El Mercado De Componentes De Automoción En Corea

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El Mercado De Componentes De Automoción En Corea Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Seúl El mercado de componentes de automoción en Corea del Sur Sectoriales otas N El mercado de componentes de automoción en Corea del Sur Este estudio ha sido realizado por Nerea Lete bajo la supervisión de la Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Seúl Febrero 2006 Notas Sectoriales EL MERCADO DE COMPONENTES DE AUTOMOVIL EN COREA DEL SUR ÍNDICE I. CONCLUSIONES 4 II. DEFINICION DEL SECTOR 7 1. Delimitación del sector y clasificación arancelaria 7 2. Evolución del sector de automoción en corea 8 III. OFERTA 10 1. Tamaño del mercado 10 IV. PRODUCCIÓN LOCAL 14 3. Importaciones 23 V. ANÁLISIS CUALITATIVO DE LA DEMANDA 28 VI. PRECIOS Y SU FORMACIÓN 30 VII. PERCEPCIÓN DEL PRODUCTO ESPAÑOL 33 VIII. DISTRIBUCIÓN 34 IX. CONDICIONES DE ACCESO AL MERCADO 39 X. INFORMACIÓN ADICIONAL 40 1. Certificaciones para vehiculos importados en corea 40 2. Sistema de Imposiciones para Turismos Importados en Corea 45 XI. ANEXOS 48 1. Empresas 48 1.1.- Fabricantes de componentes de automóvil en corea 48 1.2.- Principales distribuidores de coches extranjeros en corea 50 2. Ferias 53 3. Asociaciones Y Otras direcciones de interés 53 4. direcciones completas de organismos y asociaciones 54 Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Seúl 3 EL MERCADO DE COMPONENTES DE AUTOMOVIL EN COREA DEL SUR I. CONCLUSIONES Con un promedio de crecimiento anual del 8,6% durante el período 1980-1997 , Corea se ha convertido en la 11ª potencia económica mundial. Durante estos años, la industria de automoción coreana creció a un ritmo superior, logrando un crecimiento medio de un 20% anual. A pesar de la drástica caída de la demanda nacional de automóviles, debido a la crisis económica que sufrió el país desde 1997 a 1999, la industria automovilística encontró una gran oportunidad en el mercado internacional. Gracias a las importantes inversiones realizadas en el sector de automoción en años anteriores, así como a la depreciación de la moneda coreana, Corea basó el crecimiento del sector automovilístico en las exportaciones. Según los últimos datos facilitados por las asociaciones del sector, la producción coreana de automóviles en 2005 alcanzó los 3,7 millones de unidades (3,3M. de turismos, 115.000 autobuses, 220.000 camiones y 10.000 vehículos especiales), de los que 2,6 millones se destinaron a la exportación. La producción de la industria de automoción en general (incluyendo fabricantes de automóvil, componentes e industrias asociadas) alcanzó los 75.000 millones de dólares en 2004 ocupando el 12% del total de la industria manufacturera del país. Y según los datos de la Asociación de industrias de Automoción, las ventas totales de los fabricantes nacionales de componentes llegaron a los 37.000 millones de dólares en 2005. Los fabricantes coreanos de automóviles han intentado nacionalizar al máximo sus redes de suministro de partes, con la intención de reducir sus costes de fabricación a través de la implantación de un sistema de cadenas de módulos. Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Seúl 4 EL MERCADO DE COMPONENTES DE AUTOMOVIL EN COREA DEL SUR El grupo de Hyundai-Kia Motors, con un 80% del mercado automovilístico coreano, se abastece en un 90% de fabricantes nacionales, mientras que el resto de fabricantes (GM- Daewoo, Renault-Samsung y Ssangyong Motor) tienen mayor dependencia de la industria extranjera de componentes, que aún así no supera el 20% del total de sus aprovisionamientos. Estos fabricantes de automóvil tienen mucho control sobre la industria y el mercado de componentes, y a día de hoy, siguen imponiendo los precios y los estándares de calidad de las piezas nacionales y de importación. En cuanto a la demanda de productos importados, y según los datos de la Asociación de industrias de Automoción, los fabricantes coreanos de automóvil ya no requieren productos de alta tecnología de mercados exteriores sino que, debido a fuerte fluctuación del won en los últimos tiempos 1 , tienden a importar componentes más económicos. En consecuencia, los fabricantes de componentes están siguiendo dos estrategias diferentes. Por un lado, determinados fabricantes están optando por el desarrollo de partes de automoción de gran precisión, utilizando una avanzada tecnología que les permita vender a los fabricantes de coches nacionales a un precio más bajo que el de los componentes importados. Y por otro lado, otros fabricantes de partes están optando por trasladarse a China para la producción de componentes de automoción de gama más baja o con menor valor añadido, implantación que les permite bajas sus costes de producción y mantener sus propios estándares de calidad. Para proveer a la industria coreana de automoción, los fabricantes extranjeros más importantes han establecido sus propias oficinas o representantes en el país, realizando inversiones directas a través de plantas de producción propias o firmando acuerdos joint venture con los fabricantes nacionales. Durante los años 2004 y 2005, España exportó a Corea partes y componentes para automóviles por un valor de 112,3 millones y 94 millones de dólares respectivamente. Los principales productos exportados fueron bombas de carburantes, partes de chasis, ejes de transmisión, generadores de gas y partes de motores. 1 En los tres últimos meses, desde Noviembre 2005, la moneda coreana se ha apreciado un 10% frente al dólar americano y un 20% frente al Yen japonés. Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Seúl 5 EL MERCADO DE COMPONENTES DE AUTOMOVIL EN COREA DEL SUR Entre las empresas españolas que han invertido en Corea hay que destacar compañías como FICOSA, Antolín y Faurecia España, que se dedican a suministrar partes y componentes, además de IDIADA o Aries, dedicadas fundamentalmente a la homologación de coches para el mercado de la UE. Debido a la saturación del mercado coreano de fabricantes de componentes y a la dificultad de entrada en el circuito nacional de provisión a fabricantes de coches nacionales, los proveedores españoles pueden encontrar una oportunidad de mercado en el suministro de componentes a las industrias coreanas en el exterior. Debido a cuestiones sindicales y a problemas relacionados con las últimas fluctuaciones del won, el grupo Grupo Hyundai-Kia está realizando nuevas inversiones en plantas de producción en el exterior. A través de las plantas de China (Hyundai y Kia), India (Hyundai y Kia), Eslovaquia (Kia), y USA (Hyundai), así como nuevos emplazamientos previstos en República Checa (Hyundai) y EE.UU. (Kia), el grupo pretende alcanzar la meta de los 2.5 millones de unidades de producción anual en el exterior. Otra de las oportunidades que se abre en el mercado nacional es el mercado de recambios (Aftermarket o Aftersale ). A medida que la cuota de coches importados se va incrementando, el mercado de recambios para los coches de importación se puede presentar como un mercado ideal para la introducción de componentes, aunque en la actualidad, este mercado sea de escasa dimensión. El país está atravesando una progresiva liberalización, ajustándose a las normas internacionales de comercio y aboliendo las barreras de acceso hasta ahora existentes, por lo que se espera que el aumento de las importaciones vaya propiciando el crecimiento de este mercado. Durante el 2005 se han vendido en Corea 38,175 coches importados, un 3,2% de la demanda nacional, y las expectativas para 2006 es que alcancen las 45.000 unidades. El producto español en este sector no es muy conocido y tampoco la tradición y experiencia de las empresas españolas en la industria del automóvil. Dentro de los europeos, el producto alemán es el mejor identificado y se posiciona como un producto de alta precisión y tecnología. Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Seúl 6 EL MERCADO DE COMPONENTES DE AUTOMOVIL EN COREA DEL SUR II. DEFINICION DEL SECTOR 1. DELIMITACIÓN DEL SECTOR Y CLASIFICACIÓN ARANCELARIA El sector de Componentes y Accesorios de Automoción está formado por una amplia gama de productos, consta de una amplia variedad de entre la que cabe señalar algunas de las más representativas partidas arancelarias: HS CODE Nombre Arancel 4011 Neumáticos nuevos de caucho 4016 Piezas de caucho-metal para automóviles 6813 Guarniciones de fricción 7007 Vidrio de seguridad 7009 Espejos retrovisores 8302 Guarnecidos para automóviles 8413 Bombas de combustión para motores de encendido 8415 Acondicionadores de aire 8421 Filtros para entrada de aire en motores de encendido 8483 Manivelas y cigüeñales 8484 Juntas 8% 8511 Aparatos eléctricos (bujías, magnetos, distribuidores) 8512 Aparatos eléctricos (alumbrado, señalización, limpiaparabrisas) 8518 Cajas acústicas 8706 Chasis de automóviles 8707 Carrocerías 8708 Cajas de cambio, embragues y sus partes, amortiguadores 9029 Velocímetros 9031 Dispositivos de medida de aceleración 9104 Relojes de tablero de instrumentos 9401 Asientos de automóviles Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Seúl 7 EL MERCADO DE COMPONENTES DE AUTOMOVIL EN COREA DEL SUR A pesar de esta delimitación inicial, con el paso del tiempo y el desarrollo de nuevos modelos, los componentes van variando de naturaleza y van apareciendo nuevas componentes, que ideados para nuevas funciones van modificando el mercado, por lo que nos enfrentamos a un sector en constante movimiento. 2. EVOLUCIÓN DEL SECTOR DE AUTOMOCIÓN EN COREA La industria de componentes de automoción coreana empezó a desarrollarse a partir de la década de los 70, pero su principal desarrollo tuvo lugar en las décadas de los 80 y 90, cuando la industria del automóvil empezó a cobrar peso en el país y la industria de auto partes empezó a nutrirse de las influencias técnicas y tecnológicas de la industria japonesa. El gobierno estableció una serie de pilares básicos de la economía, entre los que se encontraba la industria de automoción. Fue a partir de entonces, cuando el sector del automóvil y la industria relacionada empezó a desarrollarse y aparecieron las primeras asociaciones del sector, que se ocuparían de coordinar la actividad económica de estas empresas.
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