produced with the support of
Unexploded ordnance and post-conflict communities Acknowledgements
The Co-operative Bank funded the research and production of this report. Their support is greatly appreciated. Practical assistance was provided by the HALO Trust in Kosovo and Eritrea and by MAG in Cambodia. Assistance with gathering case study materials was also provided by Norwegian People’s Aid, UNMACC Kosovo, UNMACC Eritrea, The Cambodian Red Cross and Geospatial Level One Survey Cambodia. Richard Moyes was formerly the Project Coordination Manager at Mines Advisory Group (MAG).
Written by Richard Moyes with Richard Lloyd and Rae McGrath Photographs: John Rodsted/Landmine Action (except where otherwise credited) Editors: Cathy Nightingale and Richard Lloyd
Published in March 2002 by Landmine Action, 89 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7TP, UK Copyright © Landmine Action 2002 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. A catalogue record of this report is available from the British Library. ISBN 0-9536717-3-9 Landmine Action is a company limited by guarantee. Registered in England and Wales no. 3895803. Design and print by Calverts 020 7739 1474 Contents
Foreword 5 5 Social factors which affect risk-taking with UXO 41 Summary 6 Gender 41 Glossary 12 Military experience 42 Case study: The Pepa family, Kosovo 43 1 Introduction 13 Children 44 Explosive remnants of war 14 Time and conflict 44 Scale of the problem 14 Case study: Phum Pring village, Cambodia 45 Addressing UXO contamination worldwide 15 Social display through risk-taking 46 A persistent problem 15 Risk and magic 46 Jahoc village, Kosovo 47 2 UXO accidents and impact 17 UXO victims 18 6 Cluster munitions 48 The direct impact of UXO accidents 18 Afghanistan 49 Case study: Krouch Kin, Cambodia 19 High-density contamination 49 Case study: Chhay Chhom, Cambodia 20 Future impact 49 Reasons for UXO accidents 21 Case study: Korokon camp, Eritrea 50 Activities at the time of UXO accidents 22 Economic impact of UXO 23 7 Conclusions and recommendations 54 Case study: Stha Pou village, Cambodia 24 UXO casualties 54 Case study: Phum Pring village, Cambodia 25 Land denial 55 Case study: Grebnik cherry orchard, Kosovo 26 Reconstruction and development 55 UXO and poverty 55 3 UXO and land denial 28 Social factors 55 Quantity and type of UXO 28 Cluster munitions 56 Mortar shells: a major post-conflict ERW hazard 29 Recommendations 56 Sub-surface UXO 29 Case study: Chamkar Chu village, Cambodia 30 Bibliography 58 The nature of the contaminated environment 31 Economic options and land abandonment 31 Case study: The High Pastures, Kosovo 33