Jerusalem: Between the Local and Global
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Israel: Background and U.S
Israel: Background and U.S. Relations Casey L. Addis Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs February 14, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33476 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Israel: Background and U.S. Relations Summary On May 14, 1948, the State of Israel declared its independence and was immediately engaged in a war with all of its neighbors. Armed conflict has marked every decade of Israel’s existence. Despite its unstable regional environment, Israel has developed a vibrant parliamentary democracy, albeit with relatively fragile governments. The most recent national elections were held on February 10, 2009, ahead of schedule. Although the Kadima Party placed first, parties holding 65 seats in the 120-seat Knesset supported opposition Likud party leader Benjamin “Bibi” Netanyahu, who was designated to form a government. Netanyahu’s coalition includes his own Likud, Yisrael Beiteinu (Israel Our Home), Shas, Habayet Hayehudi (Jewish Home), the United Torah Judaism (UTJ), and the new Ha’atzmout (Independence) party. The coalition controls 66 of 120 Knesset seats. Israel has an advanced industrial, market economy with a large government role. Israel’s foreign policy is focused largely on its region, Europe, and the United States. Israel’s foreign policy agenda begins with Iran, which it views as an existential threat due to Tehran’s nuclear ambitions and support for terrorism. Achieving peace with its neighbors is next. Israel concluded peace treaties with Egypt in 1979 and Jordan in 1994, but not with Syria and Lebanon. Recent unrest in Egypt is rekindling latent anxiety in Israel about the durability of the peace treaty Egypt and Israel have relied upon for 30 years. -
Jerusalem Divrei Torah Dr. Irving Moskowitz
Click to view this email in a browser Forward this message to a friend Printer Friendly Our Website | Tours | Donate | YouTube (US) פרשת נשא / Israel) Parashat Nasso) פרשת / Parashat Beha'alotcha Candle Lighting in Jerusalem 7:06 PM, June 17, 2016 Sivan 10 5776 Jerusalem Divrei Torah The centrality of Jerusalem to the Jewish People is indisputable and is the Dr. Irving Moskowitz, Z"L core of our mission. Our Divrei Torah by Rabbi Yosef Bronstein focus on Jerusalem and its connection to the weekly Torah portion. For a pdf to It is with great shock and extreme sadness that we announce discuss at the Shabbat table, please click here. To sponsor a Dvar Torah the passing of Irving Moskowitz z"l to Gan Eden. please click here Irving's neshamasoul has gone to "Yerushalayim Shel Maaleh" A Transition Period (Jerusalem of the Heavens) and he will be in a place of honour for the righteous, next to The Throne of Glory. The modern history of Yerushalayim is filled with conflict and wars. From the battles over the city in 1948 to the legendary offensive of the paratroopers in Irving Moskowitz was a giant of this generation who has 1967, to the unfortunate reality of terror attacks on the city, we tend to associate effectively secured a united Jerusalem for the Jewish People. Yerushalayim with fighting. And this is not a surprise. After nearly 2,000 years Known in many circles as the "Montefiore and Rothschild" of our sovereignty over our city has been an uphill struggle. our times, he has redeemed, built and uplifted Jerusalem from the mounds of destruction and desolation. -
The-Legal-Status-Of-East-Jerusalem.Pdf
December 2013 Written by: Adv. Yotam Ben-Hillel Cover photo: Bab al-Asbat (The Lion’s Gate) and the Old City of Jerusalem. (Photo by: JC Tordai, 2010) This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position or the official opinion of the European Union. The Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) is an independent, international humanitarian non- governmental organisation that provides assistance, protection and durable solutions to refugees and internally displaced persons worldwide. The author wishes to thank Adv. Emily Schaeffer for her insightful comments during the preparation of this study. 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... 3 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 5 2. Background ............................................................................................................................ 6 3. Israeli Legislation Following the 1967 Occupation ............................................................ 8 3.1 Applying the Israeli law, jurisdiction and administration to East Jerusalem .................... 8 3.2 The Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel ................................................................... 10 4. The Status -
Moving the American Embassy in Israel to Jerusalem: Challenges and Opportunities
MOVING THE AMERICAN EMBASSY IN ISRAEL TO JERUSALEM: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON NATIONAL SECURITY OF THE COMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND GOVERNMENT REFORM HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION NOVEMBER 8, 2017 Serial No. 115–44 Printed for the use of the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.fdsys.gov http://oversight.house.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 28–071 PDF WASHINGTON : 2018 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Nov 24 2008 09:17 Jan 19, 2018 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 H:\28071.TXT APRIL KING-6430 with DISTILLER COMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND GOVERNMENT REFORM Trey Gowdy, South Carolina, Chairman John J. Duncan, Jr., Tennessee Elijah E. Cummings, Maryland, Ranking Darrell E. Issa, California Minority Member Jim Jordan, Ohio Carolyn B. Maloney, New York Mark Sanford, South Carolina Eleanor Holmes Norton, District of Columbia Justin Amash, Michigan Wm. Lacy Clay, Missouri Paul A. Gosar, Arizona Stephen F. Lynch, Massachusetts Scott DesJarlais, Tennessee Jim Cooper, Tennessee Trey Gowdy, South Carolina Gerald E. Connolly, Virginia Blake Farenthold, Texas Robin L. Kelly, Illinois Virginia Foxx, North Carolina Brenda L. Lawrence, Michigan Thomas Massie, Kentucky Bonnie Watson Coleman, New Jersey Mark Meadows, North Carolina Stacey E. Plaskett, Virgin Islands Ron DeSantis, Florida Val Butler Demings, Florida Dennis A. Ross, Florida Raja Krishnamoorthi, Illinois Mark Walker, North Carolina Jamie Raskin, Maryland Rod Blum, Iowa Peter Welch, Vermont Jody B. -
The Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995
Catholic University Law Review Volume 45 Issue 3 Spring 1996 Article 15 1996 The Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995 Geoffrey R. Watson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.edu/lawreview Recommended Citation Geoffrey R. Watson, The Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995, 45 Cath. U. L. Rev. 837 (1996). Available at: https://scholarship.law.edu/lawreview/vol45/iss3/15 This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by CUA Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Catholic University Law Review by an authorized editor of CUA Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE JERUSALEM EMBASSY ACT OF 1995 Geoffrey R. Watson * Congress has voted to move the U.S. Embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. On October 24, 1995-the day of the Conference on Jeru- salem here at the Columbus School of Law of The Catholic University of America-Congress passed the Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995.1 The President took no action on the Act, allowing it to enter into force on November 8, 1995.2 The Act states that a United States Embassy to Israel should be established in Jerusalem by May 31, 1999, and it provides for a fifty percent cut in the State Department's building budget if the Embassy is not opened by that time.' The Act permits the President to waive the budget cut for successive six-month periods if the President determines it is necessary to protect the "national security interests of the United States."' In these pages and elsewhere, several contributors to this symposium have addressed the policy questions raised by the Act.5 I will focus on the Act's interpretation. -
An Examination of Israeli Municipal Policy in East Jerusalem Ardi Imseis
American University International Law Review Volume 15 | Issue 5 Article 2 2000 Facts on the Ground: An Examination of Israeli Municipal Policy in East Jerusalem Ardi Imseis Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/auilr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Imseis, Ardi. "Facts on the Ground: An Examination of Israeli Municipal Policy in East Jerusalem." American University International Law Review 15, no. 5 (2000): 1039-1069. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in American University International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FACTS ON THE GROUND: AN EXAMINATION OF ISRAELI MUNICIPAL POLICY IN EAST JERUSALEM ARDI IMSEIS* INTRODUCTION ............................................. 1040 I. BACKGROUND ........................................... 1043 A. ISRAELI LAW, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND EAST JERUSALEM SINCE 1967 ................................. 1043 B. ISRAELI MUNICIPAL POLICY IN EAST JERUSALEM ......... 1047 II. FACTS ON THE GROUND: ISRAELI MUNICIPAL ACTIVITY IN EAST JERUSALEM ........................ 1049 A. EXPROPRIATION OF PALESTINIAN LAND .................. 1050 B. THE IMPOSITION OF JEWISH SETTLEMENTS ............... 1052 C. ZONING PALESTINIAN LANDS AS "GREEN AREAS"..... -
Irving Moskowitz, Controversial Backer of Israeli Settlements, Gives $1 Million to Anti- Obama Super PAC
UNCLASSIFIED U.S. Department of State Case No. F-2014-20439 Doc No. C05794264 Date: 11/30/2015 RELEASE IN PART B6 From: H <[email protected]> Sent: Saturday, April 14, 2012 1:12 PM To: '[email protected]' Subject: Fw: Worth reading. From: sbwhoeop [mailto Sent: Thursday, April 12, 2012 10:25 AM Subject: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/12/irving-moskowitz-israeli-settlements-anti-obama-super-pac_n_1416041.html 14161 Blumenthal paulblumenthalnhuffincitonpost.com Irving Moskowitz, Controversial Backer Of Israeli Settlements, Gives $1 Million To Anti- Obama Super PAC Posted: 04/12/2012 9:21 am By Paul Blumenthal WASHINGTON -- Even in the era of unbridled campaign contributions, Irving Moskowitz's $1 million donation in February to American Crossroads, the Karl Rove-linked super PAC, is eye-catching. A retired physician who made a fortune purchasing hospitals and running bingo and casino operations in the economically depressed California town of Hawaiian Gardens, Moskowitz is well- known to those who follow the Israel-Palestine conflict. His contributions to far-right Jewish settler groups, questionable archaeological projects and widespread land purchases in East Jerusalem and the West Bank have routinely inflamed the region over the past four decades and, according to many familiar with the conflict, made him a key obstacle to peace in the Middle East. Now, at age 83, Moskowitz has turned his money on the American political realm in a more prominent fashion than ever before, funding "birther" groups that question the legitimacy of President Barack Obama's U.S. citizenship and others that stoke fears about the president's alleged ties to "radical Islam." Although he has funded Republican politicians and organizations in the past, his $1 million donation to American Crossroads is his biggest contribution to U.S. -
Religious Fundamentalism in Eight Muslim‐
JOURNAL for the SCIENTIFIC STUDY of RELIGION Religious Fundamentalism in Eight Muslim-Majority Countries: Reconceptualization and Assessment MANSOOR MOADDEL STUART A. KARABENICK Department of Sociology Combined Program in Education and Psychology University of Maryland University of Michigan To capture the common features of diverse fundamentalist movements, overcome etymological variability, and assess predictors, religious fundamentalism is conceptualized as a set of beliefs about and attitudes toward religion, expressed in a disciplinarian deity, literalism, exclusivity, and intolerance. Evidence from representative samples of over 23,000 adults in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, and Turkey supports the conclusion that fundamentalism is stronger in countries where religious liberty is lower, religion less fractionalized, state structure less fragmented, regulation of religion greater, and the national context less globalized. Among individuals within countries, fundamentalism is linked to religiosity, confidence in religious institutions, belief in religious modernity, belief in conspiracies, xenophobia, fatalism, weaker liberal values, trust in family and friends, reliance on less diverse information sources, lower socioeconomic status, and membership in an ethnic majority or dominant religion/sect. We discuss implications of these findings for understanding fundamentalism and the need for further research. Keywords: fundamentalism, Islam, Christianity, Sunni, Shia, Muslim-majority countries. INTRODUCTION -
Social and Economic Situation of Palestinian Women and Girls (July 2016 – June 2018) Distr
Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Social and Economic Situation of Palestinian Women and Girls (July 2016 – June 2018) Distr. LIMITED E/ESCWA/ECW/2019/TP.2 9 January 2019 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) Social and Economic Situation of Palestinian Women and Girls (July 2016 – June 2018) United Nations Beirut, 2019 19-00032 Executive Summary This report reviews the situation of Palestinian women and girls during the period July 2016-June 2018, focusing on political, social, economic and human rights developments. Building upon previously published research of the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) on the status of Palestinian women and girls and drawing upon the most recent data available, this report highlights the complex situation of women and girls, revealing both progress and setbacks in the context of the Israeli military occupation of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem and Gaza. The first chapter of the report presents a background of the volatile political setting and its impact on the well-being and rights of women and girls. It lays out the devastating effects of the 11-year Israeli blockade of Gaza on the nearly two million Palestinians who are denied free access to the rest of the occupied Palestinian territory and to the outside world. It also highlights the gendered impacts of occupation-related policies, such as increasing settlement activity, threats of forced eviction and house demolitions, particularly in East Jerusalem and Area C of the West Bank. The chapter also presents major developments in the security and political situation in the occupied Palestinian territory during the reporting period including the United States administration’s recognition – in violation of international law – of Jerusalem as Israel’s capital and the Great March of Return along Israel’s border fence by Palestinian refugees in Gaza demanding their right to return to their land and homes and a lifting of the Israeli blockade. -
East Jerusalem September 16, 2020
Precedent for Annexation – East Jerusalem September 16, 2020 Israel’s annexation of East Jerusalem serves as the historical precedent and template for any further extension of Israeli sovereignty in the West Bank. Following the Declaration of Independence in 1948, Israel extended its sovereignty beyond the borders designated by the U.N. partition resolution and declared Jerusalem its capital. The move was not recognized by any state. After the West Bank occupation in June 1967, Israel extended sovereignty over East Jerusalem through a process that continues to this day, by which Israeli laws and regulations are applied progressively to land Israel occupied militarily. This process contravened international law, and the international community objected, including the United States.1 United Nations Security Council and General Assembly resolutions called on Israel to rescind the annexation.2 Israeli officials countered that they had only implemented a series of administrative measures to restore order, integrating the delivery of service to residents of a unified Jerusalem as the East Jerusalem Municipality was ordered to cease operations.3 Since 1967, Israeli policy has been to enforce its sovereignty by making sure there is a Jewish majority in the city through a mix of de facto and de jure measures, which allows it to continue to maintain it has not annexed the territory. The new municipal boundaries of Jerusalem left out densely populated Palestinian areas that threatened a Jewish majority. Land belonging to villages near Jerusalem was annexed, but the homes of their Palestinian owners were excluded. East Jerusalem Palestinians were registered as “permanent residents,” which restricts their rights and prevents them from voting in Israeli national elections or holding an Israeli passport. -
O Occupied East Jerusalem
Occupied East Jerusalem “De-Palestinization” and Forcible Transfer of Palestinians A situation of systematic breaches of State obligations under the ICCPR JOINT NGO REPORT to the UN Human Rights Committee For the Committee’s Review of the Fourth Periodic Report of ISRAEL Submitted by: The Civic Coalition for Palestinian Rights in Jerusalem (CCPRJ) Contact: Zakaria Odeh, executive director Email: [email protected] Tel: +972 2 2343929 www.civiccoalition-jerusalem.org The Coalition for Jerusalem (CFJ) Contact: Aminah Abdelhaq, coordinator Email: [email protected] Tel: +972 2 6562272 url: www.coalitionforjerusalem.org The Society of St. Yves, Catholic Center for Human Rights (St. Yves) Contact: Dalia Qumsieh, head of advocacy Email: [email protected] Tel: +972 2 6264662 url: www.saintyves.org 1 Content Introduction Paragraph RECOMMENDATIONS A. Constitutional and legal framework within which the Covenant is implemented by Israel in occupied East Jerusalem (Art. 1, 2) Question 4: Application of the Covenant in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT) 4 – 11 Question 5: Equality and non-discrimination in Israeli law, courts; other measures 12 – 22 Recommended Questions to the State party (Art. 1 and 2) B. State of Emergency (Art. 4); derogations from international standards Questions 12, 19: Progress in review of Israel’s state of emergency; derogations 23 – 25 from international standards (complementary issues) Recommended Questions to State party (Article 4) C. Freedom of movement and residence (Art. 12, 2; also 14, 17, 23, 24, 26) Questions 20, 21: Complementary information on Palestinians in East Jerusalem 26 – 34 D. Protection of the Family, Protection of the Child (Art.23, 24, 2; 12, 14, 17, 24, 26) Question 25: Measures taken by the State party to revoke the Citizenship and 35 – 45 Entry Into Israel Law; right to marriage E. -
Emerging Hindu Rashtra and Its Impact on Indian Muslims
religions Article Emerging Hindu Rashtra and Its Impact on Indian Muslims M. A. Muqtedar Khan * and Rifat Binte Lutful Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This article examines the impact of the gradual Hindutvaization of Indian culture and politics on Indian Muslims. The article contrasts the status of Muslims in the still secular, pluralistic, and democratic constitution of India with the rather marginalized reality of Muslims since the rise of Hindu nationalism. The article argues that successive electoral victories by Hindu nationalist party, the Bharatiya Janata Party, has precipitated political events, generated policies, and passed new laws that are eroding the democratic nature of India and undermining its religious freedoms. The article documents recent changes that are expediting the emergence of the Hindu state in India and consequently exposes the world’s largest religious minority to an intolerant form of majoritarian governance. Keywords: Hindu rashtra; Hindu state; India; Indian Muslims; democracy; religious freedom; secularism; Hindutva; pluralism; Islamophobia; majoritarianism 1. Introduction India is not only the biggest democracy in the world, but it also has the largest religious Citation: Khan, M. A. Muqtedar, and minority in the world. If Indian Muslims, who are about 200 million, constituted a country, Rifat Binte Lutful. 2021. Emerging they would be the eighth most populous nation in the world. The size of the challenge for Hindu Rashtra and Its Impact on minority governance is truly monumental. Given that, and the historical reality of faith- Indian Muslims. Religions 12: 693.