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Unintended Consequences of Peacekeeping Operations

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Unintended Consequences of Peacekeeping Operations United Nations University Press is the publishing arm of the United Nations University. UNU Press publishes scholarly and policy-oriented books and periodicals on the issues facing the United Nations and its peoples and member states, with particular emphasis upon international, regional and trans-boundary policies. The United Nations University was established as a subsidiary organ of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution 2951 (XXVII) of 11 December 1972. It functions as an international community of scholars engaged in research, postgraduate training and the dissemination of knowledge to address the pressing global problems of human survival, development and welfare that are the concern of the United Nations and its agencies. Its activities are devoted to advancing knowledge for human security and development and are focused on issues of peace and governance and environment and sustainable development. The Univer- sity operates through a worldwide network of research and training centres and programmes, and its planning and coordinating centre in Tokyo. Unintended consequences of peacekeeping operations Unintended consequences of peacekeeping operations Edited by Chiyuki Aoi, Cedric de Coning and Ramesh Thakur United Nations a University Press TOKYO u NEW YORK u PARIS 6 United Nations University, 2007 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not nec- essarily reflect the views of the United Nations University. United Nations University Press United Nations University, 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan Tel: þ81-3-3499-2811 Fax: þ81-3-3406-7345 E-mail: [email protected] general enquiries: [email protected] http://www.unu.edu United Nations University Office at the United Nations, New York 2 United Nations Plaza, Room DC2-2062, New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: þ1-212-963-6387 Fax: þ1-212-371-9454 E-mail: [email protected] United Nations University Press is the publishing division of the United Nations University. Cover design by Mea Rhee Printed in Hong Kong ISBN 978-92-808-1142-1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Unintended consequences of peacekeeping operations / edited by Chiyuki Aoi, Cedric de Coning, and Ramesh Thakur. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-9280811421 (pbk.) 1. United Nations—Peacekeeping forces. 2. United Nations—Armed Forces. I. Aoi, Chiyuki. II. De Coning, Cedric. III. Thakur, Ramesh Chandra, 1948– JZ6374.U53 2007 341.5 084—dc22 2007003294 Contents Listoftables........................................................... viii Listofcontributors.................................................... ix Preface................................................................. xv Listofabbreviations .................................................. xvii Part I: Introduction ................................................... 1 1 Unintended consequences, complex peace operations and peacebuildingsystems............................................. 3 Chiyuki Aoi, Cedric de Coning and Ramesh Thakur Part II: Unintended consequences for individuals and groups ..... 21 2 Unintended consequences of peace operations on Timor Leste froma genderperspective ........................................ 23 Shukuko Koyama and Henri Myrttinen 3 Protecting civilians from UN peacekeepers and humanitarian workers:Sexualexploitationandabuse.......................... 44 Vanessa Kent vi CONTENTS Part III: Host economies, humanitarian action and civil–military coordination ........................................................... 67 4 Unintended consequences of peace operations on the host economy from a people’s perspective ............................ 69 Katarina Ammitzboell 5 Unintended consequences of peace operations on humanitarianaction............................................... 90 Shin-wha Lee 6 Unintended consequences of civil–military cooperation in peaceoperations .................................................. 109 Stuart Gordon Part IV: Troop-contributing countries ............................... 131 7 Unintended consequences of peace operations for troop-contributing countries from West Africa: The case of Ghana ............................................................. 133 Kwesi Aning 8 Unintended consequences of peace operations for troop- contributing countries from South Asia .......................... 156 C. S. R. Murthy 9 Unintended consequences of peace operations for troop- contributing countries in South America: The cases of ArgentinaandUruguay .......................................... 171 Arturo C. Sotomayor Part V: Accountability ................................................ 193 10 The accountability of personnel associated with peacekeeping operations ......................................................... 195 Franc¸oise J. Hampson and Ai Kihara-Hunt 11 A beacon of light in the dark? The United Nations’ experience with peace operations ombudspersons as illustrated by the Ombudsperson Institution in Kosovo ............................................................ 221 Florian F. Hoffmann CONTENTS vii 12 The vicarious responsibility of the United Nations ............. 250 Fre´de´ric Me´gret 13 Conclusion: Can unintended consequences be prevented, containedandmanaged?......................................... 268 Chiyuki Aoi, Cedric de Coning and Ramesh Thakur Index.................................................................. 280 Tables 2.1 Comparison of UNTAET and UNMISET personnel strengths........................................................ 27 7.1 Nexus between HIV prevalence and length of peacekeepers’dutytour ....................................... 142 10.1 Immunityandjurisdiction ..................................... 198 viii Contributors Katarina Ammitzboell,from governance, which included Denmark, has more than 10 years programmes in support of the Bonn of experience with governance, process. She was a consultant for conflict resolution and post-conflict the multi-donor evaluation on situations, including Afghanistan, state-building, disarmament, Timor Leste, Burundi, Mozambique, demobilization and reintegration, South Africa, Egypt, Lebanon, and provincial reconstruction teams Senegal and Chile. She has worked that has just been released. for the United Nations, non- Currently she works as a governmental organizations, Democratisation Expert for research institutions and the European Commission and government. She holds an MSc in is finalizing research on International Development and democratization in Afghanistan. Public Sector Economics and an LLM in International Human Kwesi Aning attended the University Rights Law and Islamic Law from of Ghana, Legon, and subsequently England. Her area of specialization earned a PhD in Political Science is state-building and political from the University of Copenhagen, institutional development with a Denmark. He has taught at several focus on democratic governance, universities in Denmark, Austria, constitutional processes, justice, the United Kingdom, Nigeria, Sierra human rights, Islamic law and legal LeoneandGhana,wherehewas pluralism. She has been working attached to the Legon Centre for both in and with Afghanistan for International Affairs (LECIA). Dr over three years with the United Aning serves on and reviews articles Nations Development Programme for several international journals as assistant country director for and has published extensively in ix x CONTRIBUTORS scholarly journals and contributed Manager of the Training for Peace several book chapters. His most Programme and later as Assistant recent publications have appeared Director (1997–2000). He in Asian and African Studies, served with the United Nations Encyclopedia of African History, Transitional Administration in East Review of African Political Timor in 2001 and with the UN Economy, Conflict, Security and Department of Peacekeeping Development and African Security Operations in New York in 2002. Review. Dr Aning presently works He holds a Master’s degree (Cum with the African Union Commission Laude) in Conflict Management and in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, where Peace Studies from the University of he occupies the position of Expert, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and is Common African Defence and a DPhil candidate with the Security Policy (CADSP) and Department of Political Studies of Counter-terrorism. theUniversityofStellenbosch, South Africa. He is the Secretary Chiyuki Aoi is an Associate Professor General of the United Nations of International Politics at Aoyama Association of South Africa and a Gakuin University in Tokyo. She Senior Research Associate with the was previously an Academic Centre for International Political Programme Officer at the United Studies at the University of Pretoria. Nations University and a Junior Professional Officer at the United Stuart Gordon is a Senior Lecturer in Nations High Commissioner for the Department of Defence and Refugees. She was educated in International Affairs at the Royal Japan at Sophia University (BA) Military Academy, UK. During 2003 and the University of Tokyo, he was Operations Director for and in the United States at the the US/UK Iraq Humanitarian Massachusetts Institute of Operations Centre (Baghdad). Technology (MS) and Columbia Recent publications include Alms University (PhD). and Armour (Manchester University Press, forthcoming); ‘‘Development, Cedric de Coning is a Research Fellow Democracy and Counter Insurgency: with the African Centre for the Evaluating Nepal’s Integrated Constructive Resolution of Disputes ‘Security’ and ‘Development’
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