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ASTRONOMY Ffirs.Qxd 7/11/09 10:23 AM Page Ii Ffirs.Qxd 7/11/09 10:23 AM Page Iii ffirs.qxd 7/11/09 10:23 AM Page ii ffirs.qxd 7/11/09 10:23 AM Page i ASTRONOMY ffirs.qxd 7/11/09 10:23 AM Page ii ffirs.qxd 7/11/09 10:23 AM Page iii ASTRONOMY A Self-Teaching Guide Seventh Edition Dinah L. Moché, Ph.D. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ffirs.qxd 7/11/09 10:23 AM Page iv This book is printed on acid-free paper.• Copyright © 1978, 1981, 1987, 1993, 2000, 2004, 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and the author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or war- ranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a partic- ular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suit- able for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information about our products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Moché, Dinah L., date. Astronomy : a self-teaching guide / Dinah L. Moché—7th ed. p. cm. — (Wiley self-teaching guides ; 190) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-23083-1 (paper) 1. Astronomy. I. Title. QB45.2.M63 2009 520—dc22 2009025983 Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 ffirs.qxd 7/11/09 10:23 AM Page v CREDITS We thank the American Astronomical Society for providing dozens of press releases, fact sheets, and celestial images. This service enables us to keep this text accurate and up to date. Figures are courtesy of the following organizations and individuals: David Aguilar/Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics: 7.8 California Association for Research in Astronomy (adapted from): 2.15 C.S.I.R.O.: 2.17, 6.19c ESA/NASA/SOHO: 4.1, 4.8 ESO: 6.3, 6.16c Ann Feild/Space Science Telescope Institute: 6.23 Gemini Observatory/Neelon Crawford-Polar Fine Arts: 2.6 Hale Observatories: 6.4, 9.28, 11.5, 11.7 The Hubble Heritage Team (AURA/STScI/NASA: 6.21 Hubble Space Telescope WFPC Team, NASA, STScI: 6.16a Dr. Thomas Jarrett: 6.17 JAXA: 4.9 Lowell Observatory: 9.22 Dinah L. Moché/George Tremberger Jr.: I.2, I.3, 1.12, 2.4, 3.8, 3.9, 3.16, 3.17, 3.18, 3.20, 4.6, 5.3, 5.10 ([selected] data from Barbara J. Anthony-Twarog), 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.12, 6.24a, 6.24b, 6.25, 7.1, 7.2, 7.4, 8.1 ([selected] from NASA), 8.2, 8.4, 8.11, 8.12, 9.12, 9.14, 9.15, 10.8 NASA: I.1, 5.1a, 5.14, 8.14 (adapted), 8.16, 9.2, 9.6, 9.8, 9.9, 9.10, 9.18, 9.19, 9.21, 9.23, 9.26, 9.27, 10.1, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 11.1, 11.4, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5 NASA, Reta Beebe, and Amy Simon (New Mexico State University): 9.20 NASA/CXC/ASU/J. Hester, et al.: 5.12b NASA/CXC/CfA/R. Kraft, et al.: 6.19a NASA/CXC/MIT/F. K. Baganoff, et al.: 6.11 NASA and ESA: 6.16d NASA/ESA/ASU/J. Hester & A. Loll: 5.12a NASA and STScI: 6.16f NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team: I.4 NASA, ESA, R. Gendler, T. Lauer (NOAO/AURA/NSF) and A. Feild (STScI): 6.14 NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration: 6.16b, 6.16e NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration, and A. Evans (University of Virginia, Charlottesville/NRAO/Stony Brook University): 6.20 NASA and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA): 5.9, 6.2 NASA, ESA and T. Lauer (NOAO/AURA/NSF): 6.9 NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington: 9.1a, 9.1b NASA/JPL-Caltech: 6.10, 9.17 NASA/JPL-Caltech/M. Meixner (STScI) & the SAGE Legacy Team: 6.13 NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle (SSC): 12.2 NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. Minn./R. Gehrz : 5.12c NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute: 9.24 NASA/JPL/STScI: 9.25 NASA, Steve Lee (University of Colorado), Jim Bell (Cornell University), Mike Wolff (Space Science Institute): 9.16 NASA/WMAP Science Team: 7.9 National Optical Astronomy Observatories: 1.3, 5.11, 6.1, 6.5, 6.22a National Radio Astronomy Observatory/AUI, J. O. Burns, E. J. Schrier, and E. D. Feigelson: 6.18 v ffirs.qxd 7/11/09 10:23 AM Page vi vi # ASTRONOMY Image courtesy of NRAO/AUI and Earth image courtesy of the SeaWiFS Project NASA/GSFC and ORBIMAGE: 2.18 J. William Schopf, Elso S. Barghoorn, Morton D. Masser, and Robert O. Gordon: 12.1 Dr. Martin Schwartzchild, Princeton University: 4.10 Seth Shostak: 12.7 Aurore Simonnet, Sonoma State University, NASA E/PO: 2.19 SOHO (ESA & NASA): 4.7a, 4.12, 4.13 SOHO (ESA & NASA); assembled by Steele Hill (NASA GSFC): 4.11, 4.12, 4.13 SOHO/MDI magnetic map, white light, TRACE 1700A continuum, TRACE Lyman alpha, TRACE 171Å, TRACE 195Å, TRACE 284Å, YOHKOH/SXT X-ray image; composite prepared by Joe Covington (Lockheed-Martin Missiles and Space, Palo Alto): 4.7b (clockwise from top) STScI and NASA: 2.12 Tass/Sovfoto: 9.7 United States Air Force: 11.10 Courtesy John Walker: 4.5 Ryan Wyatt (adapted from): 8.3 Photo Insert Page 1 top: NASA/Lockheed Martin [images from the NASA Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE), the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT), the Large Angle and Spectrometric coronagraph (LASCO), and the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) tele- scopes on the ESA/NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)]; page 1 bottom: Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech; page 2 top: X-ray: NASA/CXC/CfA/R.Kraft et al; Radio: NSF/VLA/Univ.Hertfordshire/M.Hardcastle; Optical: ESO/VLT/ISAAC/M. Rejkuba, et al; page 2 bottom: NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA); page 3 top left and right: NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA); page 3 bot- tom: NASA/WMAP Science Team; page 4 top: X-ray: NASA/CXC/Wesleyan Univ./R. Kilgard, et al; UV: NASA/JPL-Caltech; Optical: NASA/ESA/S. Beckwith & Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA); IR: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ Univ. of AZ/R. Kennicutt; page 4 bottom: X-ray: NASA/UMass/Q. D. Wang, et al.; Optical: NASA/STScI/AURA/Hubble Heritage; Infrared: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. AZ/R. Kennicutt/SINGS Team Tables and illustrations are adapted, redrawn, or used by permission of the following authors and publishers: Table 1.1: Robert Garrison and Toomas Karmo, Observer’s Handbook 2008, with permis- sion of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. Table 2.1: Astronomy: Fundamentals and Frontiers, 3rd edition, by Robert Jastrow and Malcolm H. Thompson. Copyright © 1972, 1974, 1977 by Robert Jastrow (John Wiley & Sons, New York). Table 3.1 (adapted); 11.2 (selected): Allen’s Astrophysical Quantities, 4th edition. Copyright © 1999 by A. N. Cox, ed. (Springer-Verlag, New York). Table 6.2 (adapted): Realm of the Universe, by George O. Abell. Copyright © 1964, 1969, 1973, 1980, by Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Copyright © 1976 by George O. Abell. Used by permission of Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Tables 8.2 and 8.3: (selected) National Aeronautics and Space Administration public information. Updates by JPL’s Solar System Dynamics Group, URL: http://ssd .jpl.nasa.gov/sat_elem.html Tables 10.2 and 10.3: with permission from Solar Eclipses: 1996–2020 and Lunar Eclipses: 1996–2020, by Fred Espenak, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. Tables 8.3 and 11.1: (selected) Brian G. Marsden, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Appendix 5: Alan Batten, Observer’s Handbook 2009, with permission of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. ffirs.qxd 7/11/09 10:23 AM Page vii TO THE READER Astronomy is a user-friendly guide for beginners. Chapters make it easy for you to quickly learn the main topics of a college level course.
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