J. Jpn. Bot. 89: 12–16 (2014)

Two New Species of Graphis and Halegrapha (Graphidaceae, Ostropales) from Southern Japan

a b c, Hiroyuki Kashiwadani , Minoru Nakanishi and Kwang Hee Moon *

aDepartment of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1, Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005 JAPAN; bFaculty of Education, Hiroshima University, 1-1-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8524 JAPAN; c Biological Resources Research Department, National Institute of Biological Resources, Gyoungser-dong, Seo-gu, Incheon, 404-170 KOREA *Corresponding author: [email protected]

(Accepted on August 31, 2013)

Two new species of the lichen family Graphidaceae are described from Yakushima Island, southern Japan. Graphis plumbeidisca M. Nakan., Kashiw. & K. H. Moon is distinct from allied species of the genus in having erumpent lirellae without striation, labia with lateral thalline margin, leaden and shiny discs without pruina, completely carbonized exciples, clear hymenia, colorless spores with 3(–4) transverse septa and 17–18 × 5–6 µm in size, and in producing no chemical substance. Halegrapha yakushimensis M. Nakan., Kashiw. & K. H. Moon is easily distinguished from other species of the genus by its muscicolous habitat, erumpent lirellae with slight striations, totally carbonized exciples, clear hymenia, submuriform and brown spores, 14–16 × 7–8 µm in size and in producing no chemical substance. They are so far known only from Yakushima Island in southern Japan.

Key words: Graphidaceae, Graphis plumbeidisca, Halegrapha yakushimensis, Japan, Kyushu, lichen, new species, Yakushima Island.

Species of the lichen family Graphidaceae in Nakan., Kashiw. & K. H. Moon and Halegrapha Japan have been studied fairly well by Nakanishi yakushimensis M. Nakan., Kashiw. & K. H. and other lichenologists (Nakanishi 1966, 1967, Moon are described as new to science. 1974, 1977, 1980, 1981, Kashiwadani et al. 2012), though they have been recently treated Materials and Methods under more than ten different genera (Nakanishi The present study is based on specimens et al. 2003, Lücking and Plata 2008, Lücking collected from Yakushima Island, southern Japan et al. 2009, Staiger 2002). In the course of by Kashiwadani and Moon in 2005 and 2012. our taxonomic study of lichens based on our Specimens reported in the present paper are collections from Yakushima Island in southern kept in the herbarium of the National Museum Japan, we found two new species of the family. of Nature and Science (TNS). Chemical In the present paper, Graphis plumbeidisca M. substances were studied by means of thin-layer

—12— February 2014 The Journal of Japanese Botany Vol. 89 No. 1 13 chromatography (Culberson and Johnson 1982). hymenium without inspersion, colorless spores Iodine reaction of hymenia and spores were with 3–4 transverse septa, 12–15 × 3.5–4.0 µm observed in Lugol’s iodine solution after treating in size and in producing no chemical substance. with 10% KOH solution. Sections of apothecia It resembles Graphis assimilis Nyl., a and thalli were cut by hand-razor and mounted species with an eastern palaeotropic distribution in GAW solution. From these, size and thickness (Lücking et al. 2009), which differs in having of thalli or sexual organs were obtained. a black disc, 7–12 septate larger spores (30–45 × 6–9 µm in size) and in producing norstictic Taxonomic treatment acid. It might be confused with G. palmicola Graphis plumbeidisca M. Nakan., Kashiw. Makhija & Adaw., a species described from & K. H. Moon, sp. nov. [Fig. 1. A–D] Nicobar Island, India (type not seen). However, Similis Graphi assimilis sed lirellis sparsim it is distinguished from G. plumbeidisca by the ramosis, discis epruinatis, sporis 3–4 locularis, leaden disc and the smaller ascospores with parvulus (12–15 µm longis, 3.5–4.0 µm latis) et 3–4 septa; G. palmicola has reddish brown thallo acido lichenis destitutis differt. disc and larger (21–29 µm in length) and more Thallus corticolous, pale yellow green or septate spores, with 4–12 septa (Makhija and dark khaki in herbaria (UV–), continuous or Adawadkar 2005). minutely rimose, esorediate, 50–70 µm thick. This species is so far known only from the Apothecia short to elongate, sparingly or narrow area around the type locality. It grows on irregularly branched, 3–5 mm long, 0.28–0.36 bark (Cornus?), at an elevation of about 1300 m. mm wide; lirellae erumpent, covered with Specimen examined: JAPAN. Kyushu. lateral thalline margins; labia black, entire in Prov. Ohsumi (Pref. Kagoshima): Around young stages, often with a longitudinal furrow Yodogawagoya-iriguchi, Yaku-cho, Kumage- with age; disc subnitid, without pruina; exciples gun. Yakushima Island, on bark, elevation about totally carbonized at both sides and below, 1300 m, September 27, 2005, K. H. Moon 6054 25–40 µm thick near the top, 10–12 µm thick (TNS). at side; hymenium clear and not inspersed, I–, 90–100 µm high; hypothecium 10–15 µm thick. Halegrapha yakushimensis M. Nakan. & Asci 8-spored; spores colorless (I + purple), 3–4 Kashiw. & K. H. Moon, sp. nov. transversely septate, 12–15 × 3.5–4.0 µm in [Fig. 1. E–H] size. No lichen substance is detected by TLC. Similis Halegrapha chimaea sed excipulis Type collection: JAPAN. Kyushu. Prov. omnino carbonaceis, hymeniis non-inspersis et Ohsumi (Pref. Kagoshima): En route from sporis muriformibus differt. Yodogawagoya to Hananoego, Yaku-cho, Thallus muscicolous or extending over Kumage-gun, Yakushima Island. On bark contiguous tree bark, greenish gray, continuous, (Cornus ?), elevation about 1500 m, March 14, smooth (UV–), 200–300 µm thick. Apothecia 2012, H. Kashiwadani 50576 (TNS –holotype). short, simple to very sparsely branched, up TLC: nil acid. to 1.6 mm long, 0.24–0.30 mm wide; lirellae MycoBank No.: MB 804362. erumpent, covered with thalline margins basally Graphis plumbeidisca is distinct from allied and laterally; labia entire or more or less striate species of the genus in having a combination with maturity; discs closed, rarely exposing of the following characters; erumpent lirellae narrow disc; disc dark reddish brown, epruinose; without striation, labia with lateral thalline exciples carbonized apically and basally, 100– margin, shiny and lead-gray discs without 110 µm thick at sides, 50–80 µm thick at base; pruina, completely carbonized exciples, clear hymenium clear, 300–310 µm high, I + pale 14 植物研究雑誌 第 89 巻 第 1 号 2014 年 2 月

Fig. 1. A–D. Graphis plumbeidisca M. Nakan., Kashiw. & K. H. Moon (H. Kashiwadani 50576, TNS). A. Habit. B. Cross section of apothecium, showing totally carbonized exciples. C. Spores (stained with iodine). D. Clear hymenium without inspersion. E–H. Halegrapha yakushimensis M. Nakan., Kashiw. & K. H. Moon (H. Kashiwadani 50569, TNS). E. Habit, showing smooth thallus and erumpent lirellae. F. Cross section of apothecium, showing totally carbonized exciples. G. Spores, showing small locules and thick walls. H. Hymenium with young spores. Scale bars = 1 mm (A, E), 100 µm (B, F), and 10 µm (C, D, G, H). blue; hypothecium colorless, 20–25 µm thick. Acer sp., elevation about 1500 m, March 14, Asci 8-spored; spores pale brown when mature 2012, H. Kashiwadani 50569 (TNS–holotype). (I–), muriform, 3–4/ 2–3 septate, 15–18 × 8–10 Chemistry: no chemical substance detected µm in size. Chemical substance absent (UV–). by TLC. Type collection: JAPAN. Kyushu, Prov. MycoBank No.: MB 804363. Ohsumi (Pref. Kagoshima): En route from Halegrapha yakushimensis is unique Yodogawagoya to Hananoego, Yaku-cho, in growing over mosses (Haplohymenium Kumage-gun, Yakushima Island, over mosses sieboldii) on trunk base and in having simple (Haplohymenium sieboldii) on trunk base of to sparsely branched lirellae, totally carbonized February 2014 The Journal of Japanese Botany Vol. 89 No. 1 15 exciples, clear hymenia, pale brown, muriform J. Chrom. 238: 483–487. ascospores (3–4/2–3 lumina), 15–18 × 8–10 µm Kashiwadani H., Nakanishi M., Miyawaki H., Takeshita S., Ohmura Y, Tokizawa M. and Moon K. H. 2012. in size and in producing no chemical substance. Materials for the Distribution of Lichens in Japan (19) Although the taxonomic position for this species Leiorreuma yakushimense (M. Nakan.) M. Nakan. & is unclear, we tentatively place it in Halegrapha Kashiw. and Siphula decumbens Nyl. J. Jpn. Bot. 87: as it has a combination of characters such as 408–411. carbonized exciples, I + hymenium and brown Lücking R. and Plata E. R. 2008. Clave y Guía Ilustrada Para Géneros de Graphidaceae. Glalia 1: 1–41. ascospores (Lücking et al. 2011). However, it Lücking R., Archer A.W. and Aptroot A. 2009. A has discrepancy with all other species of the world-wide key to the genus Graphis (Ostropales: genus, e.g. in having negative iodine reaction Graphidaceae). The Lichenologist 41: 363–452. of spores and pale brown muriform ascospores Lücking R., Rivas Plata E., Kalb K., Common R.S., Barcenas Peña A. and Duya M.V. 2011. Halegrapha with small locules. It resembles H. chimaera (Ascomycota: Graphidaceae), an enigmatic new genus Rivas Plata & Lücking, a species reported from of tropical lichenized fungi dedicated to Mason E. Hale the Philippines, which differs in having exposed Jr. The Lichenologist 43: 331–343. lirellae, which are covered with thallus basally Makhija U. and Adawadkar B. 2005. Some new species of Graphis (Lichenized Ascomycota) from the Andaman and ellipsoid spores with 5–6 transverse septa. and Nicobar Islands of India. Mycotaxon 91: 369–379. This species grows over mosses but also Nakanishi M. 1966. Taxonomical studies on the family extends its thallus to the contiguous tree bark. Graphidaceae of Japan. J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., Ser. B, It is known only from the type locality and its Div. 2, Bot. 11: 51–131. Nakanishi M. 1967. Supplementary notes of “Taxonomical neighborhood at an elevation between 1400 to studies on the family Graphidaceae of Japan”. J. Sci. 1500 m. Hiroshima Univ., Ser. B, Div. 2, Bot. 11: 265. Specimens examined. The same locality with the Nakanishi M. 1974. Changes of the species name of the type, on bark, elevation about 1500 m, March 14, 2012, Japanese Graphidaceae. Misc. Bryol. Lichenol. 6: H. Kashiwadani 50566 (TNS); Around Yodogawa Hut, 133–134. Yaku-cho, Kumage-gun, Yakushima Island, on bark of Nakanishi M. 1977. Notes on Japanese species of Acer sp., elevation about 1400 m, September 27, 2005, H. Phaeographina. Hikobia 8: 91–100, 2 pls. Kashiwadani (47645, TNS) & K.H. Moon. Nakanishi M. 1980. A note on species of the Graphidaceae (lichens) of Mt. Kai-Koma and Mt. Senjo in the middle We wish to express our sincere thanks to of Honshu. Mem. Natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo no. 13: 133–138, 1 pl. Dr. M. Higuchi, National Museum of Nature Nakanishi M. 1981. Notes on lichen species of Graphis of and Science, Tsukuba for his kind identification the Yaeyama Islands, Japan. Hikobia Suppl. 1: 211– of mosses. Thanks are also to Dr. S. Y. Yoon, 220. Chung-Ang University, Seoul for her corrections Nakanishi M., Kashiwadani H. and Moon K. H. 2003. Taxonomical notes on Japanese Graphidaceae of our English manuscript. (Ascomycotina), including some new combinations. Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, Ser. B 29: 83–90. Literatures cited Staiger B. 2002. Die Flechtenfamilie Graphidaceae, Studien Culberson C. and Johonson A. 1982. Subsitution of methyl in Richtung einer Natürlicheren Gliederung. Bibl. ter.-butyl ether for diethyl ether in the standardized Lichenol. 85: 1–526. thin-layer chromatographic method for lichen products.

a b c 柏谷博之 ，中西 稔 ，文 光喜 ：南日本から発見さ れたモジゴケ属とモジゴケモドキ属の新種（子嚢菌門， ビンタケ目） 筆者等は近年東南アジアのモジゴケ科地衣類の分類 ところ，2 種が新種と判明したので報告する． 学的研究を続けている．屋久島産の標本を検討していた 1) Graphis plumbeidisca M. Nakan., Kashiw. & K. 16 植物研究雑誌 第 89 巻 第 1 号 2014 年 2 月

H. Moon, sp. nov.（オオスミモジゴケ，新称） : 本種の ィリッピンから H. chimaera Rivas Plata & Lücking の 主な特徴は次の通りである．地衣体は樹皮生，リレラ 報告がある． (lirella) は基物から突出する，不規則に分枝するが放射 今回記載した H. yakushimensis は蘚類のイワイトゴ 状にはならない．ラビア (labia) は中部まで地衣体で被 ケ上に生育する（モジゴケ科の中で，蘚類上に生育す われる，線状痕 (striation) はない．盤は開き，鉛色で光 る種は極めて珍しい）．地衣体は灰緑色，厚さ 200–300 沢があり，粉霜を欠く．果殻は側部，底部共に炭化する． µm，粉芽や裂芽はない．リレラは単一または僅かに 側糸は明瞭で顆粒状物質を欠く (not inspersed)．胞子は 分枝し，地衣体上に盛り上がる．果殻は側部（厚さ 無色，4–5 室， 12–15 × 3.5–4.0 µm．地衣成分は検出さ 100–110 µm），底部（厚さ 50–80 µm）共に炭化する． れない． 側糸に顆粒状物質はない（I+ 淡青色）．1 子嚢中に 8 個 本種の盤は鉛色で光沢があるので近縁種からは容易 の胞子を生じる，胞子（I–）は楕円体状，未熟なうちは に区別できる．東アジアに広く分布する G. assimilis 無色であるが成熟したものは淡褐色，石垣状多室（縦に Nyl. や G. aperiens Müll.Arg. と果殻の構造が似ている 3–4 個，横に 2–3 室），15–18 × 8–10 µm．地衣成分は が，G. assimilis は盤が黒色で，胞子が大きく (30–45 含まない． × 6–9 µm) ，7–12 室に分かれるので区別できる．また， 本種の所属については，近縁属との系統関係が十分解 G. aperiens は側糸に顆粒状物質を持ち (inspersed)，ノ 析されていないためにはっきりしないが，炭化した果殻 ルスチクチン酸を含むので区別できる． と褐色で小型の石垣状多室胞子を持つ点でモジゴケモ 本種は屋久島の 1400 m と 1500 m 付近の広葉樹上に ドキ属に所属させた．しかし胞子の室 (locule) は肥厚し 生育する．基準標本の産地以外では見つかっていない． (distoseptate)，ヨードで反応しない点などで他のモジゴ 2) Halegrapha yakushimensis M. Nakan., Kashiw. ケモドキ属の種とは異なる．新たな資料が得られた時点 & K. H. Moon, sp. nov.（ モ ジ ゴ ケ モ ド キ， 新 称 ） で所属の再検討が必要と思う． Halegrapha（モジゴケモドキ属，新称）は Lücking 等 （a 国立科学博物館植物研究部， (2011) によって提唱された属で，果殻が炭化し，褐色 b 広島大学教育学部， の小型胞子を持つ点で近縁属の種から区別される．これ c 韓国・国立生物資源館生物資源研究部） までに世界で 6 種が知られており，東アジアからはフ