȱandȱSternbergȱ(1492),ȱtoȱnameȱbutȱaȱfew,108ȱandȱwouldȱremainȱoneȱofȱthe centralȱfantasiesȱChristiansȱindulgedȱinȱwhenȱcontemplatingȱJewishȱcrime,ȱeven ifȱthey,ȱinȱtheȱretrospectȱofȱlaterȱcenturies,ȱwouldȱeitherȱnotȱfullyȱunderstandȱthe earlierȱconceptȱand/orȱaddȱtheirȱownȱideas.ȱ Atȱ Korneuburg,ȱ likeȱ inȱ manyȱ otherȱ townsȱ thatȱ hostedȱ aȱ churchȱ withȱ a miraculousȱhostȱ(oftenȱnamedȱ‘ChurchȱofȱtheȱHolyȱBlood’),ȱtheȱcenturiesȱtoȱfollow didȱnotȱconsiderȱtheȱJews’ȱpossible,ȱorȱproven,ȱinnocence,ȱbutȱaddedȱnewȱaspects ofȱtheȱJews’ȱmisdeedsȱthatȱcateredȱtoȱtheseȱcenturies’ȱownȱideasȱandȱreadingsȱof theȱstory.ȱTheȱimageȱofȱJewsȱdesecratingȱaȱhostȱbyȱthrowingȱitȱintoȱaȱwell,ȱaȱmotif

106 Goldmann,ȱJudenbuch,ȱ120–21ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ103),ȱtheȱmentionȱofȱtheȱpapalȱinterventionȱinȱtheȱtextȱof theȱGeseraȱ130. 107 Markusȱ Wenninger,ȱ “Dieȱ Entwicklungȱ derȱ Stadtȱ Salzburg—zurȱ Geschichteȱ derȱ Judenȱ in Salzburg,”ȱGeschichteȱSalzburgsȱStadtȱundȱLand.ȱVol.ȱ1/2:ȱMittelalter,ȱed.ȱHeinzȱDopschȱandȱHans Spatzeneggerȱ(Salzburg:ȱPustet,ȱ1983),ȱ747–56. 108 Forȱfurtherȱexamples,ȱseeȱLotter,ȱ“Hostienfrevelvorwurf,”ȱ578–81ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ17);ȱRubin,ȱGentile Tales,ȱ119–31,ȱwithȱotherȱexamplesȱthroughoutȱchapterȱ6ȱ(includingȱPassauȱandȱSternberg)ȱ(see noteȱ3).

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS TheȱHostȱonȱtheȱDoorstep 331 thatȱappearsȱfrequentlyȱinȱtheȱlaterȱhostȱdesecrationȱtales,ȱisȱfoundȱatȱKorneuburg notȱinȱtheȱmedievalȱtaleȱbutȱisȱonlyȱintroducedȱinȱaȱcycleȱofȱelevenȱ(originally twelve)ȱpaintingsȱfromȱ1660ȱ(seeȱFigs.ȱ2–12)ȱthatȱrenderedȱnotȱsoȱmuchȱtheȱoriginal incidentȱbutȱthisȱcentury’sȱideaȱofȱit.109ȱTheȱcreationȱofȱthisȱcycleȱofȱpaintings,ȱthat wasȱdisplayedȱinȱtheȱmonastery’sȱcloisterȱandȱhadȱbeenȱdonatedȱbyȱaldermen,ȱthe parishȱ priest,ȱ andȱ highȬrankingȱ citizensȱ ofȱ Korneuburg,ȱ coincidedȱ withȱ the copyingȱofȱtheȱprotocolsȱinȱtheȱyearȱ1655110ȱthatȱwasȱpresumablyȱmanufacturedȱon theȱoccasionȱofȱtheȱ(alleged)ȱretrievalȱofȱanȱalmostȬsaintlyȱobject—notȱtheȱhost itself,ȱbutȱtheȱpieceȱofȱclothȱthatȱhadȱonceȱcoveredȱtheȱmiraculousȱhost.111ȱ Again,ȱheavenlyȱinterventionȱhadȱguidedȱtheȱstepsȱofȱaȱcitizen,ȱtheȱalderman JohannȱGeorgȱNeckingerȱ(alsoȱReckinger),ȱandȱhadȱassistedȱhimȱinȱfindingȱ“the clothȱwhichȱtheȱmostȱholyȱhostȱhadȱbeenȱwrappedȱinȱandȱhiddenȱinȱtheȱlocal parishȱ churchȱ forȱ innumerableȱ years”ȱ (dasȱ tuechlȱ darinȱ dieȱ allerheiligȱ hostia eingewikeltȱundȱunerdenklicheȱjahrȱinȱderȱalhieigenȱpfarrȱkirchenȱverborgenȱwar).ȱAround theȱsameȱtime,ȱaȱ‘bookȱofȱmiracles’ȱ(Mirakelbuch)ȱwasȱpublishedȱbyȱtheȱmonastery thatȱretoldȱtheȱstoryȱofȱtheȱmiraculousȱhost.ȱInȱitsȱaccount,ȱtheȱmiracleȱbookȱleftȱno doubtȱasȱtoȱwhoȱwasȱtoȱbeȱconsideredȱtheȱmainȱperpetrator,ȱand,ȱlikeȱtheȱcycleȱof panels,ȱincludedȱtheȱmotifȱofȱtheȱhostȱbeingȱthrownȱintoȱaȱwell.ȱTheȱgeneralȱrevival ofȱtheȱlegendȱofȱtheȱmiraculousȱhostȱandȱtheȱpilgrimageȱsiteȱconnectedȱwithȱitȱwere inȱanswerȱtoȱtheȱprecariousȱsituationȱtheȱmonasteryȱfoundȱitselfȱinȱinȱtheȱmiddle ofȱtheȱseventeenthȱcentury.ȱReȬestablishedȱinȱ1624,ȱtheȱmonasteryȱhadȱsuffered damagesȱfromȱseveralȱfiresȱandȱtheȱSwedishȱsiegeȱinȱ1645/56.ȱ Theȱtemporalȱcoincidenceȱofȱthisȱrevivalȱisȱstriking.ȱOnlyȱthreeȱyearsȱearlier,ȱin 1652,ȱnewȱpanelsȱhadȱbeenȱaddedȱtoȱtheȱmainȱaltarȱofȱtheȱparishȱchurchȱatȱPulkau thatȱ illustratedȱ theȱ localȱ miracleȬworkingȱ hostȱ wafer,ȱ andȱ hadȱ successfully providedȱ aȱ popularȱ attractionȱ forȱ bothȱ localsȱ andȱ pilgrims.ȱ Theȱ legendȱ had prevailedȱ inȱ Korneuburgȱ overȱ theȱ centuries,ȱ butȱ hadȱ sufferedȱ aȱ declineȱ in importance.ȱAnȱearlierȱillustration,ȱfromȱaroundȱ1470,ȱcanȱbeȱfoundȱonȱaȱsmall portableȱaltarȱ(Klappaltar)ȱtheȱcentrepieceȱofȱwhichȱhadȱservedȱasȱaȱrepositoryȱfor theȱbloodȬstainedȱclothȱ(seeȱFig.ȱ1).ȱOnȱtheȱtwoȱsideȱwings,ȱfourȱpaintingsȱshowȱthe Jewishȱscholarȱ(upperȱright,ȱalreadyȱwithȱtheȱinfamousȱyellowȱcircleȱonȱhisȱcloak) holdingȱtheȱhostȱandȱtheȱbloodiedȱclothȱinȱhisȱhand,ȱandȱthreeȱofȱtheȱwondersȱthat

109 Graus,ȱPest,ȱGeissler,ȱJudenmorde,ȱ299–340ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ11),ȱonȱtheȱemergenceȱofȱtheȱmythȱofȱJewish wellȬpoisoningȱinȱtheȱfourteenthȱcentury;ȱRohrbacherȱandȱSchmidt,ȱJudenbilder,ȱ194–202,ȱforȱan overviewȱofȱtheȱlaterȱdevelopmentȱ(seeȱnoteȱ8). 110 HHStA,ȱNotariatsinstrumentȱdesȱNotarsȱOttoȱvonȱRußbach,ȱAURȱ1305ȱXIIȱ17ȱ(enclosed). 111 Theȱoriginalȱinstallationȱofȱtheȱpaintingsȱisȱnotȱclear:ȱsomeȱofȱtheȱpaintingsȱareȱnumbered,ȱbutȱthe sequenceȱofȱtheȱnumbersȱdiffersȱfromȱtheȱcourseȱofȱeventsȱ(e.g.,ȱlightingȱofȱcandlesȱatȱtheȱparish churchȱcarriesȱtheȱnumberȱ5).

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS 332 BirgitȱWiedl theȱhostȱhadȱworked—theȱhealingȱofȱtwoȱblindȱ(lowerȱleft)ȱandȱtwoȱhandicapped (lowerȱright),ȱandȱtheȱlightingȱofȱcandlesȱ(upperȱleft).112ȱ AlthoughȱtheȱpaintingȱdoesȱnotȱactuallyȱshowȱtheȱJewȱmaltreatingȱtheȱhost,ȱthe implicationȱisȱagainȱclear:ȱaȱJewȱholdingȱaȱhostȱinȱhisȱhandsȱmeansȱdesecration.ȱIn theȱcenturiesȱtoȱcome,ȱtheȱseventeenthȬcenturyȱpaintingsȱreflectedȱtheȱpeoples’ ideasȱaboutȱtheȱcourseȱofȱeventsȱandȱthatȱwouldȱinfluenceȱfutureȱperceptionsȱof them,ȱparticularlyȱsinceȱcopperȱengravingsȱofȱthemȱwereȱincludedȱinȱtheȱlater editionsȱofȱtheȱmiracleȱbook. TheȱlateȱnineteenthȱandȱtheȱmidȬtwentiethȱcenturyȱleftȱnoȱdoubtȱasȱtoȱwhoȱwas toȱbeȱregardedȱasȱtheȱculprit(s).113ȱAnȱamalgamȱofȱtheȱlateȬmedievalȱeventsȱandȱthe earlyȱ modernȱ additions,ȱ theȱ taleȱ bearsȱ onlyȱ slightȱ resemblanceȱ toȱ whatȱ the witnesses,ȱconvincedȱofȱtheȱJews’ȱguiltȱorȱnot,ȱhadȱtestifiedȱ600ȱyearsȱago:ȱafter buyingȱtheȱhostȱfromȱaȱcriminalȱand/orȱfoolishȱChristianȱandȱdoingȱunspeakable thingsȱtoȱit,ȱtheȱJewsȱthrewȱtheȱmaltreatedȱhostȱintoȱaȱwellȱbutȱretrievedȱitȱagain sinceȱitȱdrewȱattentionȱbyȱshiningȱbrightlyȱfromȱwithinȱtheȱwater.ȱTheyȱthenȱbribed aȱdimȬwittedȱChristianȱservantȱtoȱgetȱridȱofȱitȱforȱthem,ȱandȱwhenȱheȱrefused,ȱthey ranȱafterȱhim,ȱaccusingȱhimȱofȱhavingȱthrownȱtheȱhostȱintoȱtheirȱhouse.ȱTheȱJewish scholarȱshowedȱtheȱhostȱwafer,ȱfromȱwhichȱbloodȱwasȱseepingȱsoȱthatȱitȱsoakedȱthe clothȱitȱwasȱwrappedȱin,ȱtoȱtheȱgatheringȱmasses,ȱbutȱnoȱoneȱwasȱwillingȱtoȱtake itȱfromȱhim.ȱZerkel,ȱaggravated,ȱthrewȱtheȱwaferȱontoȱtheȱfloorȱandȱtrodȱitȱintoȱthe dirt.ȱLater,ȱaȱheavenlyȱvisionȱledȱtheȱbaker’sȱsonȱintoȱZerkel’sȱhouse,ȱwhereȱthe remainingȱ thirdȱ ofȱ theȱ maltreatedȱ host,ȱ stillȱ wrappedȱ inȱ theȱ bloodiedȱ cloth, suddenlyȱappearedȱinȱhisȱhand.ȱSinceȱheȱconsideredȱhimselfȱunworthyȱofȱholding theȱbodyȱofȱChristȱinȱhisȱhands,ȱheȱputȱtheȱwaferȱonȱtheȱthresholdȱwhichȱwasȱseen byȱ twoȱ womenȱ passingȱ by.ȱ Theȱ newsȱ spreadȱ quicklyȱ andȱ aȱ throngȱ ofȱ people gatheredȱatȱtheȱJew’sȱhouse.ȱSoon,ȱtheyȱrememberedȱtheȱrecentȱincident—theȱJews chasingȱafterȱtheȱservant—andȱstartedȱtoȱcryȱoutȱforȱpunishment.ȱTheȱscholarȱwas burntȱ atȱ theȱ stakeȱ immediately,ȱ andȱ Zerkel,ȱ whoȱ had,ȱ withȱ theȱ helpȱ ofȱ some aldermen,ȱbeenȱhidingȱinȱaȱhouse,ȱwasȱbeatenȱtoȱdeathȱbyȱtheȱenragedȱmasses.ȱIn thisȱrenditionȱthatȱevenȱmadeȱitȱintoȱaȱcollectionȱofȱfolkȱtales114ȱnoȱdoubtsȱwere raisedȱaboutȱtheȱJews’ȱguiltȱandȱthatȱtheyȱreceivedȱtheirȱ‘divineȱretribution.’ȱ

112 Theȱ altarȱ isȱ nowȱ keptȱ atȱ theȱ Stiftmuseumȱ Klosterneuburgȱ (Museumȱ ofȱ theȱ Monasteryȱ of Klosterneuburg),ȱwhereȱitȱwasȱbroughtȱtoȱafterȱtheȱdissolutionȱofȱtheȱKorneuburgȱmonasteryȱin 1808.ȱStelzer,ȱ“AmȱBeispielȱKorneuburg,”ȱ317–19,ȱwithȱill.ȱno.ȱ2ȱ(seeȱnoteȱ12). 113 Albertȱ Starzer,ȱ Geschichteȱ derȱ landesfürstlichenȱ Stadtȱ Korneuburgȱ (1899,ȱ rpt.;ȱ Korneuburg: Museumsverein,ȱ1991);ȱFranzȱZeissl,ȱGeschichteȱderȱStadtȱKorneuburg,ȱvol.ȱ1ȱ(Vienna:ȱTouristikȬ Verlag,ȱ1959),ȱ73–74,ȱandȱidem,ȱDasȱehemaligeȱAugustinerklosterȱinȱKorneuburg,ȱ3–7ȱandȱ28–30ȱ(see noteȱ33). 114 Stelzer,ȱ“AmȱBeispielȱKorneuburg,”ȱ316,ȱwhoȱalsoȱpointsȱoutȱthatȱsinceȱStarzerȱquotesȱPope Benedict’sȱletter,ȱheȱmustȱhaveȱknownȱaboutȱtheȱmanufacturedȱevidence,ȱyetȱchoseȱtoȱgiveȱthis completelyȱuncriticalȱandȱclearlyȱbiasedȱrenditionȱ(seeȱnoteȱ12).

Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS TheȱHostȱonȱtheȱDoorstep 333

WhatȱcanȱweȱconcludeȱaboutȱtheȱfourteenthȬcenturyȱcitizensȱofȱKorneuburg?ȱThe contradictionsȱthatȱappearȱinȱtheȱrecordȱofȱtheȱinterrogations,ȱtheȱaccusationȱbyȱthe priest,ȱandȱtheȱstatementȱ‘Iȱdidȱnotȱseeȱit’ȱofȱtheȱwitnessesȱnotwithstanding,ȱthe contemporariesȱofȱtheȱearlyȱfourteenthȱcentury,ȱbeȱtheyȱrural,ȱurban,ȱorȱcourtly, genuinelyȱbelievedȱinȱtheȱJews’ȱcollectiveȱguilt.ȱYetȱwasȱthisȱbeliefȱunanimous? Thereȱ seemsȱ toȱ haveȱ beenȱ doubtȱ amongȱ someȱ ofȱ theȱ theologicallyȱ trained, althoughȱtheirȱconcernȱrestedȱmoreȱwithȱtheȱquestionȱofȱtheȱgenuinenessȱofȱthe hostȱ andȱ itsȱ miracles.ȱ Butȱ thereȱ wasȱ alsoȱ roomȱ forȱ doubtȱ amongȱ theȱ Jews’ neighbors,ȱthoseȱwithȱwhomȱtheyȱhadȱlivedȱsideȱbyȱsideȱratherȱpeacefullyȱuntil then.ȱDisagreementsȱoccuredȱduringȱtheȱinterrogation:ȱtheȱcitizensȱshiftedȱthe blameȱontoȱtheȱscholarȱbyȱclaimingȱthatȱheȱhadȱnamedȱZerkelȱasȱtheȱsoleȱculprit. Theȱsuggestionȱthatȱtheȱscholarȱmightȱhaveȱbeenȱinnocentȱhangsȱinȱtheȱair,ȱyetȱis heavilyȱqualifiedȱbyȱOttoȱanȱdemȱRoßmarktȱwhoȱreportsȱthatȱevenȱtheȱscholar himselfȱhadȱconcededȱthatȱthey,ȱtheȱJews,ȱhadȱmetȱtheirȱdestiny.115ȱNevertheless, theȱcitizensȱseemedȱtoȱhaveȱbeenȱquiteȱhesitantȱtoȱstateȱthatȱtheyȱfirmlyȱbelieved inȱ theȱ Jews’ȱ guilt.ȱ Noneȱ ofȱ theȱ intervieweesȱ admittedȱ toȱ havingȱ actively participatedȱinȱtheȱkillingȱofȱtheȱJews;ȱandȱweȱmayȱquestionȱwhetherȱtheyȱsaid whatȱtheȱauthoritiesȱwantedȱtoȱhear,ȱwhetherȱtheyȱwereȱafraidȱofȱadmittingȱtoȱthe killings,ȱorȱwhetherȱatȱleastȱsomeȱofȱthemȱactuallyȱharboredȱdoubtsȱaboutȱtheȱJews’ guilt.ȱ KonradȱReus’sȱwifeȱtestifiedȱatȱtheȱinterrogationȱthatȱsheȱhadȱbeenȱpresentȱwhen theȱhostȱwaferȱhadȱbeenȱfound,ȱyetȱsheȱdidȱnotȱmentionȱ(andȱwasȱnotȱasked) anythingȱ aboutȱ Zerkelȱ beingȱ atȱ theirȱ home.ȱ Hadȱ theȱ twoȱ Christians,ȱ theȱ two Marquards,ȱwhoȱhadȱusheredȱZerkelȱintoȱKonradȱReus’sȱhouse,ȱtheȱmomentȱtheir neighborsȱreturnedȱ(andȱperhapsȱtoldȱthemȱaboutȱtheȱJewishȱscholar’sȱlastȱwords, andȱhisȱunmarredȱhead),ȱcontinuedȱtoȱguardȱZerkel,ȱorȱhadȱtheyȱreachedȱforȱa cudgelȱandȱjoinedȱtheȱmurderousȱmob?ȱWeȱdoȱnotȱknow.ȱTheȱphrasingȱofȱthe testimonyȱofȱHeinrichȱShem,ȱtheȱwitnessȱwhoȱtellsȱusȱaboutȱtheȱtwoȱMarquards whoȱ hadȱ triedȱ toȱ hideȱ Zerkel,ȱ suggestsȱ thatȱ Zerkelȱ hadȱ indeedȱ hopedȱ toȱ find protectionȱthere,ȱandȱthatȱtheȱmobȱhadȱenteredȱtheȱhouseȱbyȱforce.ȱHeinrichȱtoo claimsȱnotȱtoȱhaveȱpartakenȱinȱZerkel’sȱkilling,ȱyetȱweȱcan’tȱbeȱsure,ȱofȱcourse. Whatȱweȱdoȱknowȱisȱthatȱbloodȱhadȱindeedȱbeenȱspilt,ȱandȱitȱhadȱbeenȱtheȱblood ofȱtheȱJews.ȱ

115 ThisȱisȱtheȱcommentȱbyȱOttoȱanȱdemȱRossmarktȱ(eighthȱwitness),ȱwhoȱalsoȱclaimsȱthatȱHeinrich vonȱEtzleinsdorf,ȱHeinrich’sȱbrother,ȱandȱKonradȱanȱderȱHochstrassȱwereȱpresentȱduringȱthe scholar’sȱallegedȱconfessionȱ(BruggerȱandȱWiedl,ȱRegestenȱ1,ȱ134,ȱno.ȱ133ȱ[seeȱnoteȱ1]).

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Fig.ȱ1:ȱStiftsmuseumȱKlosterneuburg,ȱIngeȱKitlitschka,ȱKlosterneuburg.ȱPortable altarȱ(aroundȱ1470)ȱwithȱfourȱpaintingsȱ(upperȱleft:ȱspontaneousȱignitionȱof candles,ȱupperȱright:ȱtheȱJewȱholdingȱtheȱhost,ȱbottomȱleft:ȱtwoȱblindȱregain theirȱsight,ȱbottomȱright:ȱtwoȱcrippledȱareȱcured)

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Figs.ȱ2ȱ–ȱ12:ȱStadtmuseumȱKorneuburg.ȱCycleȱofȱpaintings,ȱoil,ȱ1660,ȱelevenȱof theȱoriginallyȱtwelveȱpaintingsȱthatȱwereȱonȱdisplayȱinȱtheȱcloisterȱofȱthe monasteryȱofȱKorneuburg,ȱnowȱkeptȱatȱtheȱMunicipalȱMuseum Fig.ȱ2:ȱ“1301,ȱtheȱJewȱZerklinȱmadeȱaȱChristianȱsellȱaȱholyȱhostȱwaferȱforȱmoney andȱaȱcoat.”ȱBackground,ȱleft:ȱZerkelȱoffersȱaȱredȱcoatȱandȱmoneyȱtoȱthe ȱ ȱ Christian. [No donation]

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Fig.ȱ3:ȱ“Here,ȱtheȱChristianȱsellsȱtheȱhostȱtoȱZerkelȱtheȱJewȱforȱmoneyȱandȱa coat.”ȱDonatedȱbyȱWenzeslausȱMelzer,ȱCRSAȱ[=ȱCanonȱRegular],ȱ parishȱpriestȱofȱKorneuburg

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Fig.ȱ4:ȱ“Here,ȱtheȱJewȱZerkelȱthrowsȱtheȱhostȱintoȱtheȱwellȱinȱtheȱpresenceȱofȱthe JewȱScholasticus.”ȱDonatedȱbyȱBlasiusȱVitalisȱSeywald,ȱimperial Salzgegenschreiberȱ(officialȱatȱtheȱimperialȱsaltȱauthority)

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Fig.ȱ5:ȱ“Here,ȱtheȱJewȱScholasticusȱretrievesȱtheȱhostȱfromȱtheȱwell,ȱandȱtheȱJew Zerkelȱtrodsȱonȱit.”ȱOnȱtheȱbaseȱofȱtheȱwell:ȱ“JohannȱGeorgȱRekinger,ȱmember ofȱtheȱlocalȱinnerȱcouncilȱwhoȱrecoveredȱtheȱclothȱwhichȱtheȱmostȱholyȱhostȱhad beenȱwrappedȱinȱandȱwhichȱhadȱbeenȱhiddenȱinȱtheȱlocalȱparishȱchurchȱfor innumerableȱyears,ȱthroughȱdivineȱdirection.”

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Fig.ȱ6:ȱ“Here,ȱtheȱJewȱZerkelȱshowsȱitȱ[=ȱtheȱhost]ȱtoȱaȱChristianȱsoȱthatȱhe shouldȱthrowȱtheȱhostȱtogetherȱwithȱaȱwhiteȱclothȱintoȱtheȱDanube,ȱbutȱthe Christianȱdidȱnotȱtakeȱtheȱhost.”ȱDonatedȱbyȱ[inscriptionȱfaded]ȱ JacobȱSn[.ȱ.ȱ.]hacknerȱ[.ȱ.ȱ.]

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Fig.ȱ7:ȱ“Here,ȱtheȱtwoȱJewsȱZerkelȱandȱtheȱScholasticusȱcryȱandȱfalsely complain,ȱasȱifȱtheȱChristianȱhadȱcarriedȱtheȱhostȱintoȱtheirȱhouse.” Background:ȱOneȱofȱtheȱJewsȱappearsȱonȱtheȱthresholdȱwithȱtheȱhostȱwrapped inȱcloth.ȱDonatedȱbyȱPaulusȱMüller,ȱsenatorȱofȱKorneuburg

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Fig.ȱ8:ȱ“Here,ȱtheȱtwoȱJewsȱZerkelȱandȱScholasticusȱagainȱthrowȱtheȱhostȱand theȱclothȱtoȱtheȱfloorȱandȱtreadȱonȱitȱinȱanger.”ȱDonatedȱbyȱWenzislaus Dyrnwald,ȱnotaryȱpublicȱandȱsyndicȱatȱKorneuburg

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Fig.ȱ9:ȱ“Here,ȱanȱangelȱguidesȱaȱbackerȱcalledȱLuderichȱ[!]ȱfromȱtheȱbakeryȱto theȱJewȱZerkelȇsȱhouseȱsoȱthatȱheȱshouldȱpickȱupȱtheȱhost;ȱbutȱasȱheȱwasȱscared, theȱhostȱmiraculouslyȱappearedȱbetweenȱhisȱfingersȱ[barelyȱreadable].” Background:ȱTheȱbakerȱstoopsȱdownȱtoȱpickȱupȱtheȱhost.ȱ[Noȱdonation]

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Fig.ȱ10:ȱ“Here,ȱtheȱbakerȱputsȱtheȱhostȱwithȱutmostȱreverenceȱandȱobeisanceȱon theȱstonyȱdoorstep,ȱwhereuponȱtheȱhostȱsweatedȱbloodȱandȱwasȱthuslyȱfound.” Background:ȱLedȱbyȱtheȱangel,ȱtheȱbakerȱcarriesȱtheȱhost. Donation:ȱcoatȱofȱarmsȱandȱinitialsȱCFVSȱ(accordingȱtoȱZeissl,ȱDasȱehemalige Augustinerkloster,ȱ30ȱ[seeȱnoteȱ33],ȱtheȱcoatȱofȱarmsȱpointsȱatȱtheȱfamilyȱof Dachsenbeck)

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Fig.ȱ11:ȱ“Here,ȱ6ȱ(?)ȱwaxȱcandlesȱigniteȱuponȱbeingȱshownȱtheȱhostȱandȱthe bloodȬstainedȱcloth.”ȱDonatedȱbyȱJohannȱNußdorfer,ȱnotaryȱpublicȱ atȱKorneuburg

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Fig.ȱ12:ȱ“Here,ȱtheȱblindȱareȱhealedȱbyȱbeingȱshownȱtheȱhostȱandȱbyȱapplication ofȱtheȱcloth.”ȱ[Theȱbeardedȱmanȱappearsȱtoȱbeȱhandicapped.]ȱDonatedȱby GeorgiusȱEberschwanger

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